Many accept David Lewis's (1983) claim that, among the candidate meanings for our predicates, some are more natural than others -- they do better or worse at ``carving nature at its joints''. Call this claim predicate naturalism. Disagreement remains over whether the notion of naturalness extends ``beyond the predicate'' (à la Sider, 2011). Are the candidate meanings of logical vocabulary also more or less natural? Call this claim logical naturalism. -/- One motivation for predicate naturalism comes from its supposed ability (...) to help rebut various radical indeterminacy arguments associated with Hilary Putnam (1977, 1980, 1981). It does so in combination with a popular meta-semantic theory called reference magnetism. I argue that the same threats of Putnam-style radical indeterminacy rearise for proponents of predicate naturalism -- threats which logical naturalism helps rebuts. So, if we accept predicate naturalism because it helps fend off threats of indeterminacy, we should also accept logical naturalism. (shrink)

*This work has turned into a bigger project, and some of it is published in "Lewis on reference".* Some things, argues Lewis, are just better candidates to be referents than others. Even at the cost of attributing false beliefs, we interpret people as referring to the most interesting kinds in their vicinity. How should this be accounted for? In section 1, I look at Lewis’s interpretationism, and the reference magnetism it builds in (not just for ‘perfectly natural’ properties, but (...) for certain kinds of auxiliary apparatus). In section 2, I draw on (Field, 1975) to argue that what properties are reference magnetic may be an ultimately conventional matter—though in the Lewisian setting, there may be an objectively best conventional choice to make. But Lewis’s own account has implausible commitments, so in section 3 I consider variations and alternatives, all of which have problems. In section 4, I look in more detail at eligibility-based interpretationism that do not appeal to naturalness, arguing that there are credible metasemantic theories of this form. (shrink)

This study investigated the effectiveness of utilizing induced magnetism on the seed germination of radish (Raphanussativus) in terms of growth rate, growth speed, shoot growth, and overall development. This study utilized two groups that consisted of an experimental group where induced magnetism was present one control group where there was an absence of induced magnetism in the seed germination of Radish (Raphanus sativus). Moreover, this study aimed to determine the significant difference between the two in terms growth (...) rate, growth speed, shoot growth, and overall development. Both groups had the same amount of radish (Raphanus sativus) seeds planted in a rectangular wooden container with the same amount of measurement and soil content. This study used an experimental research design by utilizing the functions of an Electromagnetic Induction Device (EID) comprised of a 12v motor battery, light bulb, coiled wire, and switch. The EID was turned on for 10 minutes every day where the electric volts generated by the 12v motor battery were transported through the coiled wire and distributed to the metallic iron screen surrounding the area of the experimental group. The data gathered during the 12-day observation of the growth of radish (Raphanus sativus) were tabulated, analyzed, and evaluated using mean tests, standard deviation, and T-test. Based on the result and analyses of the gathered data, it was found that the experimental group, the one with the presence of induced magnetism, surpassed the control group in terms of growth speed, shoot growth, and overall seed development. However, it was also revealed that in terms of growth rate, there is no significant difference between the control group and experimental group. Therefore, the utilization of Induced Magnetism on the seed germination of radish (Raphanus sativus) is effective in terms of growth speed, shoot growth, and overall development. (shrink)

William Gilbert’s work, De magnete (1600), often is referred to as the first monographic study on magnetism in the early-modern period. Recently, however, it has been argued that the Jesuit, Leonardo Garzoni, wrote an experimental study on the subject twenty years earlier and that his research influenced particularly the work of Giambattista Della Porta and Paolo Sarpi,two important protagonists in the history of studies in magnetism. However, to date, Garzoni’s authorship of an anonymous treatise in manuscript, located at (...) the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, and taken to bear witness to his research, has been based only on circumstantial evidence. This article outlines the identification of two further manuscript copies of this treatise, which have not been studied so far. It shall be argued that the evidence contained in these manuscripts corroborates the assumption that Garzoni indeed is the author of the work that was transmitted anonymously. Moreover, it can be shown that the work was completed and prepared for print later on. These findings also allow us to argue more conclusively that Paolo Sarpi knew Garzoni’s work and passed it to Giambattista Della Porta, who bequethed his copy to the Accademia dei Lincei and thereby made it available to some of the academy’s most important members, Nicolas Claude Fabri de Peiresc and Cassiano Dal Pozzo. Finally, the dynamics of this textual transmission provide insights into how scholars approached the study of ‘magnetism’ in the early-modern period. (shrink)

O introducere în lumea electricității și a magnetismului, explicată în principal fenomenologic, cu ajutorul unui aparat matematic minimal, și cu exemple și aplicații din viața reală. O prezentare compactă, clară și precisă a unui domeniu care reprezintă o parte importantă a vieții noastre. Cartea acoperă toate subiectele introductive standard, respectiv electrostatica (forțe electrice, sarcini electrice, conservarea sarcinii, legea lui Coulomb, conductori și izolatori (rezistența electrică și conductanța electrică), semiconductori, superconductori, polarizarea (dielectrici), câmpul electric, potențialul electric, stocarea energiei electrice), curentul electric (...) (circulația sarcinilor, surse de tensiune, rezistența electrică, legea lui Ohm, curent continuu și curent alternativ, conversia de la CA la CC (redresoare), electroni într-un circuit electric, puterea electrică), magnetismul (forțe magnetice, poli magnetici, câmpuri magnetice, domenii magnetice, legea Biot–Savart și legea lui Ampère, electromagneți, forța Lorentz și forța Laplace, contoare electrice, motoare electrice, câmpul magnetic al Pământului, radiații cosmice), inducția electromagnetică (electromagnetism, legea lui Faraday (a inducției), generatoare de CA (alternatoare), centrale electrice (generarea electricității), hidrocentralele Porţile de Fier, turbogeneratoare, generatoare magnetohidrodinamice, transformatoare, autoinducția, transmisia energiei electrice, câmpul electromagnetic, unde electromagnetice). (shrink)

In contemporary philosophy there is much focus on conceptual engineering: the enterprise of revising and replacing concepts. In this talk, I focus on a theoretical issue that has not yet received much attention. What principled limits are there to this sort of enterprise? Are there concepts that for principled reasons cannot or should not be revised or replaced? Examples discussed include logical concepts and normative concepts.

Metaethical realists disagree about the nature of normative properties. Naturalists think that they are ordinary natural properties: causally efficacious, a posteriori knowable, and usable in the best explanations of natural and social sciences. Non-naturalist realists, in contrast, argue that they are sui generis: causally inert, a priori knowable and not a part of the subject matter of sciences. It has been assumed so far that naturalists can explain causally how the normative predicates manage to refer to normative properties, whereas non-naturalists (...) are unable to provide equally satisfactory metasemantic explanations. This article first describes how the previous non-naturalist accounts of reference fail to tell us how the normative predicates could have come to refer to the non-natural properties rather than to the natural ones. I will then use the so-called qua-problem to show how the causal theories of reference of naturalists also fail to fix the reference of normative predicates to unique natural properties. Finally, I will suggest that, just as naturalists need to rely on the non-causal mechanism of reference magnetism to solve the previous problem, non-naturalists, too, can rely on the very same idea to respond to the pressing metasemantic challenges that they face concerning reference. (shrink)

In this chapter, I discuss the contents of the now lost academic dictata of Henricus Regius, embodying one of the first comprehensive teachings of natural philosophy inspired by René Descartes at a university. These contents are partially extant in Martin Schoock’s Admiranda methodus (1643), and can be reconstructed from Regius’s early texts and correspondence with Descartes. They reveal that Regius was original with respect to Descartes especially in his account of magnetism, which was functional to his medical physiology, and (...) discussion of the powers of plants, out of which he developed such a physiology. (shrink)

Erik Wielenberg [2014] and Mark Murphy [2017], [2018] have defended a series of arguments for the conclusion that creatures are not good intrinsically. In response, I take two steps. First, I introduce a conception of intrinsic value that makes created intrinsic value unproblematic. Second, I respond to their arguments in turn. The first argument is from the sovereignty-aseity intuition and an analysis of intrinsicality that makes derivative good extrinsic. I challenge the analysis. The second comes from a conception of perfection (...) where God exhausts all possibilities for goodness. I challenge this conception. The third comes from the contingency of creation and the internal logic of intrinsic value. I challenge the assumption that connects the two. I then present an argument from reference magnetism that the only conception of God, God's perfections, and religious language that makes it plausible that the sentence "God is intrinsically good and creatures are not" is true involves a strongly univocalist position. A view that is either unstatable or places strong demands on our conception of God, God's perfections and religious language thereby loses plausibility. (shrink)

Primitive awareness leading to consciousness can be explained as a manifestation of internal forces between charge and mass. These internal forces, related to the weak and strong forces, balance the external forces of gravity-inertia and electricity-magnetism and thereby accommodate outside influences by adjusting the internal structure of material from which we are composed. Such accommodation is the physical implementation of a model of the external physical world and qualifies as Vitiello's double held inside ourselves. We experience this accommodation as (...) the conscious experience in front of our noses. Neural pulse traffic is interpreted as unconscious signal processing activity happening between this internal accommodation and our external interface of sensors and actuators. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}. (shrink)

It is discerned what light can bring the recent historical reconstructions of maxwellian optics and electromagnetism unification on the following philosophical/methodological questions. I. Why should one believe that Nature is ultimately simple and that unified theories are more likely to be true? II. What does it mean to say that a theory is unified? III. Why theory unification should be an epistemic virtue? To answer the questions posed genesis and development of Maxwellian electrodynamics are elucidated. It is enunciated that the (...) Maxwellian Revolution is a far more complicated phenomenon than it may be seen in the light of Kuhnian and Lakatosian epistemological models. Correspondingly it is maintained that maxwellian electrodynamics was elaborated in the course of the old pre-maxwellian programmes’ reconciliation: the electrodynamics of Ampére-Weber, the wave theory of Young-Fresnel and Faraday’s programme. To compare the different theoretical schemes springing from the different language games James Maxwell had constructed a peculiar neutral language. Initially it had encompassed the incompressible fluid models; eventually – the vortices ones. The three programmes’ encounter engendered the construction of the hybrid theory at first with an irregular set of theoretical schemes. However, step by step, on revealing and gradual eliminating the contradictions between the programmes involved, the hybrid set is “put into order” (Maxwell’s term). A hierarchy of theoretical schemes starting from ingenious crossbreeds (the displacement current) and up to usual hybrids is set up. After the displacement current construction the interpenetration of the pre-maxwellian programmes begins that marks the commencement of theoretical schemes of optics, electricity and magnetism real unification. Maxwell’s programme surpassed that of Ampére-Weber because it did absorb the ideas of the Ampére-Weber programme, as well as the presuppositions of the programmes of Young-Fresnel and Faraday properly co-ordinating them with each other. But the opposite statement is not true. The Ampére-Weber programme did not assimilate the propositions of the Maxwellian programme. Maxwell’s victory over his rivals became possible because the gist of Maxwell’s unification strategy was formed by Kantian epistemology looked in the light of William Whewell and such representatives of Scottish Enlightenment as Thomas Reid and Sir William Hamilton. Maxwell did put forward as basic synthetic principles the ideas that radically differed from that of Ampére-Weber approach by their open, flexible and contra-ontological, genuinly epistemological, Kantian character. For Maxwell, ether was not the ultimate building block of physical reality, from which all the charges and fields should be constructed. “Action at a distance”, “incompressible fluid”, “molecular vortices”, etc. were contrived analogies for Maxwell, capable only to direct the researcher at the “right” mathematical relations. Key words: J.C. Maxwell, unification of optics and electromagnetism, I. Kant, T. Reid, W. Hamilton . (shrink)

Ediţia a doua (revăzută şi îmbunătăţită) O introducere în teoriile şi conceptele, forţele fundamentale şi particule, metode şi tabele utilizate în fizică, subdomenii şi domenii ştiinţifice înrudite, cu accent pe înţelegerea fenomenelor fizice. Fizica clasică se ocupă, în general, cu materia și energia la scară normală de observație, în timp ce o mare parte a fizicii moderne se ocupă de comportamentul materiei și energiei în condiții extreme sau pe o scară foarte mare sau foarte mică. De exemplu, pentru fizica atomică (...) și nucleară contează scara cea mai mică la care elementele chimice pot fi identificate. Fizica particulelor elementare are o scară chiar mai mică, deoarece se referă la unitățile de bază ale materiei; această ramură a fizicii este, de asemenea, cunoscută sub numele de fizica energiilor înalte, din cauza energiilor extrem de ridicate necesare pentru a produce mai multe tipuri de particule, în acceleratoare de particule mari. La această scară, de obicei, noțiunile obișnuite de spațiu, timp, materie și energie nu mai sunt valabile. Cele două teorii principale ale fizicii moderne prezintă o imagine diferită a conceptelor de spațiu, timp, și materie, faţă de fizica clasică. Teoria cuantică studiază natura mai degrabă discretă decât continuă a multor fenomene la nivel atomic și subatomic, și aspectele complementare ale particulelor și undelor în descrierea unor astfel de fenomene. Teoria relativității studiază descrierea fenomenelor care au loc într-un cadru de referință, care este în mișcare faţă de un observator. Teoria specială a relativității studiază mișcarea relativ uniformă în linie dreaptă, iar teoria generală a relativității mișcarea accelerată și legătura sa cu gravitația. Atât teoria cuantică cât și teoria relativității îşi găsesc aplicații în toate domeniile fizicii moderne. CUPRINS: Fizica - Scurtă istorie - Fizica şi filozofia - Teorii de bază în fizică - - Fizica clasică - - Fizica modernă - - Diferenţa între fizica clasică şi fizica modernă - Cercetarea în fizică - - Metode ştiinţifice - - Teorie şi experiment - Domenii de aplicare şi obiective - - Domenii de cercetare - - Direcţii de dezvoltare - - Direcţii actuale de cercetare Teorii - Fizica teoretică - - Teorii recunoscute - - Teorii propuse - - Teorii marginale Teorii recunoscute - Termodinamica - - Legile termodinamicii - - Concepte în termodinamică - - Substanţe care se pot descrie doar prin temperatură - - Substanţe care se pot descrie doar prin temperatură şi presiune - - Substanţe care se pot descrie prin temperatură, presiune şi potenţial chimic - - Substanţe care se pot descrie prin temperatură şi câmp magnetic - - Sisteme termodinamice - - Stări termodinamice - Mecanica statistică - Relativitatea specială - - Motivaţia pentru teoria relativităţii speciale - - Invarianţa vitezei luminii - - Lipsa unui cadru de referinţă absolut - - Echivalenţa dintre energie şi masă - - Simultaneitatea - - Evoluţia teoriei relativităţii speciale - Teoria relativităţii generale - - Dezvoltarea relativităţii şi a relativităţii speciale - - Gaura de vierme - - - Călătorii cu viteze mai mari decât viteza luminii şi călătorii în timp - - - Universul nostru, într-o gaură neagră - - - Concluzii - Mecanica cuantică - - Descrierea teoriei - - Formularea matematică - - Interacţia cu alte teorii ale fizicii - - Istoria, filozofia şi viitorul mecanicii cuantice - - - Istoria - - - Filozofia - - - Viitorul - - Optica cuantică - - - Electronica cuantică - - Laser - - - Concepte de bază - - - Terminologie - - - Construcţia unui laser - - - Fizica laserilor - - - Extreme Light Infrastructure - - - Arme cu laser - Teoria câmpului cuantic - - Probleme ale mecanicii cuantice obişnuite - - Câmpuri cuantice - Modelul Standard - - Teste, predicţii şi provocări Teorii propuse - Teoria finală (Theory of everything) - - Idei speculative - Teoria marii unificări - Teoria M - - Relaţia teoriei M cu supercorzile şi supergravitaţia - - Caracteristici ale teoriei M - Gravitaţia cuantică în buclă - - Incompatibilitatea dintre mecanica cuantică şi relativitatea generală - - Buclele Wilson şi reţelele de spin - - Gravitaţia cuantică în buclă şi cosmologia cuantică - - Testele experimentale de GCB - Emergenţa Teorii marginale - Fuziunea la rece - - Fuziunea cu bule - Tesla şi Teoria dinamică a gravitaţiei - Eter luminifer - - Dezavantaje şi critici - Energia orgonică - - Dezvoltarea de către Reich a teoriilor sale orgonice - - Cărţile lui Reich Concepte - Mecanica clasică - - Istoria - - Statica - - - Vectori - - - Forţa - - - Momentul forţei - - - Ecuaţiile de echilibru - - - Momentul de inerţie - - - Solide - - - Fluide - - Dinamica - - - Principii - - - Dinamica liniară şi de rotaţie - - - Forţa - - - Legile lui Newton - - Frecarea - - - Legile frecării uscate - - - Reducerea frecării - Materia - - Antimateria - Energia - - Legile conservării în fizică - - - Filosofia legilor de conservare - - Masa - - - Masa inerţială - - - Masa gravitaţională - - - Echivalenţa maselor inerţială şi gravitaţională - - - Consecinţele relativităţii - - Cantitatea de mişcare (impulsul) - - - Cantitatea de mişcare în mecanica clasică - - - Cantitatea de mişcare în mecanica relativistă - - - Cantitatea de mişcare în mecanica cuantică - - Momentul cinetic - - Spinul - - - Istoria - - - Aplicaţii - Dimensiuni - - Timpul - - - Măsurarea timpului - - - Timpul în inginerie şi fizica aplicată - - - Timpul în filosofie şi fizica teoretică - - Spaţiu-timp - - - Cadrul de referinţă - - - Câteva fapte generale despre spaţiu-timp - - - Este spaţiul-timp cuantificat? - - Viteza - - Forţa - - - Relaţiile dintre unităţile de forţă şi unităţile de masă - - - Unităţi imperiale de forţă - - Momentul forţei - Sisteme fizice - Unde - - Exemple de unde - - Proprietăţi caracteristice - - Unde transversale şi longitudinale - - Polarizarea - - Descriere fizică a unei unde - - Unde de deplasare - - Ecuaţia undelor - - Entanglementul cuantic - - Magnetism - - - Dipoli magnetici - - - Modele de materiale magnetice - - Electricitatea - - - Istorie - - - Puterea electrică - - - Curentul electric - - - Fenomene electrice în natură - - Radiaţia electromagnetică - - Temperatura - - - Unităţi de temperatură - - - Bazele teoretice - - - Capacitatea termică - - - Temperatura în gaze - - - Măsurarea temperaturii - - - Temperaturi negative - - Entropia - - - Schimbarea de entropie în motoarele termice - - - Definiţia statistică a entropiei: Principiul lui Boltzmann - - - Măsurarea entropiei - - Informaţia în fizică - - - Informaţia clasică vs informaţia cuantică - - - Informaţii clasice - - - Informaţiile fizice şi entropia - Tranziţii - - Tranziţii de fază - - - Clasificarea tranziţiilor de fază - - - - Clasificarea Ehrenfest - - - - Clasificarea modernă a tranziţiilor de fază - - - Proprietăţi ale tranziţiilor de fază - - - - Puncte critice - - - - Simetria - - - - Exponenţi critici şi clase de universalitate - - Supraconductibilitatea - - - Istoria - - - Teorii ale supraconductibilităţii - - - Aplicaţii tehnologice ale supraconductibilităţii - - - Proprietăţile elementare ale supraconductorilor - - Superfluiditatea Forţe fundamentale - Gravitaţia - - Despre legea gravitaţiei universale a lui Newton - - - Forma vectorială - - - Istorie - - - Reticenţele lui Newton - - - Comparaţie cu forţa electromagnetică - - Teoria relativităţii generale a lui Einstein - - - Mecanica cuantică şi ondulatorie - - Situaţii specifice - - - Gravitaţia Pământului - - - Ecuațiile pentru un corp în cădere în apropiere de suprafața Pământului - - - Gravitaţia și astronomia - - - Radiația gravitațională - - - Viteza gravitaţiei - Electromagnetism - - Descrierea matematică - - Câmp electric E - - Metoda electromagnetică - - Electrostatica - - - Serii triboelectrice - - - Generatoare electrostatice - - - Neutralizarea sarcinilor - - - Inducţia sarcinilor - - - Electricitatea "statică" - Forţa nucleară slabă - Forţa nucleară tare Particule - Particule elementare - - Proprietăţi conceptuale - - - Dimensiunea - - - Compoziţia - - Modelul Standard în fizica particulelor elementare - - - Fermioni fundamentali - - - - Antiparticule - - - - Cuarci - - - Bosoni fundamentali - - - - Gluoni - - - - Bosoni electroslabi - - - - Bosonul Higgs - - Extensii ale Modelului Standard în fizica particulelor elementare - - - Marea unificare - - - Supersimetria - - - Teoria corzilor - - - Teoria preonilor - Atomi - - Modele istorice de atomi - - Nucleul atomic - Protoni - Neutroni - - Istoric - - - Evoluţia actuală - Electroni - - Istoria - - Detalii tehnice - - Electricitate - Cuarci - Fotoni - Gluoni - Bosoni W şi Z - - Bosonul Higgs - Gravitoni - Neutrino - - Neutrino, noul sistem de comunicaţii - - Telefonul – particulă - - Comunicaţii cu submarinele - - Mesaje pentru călătoria în timp - Cvasiparticule - - Relaţia cu mecanica cuantică multi-corp - - Distincţia între cvasiparticule şi excitaţii colective - - Efectul asupra proprietăţilor colective - - Istoria - Fononi - - Unde de reţea - - Fononi acustici şi optici Subdomenii - Acustica - - Concepte fundamentale ale acusticii - - - Propagarea undelor: nivele de presiune - - - Propagarea undelor: frecvenţa - - - Transducţia în acustică - Astrofizica - - Erupţii solare - - - Evoluţia exploziilor solare - - - Impactul exploziilor solare asupra omenirii - - - - Ejecţia masei coronariene - - - - Misiunile spaţiale - - - - Întreruperi de energie electrică - Fizica atomică, moleculară, şi optică - - Apa grea - - Osmoza - Fizica computaţională - Fizica materiei condensate - Criogenia - Mecanica fluidelor - Optica - - Optica clasică - - Optica modernă - Fizica plasmei - Fizica particulelor - - Istoria - - Modelul Standard - - Fizica particulelor experimentală - - Obiecţii - - Politici publice Metode - Metode ştiinţifice - - Elementele metodelor ştiinţifice idealizate - - Aspecte ale metodelor ştiinţifice - - - Observaţia - - - Ipoteza - - - Predicţia - - - Verificarea - - - Evaluarea - - - Alte aspecte ale metodelor ştiinţifice - Mărimi fizice - Măsurători fizice - Analiza dimensională - - Exemplu aplicat - Statistica Tabele - Legile fizicii - Constante fizice - Sistemul Internaţional pentru unităţi de măsură - - Origine - - Scrierea SI - - Unităţi de bază în Sistemul Internaţional SI - - - Lungime (l) - - - Masa (m) - - - Timp (t) - - - Curentul electric (I) - - - Temperatura termodinamică (T) - - - Cantitatea de substanţă (n) - - - Intensitatea luminoasă (I) - - Unităţi SI derivate - - Prefixe SI în fizică - - - Unităţi folosite în afara SI - Unităţi fizice - - Unităţi ca dimensiuni - - Unităţi de bază şi derivate - - Conversia unităţilor - - Prefixele in sistemul SI - - Sfaturi şi reguli pentru calcule cu unităţi fizice Istoria - Fizica în antichitate - Fizica în Evul Mediu - Fizica în sec. XVI-VIII - Fizica în sec. XIX - Fizica în sec. XX Probleme nerezolvate în fizică Domenii interdisciplinare - Fizica aplicată (Fizica tehnologică) - Fizica acceleratorilor - - Accelerarea și interacțiunea particulelor cu structuri RF - - Dinamica fluxului - - Coduri de modelare - - Diagnosticările fluxului - - Toleranţele maşinii Domenii înrudite - Relaţia fizicii cu alte domenii - - Cerinţe preliminare - - Applicaţii şi influenţe - Astronomia - - Scurtă istorie - - Subdomenii ale astronomiei. Cum se obţin informaţiile în astronomie. - - - După subiect - - - Modalităţi de obţinere a informaţiilor - - Telescoape - - - Tipuri de telescoape - - Planetele rătăcitoare - Biofizica - - Subiecte în biofizică şi domenii conexe - - Biofizicieni celebri - Chimia fizică - - Concepte-cheie - Cosmologia - - Subiecele din cosmologie includ: - - - Cosmologia fizică - - - Cosmologii alternative - - - Cosmologia filosofică - - - Cosmologia religioasă - Electronica - - Exemplu - Geofizica - - Metode - - - Geodezie - - - Sonde spaţiale - - Cutremure - Fizica chimică - Ingineria - - Sarcina ingineriei - - Rezolvarea problemelor - - Utilizarea calculatoarelor - - Etimologia - - Conexiunile cu alte discipline - Ştiinţa materialelor Pseudofizica - Anti-gravitaţia - - Efecte convenţionale care imită efectele anti-gravitaţiei - - Soluţii ipotetice - - - Scuturi gravitaţionale - - - Cercetări în relativitatea generală în anii 1950 - - - A cincea forţă - - - "Unităţi distorsionate" în relativitatea generală - - - Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program - - Încercări experimentale şi comerciale - - - Dispozitive giroscopice - - - Gravitatorul lui Thomas Townsend Brown - - - Cuplarea gravitoelectrică - - - Premiul Göde - Eter luminifer - - Dezavantaje şi critici - Fuziunea la rece - - Fuziunea cu bule - - Rezultate - - - Producţia de energie şi căldura în exces - - - Heliu, elemente grele, şi neutroni - - Mecanisme propuse Referinţe Despre autor - Nicolae Sfetcu - - Contact . 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This theory is an attempt to describe the universal phenomena like space, time, matter and energy as an inter-relationship bound by a newly discovered force named as the universal force. The universal force is shown to be the force of gravitation, electricity, magnetism, strong nuclear and weak nuclear forces. I believe any other force, hitherto fore not discovered; also, can be explained in terms of this universal force. Liberal use of wave-particle duality, relativity, quantum concepts is made to achieve (...) a harmonious and comprehensive synthesis of all the existing beliefs in physics into a new theory with some new concepts added here and there. While adding new concepts, enormous care has been taken to ensure that the existing beliefs are not contradicted. Moreover, the new concepts are proved to be correct theoretically by deriving the constants like G, σ, etc. (shrink)

Understanding Gravity correctly has a pivotal importance if we would like to understand Anti-gravity. Famously, with the existing theories for Gravity we cannot achieve that. While exploring questions related to Gravity, I realized that it demands reconsidering the nature of Vacuum. For this reason, in this article you will find not only alternative description of the nature of Vacuum, but I also will provide the idea to test it with results that will prove beyond any doubt what it is made (...) of after all. Turns out that mechanisms causing what I call the "Effect of Gravity" might be very simple. Also, this effect might be directly linked to the Magnetism or the magnetic field of Earth, even though objects are not attracted by it. Instead, they are attracted because of it. (shrink)

This article had its start with another article, concerned with measuring the speed of gravitational waves - "The Measurement of the Light Deflection from Jupiter: Experimental Results" by Ed Fomalont and Sergei Kopeikin (2003) - The Astrophysical Journal 598 (1): 704–711. This starting-point led to many other topics that required explanation or naturally seemed to follow on – Unification of gravity with electromagnetism and the 2 nuclear forces, Speed of electromagnetic waves, Energy of cosmic rays and UHECRs, Digital string theory, (...) Dark energy+gravity+binary digits, Cosmic strings and wormholes from Figure-8 Klein bottles, Massless and massive photons and gravitons, Inverse square+quantum entanglement = God+evolution, Binary digits projected to make Prof. Greene’s cosmic holographic movie, Renormalization of infinity, Colliding subuniverses, Unifying cosmic inflation, TOE (emphasizing “EVERYthing”) = Bose-Einstein renormalized. The text also addresses (in a nonmathematical way) the wavelength of electromagnetic waves, the frequency of gravitational waves, gravitational and electromagnetic waves having identical speed, the gamma-ray burst designated GRB 090510, the smoothness of space, and includes these words – “Gravity produces electromagnetism. Retrocausally (by means of humans travelling into the past of this subuniverse with their electronics); this “Cosmic EM Background” produces base-2 mathematics, which produces gravity. EM interacts with gravity to produce particles, mass – gravity/EM could be termed “the Higgs field” - and the nuclear forces associated with those particles. It makes gravity using BITS that copy the principle of magnetism attracting and repelling, before pasting it into what we call the strong force and dark energy.” . (shrink)

First-order normative theories concerning what’s right and wrong, good and bad, etc. and metanormative theories concerning the nature of first-order normative thought and talk are widely regarded as independent theoretical enterprises. This paper argues that several debates in metanormative theory involve views that have first-order normative implications, even as the implications in question may not be immediately recognizable as normative. I first make my claim more precise by outlining a general recipe for generating this result. I then apply this recipe (...) to three debates in metaethics: the modal status of basic normative principles, normative vagueness and indeterminacy, and the determination of reference for normative predicates. In each case I argue that certain views on each issue carry first-order normative commitments, in accordance with my recipe. (shrink)

The model-theoretic argument known as Putnam´s paradox threatens our notion of truth with triviality: Almost any world can satisfy almost any theory. Formal argument and intuition are at odds. David Lewis devised a solution according to which the very stucture of the world fixes how it is to be divided into elite classes which determine the reference of any true theory. Three claims are defended: Firstly, Lewis´ proposal must be completed by an account of successful referential intentions. Secondly, contrary to (...) Catherine Elgin´s criticism of Lewis, natural properties corresponding to elite classes may play a role in sound scientific inquiry. Thirdly, despite Bas van Fraassen´s objection that the sceptic cannot consistently maintain doubts about reference, there is a promising sceptical strategy of exploiting Putnam´s results which is answered by Lewis´ account. (shrink)

I criticize Yamada's account of rule-following. Yamada's conditions are not necessary. And he misses the deepest level of the rule-following considerations: how meaning rules come about.

I propose a view that I call "Ersatz Metaphysical Vagueness" according to which the term "perfectly natural" can be semantically vague. As its name suggests, the view mimics traditional metaphysical vagueness without the radical metaphysical underpinnings. In particular, the ersatzer avoids a widely accepted argument schema (advanced by JRG Williams, Ted Sider, Cian Dorr, John Hawthorne and others) according to which, if there is no metaphysical vagueness, F-ness cannot be both perfectly natural and vague.