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  1. (4 other versions)Philosophical investigations.Ludwig Wittgenstein & G. E. M. Anscombe - 1953 - Revue Philosophique de la France Et de l'Etranger 161:124-124.
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  • (1 other version)A World of States of Affairs.D. M. Armstrong - 1993 - Philosophical Perspectives 7:429-440.
    In this important study D. M. Armstrong offers a comprehensive system of analytical metaphysics that synthesises but also develops his thinking over the last twenty years. Armstrong's analysis, which acknowledges the 'logical atomism' of Russell and Wittgenstein, makes facts the fundamental constituents of the world, examining properties, relations, numbers, classes, possibility and necessity, dispositions, causes and laws. All these, it is argued, find their place and can be understood inside a scheme of states of affairs. This is a comprehensive and (...)
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  • The question of realism.Kit Fine - 2001 - Philosophers' Imprint 1:1-30.
    This paper distinguishes two kinds of realist issue -- the issue of whether the propositions of a given domain are factual and the issue of whether they are fundamental. It criticizes previous accounts of what these issues come to and suggests that they are to be understood in terms of a basic metaphysical concept of reality. This leaves open the question of how such issues are to be resolved; and it is argued that this may be done through consideration of (...)
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  • Metaphysical Causation.Alastair Wilson - 2018 - Noûs 52 (4):723-751.
    There is a systematic and suggestive analogy between grounding and causation. In my view, this analogy is no coincidence. Grounding and causation are alike because grounding is a type of causation: metaphysical causation. In this paper I defend the identification of grounding with metaphysical causation, drawing on the causation literature to explore systematic connections between grounding and metaphysical dependence counterfactuals, and I outline a non-reductive counterfactual theory of grounding along interventionist lines.
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  • Ground.Michael J. Raven - 2015 - Philosophy Compass 10 (5):322-333.
    This essay focuses on a recently prominent notion of ground which is distinctive for how it links metaphysics to explanation. Ground is supposed to serve both as the common factor in diverse in virtue of questions as well as the structuring relation in the project of explaining how some phenomena are “built” from more fundamental phenomena. My aim is to provide an opinionated synopsis of this notion of ground without engaging with others. Ground, so understood, generally resists illumination by appeal (...)
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  • Concepts and Cognitive Science.Stephen Laurence & Eric Margolis - 1999 - In Eric Margolis & Stephen Laurence (eds.), Concepts: Core Readings. MIT Press. pp. 3-81.
    Given the fundamental role that concepts play in theories of cognition, philosophers and cognitive scientists have a common interest in concepts. Nonetheless, there is a great deal of controversy regarding what kinds of things concepts are, how they are structured, and how they are acquired. This chapter offers a detailed high-level overview and critical evaluation of the main theories of concepts and their motivations. Taking into account the various challenges that each theory faces, the chapter also presents a novel approach (...)
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  • The Pure Logic of Ground.Kit Fine - 2012 - Review of Symbolic Logic 5 (1):1-25.
    I lay down a system of structural rules for various notions of ground and establish soundness and completeness.
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  • What Is the Well-Foundedness of Grounding?T. Scott Dixon - 2016 - Mind 125 (498):439-468.
    A number of philosophers think that grounding is, in some sense, well-founded. This thesis, however, is not always articulated precisely, nor is there a consensus in the literature as to how it should be characterized. In what follows, I consider several principles that one might have in mind when asserting that grounding is well-founded, and I argue that one of these principles, which I call ‘full foundations’, best captures the relevant claim. My argument is by the process of elimination. For (...)
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  • Overpowering: How the Powers Ontology Has Overreached Itself.Alexander Bird - 2016 - Mind 125 (498):341-383.
    Many authors have argued in favour of an ontology of properties as powers, and it has been widely argued that this ontology allows us to address certain philosophical problems in novel and illuminating ways, for example, causation, representation, intentionality, free will and liberty. I argue that the ontology of powers, even if successful as an account of fundamental natural properties, does not provide the insight claimed as regards the aforementioned non-fundamental phenomena. I illustrate this argument by criticizing the powers theory (...)
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  • Social construction as grounding; or: fundamentality for feminists, a reply to Barnes and Mikkola.Jonathan Schaffer - 2017 - Philosophical Studies 174 (10):2449-2465.
    Feminist metaphysics is guided by the insight that gender is socially constructed, yet the metaphysics behind social construction remains obscure. Barnes and Mikkola charge that current metaphysical frameworks—including my grounding framework—are hostile to feminist metaphysics. I argue that not only is a grounding framework hospitable to feminist metaphysics, but also that a grounding framework can help shed light on the metaphysics behind social construction. By treating social construction claims as grounding claims, the feminist metaphysician and the social ontologist both gain (...)
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  • Universals: An Opinionated Introduction.Jerrold Levinson & D. M. Armstrong - 1992 - Philosophical Review 101 (3):654.
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  • Social Construction and Grounding.Aaron M. Griffith - 2017 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 97 (2):393-409.
    The aim of this paper is to bring recent work on metaphysical grounding to bear on the phenomenon of social construction. It is argued that grounding can be used to analyze social construction and that the grounding framework is helpful for articulating various claims and commitments of social constructionists, especially about social identities, e.g., gender and race. The paper also responds to a number of objections that have been leveled against the application of grounding to social construction from Elizabeth Barnes, (...)
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  • Neutral relations.Kit Fine - 2000 - Philosophical Review 109 (1):1-33.
    There is a standard view of relations, held by philosophers and logicians alike, according to which we may meaningfully talk of a relation holding of several objects in a given order. Thus it is supposed that we may meaningfully—indeed, correctly—talk of the relation loves holding of Anthony and Cleopatra or of the relation between holding of New York, Washington, and Boston. But innocuous as this view might appear to be, it cannot be accepted as applying to all relations whatever. For (...)
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  • Ontological realism: A methodology for coordinated evolution of scientific ontologies.Barry Smith & Werner Ceusters - 2010 - Applied ontology 5 (3):139-188.
    Since 2002 we have been testing and refining a methodology for ontology development that is now being used by multiple groups of researchers in different life science domains. Gary Merrill, in a recent paper in this journal, describes some of the reasons why this methodology has been found attractive by researchers in the biological and biomedical sciences. At the same time he assails the methodology on philosophical grounds, focusing specifically on our recommendation that ontologies developed for scientific purposes should be (...)
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  • Relations in Biomedical Ontologies.Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bert Klagges, Jacob Köhler, Anand Kuma, Jane Lomax, Chris Mungall, , Fabian Neuhaus, Alan Rector & Cornelius Rosse - 2005 - Genome Biology 6 (5):R46.
    To enhance the treatment of relations in biomedical ontologies we advance a methodology for providing consistent and unambiguous formal definitions of the relational expressions used in such ontologies in a way designed to assist developers and users in avoiding errors in coding and annotation. The resulting Relation Ontology can promote interoperability of ontologies and support new types of automated reasoning about the spatial and temporal dimensions of biological and medical phenomena.
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  • (1 other version)A Framework for Social Ontology.Brian Epstein - 2015 - Philosophy of the Social Sciences 46 (2):147-167.
    This paper sets out an organizing framework for the field of social ontology, the study of the nature of the social world. The subject matter of social ontology is clarified, in particular the difference between it and the study of causal relations and the explanation of social phenomena. Two different inquiries are defined and explained: the study of the grounding of social facts, and the study of how social categories are “anchored” or set up. The distinction between these inquiries is (...)
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  • A Theory of Granular Partitions.Thomas Bittner & Barry Smith - 2003 - In Matt Duckham, Michael F. Goodchild & Michael Worboys (eds.), Foundations of Geographic Information Science. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 117-151.
    We have a variety of different ways of dividing up, classifying, mapping, sorting and listing the objects in reality. The theory of granular partitions presented here seeks to provide a general and unified basis for understanding such phenomena in formal terms that is more realistic than existing alternatives. Our theory has two orthogonal parts: the first is a theory of classification; it provides an account of partitions as cells and subcells; the second is a theory of reference or intentionality; it (...)
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  • Introduction: The Metaphysics of Relations.David Yates & Anna Marmodoro - 2016 - In Anna Marmodoro & David Yates (eds.), The Metaphysics of Relations. Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press UK. pp. 1-18.
    An introduction to our edited volume, The Metaphysics of Relations, covering a range of issues including the problem of order, the ontological status of relations, reasons for ancient scepticism about relational properties, and two ways of drawing the distinction between internal and external relations.
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  • The basic problem of the theory of levels of reality.Roberto Poli - 2001 - Axiomathes 12 (3):261-283.
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  • Introduction.Helen Beebee & Julian Dodd - 2005 - In Helen Beebee & Julian Dodd (eds.), Truthmakers: The Contemporary Debate. Oxford, GB: Clarendon Press.
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  • (1 other version)The syntax of event structure.James Pustejovsky - 1992 - In Beth Levin & Steven Pinker (eds.), Lexical & conceptual semantics. Cambridge, Ma.: Blackwell. pp. 47-81.
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  • (1 other version)The syntax of event structure.James Pustejovsky - 1991 - Cognition 41 (1-3):47-81.
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  • Specification.Raymond Turner - 2011 - Minds and Machines 21 (2):135-152.
    The specification and implementation of computational artefacts occurs throughout the discipline of computer science. Consequently, unpacking its nature should constitute one of the core areas of the philosophy of computer science. This paper presents a conceptual analysis of the central role of specification in the discipline.
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  • Towards ontological foundations for conceptual modeling: The unified foundational ontology (UFO) story.Giancarlo Guizzardi, Gerd Wagner, João Paulo Andrade Almeida & Renata S. S. Guizzardi - 2015 - Applied ontology 10 (3-4):259-271.
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  • If engineering function is a family resemblance concept: Assessing three formalization strategies.Massimiliano Carrara, Pawel Garbacz & Pieter E. Vermaas - 2011 - Applied ontology 6 (2):141-163.
    In this paper we argue that the challenge of the formalization of functions not merely consists of analyzing and formalizing yet another concept; the challenge may also consist of formalizing a con...
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  • Grounding and anchoring: on the structure of Epstein’s social ontology.Mari Mikkola - 2019 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 62 (2):198-216.
    ABSTRACTBrian Epstein’s The Ant Trap is a praiseworthy addition to literature on social ontology and the philosophy of social sciences. Its central aim is to challenge received views about the social world – views with which social scientists and philosophers have aimed to answer questions about the nature of social science and about those things that social sciences aim to model and explain, like social facts, objects and phenomena. The received views that Epstein critiques deal with these issues in an (...)
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  • Ontological Realism: Methodology or Misdirection?Gary H. Merrill - 2010 - Applied ontology 5 (2):79-108.
    In a series of papers over a period of several years Barry Smith andWerner Ceusters have offered a number of cogent criticisms of historical approaches to creating, maintaining, and applying biomedical terminologies and ontologies. And they have urged the adoption of what they refer to as a “realism-based” approach. Indeed, at times they insist that the realism-based approach not only offers clear advantages and a well-founded methodological basis for ontology development and evaluation, but that such a realist perspective is in (...)
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  • BFO and DOLCE: So Far, So Close….Nicola Guarino - 2017 - Cosmos + Taxis 4 (4):10-18.
    A survey of the similarities and differences between BFO and DOLCE, and of the mutual interactions between Nicola Guarino and Barry Smith.
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  • Natural necessity: An introductory guide for ontologists.Fumiaki Toyoshima - 2020 - Applied ontology 15 (1):61-89.
    Natural necessity is the kind of necessity that is supplied by ‘nature’: e.g., necessarily, a glass is broken when it is pressed with a certain force. Relevant topics of natural necessity include c...
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  • Technical artifacts: An integrated perspective.Stefano Borgo, Maarten Franssen, Paweł Garbacz, Yoshinobu Kitamura, Riichiro Mizoguchi & Pieter E. Vermaas - 2014 - Applied ontology 9 (3-4):217-235.
    Humans are always interested in distinguishing natural and artificial entities although there is no sharp demarcation between the two categories. Surprisingly, things do not improve when the second type of entities is restricted to the arguably more constrained realm of physical technical artifacts. This paper helps to clarify the relationship between natural entities and technical artifacts by developing a conceptual landscape within which to analyze these notions. The framework is developed by studying three definitions of technical artifact which arise from (...)
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  • Representing a reference foundational ontology of events in SROIQ.Alessander Botti Benevides, Jean-Rémi Bourguet, Giancarlo Guizzardi, Rafael Peñaloza & João Paulo A. Almeida - 2019 - Applied ontology 14 (3):293-334.
    In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the application of foundational ontologies, i.e., formal ontological theories in the philosophical sense, to provide a theoretically sound foun...
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  • Abstract vs. social roles – Towards a general theoretical account of roles.Frank Loebe - 2007 - Applied ontology 2 (2):127-158.
    For decades, roles have been discussed and applied in different ways in various fields of computer science, but apparently no consensus on their understanding is available. Thus, role terms like “patient”, “runner”, or “factor” qualify for further investigation, which aims at covering and generalizing recurrent understandings and uses of roles. The generality of roles suggests their inclusion in top-level ontologies. This paper extends and refines analyses of roles for the top-level ontology General Formal Ontology (GFO). The primary foundation of this (...)
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  • Families of roles: A new theory of occurrent-dependent roles.Riichiro Mizoguchi, Antony Galton, Yoshinobu Kitamura & Kouji Kozaki - 2015 - Applied ontology 10 (3-4):367-399.
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  • The model of roles within an ontology development tool: Hozo.Riichiro Mizoguchi, Eiichi Sunagawa, Kouji Kozaki & Yoshinobu Kitamura - 2007 - Applied ontology 2 (2):159-179.
    One of the major goals of ontology is to represent properly the underlying conceptual structure of the messy world reflecting the reality as much as possible. Ontology building tools should be designed to help developers create good ontologies. However, few of them can deal with roles adequately. Needless to say, the world is full of roles (e.g., wife, teacher, president, fuel, food, product, output, height) although there has been extensive theoretical research on roles, we do not yet have a comprehensive (...)
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  • Realism and Reference Ontologies: Considerations, Reflections, and Problems.Gary H. Merrill - 2010 - Applied ontology 5 (3-4):189-221.
    In “Ontological realism: Methodology or misdirection?” I offered a detailed critique of the position referred to as “realism” taken by Barry Smith and Werner Ceusters. This position is claimed to serve as the basis for a “realist methodology” that they seek to impose on the development of scientific ontologies, particularly within the biomedical sciences. Here, in part responding to a reply to those criticisms by Smith and Ceusters, I return the focus to an examination of fundamental incoherencies in this realist (...)
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  • Ontology Summit 2018 Communiqué: Contexts in context.Kenneth Baclawski, Mike Bennett, Gary Berg-Cross, Cory Casanave, Donna Fritzsche, Joanne Luciano, Todd Schneider, Ravi Sharma, Janet Singer, John Sowa, Ram D. Sriram, Andrea Westerinen & David Whitten - 2018 - Applied ontology 13 (3):181-200.
    It is generally agreed that the interpretation of information, in any form, is context-dependent. The goal of the recent Ontology Summit 2018 was to explore the various relationships spanning ontol...
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  • What to consider about events: A survey on the ontology of occurrents.Fabrício Henrique Rodrigues & Mara Abel - 2019 - Applied ontology 14 (4):343-378.
    This work presents a review of the ideas that are currently in use on the ontology-based conceptual modeling of occurrents (sometimes referred to as “events”, “perdurants”, or “processes”). It coll...
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  • Roles, an interdisciplinary perspective.Guido Boella, Leendert van der Torre & Harko Verhagen - 2007 - Applied ontology 2 (2):81-88.
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  • A type-theoretical approach for ontologies: The case of roles.Patrick Barlatier & Richard Dapoigny - 2012 - Applied ontology 7 (3):311-356.
    In the domain of ontology design as well as in Knowledge Representation, modeling universals is a challenging problem.Most approaches that have addressed this problem rely on Description Logics (DLs) but many difficulties remain, due to under-constrained representation which reduces the inferences that can be drawn and further causes problems in expressiveness. In mathematical logic and program checking, type theories have proved to be appealing but, so far they have not been applied in the formalization of ontologies. To bridge this gap, (...)
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  • Relative places.Maureen Donnelly - 2005 - Applied ontology 1 (1):55-75.
    Newton distinguishes between absolute and relative places. Both types of places endure through time and may be occupied by various objects at various times. But unlike absolute places, each relative place stands in fixed spatial relations with one or more reference objects. Relative plac-es with independent reference objects (e.g. a ship and the earth) may move relative to one another. Relative places, not absolute places, are used to locate objects and track their movements in common-sense reasoning and in disciplines such (...)
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  • The role data model revisited.Friedrich Steimann - 2007 - Applied ontology 2 (2):89-103.
    While Bachman's role data model is often cited, it appears that its contribution, the introduction of role types and their conception as unions of entity types that occupy the places of relationship types, has mostly been ignored. This is unfortunate since it has led to countless reinventions of the wheel, and sometimes even to regress. With this homage, the author wishes to shed some light on the natural elegance of Bachman's role concept, and to make clear why he believes that (...)
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  • A precise model for contextual roles: The programming language ObjectTeams/Java.Stephan Herrmann - 2007 - Applied ontology 2 (2):181-207.
    A number of proposals exist concerning how to support the concept of roles at the level of programming languages. While some of these proposals indeed exhibit very promising properties, the concept of roles has not found its way into mainstream programming languages. We argue that this is due to the richness of the concept of roles and the fact that each existing proposal focuses on some aspects of roles while neglecting others. We present the programming language ObjectTeams/Java and using the (...)
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  • Towards OntoClean 2.0: A framework for rigidity.Christopher Welty & William Andersen - 2005 - Applied ontology 1 (1):107-116.
    The OntoClean methodology was based on a set of formal meta-properties whose semantics were specified in S5 modal logic. One of these metaproperties, Rigidity, has come under more focused scrutiny by the ontology community, and several problems with the formalization have been discussed along with several solutions. In this paper, we attempt to reconcile these results in a larger framework that exposes different kinds of rigidity, as well as two new metaproperties, actuality and permanence, which deal more specifically with the (...)
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  • Roles, players and adaptable organizations.Alan Colman & Jun Han - 2007 - Applied ontology 2 (2):105-126.
    Role is a commonly used concept in software development, but a concept with divergent definitions. This paper discusses the characteristics of roles in software organizations, and contrasts such organization roles with other player-centric conceptions. Roles in organizations have their own identity and do not depend on role players for their existence. In software terms, such roles are first-class runtime entities rather than just design concepts. We define characteristic properties of both roles and players in organizational contexts, and show how the (...)
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  • Artefacts and Family Resemblance.Pawel Garbacz - 2013 - Review of Philosophy and Psychology 4 (3):419-447.
    I develop in this paper a conception of artefacts based on L. Wittgenstein’s idea of family resemblance. My approach peruses the notion of frame, which was invented in cognitive psychology as an operationisable extension of this philosophical idea. Following the metaphor of life-cycle I show how this schematic notion of frame may be filled with the content relevant for artefacts if we consider them from the point of view of their histories. The resulting conception of artefacts provides a new insight (...)
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  • On the role of thematic roles in a historical event ontology.Anna Goy, Diego Magro & Marco Rovera - 2018 - Applied ontology 13 (1):19-39.
    In this paper we discuss the issues related to the formal representation of thematic roles in an ontology modeling historical events. We start by analyzing the ontological distinctions between them...
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  • A metaontology for applied ontology.Pawel Garbacz & Robert Trypuz - 2013 - Applied ontology 8 (1):1-30.
    The paper defines a schema in which to describe the cornucopia applied ontologies. In contradistinction to the main trend in engineering meta-ontology the main ideas that support this schema are in...
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