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Realism and Social Science

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  1. World politics, critical realism and the future of humanity: an interview with Heikki Patomäki, Part 1.Heikki Patomäki & Jamie Morgan - 2023 - Journal of Critical Realism 22 (3):562-603.
    In Part 1 of this wide-ranging interview Heikki Patomäki discusses his early work and career up to the Global Financial Crisis. He provides comment on his role as a public intellectual and activist, his diverse academic interests and influences, and the many and varied ways he has contributed to critical realism and critical realism has influenced his work. In Part 2 he discusses his later work, the predicament of humanity and the role of futures studies.
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  • Realism, dialectic, justice and law: an interview with Alan Norrie.Alan Norrie & Jamie Morgan - 2021 - Journal of Critical Realism 20 (1):98-122.
    In this wide-ranging interview Alan Norrie discusses how he became involved with Critical Realism, his work on Dialectical Critical Realism, and responses to it amongst the Critical Realist communi...
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  • American sociology, realism, structure and truth: an interview with Douglas V. Porpora.Douglas V. Porpora & Jamie Morgan - 2020 - Journal of Critical Realism 19 (5):522-544.
    ABSTRACT In this wide-ranging interview Professor Douglas V. Porpora discusses a number of issues. First, how he became a Critical Realist through his early work on the concept of structure. Second, drawing on his Reconstructing Sociology, his take on the current state of American sociology. This leads to discussion of the broader range of his work as part of Margaret Archer’s various Centre for Social Ontology projects, and on moral-macro reasoning and the concept of truth in political discourse.
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  • (1 other version)How to phrase critical realist interview questions in applied social science research.Andreas Brönnimann - 2022 - Journal of Critical Realism 21 (1):1-24.
    ABSTRACT The tenets of critical and social realism are well supported in the literature. However, researchers following a realist paradigm have concerns about the lack of methodical guidance for qualitative interviewing, despite their affirmation about the importance of in-depth interviews. A conducted review of empirical realist literature provides evidence of an absence of guidance and commonality regarding interview planning practices. To overcome this absence, this paper composes a guiding framework to assist researchers to phrase more appropriate interview questions in realist (...)
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  • Critical realism, the climate crisis and (de)growth.Hubert Buch-Hansen & Peter Nielsen - 2023 - Journal of Critical Realism 22 (3):347-363.
    What does it entail to study the climate crisis from – or consistently with – a critical realist perspective? The paper addresses this question in three steps. First, it considers the boundaries of critical realism in relation to climate crisis research. In this context it identifies climate science as a field that in important respects resonates implicitly with critical realism. Conversely, a book by human ecologist Andreas Malm is introduced as an example of a work that, while sympathetic to critical (...)
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  • Complexity theory, systems theory, and multiple intersecting social inequalities.Sylvia Walby - 2007 - Philosophy of the Social Sciences 37 (4):449-470.
    This article contributes to the revision of the concept of system in social theory using complexity theory. The old concept of social system is widely discredited; a new concept of social system can more adequately constitute an explanatory framework. Complexity theory offers the toolkit needed for this paradigm shift in social theory. The route taken is not via Luhmann, but rather the insights of complexity theorists in the sciences are applied to the tradition of social theory inspired by Marx, Weber, (...)
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  • Do we need mechanisms in the social sciences?Julian Reiss - 2007 - Philosophy of the Social Sciences 37 (2):163-184.
    A recent movement in the social sciences and philosophy of the social sciences focuses on mechanisms as a central analytical unit. Starting from a pluralist perspective on the aims of the social sciences, I argue that there are a number of important aims to which knowledge about mechanisms—whatever their virtues relative to other aims—contributes very little at best and that investigating mechanisms is therefore a methodological strategy with fairly limited applicability. Key Words: social science • mechanisms • explanation • critical (...)
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  • Language and globalization.Norman Fairclough - 2009 - Semiotica 2009 (173):317-342.
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  • Reclaiming reality and redefining realism: the challenging case of transgenderism.David Pilgrim - 2018 - Journal of Critical Realism 17 (3):308-324.
    ABSTRACTRecently an acrimonious debate has emerged about transgenderism. Trans-activists defending the full spectrum of the latter have advocated a form of identity politics based upon individual self-definition. However, gender-critical feminists have disputed the legitimacy of these bids for self-determination, especially when considering men who are claiming to be women. These contrasting positions are examined and their political implications explored. The focus of the paper is on the intransitive aspects of sex and the transitive aspects of gender. The former, with rare (...)
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  • The contributions of scientific realism and critical realism to realist evaluation.Ferdinand C. Mukumbang, Denise E. De Souza & John G. Eastwood - 2023 - Journal of Critical Realism 22 (3):504-524.
    Realist evaluation has gained prominence in the field of evaluation in recent years. Its theory-driven approach to explaining how and why programmes work or not makes it attractive to many novices, early career researchers, and organizations implementing various programmes globally and relevant to policymakers and programme implementers. While realist evaluation seeks to be pragmatic, adopting principles and methods that can be used to help focus an evaluation, its deep ontological and epistemological foundations make its application in real-life situations challenging. In (...)
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  • Retroductive theorizing in Pawson and Tilley's applied scientific realism.Justin Jagosh - 2020 - Journal of Critical Realism 19 (2):121-130.
    The naturally occurring complexity of the social and natural worlds, along with rising challenges in the social, health and environmental domains, makes retroduction a compelling mode of inference...
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  • Why we keep separating the ‘inseparable’: Dialecticizing intersectionality.Lena Gunnarsson - 2017 - European Journal of Women's Studies 24 (2):114-127.
    Disputes about how to understand intersectional relations often pivot around the tension between separateness and inseparability, where some scholars emphasize the need to separate between different intersectional categories while others claim they are inseparable. In this article the author takes issue with the either/or thinking that underpins an unnecessary and unproductive polarization in the debate over the in/separability of intersectional categories. Drawing on Roy Bhaskar’s dialectical critical realist philosophy, the author argues that we can think of intersectional categories as well (...)
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  • A defence of the category ‘women’.Lena Gunnarsson - 2011 - Feminist Theory 12 (1):23-37.
    Against influential strands of feminist theory, I argue that there is nothing essentialist or homogenising about the category ‘women’. I show that both intersectional claims that it is impossible to separate out the ‘woman part’ of women, and deconstructionist contentions that the category ‘women’ is a fiction, rest on untenable meta-theoretical assumptions. I posit that a more fruitful way of approaching this disputed category is to treat it as an abstraction. Drawing on the philosophical framework of critical realism I elucidate (...)
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  • Critical realism, critical discourse analysis, and the morphogenetic approach.Jack Newman - 2020 - Journal of Critical Realism 19 (5):433-455.
    This paper seeks to contribute to the ongoing project of developing a specifically critical realist approach to discourse analysis. This is important not just because critical realist researchers n...
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  • A critical realist methodology in empirical research: foundations, process, and payoffs.Catherine Hastings - 2021 - Journal of Critical Realism 20 (5):458-473.
    This article describes and evaluates the application of an explicitly critical realist methodology to a quantitative doctoral research project on the causes of family homelessness in Australia. It...
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  • Fully Unconscious and Prone to Habit: The Characteristics of Agency in the Structure and Agency Dialectic.Sadiya Akram - 2013 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 43 (1):45-65.
    While the human agent must have the capacity for reflexivity, intentionality and consciousness, the same agent must also be affected by the social world in which she lives: herein lies the essence of the structure and agency dialectic. This paper argues that while some realists are in principle committed to a dialectical relationship between structure and agency, there is some dissonance between this commitment and the concepts of agency that they develop. I highlight the exclusion of the unconscious and habit (...)
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  • The morphogenetic approach and immanent causality: A spinozian perspective.Karim Knio - 2018 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 48 (4):398-415.
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  • A critical epistemology of analytical statistics: Addressing the sceptical realist.Wendy Olsen & Jamie Morgan - 2005 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 35 (3):255–284.
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  • Does Business and Society Scholarship Matter to Society? Pursuing a Normative Agenda with Critical Realism and Neoinstitutional Theory.Tyler Earle Wry - 2009 - Journal of Business Ethics 89 (2):151-171.
    To date, B&S researchers have pursued their normative aims through strategic and moral arguments that are limited because they adopt a rational actor behavioral model and firm-level focus. I argue that it would be beneficial for B&S scholars to pursue alternate approaches based on critical realism (CR) and neoinstitutional theory (IT). Such a shift would have a number of benefits. For one, CR and IT recognize the complex roots of firm behavior and provide tools for its investigation. Both approaches also (...)
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  • Realist Critique without Ethical Naturalism and Moral Realism.Dave Elder-Vass - 2010 - Journal of Critical Realism 9 (1):33-58.
    The grounds for critique offered by Roy Bhaskar have developed over the course of his work, but two claims have remained central: ethical naturalism and moral realism. I argue that neither of these is compatible with a scientific realist understanding of values: a scientific realist approach commits one to treating values as socially produced and historically contingent. This does not, however, prevent us from reasoning about values, nor from developing critiques by combining ethical reasoning with a theoretical understanding of the (...)
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  • Methodological implications of critical realism for entrepreneurship research.Xiaoti Hu - 2018 - Journal of Critical Realism 17 (2):118-139.
    ABSTRACTFew papers have offered clear guidance for the application of critical realism to empirical studies, particularly in the research field of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to critically review how the methodological principles used to conduct CR-based research can be applied in empirical studies and to develop a critical realist case study research design to guide empirical work in entrepreneurship. I demonstrate the value of a CR-informed approach in empirical studies by drawing on a qualitative case study that (...)
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  • Everything Flows: A Pragmatist Perspective of Trade-Offs and Value in Ethical Consumption.Alex Hiller & Tony Woodall - 2019 - Journal of Business Ethics 157 (4):893-912.
    The debate around ethical consumption is often characterised by discussion of its numerous failures arising from complexity in perceived trade-offs. In response, this paper advances a pragmatist understanding of the role and nature of trade-offs in ethical consumption. In doing so, it draws on the central roles of values and value in consumption and pragmatist philosophical thought, and proposes a critique of the ethical consumer as rational maximiser and the cognitive and utilitarian discourse of individual trade-offs to understand how sustainable (...)
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  • Five potentials of critical realism in management and organization studies.Dennis J. Frederiksen & Louise B. Kringelum - 2020 - Journal of Critical Realism 20 (1):18-38.
    There is a lack of research explicitly demonstrating the potential of applying critical realism in qualitative empirical Management and Organization Studies. If scholars are to obtain the exp...
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  • Culture‐Inclusive Theories of Self and Social Interaction: The Approach of Multiple Philosophical Paradigms.Kwang-Kuo Hwang - 2015 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 45 (1):40-63.
    In view of the fact that culture-inclusive psychology has been eluded or relatively ignored by mainstream psychology, the movement of indigenous psychology is destined to develop a new model of man that incorporates both causal psychology and intentional psychology as suggested by Vygotsky . Following the principle of cultural psychology: “one mind, many mentalities” , the Mandala Model of Self and Face and Favor Model were constructed to represent the universal mechanisms of self and social interaction that can be applied (...)
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  • Psychologists and torture: critical realism as a resource for analysis and training.Nimisha Patel & David Pilgrim - 2018 - Journal of Critical Realism 17 (2):176-191.
    ABSTRACTThis article introduces the challenges of providing psychological assessments of people seeking asylum in the wake of their reported torture. These challenges invite professionals to consider ontology and epistemology. Critical realism is well-positioned to underlabour for the process of understanding a human rights violation, in which the complainant is both the key, and often sole, witness and claimed victim. For instance, the layered reality of critical realism allows practitioners to use retroduction to describe deeper structures and mechanisms of torture. The (...)
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  • Founding transdisciplinary knowledge production in critical realism: implications and benefits.Mikael Stigendal & Andreas Novy - 2018 - Journal of Critical Realism 17 (3):203-220.
    ABSTRACTThis article explains the implications and benefits of founding transdisciplinary collaborations of knowledge production in critical realism. We call such equal partnerships of researchers and practitioners knowledge alliances. Drawing on the distinction between the referent to which we refer and our references, we show that practitioners can contribute to the process of knowledge production by providing access to referents and producing references but also by achieving societal relevance. In order to accomplish excellence, knowledge production should be organized in ways that (...)
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  • The limits of computation: A philosophical critique of contemporary Big Data research.Petter Törnberg & Anton Törnberg - 2018 - Big Data and Society 5 (2).
    This paper reviews the contemporary discussion on the epistemological and ontological effects of Big Data within social science, observing an increased focus on relationality and complexity, and a tendency to naturalize social phenomena. The epistemic limits of this emerging computational paradigm are outlined through a comparison with the discussions in the early days of digitalization, when digital technology was primarily seen through the lens of dematerialization, and as part of the larger processes of “postmodernity”. Since then, the online landscape has (...)
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  • Critical realism: a philosophical framework for the study of gender and mental health.Michael Bergin, John S. G. Wells & Sara Owen - 2008 - Nursing Philosophy 9 (3):169-179.
    Abstract This paper explores gender and mental health with particular reference to the emerging philosophical field of critical realism. This philosophy suggests a shared ontology and epistemology for the natural and social sciences. Until recently, most of the debate surrounding gender and mental health has been guided either implicitly or explicitly within a positivist or constructivist philosophy. With this in mind, key areas of critical realism are explored in relation to gender and mental health, and contrasted with the positions of (...)
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  • Evidential pluralism and evidence of mechanisms in the social sciences.Derek Beach - 2021 - Synthese 199 (3-4):8899-8919.
    Is evidential pluralism possible when we move to the social sciences, and if so, to what degree? What are the analytical benefits? The answer put forward in this article is that there is a tradeoff between how serious social science methodologies take the study of mechanisms and the analytical benefits that flow from evidential pluralism. In the social sciences, there are a range of different approaches to studying mechanisms, differentiated by the degree to which the ‘process’ is unpacked theoretically, and (...)
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  • A psychological perspective of agency and structure within critical realist theory: a specific application to the construct of self-efficacy.Roger Booker - 2021 - Journal of Critical Realism 20 (3):239-256.
    The discipline of psychology has been under-represented in the critical realist account of the relationship between structure and agency. In this paper a critical realist perspective of educational...
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  • Realist synthesis: a critique and an alternative.Kate Hinds & Kelly Dickson - 2021 - Journal of Critical Realism 20 (1):1-17.
    Realist synthesis is often offered as a useful strategy to understand intervention complexity. Its unique selling point is its basis in a critical realist philosophy of science. However, we argue t...
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  • Housing recovery outcomes after typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines: a critical realist perspective.Ivette Arroyo & Johnny Åstrand - 2019 - Journal of Critical Realism 18 (2):142-168.
    ABSTRACTTyphoon Haiyan damaged around a million houses in the Philippines in November 2013. It especially affected the poor. Using a realist laminated ontology, this paper explains how multiple cau...
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  • Enlightened common sense I: clarifying and developing the concepts of depth, emergence, and transfactuality.Dominic Holland - 2019 - Journal of Critical Realism 18 (1):56-82.
    This article is the first in a series of four articles that engage critically with the arguments of two recent and significant additions to the literature on critical realism, namely Bhaskar’s ‘Enlightened Common Sense: The Philosophy of Critical Realism’, and Bhaskar et al.’s ‘Interdisciplinarity and Wellbeing: A Critical Realist General Theory of Interdisciplinarity’. Using the method of immanent critique and focusing mainly, but not exclusively, on the arguments of Enlightened Common Sense, I identify, and propose solutions to, a range of (...)
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  • Critical Realism and the Process Account of Emergence.Stephen Pratten - 2013 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 43 (3):251-279.
    For advocates of critical realism emergence is a central theme. Critical realists typically ground their defence of the relative disciplinary autonomy of various sciences by arguing that emergent phenomena exist in a robust non-ontologically, non-causally reductionist sense. Despite the importance they attach to it critical realists have only recently begun to elaborate on emergence at length and systematically compare their own account with those developed by others. This paper clarifies what is distinctive about the critical realist account of emergence by (...)
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  • Knowing Social Reality: A Critique of Bhaskar and Archer’s Attempt to Derive a Social Ontology from Lay Knowledge.Justin Cruickshank - 2010 - Philosophy of the Social Sciences 40 (4):579-602.
    Critical realists argue that the condition of possibility of the sciences is that they are based on a correct set of ontological assumptions or definitions. The task of philosophy is to underlabor for the sciences, by ensuring that the explanations developed are congruent with the ontological condition of possibility of the sciences. This requires critical realists to justify their claims about ontology and, to do this, they turn to ontological assumptions that are held to obtain in natural scientific knowledge and (...)
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  • Re-Imagining Social Science.Timothy Rutzou - 2016 - Journal of Critical Realism 15 (4):327-341.
    In 2015 IACR held its annual conference at Notre Dame (USA) around the theme of Re-Imagining Social Science. It is rather fashionable to acknowledge that there is a crisis in the social sciences to...
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  • Identifying causal mechanisms that explain the emergence of the Modern Dutch State.Stephen Armet - 2013 - Journal of Critical Realism 12 (3):301-335.
    The purpose of this paper is to advance an analytical approach that systematically seeks to identify social mechanisms that generate and explain observed associations between events. In spite of recent contributions to animate the search for explanatory mechanisms, most of these monographs extol the theoretical while eschewing its application to applied research. This study emphasizes a systematic approach to identifying causal processes derived from critical realism by applying a realist template to research projects that claim to have identified causal mechanisms. (...)
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  • Learning critical realist research by example: political decision-making in transport.Steve Melia - 2020 - Journal of Critical Realism 19 (3):285-303.
    This article illustrates the process of applied critical realist research using a case study of political decision-making in transport. Critical realism is often used to analyse socio-political cha...
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  • Realist Social Theory and Its Losing Battle with Concepts.Leonidas Tsilipakos - 2015 - Philosophy of the Social Sciences 45 (1):26-52.
    This article attempts to evidence the idea that progress in social theory is impeded by central theoretical procedures embodying a host of conceptual mistakes. The article focuses on realist theorizing, examining both early realist work on science and contemporary critical realism, and demonstrates how conceptual procedures employed therein lead to error and confusion. The standard use of these procedures entails, among other things, that social theoretical debates tend to remain irresolvable and that understanding of what it takes to demonstrate a (...)
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  • A critical realist approach to knowledge: implications for evidence‐based practice in and beyond nursing.Stuart Nairn - 2012 - Nursing Inquiry 19 (1):6-17.
    NAIRN S. Nursing Inquiry 2012; 19: 6–17 A critical realist approach to knowledge: implications for evidence‐based practice in and beyond nursingThis paper will identify some of the key conceptual tools of a critical realist approach to knowledge. I will then apply these principles to some of the competing epistemologies that are prevalent within nursing. There are broadly two approaches which are sometimes distinct from each other and sometimes inter‐related. On one side, there is the view that all healthcare interventions should (...)
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  • Critical Realism and Empirical Bioethics: A Methodological Exposition.Alex McKeown - 2017 - Health Care Analysis 25 (3):191-211.
    This paper shows how critical realism can be used to integrate empirical data and philosophical analysis within ‘empirical bioethics’. The term empirical bioethics, whilst appearing oxymoronic, simply refers to an interdisciplinary approach to the resolution of practical ethical issues within the biological and life sciences, integrating social scientific, empirical data with philosophical analysis. It seeks to achieve a balanced form of ethical deliberation that is both logically rigorous and sensitive to context, to generate normative conclusions that are practically applicable to (...)
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  • A Note on the Contingent Necessity of a Morphogenic Society and Human Flourishing.Jamie Morgan - 2017 - Journal of Critical Realism 16 (3):255-267.
    ABSTRACTThe Centre for Social Ontology working group project has been exploring the concept of a Morphogenic Society since 2013. The project is now drawing to a close. One of the arising issues from the project has been whether such a society can be and is liable to be one of human flourishing. In this short paper, I explore one possible aspect of the concept of a Morphogenic Society.1 A Morphogenic Society may involve issues of ‘contingent necessity’. Contingent necessity may provide (...)
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  • Critical realism, psychology and the legacies of psychoanalysis.David Pilgrim - 2017 - Journal of Critical Realism 16 (5):468-482.
    The discipline of psychology has been poorly represented in critical realist texts to date. This is despite Bhaskar’s use of psychoanalytical concepts to underpin his concept of the dialectic. By comparison, other aspects of social science, such as sociology and economics, have a well-established body of critical realist texts. The original approach to psychoanalysis was analogous to the critical realist ontological-axiological chain. It moved from an ontological problem to an axiological solution. Freud’s eagerness to reframe psychoanalysis within a scientistic, objective (...)
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  • Social Network Analysis and Critical Realism.Hubert Buch-Hansen - 2014 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 44 (3):306-325.
    Social network analysis (SNA) is an increasingly popular approach that provides researchers with highly developed tools to map and analyze complexes of social relations. Although a number of network scholars have explicated the assumptions that underpin SNA, the approach has yet to be discussed in relation to established philosophies of science. This article argues that there is a tension between applied and methods-oriented SNA studies, on the one hand, and those addressing the social-theoretical nature and implications of networks, on the (...)
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  • Critical Realism, Dialectics, and Qualitative Research Methods.John Michael Roberts - 2014 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 44 (1):1-23.
    Critical realism has been an important advance in social science methodology because it develops a qualitative theory of causality which avoids some of the pitfalls of empiricist theories of causality. But while there has been ample work exploring the relationship between critical realism and qualitative research methods there has been noticeably less work exploring the relationship between dialectical critical realism and qualitative research methods. This seems strange especially since the founder of the philosophy of critical realism, Roy Bhaskar, employs and (...)
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  • Emergence à la Systems Theory: Epistemological Totalausschluss or Ontological Novelty?Poe Yu-ze Wan - 2011 - Philosophy of the Social Sciences 41 (2):178-210.
    In this article, I examine Luhmann’s, Bunge’s and others’ views on emergence, and argue that Luhmann’s epistemological construal of emergence in terms of Totalausschluss (total exclusion) is both ontologically flawed and detrimental to an appropriate understanding of the distinctive features of social emergence. By contrast, Bunge’s rational emergentism, his CESM model, and Wimsatt’s characterization of emergence as nonaggregativity provide a useful framework to investigate emergence. While researchers in the field of social theory and sociology tend to regard Luhmann as the (...)
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  • Landmarks?: Introduction to the Special Issue on Dialectic.Jamie Morgan - 2013 - Journal of Critical Realism 12 (1):5 - 12.
    Landmarks? Content Type Journal Article Category Editorial Pages 5-12 Authors Jamie Morgan, Leeds Metropolitan University Journal Journal of Critical Realism Online ISSN 1572-5138 Print ISSN 1476-7430 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 1 / 2013.
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  • Ontogenesis Versus Morphogenesis Towards an Anti-realist Model of the Constitution of Society.Christoforos Bouzanis - 2016 - Human Studies 39 (4):569-599.
    This article firstly criticizes Margaret Archer’s Morphogenetic Approach for being indecisive about the realist notion of emergence it proposes as well as for her inadequate account of structural conditioning. It is argued that critical realists’ conceptualizations of emergence cannot but lead to inconsistencies about the adequate placement of agents as parts of emergent entities. The inconsistencies to which these conceptualizations lead necessitate an anti-realist model of the constitution of societies which takes into account that social structures are existentially dependent upon (...)
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  • Enlightened common sense II: clarifying and developing the concepts of intransitivity and domains of reality.Dominic Holland - 2019 - Journal of Critical Realism 18 (2):189-210.
    ABSTRACTIn this article, the second of a series of four articles that engage critically with the arguments of two recent and significant additions to the literature on critical realism (Bhaskar’s E...
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  • Critical realism in nursing: an emerging approach.Catharine J. Schiller - 2016 - Nursing Philosophy 17 (2):88-102.
    Critical realism, a philosophical framework originally developed by Roy Bhaskar in the 1970s, represents a relatively new approach to research generally and to nursing research in particular. This article explores the ontological and epistemological tenets of critical realism and examines the application of critical realist principles to nursing research and practice through a review of the literature. It is evident that few published nursing research studies have, as of yet, utilized critical realism as their paradigm of choice. Both the strengths (...)
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