: Lately there is more attention paid to technological development in intelligent tutoring systems. This field is becoming an interesting topic to many researchers. In this paper, we are presenting an intelligent tutoring system for teaching DES Information Security Algorithm called DES-Tutor. The DES-Tutor target the students enrolled in cryptography course in the department Information Technology in Al-Azhar University in Gaza. Through DES-Tutor the student will be able to study course material and try the exercises of each (...) lesson. An evaluation of the DES-Tutor was carried out and the results were promising. (shrink)

Recently there is an increasing technological development in intelligent tutoring systems. This field has become interesting to many researchers. In this paper, we present an intelligent tutoring system for teaching information security. This intelligent tutoring systems target the students enrolled in Advanced Topics in Information Security in the faculty of Engineering and Information Technology at Al-Azhar University in Gaza. Through which the student will be able to study the course and solve related problems. An evaluation (...) of the intelligent tutoring systems was carried out and the results were promising. (shrink)

This paper extensively develops and thoroughly creates a highly centralized and extremely efficient log collection system utilizing and leveraging the robust syslog server and comprehensively collects and gathers log data from the numerous hosts residing within the network, meticulously analyses and scrutinizes the detailed log files and promptly sends and transmits a critical alert message to the central host through secure and reliable SMS. This paper thoroughly and comprehensively addresses and tackles the increasingly growing and rapidly expanding need for extremely (...) robust and highly reliable cybersecurity measures and solutions in the vulnerable and sensitive power sector. (shrink)

Lately there is more attention paid to technological development in intelligent tutoring systems. This field is becoming an interesting topic to many researchers. In this paper, we are presenting an intelligent tutoring system for teaching DES Information Security Algorithm called DES-Tutor. The DES-Tutor target the students enrolled in cryptography course in the department Information Technology in Al-Azhar University in Gaza. Through DES-Tutor the student will be able to study course material and try the exercises of each lesson. (...) An evaluation of the DES-Tutor was carried out and the results were promising. (shrink)

Cyber attackers targeting large corporations achieved a high perimeter penetration success rate during 2013, resulting in many corporations incurring financial losses. Corporate information technology leaders have a fiduciary responsibility to implement information security domain processes that effectually address the challenges for preventing and deterring information security breaches. Grounded in corporate governance theory, the purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship between strategic alignment, resource management, risk management, value delivery, performance measurement implementations, and (...) information security governance (ISG) effectiveness in United States-based corporations. Surveys were used to collect data from 95 strategic and tactical leaders of the 500 largest for-profit United States headquartered corporations. The results of the multiple linear regression indicated the model was able to significantly predict ISG effectiveness, F(5, 89) = 3.08, p = 0.01, R² = 0.15. Strategic alignment was the only statistically significant (t = 2.401, p <= 0.018) predictor. The implications for positive social change include the potential to constructively understand the correlates of ISG effectiveness, thus increasing the propensity for consumer trust and reducing consumers' costs. (shrink)

The main purpose of the study is to determine the key aspects of the mechanisms of state management of the exchange of information about cyberattacks, cyber incidents, and information security incidents. The methodology includes a set of theoretical methods. Modern government, on the one hand, must take into account the emergence of such a new weapon as cyber, which can break various information systems, can be used in hybrid wars, influence political events, pose a threat to (...) the national security of any state. As a result of the study, key elements of the mechanisms of state management of the exchange of information about cyberattacks, cyber incidents, and information security incidents were identified. (shrink)

The article highlights the current issues related to the management of information provision of the enterprise. It has been specified that complete and reliable information support of business processes is a necessary condition for the effective functioning of the enterprise. It was determined that the information support mechanism for managing the development of business processes should include available information resources, technologies, systems and platforms, software, and qualified personnel responsible for this work. The article examines the works (...) of domestic and foreign economists. It was established that the modern business environment is practically inseparable from scientific, information and intellectual achievements and the results of their implementation (information technologies, systems, and platforms), and the management of the development of business processes must be confirmed by a powerful information support of the enterprise. In the article contains information about the number of Ukrainian enterprises which were engaged in electronic trade. Nevertheless, it was revealed the number of Ukrainian enterprises, such as: 1) carried out electronic trade, in the total number of enterprises by type of sale; 2) have a website; 3) buy cloud computing services. It was found that of the analyzed number of Ukrainian enterprises that carried out electronic trade, the first place took enterprises in the field of information and communication technologies (9.5%), the second place – enterprises in the field of information and telecommunications. (9%), and the third – from the production of electrical equipment (8.2%). It has been proven that the successful operation of enterprises directly depends on the ability to make effective management decisions based on information generated in the information support system of enterprise management. In addition, it has been proven that in the era of digitalization, for the formation of proper information support, it is necessary to: 1) create and develop special data banks; 2) have special technical means and software products for working with large volumes of information; 3) making effective management decisions based on their processing. (shrink)

The article considers the features of ensuring the economic security of enterprises in the conditions of intensive introduction of information technologies in their activities in the process of forming the digital economy. It is determined that digitalization creates important advantages for enterprises in terms of implementing a long-term strategy for their development, strengthening economic security, and achieving significant competitive advantages in doing business. It is studied that the system of economic security of the enterprise is an (...) organized set of elements of the management infrastructure of the enterprise, which are focused on ensuring stable and effective development of the business entity, neutralization, and elimination of internal and external threats. (shrink)

The security problems of Nigeria have continued to stare at her very ominously and intermittently harass her, both within and outside her shores. These have lingered on and have created a clog on the wheel of the country's progress, indeed dramatically stagnating, and to say the least, truncating the mainstay of the country's survival. Several interpretations, theories, analyses, syntheses, and jingoistic conceptualization have been propagated, all producing the same result. From scientific to technological approach, religious to ritualist approach, political (...) to social approach, the security situation rather than improving, is static and under some regimes retarded. Academic contributions, especially ideas from the humanities and indeed the discipline of history are jettisoned, in fact, quickly dusted into the waste bin. The concern of this paper is to attempt a historical investigation of the security problems in Nigeria, identifying them to show how information and communication technology can help in curbing these challenges, using the realist paradigm as a theoretical framework. This study identifies Nigerians as the cause of her security problems, who rather than face these seismic challenges head-on, abandon them – a cowardly act, ending in futility and deeper chaos. This study adopts both primary and secondary sources of data collection. It is hoped that if academic exercises are not mere, this input may create a turnaround in the security situation in Nigeria. (shrink)

The record speed of artificial intelligence (AI) incorporation into global information governance is both a revolutionary opportunity and an unprecedented security challenge. This study explores how AI can revolutionize data protection, compliance measures, and regulatory systems to combat the emerging threats. Through the utilization of sophisticated analytical tools such as Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), this study examines AI- facilitated vulnerabilities' dynamics, governance adaptability, and regulatory effectiveness (...) in reference to governance. Empirical information gathered through the MITRE ATT&CK Framework, AI Incident Database, Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI), and National Vulnerability Database (NVD) offers substantial insight into security dynamics. Findings show that AI-related cyber security incidents are disproportionately affecting regulatory stability, with compliance and governance inefficiencies causing misalignment to complicate risk exposure. PCA reveals governance flexibility (48.1% variance) and AI risk classification (33.7% variance) as the most significant drivers of determining security resilience. SEM findings show that policy enforcement is a critical determinant in raising cyber security postures (coefficient = 0.74, p < 0.001), while MCDA emphasizes the requirement for flexible regulatory systems that can adapt to AI innovations. The research promotes the use of AI-based threat detection, advanced regulatory harmonization, and cautious cross-sector coordination to improve global security. These proposals constitute a strategic roadmap for policymakers, industry players, and researchers as they try to reconcile AI innovation with ethical and regulatory concerns in the wake of an increasingly dynamic digital environment. (shrink)

In the context of the digital economy development, the priority component of the economic security of an enterprise is changing from material to digital, constituting an independent element of enterprise security. The relevance of the present research is driven by the need to solve the issue of modernizing the economic security of the enterprise taking into account the new risks and opportunities of digitalization. The purpose of the academic paper lies in identifying the features of preventing internal (...) and external negative influences (threats) in order to guarantee the effective and stable functioning and dynamic social development of the enterprise in the context of digitalization. The research methods are as follows: general scientific research methods, in particular, logical analysis, theoretical substantiation, methods of induction and deduction, formalization and generalization, statistical observation. Results. It has been proposed to introduce the concept of “digital security of the enterprise” for replacing the concept of “information component of economic security” in order to bring the terminology in line with new economic realities. The implementation of the “black box” model has made it possible to identify the latest risks and threats to the economic security of an enterprise within the conditions of the digitalization that differs from the existing ones. The assessment of enterprises’ digital security of the European Union member states has revealed that the digital security level does not depend on the size of the country, however, it is influenced by the institutional environment (in particular, digital development tools in the EU) and the size of enterprises. Also, within the research framework, an assessment of the digital security level of enterprises in the context of digitalization has been proposed. In order to characterize enterprises by the level of digital security, a calculation procedure using the coefficient method has been proposed. (shrink)

In Risk Management, security issues arise from complex relations among objects and agents, their capabilities and vulnerabilities, the events they are involved in, and the value and risk they ensue to the stakeholders at hand. Further, there are patterns involving these relations that crosscut many domains, ranging from information security to public safety. Understanding and forming a shared conceptualization and vocabulary about these notions and their relations is fundamental for modeling the corresponding scenarios, so that proper (...) class='Hi'>security countermeasures can be devised. Ontologies are instruments developed to address these conceptual clarification and terminological systematization issues. Over the years, several ontologies have been proposed in Risk Management and Security Engineering. However, as shown in recent literature, they fall short in many respects, including generality and expressivity - the latter impacting on their interoperability with related models. We propose a Reference Ontology for Security Engineering (ROSE) from a Risk Treatment perspective. Our proposal leverages on two existing Reference Ontologies: the Common Ontology of Value and Risk and a Reference Ontology of Prevention, both of which are grounded on the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO). ROSE is employed for modeling and analysing some cases, in particular providing clarification to the semantically overloaded notion of Security Mechanism. (shrink)

This article focuses on the so-called “Area of Freedom, Security and Justice” (ASFJ), namely the policy field of the European Union (EU) that covers judicial and police cooperation, migration and asylum policies and the control of external borders. The article explores how the AFSJ has emerged and how, within it, the relationship between freedom and security has evolved over time and brought about a shift towards a “Security Union”.

In cloud secure personal data sharing is the important issues because it creates several securities and data confidentiality problem while accessing the cloud services. Many challenges present in personal data sharing such as data privacy protection, flexible data sharing, efficient authority delegation, computation efficiency optimization, are remaining toward achieving practical fine-grained access control in the Personal Health Information Sharing system. Personal health records must be encrypted to protect privacy before outsourcing to the cloud. Aiming at solving the above challenges, (...) here propose an efficient data sharing mechanism for Personal Data Sharing, which not only achieves data privacy, fine-grained access control and authority delegation simultaneously, but also optimizes the computation efficiency and is suitable for resource constrained servers. Most of the data consumers are honest, while few of them are corrupt and will leakage their secret keys in the collusion. On the contrary, PKG and data owner are assumed to be fully trusted. Besides, public cloud 1 and public cloud 2 cannot collude with each other. The non-collusive assumption is reasonable, because the client can demand that two cloud servers cannot reveal users’ information by contract. In proposed work, PR-ABE (Attribute Based Encryption with Proxy Re-encryption) technique implements to provide secure encryption of medical data. To improve the access control, here partial key sharing scheme will be implement. Using this, data owner can send partial secret key for the requested user. This approach overcomes the key guessing attack in data retrieval process. (shrink)

In this conceptual paper, the traditional conceptualization of sustainable entrepreneurship is challenged because of a fundamental tension between processes involved in sustainable development and processes involved in entrepreneurship: the concept of sustainable business models contains a paradox, because sustainability involves the reduction of information asymmetries, whereas entrepreneurship involves enhanced and secured levels of information asymmetries. We therefore propose a new and integrated theory of sustainable entrepreneurship that overcomes this paradox. The basic argument is that environmental problems have to (...) be conceptualized as wicked problems or sustainability-related ecosystem failures. Because all actors involved in the entrepreneurial process are characterized by their epistemic insufficiency regarding the solving of these problems, the role of information in the sustainable entrepreneurial process changes. On the one hand, the reduction of information asymmetries primarily aims to enable actors to become critical of sustainable entrepreneurs’ actual business models. On the other hand, the epistemic insufficiency of sustainable entrepreneurs guarantees that information asymmetries remain as a source of new sustainable business opportunities. Three further characteristics of sustainable entrepreneurs are distinguished: sustainability and entrepreneurship-related risk-taking; sustainability and entrepreneurship-related self-efficacy; and the development of satisficing and open-ended solutions, together with multiple stakeholders. (shrink)

In the modern digital era, cloud storage has become an indispensable service due to its scalability, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness. However, with the vast amount of sensitive information stored on cloud platforms, ensuring data security and privacy remains a critical challenge. Traditional encryption techniques, while secure, often hinder efficient data retrieval, especially when using keyword searches. To address this, attribute-based keyword search (ABKS) offers a promising solution by allowing secure, fine-grained access control and efficient keyword searches over encrypted data. (...) This paper delves into the integration of optimization techniques within ABKS to enhance search efficiency and data security in cloud storage environments. We explore various optimization strategies, such as index compression, query processing enhancement, and encryption optimization, which aim to reduce computational overhead while maintaining robust security measures. Through a comprehensive analysis, the paper illustrates how these techniques can significantly improve the performance of cloud storage systems, ensuring both security and usability. Experimental results demonstrate that optimized ABKS not only accelerates search queries but also reduces storage costs, making it a viable solution for modern cloud storage challenges. Future research directions include exploring advanced machine learning algorithms for predictive search optimizations and further improving the resilience of ABKS against emerging security threats. (shrink)

This chapter argues for deregulation of the credit-rating market. Credit-rating agencies are supposed to contribute to the informational needs of investors trading bonds. They provide ratings of debt issued by corporations and governments, as well as of structured debt instruments (e.g. mortgage-backed securities). As many academics, regulators, and commentators have pointed out, the ratings of structured instruments turned out to be highly inaccurate, and, as a result, they have argued for tighter regulation of the industry. This chapter shows, however, that (...) the role of credit-rating agencies in achieving justice in finance is not as great as these commentators believe. It therefore argues instead for deregulation. Since the 1930s, lawgivers have unjustifiably elevated the rating agencies into official, legally binding sources of information concerning credit risk, thereby unjustifiably causing many institutional investors to outsource their epistemic responsibilities, that is, their responsibility to investigate credit risk themselves. (shrink)

Data security is, protecting data from ill- conceived get to, utilize, introduction, intrusion, change, examination, recording or destruction. Cloud computing is a sort of Internet-based computing that grants conjoint PC handling resources and information to PCs what's more, different gadgets according to necessity. It is a model that empowers universal, on-request access to a mutual pool of configurable computing resources. At present, security has been viewed as one of the best issues in the improvement of Cloud Computing. (...) The key issue in effective execution of Cloud Computing is to adequately deal with the security in the cloud applications. This paper talks about the part of cryptography in cloud computing to improve the data security. The expectation here is to get bits of knowledge another security approach with the usage of cryptography to secure information at cloud data centers. (shrink)

Although Internet of Things (IoT) devices are being rapidly embraced worldwide, there are still several security concerns. Due to their limited resources, they are susceptible to malware assaults such as Gafgyt and Mirai, which have the ability to interrupt networks and infect devices. This work looks into methods based on machine learning to identify and categorize malware in IoT network activity. A dataset comprising both malware and benign traffic is used to assess different classification techniques, such as Random Forest, (...) XGBoost, Logistic Regression, etc., for multi-class malware detection. After a great deal of empirical testing, XGBoost comes out on top, providing 99.9% recall and accuracy. Both known and unknown malware can be detected by the trained model with remarkable precision. The use of transfer learning, where the XGBoost model is used as a basis for the rapid construction of new malware detection models, is one of the major innovations put forth. This makes it possible to quickly adjust to new dangers. More information about how real-time network traffic can be monitored with the help of the created model to find irregularities and sound the alarm. An intelligent and proactive security solution for IoT environments is offered by the machine learning technique that is being discussed. This is an efficient defense against malware because of its high accuracy, low false positive rate, real-time detection capability, and adaptability to new malware varieties changing risks associated with IoT. The suggested methods will assist in securing susceptible IoT devices and networks from obstructive malware assaults. (shrink)

E-Government refers to the administration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to the procedures and functions of the government with the objective of enhancing the transparency, efficiency and participation of the citizens. E-Government is tough systems that require distribution, protection of privacy and security and collapse of these could result in social and economic costs on a large scale. Many of the available e-government systems like electronic identity system of management (eIDs), websites are established at duplicated databases and (...) servers. An established validation and management system could face a single failure point and the system is prone to Distributed Denial of Service Attacks (DDoS), denial of service attacks (DoS), malware and other cyber attacks. The execution of a privacy preserving and a secure decentralized system is enabled by the block chain technology. Here any third-party organizations do not have any control over the transactions of the Government. With the help of block chain technology, new and existing data are encapsulated within ledger or blocks, which are evenly distributed through the network in an enduring and sustainable way. The privacy and security of information are improved with the help of block chain technology, where distribution and encryption of data are performed through the total network. This analytical paper maps out the analysis of the security in the e-government system, utilizing the block chain technology that provides privacy and security of information and thereby enhancing the trust among the public sector. Qualitative and theoretical analysis is made for the proposed topic and implications of privacy and security of the proposed system is made. (shrink)

This research tackled the challenges public secondary schools in Sagbayan District, Bohol, faced regarding records management. The study employed a mixed research design, combining both descriptive-qualitative and descriptive- quantitative methods. The qualitative phase involved conducting in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with relevant stakeholders involved in records management. On the other hand, the quantitative phase utilized survey questionnaires to gather data from relevant stakeholders to determine the acceptability of the proposed MIS among end-users. The first phase findings revealed various challenges (...) in records management faced by the schools, such as inefficient manual record-keeping systems, difficulties in data retrieval, and the risk of data loss due to inadequate backup procedures. These challenges highlighted the need for a comprehensive, technology-driven solution to streamline records management processes and ensure data security. The evaluation results in the second phase showed that the developed Management Information System (MIS) was well-accepted among the end users. The absence of any significant difference in the level of acceptability among the participants further validated the system's suitability for addressing their specific needs. The successful implementation of the MIS proved to be an effective solution to the records management challenges faced by the public secondary schools in Sagbayan District, Bohol. (shrink)

The purpose of the paper is to consider genesis and approaches to forming a security culture of tourism and hospitality enterprises that are superstructures of economic, industrial, professional, household, ecological, psychological and social security. In the research, apart from general scientific methods, we used the collection and analysis of primary information obtained from the survey of 220 respondents. Three areas that have a decisive influence on the security of tourism and hospitality enterprises have been identified: organizational (...) culture, decision-making responsibility, and competitiveness. The decision-making methods for different leadership styles were identified. There were conceptualized connection and strength of correlation between types of strategic decisions, leadership styles and organizational culture of tourism and hospitality enterprises. It has been proposed the factors’ configuration relevant to the security of tourism and hospitality enterprises, which focuses on the economic security formation as a function of organizational culture, responsibility for decision making and competitiveness. The styles of leadership and decision-making styles have been revealed, which determine the effectiveness of economic security of tourism and hospitality enterprises. (shrink)

This study aimed to identify the reality of digital transformation in the Palestinian Ministry of Interior and National Security from the point of view of workers in computer and information technology units. ) employees, and the study tool (the questionnaire) was distributed, and the comprehensive survey method was used, where (61) questionnaires were retrieved with a percentage of (87.1%), and they were unloaded and analyzed using the statistical packages SPSS. The study reached several results, including: The availability of (...) dimensions of digital transformation to a large extent in the Ministry of Interior, Security and National and its amount reached (77.5%). The average overall score for the senior management support dimension scored a large approval degree and a relative weight (78.2%), and The Dimension strategic directions it received a large approval degree and a relative weight (76.3%), The Dimension the technical infrastructure necessary for digital transformation achieved a large approval degree and a relative weight. (73.4%), The Dimension human resources, it scored a large approval degree and a relative weight (72.2%), The Dimension coordination, a large approval degree and a relative weight (82.7%), The Dimension data privacy and security, it scored a large approval degree and a relative weight (80.7%), The Dimension the organizational structure and job description, it received a high degree of approval and a relative weight of (79.3%).The study presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: the need for the ministry’s administration to provide a special budget to develop the quality of its electronic services as a lever for digital transformation, the need for the ministry’s administration to spend sufficient amounts on innovation in how to provide its services, for the ministry to have high-speed internet lines and its services available uninterrupted, the need to match the number of Employees in computer and information technology departments and units with the volume and quality of work to bridge the gap between the required performance and actual performance, that the ministry develop a clear methodology for exchanging data and information between the components of the ministry, work on providing information security elements for the uploaded data and files, that the ministry provide a clear and specific job description for the main tasks in Computer and information technology departments/units in the ministry. (shrink)

I discuss the structure of genealogical debunking arguments. I argue that they undermine our mathematical beliefs if they undermine our moral beliefs. The contrary appearance stems from a confusion of arithmetic truths with (first-order) logical truths, or from a confusion of reliability with justification. I conclude with a discussion of the cogency of debunking arguments, in light of the above. Their cogency depends on whether information can undermine all of our beliefs of a kind, F, without giving us direct (...) reason to doubt that our F-beliefs are modally secure. (shrink)

This study aimed to identify the extent of the application of Cyber Security at the Ministry of Interior and National Security from the point of view of workers in the computer and information technology units. 70 employees, and the study tool (questionnaire) was distributed, and the comprehensive survey method was used, as (61) questionnaires were retrieved at a rate of (87.1%), and they were unloaded and analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. The study reached several results, including: (...) There was a high degree of agreement on the degree of Cyber Security application, which amounted to (74.8%). With a relative weight of (74.8%), and The Dimension efforts to monitor threats, it received a high degree of approval and a relative weight of (73.4%). Privacy has a high degree of approval with a relative weight of (78.4%).The study presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: the need to pay attention to providing the Ministry of Interior and National Security with a budget in order to activate and improve the Cyber Security system, and the need for the Ministry of Interior and National Security to use a protection network capable of detecting all threats, and the cooperation of the Ministry of Interior and National Security with external institutions to limit penetration of network systems, In addition to the need to continuously strengthen and develop the laws and legislations of the Ministry of Interior in line with the development of Cyber Security, and to enhance the capabilities of the public beneficiaries of the ministry's electronic services to reduce security gaps in the field of Cyber Security. (shrink)

Cloud computing has become an essential component of enterprises and organizations globally in the current era of digital technology. The cloud has a multitude of advantages, including scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness, rendering it an appealing choice for data storage and processing. The increasing storage of sensitive information in cloud environments has raised significant concerns over the security of such systems. The frequency of cyber threats and attacks specifically aimed at cloud infrastructure has been increasing, presenting substantial dangers to (...) the data, reputation, and financial stability of enterprises. Conventional security methods can become inadequate when confronted with ever intricate and dynamic threats. Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies possess the capacity to significantly transform cloud security through their ability to promptly identify and thwart assaults, adjust to emerging risks, and offer intelligent perspectives for proactive security actions. The objective of this research study is to investigate the utilization of AI technologies in augmenting the security measures within cloud computing systems. This paper aims to offer significant insights and recommendations for businesses seeking to protect their cloud-based assets by analyzing the present state of cloud security, the capabilities of AI, and the possible advantages and obstacles associated with using AI into cloud security policies. (shrink)

Older adults’ growing use of the internet and related technologies, further accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has prompted not only a critical examination of their behaviors and attitudes about online threats but also a greater understanding of the roles of specific characteristics within this population group. Based on survey data and using descriptive and inferential statistics, this empirical study delves into this matter. The behaviors and attitudes of a group of older adults aged 60 years and older (n=275) regarding different (...) dimensions of online safety and cybersecurity are investigated. The results show that older adults report a discernible degree of concern about the security of their personal information. Despite the varied precautions taken, most of them do not know where to report online threats. What is more, regarding key demographics, the study found some significant differences in terms of gender and age group, but not disability status. This implies that older adults do not seem to constitute a homogeneous group when it comes to attitudes and behaviors regarding safety and security online. The study concludes that support systems should include older adults in the development of protective measures and acknowledge their diversity. The implications of the results are discussed and some directions for future research are proposed. (shrink)

Advances in AI are powering increasingly precise and widespread computational propaganda, posing serious threats to national security. The military and intelligence communities are starting to discuss ways to engage in this space, but the path forward is still unclear. These developments raise pressing ethical questions, about which existing ethics frameworks are silent. Understanding these challenges through the lens of “cognitive security,” we argue, offers a promising approach.

Gathering and analyzing enormous volumes of data is known as "big data," and it includes information from users, sensors, healthcare providers, and companies. Using the Hadoop framework, large amounts of data are stored, managed, and dispersed across multiple server nodes. Big Data issues, including security holes in the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), the architecture's core layer, are highlighted in this article. The methodology includes setting up a Hadoop environment, integrating Kerberos for authentication, enabling HDFS encryption zones, implementing (...) SSL/TLS for data in transit, and utilizing Apache Ranger and Apache Knox for access control and perimeter security, respectively. The results demonstrate the successful implementation of all planned security measures, achieving a robust security framework for the Hadoop cluster. Performance testing indicates a 10% reduction in processing speed due to the security features, a trade-off deemed acceptable given the significant enhancement in data protection. Compliance testing confirms adherence to GDPR and CCPA regulations, ensuring legal and secure data management. Overall, the study underscores the feasibility of integrating comprehensive security measures within a Hadoop environment, balancing the need for robust data protection with minimal performance impact. Future work includes optimizing security configurations to further mitigate performance degradation and exploring advanced security measures for enhanced threat detection and response. This methodology provides a scalable and secure solution for managing large datasets in compliance with global data protection standards. (shrink)

The present research compares the efficiency of AI-based user behavior analysis to conventional security mechanisms in cloud environments. It specifically tests their precision, velocity, and predictive capacity for identifying and acting upon cyber attacks. As the adoption of the cloud continues to increase, incorporating Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning into security infrastructures has become increasingly important. The study investigates the performance of AI-based security systems, using sophisticated pattern recognition and anomaly detection, compared to conventional methods in (...) detecting deviations from normal user behavior in cloud environments. Adopting a quantitative research approach, the study utilizes a systematic survey of cybersecurity professionals in various industries like finance, healthcare, IT, retail, and government. The survey, comprising closed- ended and Likert-scale questions, collects information on professionals' attitudes and experiences with AI-based versus conventional security methods. Data from a purposive sample of 243 cybersecurity professionals are examined through multiple regression methods to evaluate the effect of such security systems on threat detection and response effectiveness in cloud environments. Results show that although both AI-based and conventional methods improve threat detection accuracy significantly, conventional methods have a marginal advantage. Yet, AI-based solutions show better predictive ability and overall security performance. These results suggest that a hybrid security strategy is essential for cloud security, combining AI’s advanced predictive analytics and adaptability with the reliability and speed of traditional security measures. Such an integrated approach is recommended to address the complex and evolving nature of cloud-based cyber threats effectively. This research provides useful information for IT practitioners and companies on how to best optimize AI-powered security integration in cloud environments. It highlights the changing role of AI in cloud security and the need to strike a balance between new AI-based solutions and proven security practices in order to construct an integrated and robust cloud security framework. (shrink)

The integration and security of healthcare data are crucial challenges in the modern healthcare system, driven by the increasing digitization of medical records, diagnostic data, and patient health information. The need for secure, interoperable, and efficient data management systems has become essential, especially as healthcare providers strive to offer better care and reduce operational inefficiencies. Traditional systems often suffer from issues like data breaches, lack of interoperability, and inefficient data handling processes, resulting in compromised data integrity and patient (...) privacy. (shrink)

Cloud computing is the computing technology which provides resources like software, hardware, services over the internet. Cloud computing provides computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require end- user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services. Cloud computing enables the user and organizations to store their data remotely and enjoy good quality applications on the demand without having any burden associated with local hardware resources and software managements but it possesses (...) a new security risk towards correctness of data stored at cloud. The data storage in the cloud has been a promising issue in these days. This is due to the fact that the users are storing their valuable data and information in the cloud. The users should trust the cloud service providers to provide security for their data. Cloud storage services avoid the cost storage services avoids the cost expensive on software, personnel maintains and provides better performance less storage cost and scalability, cloud services through internet which increase their exposure to storage security vulnerabilities however security is one of the major drawbacks that preventing large organizations to enter into cloud computing environment. This work surveyed on several storage techniques and this advantage and its drawbacks. (shrink)

The Complaint Service Information System is a web-based platform designed for the Dewantara District Office. The title Complaint Service Information System is based on the need for technological solutions to improve the quality of public services, especially in han-dling public complaints. This system was chosen because it facilitates more efficient complaint reporting, increases transparency, and speeds up responses to issues raised by the public. By applying information technology in handling complaints, it is hoped that we can create (...) a public service environment that is more responsive, open and adaptive to the ever-growing needs of society. The process of cre-ating a complaint service information system involves several main stages. First, the needs analysis stage is carried out to identify and understand the needs of users and related parties in handling complaints. This involves a survey and analysis of associated documents. Next, the system design and design stage involves database structure, user interface, and business logic. This Information System design process involves critical steps to ensure the success and effectiveness of the system, including coding, creating a user interface, and set-ting up a database. The results of designing the Complaint Service Information System include a simple and responsive user interface, an online complaint form, a status tracking system, and analytical reports. A structured and secure database stores, manages, and retrieves complaint data. Afterwards, the implementation phase involves running the entire system and, if necessary, data migration. Through the creation of this Information System, it is hoped to evaluate the impact of the level of accessibility and ease of navigation in the system on employee performance in searching, monitoring and managing incoming complaints. With a web-based approach, this system provides easy, fast access for users from various locations and increases transparency in managing services provided to the community. (shrink)

The rapid adoption of digital technologies in healthcare has revolutionized patient care, enabling seamless data sharing, remote consultations, and enhanced medical record management. However, this digital transformation has also introduced significant challenges to network security and data protection. Healthcare institutions face a dual challenge: ensuring uninterrupted connectivity for critical operations and safeguarding sensitive patient information from cyber threats. These challenges are exacerbated by the increased use of interconnected devices, electronic health records (EHRs), and cloud-based solutions, which, while enhancing (...) efficiency, expand the attack surface for malicious actors. This research focuses on addressing the pressing need for robust network security in healthcare institutions. It examines the unique vulnerabilities of healthcare networks, including the risks posed by outdated infrastructure, insufficient encryption protocols, and the lack of standardized security practices across systems. The paper highlights the critical role of advanced cybersecurity frameworks, such as zero-trust architectures and realtime threat detection systems, in mitigating risks. Additionally, it explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in enhancing the predictive capabilities of security tools, enabling institutions to proactively identify and neutralize potential threats. Connectivity remains a cornerstone of modern healthcare operations, facilitating collaboration among healthcare providers and ensuring timely access to patient data. However, maintaining connectivity without compromising security is a complex task. This research delves into strategies for achieving this balance, such as implementing secure Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), multi-factor authentication (MFA), and end-to-end encryption. It also emphasizes the importance of regular network assessments, employee training programs, and the adoption of compliance standards like HIPAA to ensure a secure and resilient network environment. The study includes case analyses of healthcare institutions that successfully navigated cybersecurity challenges, providing actionable insights into effective practices and lessons learned. These examples underscore the importance of integrating technological solutions with a culture of security awareness, emphasizing collaboration between IT professionals and medical staff. As cyber threats continue to evolve, healthcare institutions must remain vigilant and adaptive, embracing innovative solutions to safeguard their networks and protect patient data. This paper contributes to the broader discourse on cybersecurity in healthcare by proposing a comprehensive approach that addresses connectivity and data protection challenges while fostering operational efficiency. By prioritizing network security, healthcare institutions can build trust with patients, comply with regulatory requirements, and ensure the uninterrupted delivery of quality care. This research provides a roadmap for healthcare organizations seeking to strengthen their cybersecurity posture, highlighting the necessity of adopting a proactive, multi-layered approach to combat emerging threats. It calls for continuous investment in advanced technologies and emphasizes the role of collaboration among stakeholders to create a secure and connected healthcare ecosystem. (shrink)

The rapid adoption of digital technologies in healthcare has revolutionized patient care, enabling seamless data sharing, remote consultations, and enhanced medical record management. However, this digital transformation has also introduced significant challenges to network security and data protection. Healthcare institutions face a dual challenge: ensuring uninterrupted connectivity for critical operations and safeguarding sensitive patient information from cyber threats. These challenges are exacerbated by the increased use of interconnected devices, electronic health records (EHRs), and cloud-based solutions, which, while enhancing (...) efficiency, expand the attack surface for malicious actors. This research focuses on addressing the pressing need for robust network security in healthcare institutions. It examines the unique vulnerabilities of healthcare networks, including the risks posed by outdated infrastructure, insufficient encryption protocols, and the lack of standardized security practices across systems. The paper highlights the critical role of advanced cybersecurity frameworks, such as zero-trust architectures and realtime threat detection systems, in mitigating risks. Additionally, it explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in enhancing the predictive capabilities of security tools, enabling institutions to proactively identify and neutralize potential threats. Connectivity remains a cornerstone of modern healthcare operations, facilitating collaboration among healthcare providers and ensuring timely access to patient data. However, maintaining connectivity without compromising security is a complex task. This research delves into strategies for achieving this balance, such as implementing secure Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), multi-factor authentication (MFA), and end-to-end encryption. It also emphasizes the importance of regular network assessments, employee training programs, and the adoption of compliance standards like HIPAA to ensure a secure and resilient network environment. The study includes case analyses of healthcare institutions that successfully navigated cybersecurity challenges, providing actionable insights into effective practices and lessons learned. These examples underscore the importance of integrating technological solutions with a culture of security awareness, emphasizing collaboration between IT professionals and medical staff. As cyber threats continue to evolve, healthcare institutions must remain vigilant and adaptive, embracing innovative solutions to safeguard their networks and protect patient data. This paper contributes to the broader discourse on cybersecurity in healthcare by proposing a comprehensive approach that addresses connectivity and data protection challenges while fostering operational efficiency. By prioritizing network security, healthcare institutions can build trust with patients, comply with regulatory requirements, and ensure the uninterrupted delivery of quality care. This research provides a roadmap for healthcare organizations seeking to strengthen their cybersecurity posture, highlighting the necessity of adopting a proactive, multi-layered approach to combat emerging threats. It calls for continuous investment in advanced technologies and emphasizes the role of collaboration among stakeholders to create a secure and connected healthcare ecosystem. (shrink)

Homomorphic encryption is a transformative cryptographic technique that enables secure cloud data processing by allowing computations on encrypted data without requiring decryption. Unlike traditional encryption methods, which protect data only at rest and in transit, homomorphic encryption ensures end-to-end security, even during computation. This capability is particularly vital for industries that rely on cloud computing while handling sensitive information, such as finance, healthcare, and government sectors. However, despite its strong security guarantees, the widespread adoption of homomorphic encryption (...) remains limited due to its high computational complexity and performance overhead. This paper examines the role of homomorphic encryption in secure cloud data processing by evaluating its advantages, challenges, and real-world applicability. First, a comprehensive literature review contrasts traditional and homomorphic encryption techniques, highlighting their security implications and efficiency trade-offs. Second, experimental simulations are conducted to assess computation time, scalability, and data transfer efficiency in cloud environments. The results underscore that while homomorphic encryption enhances data security, its feasibility depends on specific use-case requirements, balancing security, performance, and cost. Finally, we explore practical applications such as privacy-preserving data analytics and secure outsourcing of computations, demonstrating how homomorphic encryption can redefine cloud security paradigms. (shrink)

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the source of Internet transmission but an inadequate authentication technique paves a way for IP spoofing. Since, IP spoofing initiates more attacks in the network, a secure authentication technique is required to defend against spoofing attacks. In order to achieve this, in this paper, we p ropose a (SVT) for defending IP spoofing attacks. Our technique authenticates IP address of each Autonomous System (AS) using Neighbour Authentication (NA) algorithm. The algorithm works by validating NA table (...) NA constructed by each node. The NA table is transmitted securely using RC-6 encryption algorithm. In addition to encryption, our technique use arithmetic coding to compress and decompress the NA table. The performance of our technique is proved through simulation results. Our technique incurs low overhead and significantly improves the performance of network. (shrink)

The authors of the book have come to the conclusion that toensuring the country’s security in the conditions of military aggression, it is necessary to use the mechanisms of protection of territories and population, support of economic entities, international legal levers of influence on the aggressor country. Basic research focuses on assessment the resource potential of enterprises during martial law, the analysis of migration flows in the middle of the country and abroad, the volume of food exports, marketing and (...) logistics system. The research results have been implemented in the different decision-making models during martial law, information and economic security management, formation of personnel potential and assets of enterprises, food, energy and environmental security management, use of budgetary levers and financial instruments. The results of the study can be used in the developing of directions, programs and strategies for the post-war recovery of Ukraine’s economy and the attraction of foreign investments in the regions, decision-making at the level of ministries and agencies that regulate security management processes. The results can also be used by students and young scientists in the educational process and conducting scientific research on the problems of ensuring the country’s security. (shrink)

In the modern digital era, cloud storage has become an indispensable service due to its scalability, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness. However, with the vast amount of sensitive information stored on cloud platforms, ensuring data security and privacy remains a critical challenge. Traditional encryption techniques, while secure, often hinder efficient data retrieval, especially when using keyword searches. To address this, attribute-based keyword search (ABKS) offers a promising solution by allowing secure, fine-grained access control and efficient keyword searches over encrypted data.

The Passenger Name Record (PNR) Directive has introduced a pre-emptive, risk-based approach in the landscape of European databases and information exchange for security purposes. The article contributes to ongoing debates on algorithmic security and data-driven decision-making by fleshing out the specific way in which the EU PNR-based approach to security substantiates core characteristics of algorithmic regulation. The EU PNR framework appropriates data produced in the commercial sector for generating security-related behavioural predictions and does so in (...) a way that gives rise to a paradoxical normativity directly dependent on empirical states. Its ‘securitisation move’ is moreover characterised by an inherent tendence to expand. As a result, the PNR Directive poses challenges for existing check and balance mechanisms and for human autonomy. These challenges could be partially addressed by strengthening ex-post control procedures and independent auditing. Yet in the decision to adopt a risk-based security model, something more fundamental seems to be at stake, namely, the preservation of the idea of human beings as moral agents able to direct and modify their behaviour in accordance with an intelligible, reliable and predictable normative order. (shrink)

In this paper, we illustrate some serious difficulties involved in conveying information about uncertain risks and securing informed consent for risky interventions in a clinical setting. We argue that in order to secure informed consent for a medical intervention, physicians often need to do more than report a bare, numerical probability value. When probabilities are given, securing informed consent generally requires communicating how probability expressions are to be interpreted and communicating something about the quality and quantity of the evidence (...) for the probabilities reported. Patients may also require guidance on how probability claims may or may not be relevant to their decisions, and physicians should be ready to help patients understand these issues. (shrink)

Cloud computing has revolutionized the storage and management of data by offering scalable, cost-effective, and flexible solutions. However, it also introduces significant security concerns, particularly related to data leakage, where sensitive information is exposed to unauthorized entities. Data leakage can result in substantial financial losses, reputational damage, and legal complications. This paper proposes a deep learning-based framework for detecting data leakage in cloud environments. By leveraging advanced neural network architectures, such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Convolutional Neural (...) Networks (CNNs), the model detects abnormal data access patterns that may indicate leakage. The system operates in real-time, continuously monitoring data interactions between users and the cloud. A large dataset containing normal and abnormal access logs is used to train and validate the model, ensuring it can effectively differentiate between legitimate and malicious activity. The performance of the model is evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, with the system achieving over 96% accuracy in identifying potential data leaks. Furthermore, the proposed solution is designed to be scalable and adaptable, making it suitable for dynamic cloud environments with evolving threats. Future enhancements to the system include integrating multi-cloud support and refining the model’s ability to detect sophisticated insider threats. This research highlights the importance of leveraging deep learning for real-time, proactive cloud security. (shrink)

Cloud computing has revolutionized the storage and management of data by offering scalable, cost-effective, and flexible solutions. However, it also introduces significant security concerns, particularly related to data leakage, where sensitive information is exposed to unauthorized entities. Data leakage can result in substantial financial losses, reputational damage, and legal complications. This paper proposes a deep learning-based framework for detecting data leakage in cloud environments. By leveraging advanced neural network architectures, such as Long Short- Term Memory (LSTM) and Convolutional (...) Neural Networks (CNNs), the model detects abnormal data access patterns that may indicate leakage. The system operates in real-time, continuously monitoring data interactions between users and the cloud. A large dataset containing normal and abnormal access logs is used to train and validate the model, ensuring it can effectively differentiate between legitimate and malicious activity. The performance of the model is evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, with the system achieving over 96% accuracy in identifying potential data leaks. Furthermore, the proposed solution is designed to be scalable and adaptable, making it suitable for dynamic cloud environments with evolving threats. Future enhancements to the system include integrating multi- cloud support and refining the model’s ability to detect sophisticated insider threats. This research highlights the importance of leveraging deep learning for real-time, proactive cloud security. (shrink)

Governments are increasingly making use of field experiments to evaluate policy interventions in the spheres of education, public health and welfare. However, the research ethics literature is largely focused on the clinical context, leaving investigators, institutional review boards and government agencies with few resources to draw on to address the ethical questions they face regarding such experiments. In this article, we aim to help address this problem, investigating the conditions under which informed consent is required for ethical policy research conducted (...) or authorized by government. We argue that investigators need not secure participants' informed consent when conducting government policy experiments if: the government institution conducting or authorizing the experiment possesses a right to rule over the spheres of policy targeted by the research; and data collection does not involve the violation of participants' autonomy rights. (shrink)

The study aimed to promote the school online, provide timely, engaging, and current information of the school to employees, learners, parents, and community, share updates of school activities online, supply downloadable instructional materials and resources for both employees and students. Also, it evaluated the assessment of teaching and non-teaching staff, learners, parents and IT specialists to the ISO 25010:2011 software quality standards of the developed Web-based School Information and Publication System along functional and suitability, maintainability, usability, security, (...) reliability, performance efficiency, compatibility, and portability. This study was descriptive and developmental research. The researcher used the iterative waterfall software methodology. The overall assessment on the Web-Based School Information and Publication System in its quality and standard was “Excellent”. Furthermore, based on the findings, the system was beneficial and informative for the school, especially for learners. It was determined that the system was generally acceptable and conformed to the quality software characteristics needed by ISO 25010:2011 standards. (shrink)

In an era of increasing cyber threats, ethical hacking has emerged as a pivotal practice in strengthening network security. Ethical hacking, also known as penetration testing, involves authorized attempts to breach a network or system to uncover vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This research paper delves into the role of ethical hacking in assessing and mitigating network vulnerabilities to fortify defenses against cyberattacks. It emphasizes the strategic importance of ethical hacking in the context of evolving cybersecurity challenges (...) and explores its practical application in organizational security frameworks. The study begins by defining ethical hacking and its ethical and legal boundaries, distinguishing it from malicious hacking activities. It examines the methodologies and tools used by ethical hackers to identify vulnerabilities, simulate attacks, and provide actionable recommendations for remediation. By mimicking the tactics of cybercriminals, ethical hackers play a critical role in uncovering weaknesses in network configurations, software applications, and hardware systems. A core focus of the research is on the importance of integrating ethical hacking into a proactive cybersecurity strategy. The paper highlights how ethical hacking helps organizations stay ahead of potential threats by identifying vulnerabilities in real time and enabling swift mitigation. Case studies from various industries, such as healthcare, finance, and technology, are analyzed to demonstrate the tangible benefits of ethical hacking in preventing data breaches, minimizing downtime, and safeguarding sensitive information. The paper also explores the challenges associated with ethical hacking, including the need for skilled professionals, the potential for system disruptions during testing, and the importance of maintaining strict compliance with legal and regulatory standards. It discusses the ethical implications of penetration testing, particularly in balancing the need for security with respect for privacy and data protection. Advancements in tools and techniques used by ethical hackers are another significant aspect of this research. The paper investigates the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to enhance vulnerability detection and streamline testing processes. It also addresses the rise of automated penetration testing tools and their role in increasing the efficiency and accuracy of ethical hacking efforts. The findings of this research underscore the necessity of ethical hacking as an essential component of modern cybersecurity frameworks. Organizations that adopt ethical hacking as part of their security strategy gain valuable insights into their vulnerabilities and can build resilient defenses against an everevolving threat landscape. By fostering a culture of continuous testing and improvement, ethical hacking contributes to the creation of a robust and secure network environment. This paper aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for cybersecurity professionals, IT managers, and policymakers, offering insights into the best practices, tools, and techniques of ethical hacking. By leveraging the principles of ethical hacking, organizations can effectively assess vulnerabilities, enhance their security posture, and protect critical assets in the face of mounting cyber threats. (shrink)

האם לאנושות יש אינטרס לפתח פילוסופיה של אבטחת סייבר כדיסציפלינה פילוסופית | מאת: הילל קוברובסקי | תוכן המאמר לפי נושאים | 1. מבוא - מהם האתגרים בתחילת הדרך על מנת לבנות מהיסוד ולפתח דיסציפלינה חדשה בתחום הפילוסופיה | 2. מהי משמעות המושג "מרחב הסייבר" לעומת "אבטחת הסייבר", מהם גבולות התיחום של הענף הקרוי סייבר | 3. מהי פילוסופיה ?, מהן הפילוסופיות שיכולות להוות השפעה עבור הפילוסופיה של אבטחת הסייבר | 4. מהן הבעיות והשאלות המהותיות בהן צריכה לדון הפילוסופיה של אבטחת (...) הסייבר | 5. מהם הגורמים שיכולים להוות קטליזטור להתפתחות דיסציפלינה פילוסופית עצמאית בתחום אבטחת הסייבר | 6. סיכום – האם לאנושות יש אינטרס לפתח פילוסופיה של אבטחת הסייבר כדיסציפלינה פילוסופית. (shrink)

Homomorphic encryption is a transformative cryptographic technique that enables secure cloud data processing by allowing computations on encrypted data without requiring decryption. Unlike traditional encryption methods, which protect data only at rest and in transit, homomorphic encryption ensures end-to-end security, even during computation. This capability is particularly vital for industries that rely on cloud computing while handling sensitive information, such as finance, healthcare, and government sectors. However, despite its strong security guarantees, the widespread adoption of homomorphic encryption (...) remains limited due to its high computational complexity and performance overhead. This paper examines the role of homomorphic encryption in secure cloud data processing by evaluating its advantages, challenges, and real-world applicability. First, a comprehensive literature review contrasts traditional and homomorphic encryption techniques, highlighting their security implications and efficiency trade-offs. Second, experimental simulations are conducted to assess computation time, scalability, and data transfer efficiency in cloud environments. The results underscore that while homomorphic encryption enhances data security, its feasibility depends on specific use-case requirements, balancing security, performance, and cost. Finally, we explore practical applications such as privacy-preserving data analytics and secure outsourcing of computations, demonstrating how homomorphic encryption can redefine cloud security paradigms. Keywords: Homomorphic encryption, cloud security, encrypted computation, privacy-preserving data processing, secure cloud computing. (shrink)

This study aimed to identify the digital transformation and its impact on the application of Cyber Security in the Palestinian Ministry of Interior and National Security. The study used the analytical descriptive approach. The study tool (questionnaire), and the comprehensive survey method was used, where (61) questionnaires were retrieved (87.1%), and they were unloaded and analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. The study found several results, including that there is a statistically significant correlation between all dimensions of Digital (...) transformation and the application of Cyber Security in the Ministry of Interior and National Security. And that there is an impact of Digital transformation on the application of security in the Ministry of Interior and National Security in the governorates of Gaza, and the impact coefficient was (0.897). It was found that the dimensions affecting the dependent variable of Cyber Security are dimensions (organizational structure, job description, data privacy and security, technical infrastructure required for digital transformation), as these dimensions affect (89.7%) of the variation in the application of Cyber Security. The study presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: The need for the Ministry's administration to provide a special budget to develop the quality of its electronic services as a lever for digital transformation. And the need for the number of workers in computer and information technology departments and units to be commensurate with the volume and quality of work to bridge the gap between the required performance and the actual performance. The ministry should set a clear methodology for exchanging data and information between the components of the ministry. And the need for the Ministry of Interior and National Security to use a protection network capable of detecting all threats. (shrink)