(Título: Por outras Historiografias, Filosofias, Sociologias, Antropologias, Teorias da História e Filosofias da História |||\\\ -/- Subtítulo: Três Ensaios sobre a ‘Antiguidade, a era Medieval, a Modernidade e a Pós-modernidade: Transições, Rupturas, Continuidades, Ligações e Interconexões) |||\\\ -/- (Title: For other Historiographies, Philosophies, Sociologies, Anthropologies, Theories of History and Philosophies of History |||\\\ -/- Subtitle: Three Essays on 'Antiquity, the Medieval Era, Modernity and Postmodernity: Transitions, Ruptures, Continuities, Links and Interconnections) |||\\\ -/- (Título: Para otras Historiografías, Filosofías, Sociologías, Antropologías, Teorías (...) de la Historia y Filosofías de la Historia |||\\\ -/- Subtítulo: Tres ensayos sobre 'La antigüedad, la época medieval, la modernidad y la posmodernidad: transiciones, rupturas, continuidades, vínculos e interconexiones') |||\\\ -/- (1. Tema: ‘O declínio e a queda do império romano,’ um equívoco interpretativo, linguístico, conceitual ou metodológico? Ou uma fluidez das percepções, narrativas e concepções estéticas do ‘Antigo frente ao Novo?’ |||\\\ -/- 'The decline and fall of the Roman Empire,' an interpretative, linguistic, conceptual or methodological misunderstanding? Or a fluidity of perceptions, narratives and aesthetic conceptions of the 'Old in the face of the New? |||\\\ -/- «Decadencia y caída del Imperio Romano», ¿un malentendido interpretativo, lingüístico, conceptual o metodológico? ¿O una fluidez de percepciones, narrativas y concepciones estéticas de lo «Antiguo frente a lo Nuevo»?) |||\\\ -/- (2. Tema: O Antigo e Atual ritual de sacrifícios humanos aos Deuses e ou Divindades: Ritos que se repetem em novas roupagens, fórmulas e modus operandi. |||\\\ -/- The Ancient and Current Ritual of Human Sacrifice to the Gods and/or Divinities: Rites that are repeated in new guises, formulas and modus operandi. |||\\\ -/- El Ritual Antiguo y Actual del Sacrificio Humano a los Dioses y/o Divinidades: Ritos que se repiten con nuevos disfraces, fórmulas y modus operandi.) |||\\\ -/- (3. Tema: ‘Feudalismo erudito,’ ‘feudalismo rústico’ e ‘feudalismo pós moderno:’ termos com sutis interconexões e em práticas também sutis na atualidade capitalista |||\\\ -/- Erudite feudalism,' 'rustic feudalism' and 'pos-tmodern feudalism:' terms with subtle interconnections and in equally subtle practices in today's capitalist world. |||\\\ -/- 'Feudalismo erudito', 'feudalismo rústico' y 'feudalismo posmoderno': términos con sutiles interconexiones y en prácticas igualmente sutiles en el mundo capitalista actual.).|||\\\ -/- Apresentação sobre e dos três Ensaios - ||| - \\\ - ||| -/- Durante certos períodos de estudos, sempre ouvi falar sobre a ascensão, declínio e queda do império romano, o período romano monárquico, republicano e imperial. E atrelado a esses assuntos, outros não menos importantes, tais como a era ou período medieval, sistema feudal, feudalismos, capitalismo, era ou período moderno ou da modernidade e a pós-modernidade. Talvez esta última seja a nossa contemporaneidade. Geralmente há alguns consensos e também certas dissenções ou polêmicas sobre tais temas, assuntos, seus conteúdos e demarcações históricas. Até então estamos falando apenas da historiografia e de suas produções. Entretanto, é notório que é difícil falar de historiografia sem recorrer a arqueologia, sociologia, filosofia, filologia, antropologia, epigrafia, linguística, geografia, biologia, artes e dentre outras. Isso porque a historiografia necessita do auxílio e apoio dessas como de tantas outras áreas de estudos para investigar seus objetos e fontes, e assim extrair seus conteúdos, interpretações e compor os dados e achados durante os procedimentos e processos de estudos e análises das fontes e de seus dados. Portanto, é bastante difícil falar em historiografia sem reconhecer a necessidade de suporte de outras inúmeras áreas e campos de estudos e de produção de conhecimentos. Ou seja, há intercâmbios diretos e indiretamente tanto para e em modos de olhares investigativos, conceituais, métodos e outros instrumentos quanto de ferramentas para e de análises de dados e fontes. Enfim, há certa composição multidisciplinar para a prática da historiografia quanto para a formação de seus ‘produtos.’ Sendo assim, realizar um ensaio sobre a ascensão, declínio e queda do império romano, o período romano monárquico, republicano e imperial. E atrelado a esses assuntos, outros não menos importantes, tais como a era ou período medieval, sistema feudal, feudalismos, capitalismo, era ou período moderno ou da modernidade e a pós-modernidade, não é uma tarefa fácil. Ainda mais investigar questões, assuntos e conteúdos que dizem respeito as práticas de magias, de rituais e de sacrifícios ao longo da história, bem como novos olhares sobre o sistema feudal e relacionar todos estes fatos com a contemporaneidade. Até porque de alguma forma, todos esses fatos, acontecimentos e processos do passado ou mundo antigo, tem influências e relações com muitas práticas e modos de ser, pensar e agir na atualidade. E por isso também eles são importantes de serem reanalisados, estudados continuamente e revistos através e por meio das novas tecnologias e os novos olhares que elas podem nos proporcionar. Porém, sem incorrermos em anacronismos. Com isso, é de suma importância abrirmos novos olhares, horizontes, possibilidades e perspectivas para reinvestigar tais assuntos e eventos históricos mencionados, seus conteúdos, fontes e produtos. E assim, quem sabe talvez possamos extrair novas informações, conteúdos e saberes que possam cooperar com nossas sociedades na e da contemporaneidade. É importante dizer que, quando incluímos em tais temas, assuntos e seus conteúdos, áreas, disciplinas ou campos de estudos como a filosofia, a sociologia, a antropologia, a geografia, a filologia, a arqueologia, a biologia, a epigrafia, as artes e dentre outras, a discussão se torna ainda maior, mais complexa e gerando também maiores problemáticas. Entretanto, isso não inviabiliza tal abordagem e ação, muito pelo contrário, é justamente melhor que isso ocorra sobre tais assuntos, temas e seus conteúdos a serem estudados, pois os tornam mais ricos, amplos e abertos, e não fechados e isolados em si mesmos. Logo, é de suma relevância e importância, bem como de grande urgência se evocar, invocar e complementar tais investigações auxiliadas pelas vias da interdisciplinaridade, multidisciplinaridade e da transdisciplinaridade, isso para não se correr riscos de se cair em dogmatismos, apologias ou doutrinas dentro dos grupos ou guetos de tais áreas ou campos de saber. Já que é um fato e realidade a existência de correntes e ‘vertentes’ historiográficas, históricas, sociológicas, filosóficas, antropológicas e assim por diante. Ou seja, como dentre outras, bem como também em outras áreas de estudo ou campos do saber. E por isso a importância da interdisciplinaridade, multidisciplinaridade e da transdisciplinaridade, pois se dificultam os processos e formações de dogmatismos, apologias, doutrinas, paradigmas engessados, diretrizes ultra ou extremamente conservadoras de certos status quo e de cânones postos em certos pedestais. Desse modo, há certas correntes com suas convenções, consensos, seus paradigmas e diretrizes, no qual as seguem, e assim elas criam quase que amarras ou emolduram alguns assuntos, temas e seus conteúdos históricos. No qual as discussões ficam por décadas como as mesmas, com raros casos em que alguns daqueles temas, assuntos ou conteúdos recebem algum novo tratamento e talvez novas considerações, ou às vezes nenhum ou nenhuma. Permanecendo quase que os mesmos ou intactos como uma moldura a ser preservada, até que surja alguém que ouse remexê-los, trazer alguma novidade e inovações. Se algo não for feito, tudo fica do mesmo modo por décadas. Tais fatos ocorrem com e em muitas outras áreas e campos do saber, ou seja, não é apenas um fato na historiografia, sociologia, filosofia, antropologia e outras. É justamente por tudo isso que ousamos escrever um ensaio, no caso aqui três, envolvendo questões, assuntos, temas, conteúdos, novas reflexões e produções que giram em torno da antiguidade até a contemporaneidade, e sobretudo novas abordagens e produções sobre a era do império romano desde a monarquia aos tempos do império; sobre a era feudal do ou com o seu ‘início no séc. V d.C. até o séc. XV d.C., bem como sobre práticas e manifestações místicas, mágicas, ritualísticas e sacrificiais contemplando a antiguidade até a contemporaneidade. No qual lançamos mais luz em pequenos detalhes que talvez tenham passado desapercebidos em alguns escritos ou produções historiográficas, onde o fizemos com auxílio da interdisciplinaridade, multidisciplinaridade e da transdisciplinaridade, onde denominamos de ‘Por outras Historiografias, Filosofias, Sociologias, Antropologias, Teorias da História e Filosofias da História.’ Nossa ação, movimento e intervenção se dá justamente pelos fatos aqui apontados e criticados, que ocorrem devido aos seus consensos, convenções e porque não dizer: dogmas, apologias ou doutrinas. Uma vez que, como já mencionado, muitas das produções sejam da historiografia, sociologia, antropologia e até mesmo da filosofia, infelizmente, estão repletas de dogmas, doutrinas, apologias de teorias, teóricos e de certos cânones que são idolatrados mais do que o fazer científico e a produção de novos conhecimentos. Nosso trabalho talvez não possua um caráter acadêmico ou científico, já que é um ensaio talvez hipotético, de novas observações, visões, possibilidades e perspectivas. Mas que não renunciou ao rigor em e nos estudos, investigações e coletas de dados para a produção de um construto que comungue e dialogue com as produções de caráter científicas e acadêmicas. Infelizmente nós brasileiros ainda possuímos muitos novos horizontes quase pouco ou nunca explorados, isso por e em muitas de nossas áreas e produções de conhecimentos e científicas, onde quase não há grandes e efetivos incentivos, e muito menos para se ousar fazer e produzir tais conhecimentos. Às vezes com pequenas exceções e para alguns grupos e guetos seletos, geralmente já beneficiados com vastos recursos. Vale ainda dizer que mesmo assim e com tudo isso, boa parte do saber e da produção de conhecimentos e científicos do país, infelizmente foi, se tornou e ainda é bastante dependente e submisso das produções, arcabouços e cânones euramericanos. E isso dificulta ainda mais as produções, incentivos e inovações da produção de conhecimentos e científicos do e no Brasil. Já que o que é produzido aqui, geralmente em boa medida é uma reprodução dos produtos daqueles quanto a ânsia da chancela, legitimação, autorização e aprovação daqueles sobre as produções dos daqui do país. Ou seja, o Brasil parece que fica a certa mercê ou a espera de aprovações, legitimações e chancelas das ‘autoridades cientificas e dos saberes euramericanos.’ E assim, infelizmente em muitos casos nos tornamos mais reprodutores de ideias, teorias, conteúdos, métodos, paradigmas e diretrizes, bem como sintetizadores e resumidores das ideias deles, talvez até mesmo nos posicionemos como meros copistas das produções euramericanas. Foi através e por meio de tais observações, percepções, inquietações e críticas que passei a ler, reler e examinar certos cânones teóricos e bibliográficos com mais atenção e pelo crivo da criticidade. Isso sob olhares não etnocêntricos, e nem tão pouco eurocêntricos e ou ocidentais. Onde com o auxílio da interdisciplinaridade, multidisciplinaridade e da transdisciplinaridade, bem como e inclusive também da e entre as várias correntes das áreas de estudos da historiografia, sociologia, filosofia e antropologia, passei a reanalisar certos eventos históricos e da historiografia, me apoiando em várias áreas ou campos do saber e ou do conhecimento, tal como a biologia, geografia, política, análises do discurso, teologia, ciência da religião, linguística e dentre outras. E com isso, os objetos observados e analisados foram nos mostrando novos conteúdos, novos fenômenos, novos movimentos e nos proporcionando também novos olhares sobre tais objetos e seus dados a serem observados, estudados e analisados. Sendo assim, surgiu os três ensaios aqui em tela e em discussão. No qual colocamos sobre a crítica se realmente o império romano do ocidente declinou e caiu, bem como o que seria esse declinar e cair. Se realmente podemos marcar e demarcar as datas convencionais e consensuais ou podemos especular em hipóteses outras novas. Inclusive se podemos talvez estender tal declínio, se é que houve, bem como a sua queda, para datas mais adiantes do suposto ocorrido. Estas hipóteses, especulações e possibilidades geraram o ensaio de título ou tema: ‘O declínio e a queda do império romano,’ um equívoco interpretativo, linguístico, conceitual ou metodológico? Ou uma fluidez das percepções, narrativas e concepções estéticas do ‘Antigo frente ao Novo?’ A segunda reflexão crítica sobre acontecimentos, períodos, fenômenos, fatos, movimentos, eventos e narrativas historiográficas e sociológicas foram sobre manifestações, processos e práticas místicas, mágicas e ritualísticas ao longo da história, da antiguidade até a contemporaneidade, no qual surgiu o ensaio com o título ou tema: O Antigo e Atual ritual de sacrifícios humanos aos Deuses e ou Divindades: Ritos que se repetem em novas roupagens, fórmulas e modus operandi. E o último ensaio faz reflexões críticas sobre o período medieval com seu suposto feudalismo e ou sistema feudal. Onde trazemos novas reflexões sobre a prática feudal ou de feudos, demonstrando que tais práticas eram além de mais antiga do que pensamos, elas eram comuns, normal e naturais em vários sentidos, âmbitos e aspectos, e isso ocorrendo em muitas sociedades, culturas e civilizações desde a era romana monárquica, republicana e imperial e que se tornou em um sistema, o feudal, dentro da era tida como medieval (que possuo certas críticas a ambos os conceitos e seus pejorativismos). Através disso desenvolvemos três novas categorias de feudos ou de práticas feudais: o feudo erudito, o feudo rústico e os elementos feudais na contemporaneidade. Ora, o sistema feudal ou feudalismo não era ou foi apenas uma nomenclatura com certo ar pejorativo, mas sim um sistema econômico e ‘financeiro (até mesmo comercial)’ baseado e fundamentado na produção rural e ou do campo, seus insumos, matérias primas, mão de obra barata e escrava, no poderio militar ou de milicias, bem como e sobretudo posse e poderio da terra e de quem as obtém em grandes quantidades e extensões, em certa política descentralizada, na organização de uma sociedade estamental e sua divisão social em determinados grupos, os sem terras e os donos de muitas terras. E esse sistema econômico não surgiu do nada e nem do acaso, mas teve suas origens nas práticas feudais eruditas e rústicas, dando origem a um sistema, o feudal. E que ainda hoje podemos ver elementos de suas práticas, no qual resistiram a era capitalista, a modernidade e onde certos elementos feudais foram incorporados e reelaborados desde o surgimento do sistema capitalista até a contemporaneidade, e assim tais elementos avançaram com e em novas formas, roupagens e fórmulas pelo capitalismo. No qual ainda é um fato a relação de donos de grandes extensões de terras com poder, política, riquezas, conflitos, milicias e guerras. Se tais fatos dos resquícios ou elementos feudais não fossem reais, países da Europa em pleno século XXI não teriam ou manteriam ainda sua dominação sob colônias na África, Ásia e até mesmo nas Américas, bem como tentando as recolonizar ou neocolonizar, inclusive em outras regiões do globo, como assim ‘bem’ o faz os EUA desde o fim do século XIX, início do XX até a atualidade. Colonização e expansão de domínio e poder, bem como exploração e expropriação de mãos de obra, terras, matérias primas etc. Fundamentalmente a dominação de terras nacionais e sobretudo alheias, bem como a exploração das mesmas e de seus povos presos nas mesmas, digo ao sistema de seus países. Ou seja, o sistema capitalista também utiliza elementos das práticas feudais. Entretanto, de modos reformulados, personalizados e atualizados conforme seus interesses, do capitalismo e das classes ou grupos dominantes, e das necessidades contextuais para cumprir as metas de tal sistema, o capitalista e seus ditames. A estas reflexões críticas surgiu o ensaio: ‘Feudalismo erudito,’ ‘feudalismo rústico’ e ‘feudalismo pós-moderno:’ termos com sutis interconexões e em práticas também sutis na atualidade capitalista. Para que os leitores já pudessem adentrar nos temas, assuntos, conteúdos, fatos e discussões, isso em certa cronologia, foi colocado de antemão os resumos de cada ensaio e seus respectivos temas. Com isso, o leitor poderá observar certas conexões ou interligações entre tais acontecimentos, processos, fatos e fenômenos sócio-históricos, políticos, econômicos, culturais etc. E não apenas entre ou na transição da antiguidade para a era medieval e moderna, mas também daquelas com seus resquícios na e para a contemporaneidade. Entretanto, há um grande problema que precisaremos superar continuamente, é que ao longo da história, muitas das narrativas e produções históricas e historiográficas são e ou estão repletas de eufemismos, de jogos de linguagens e inundados neles, nos referidos. E isso consegue mascarar ideologias dominantes, hegemônicas, colonialistas, antagonismos, alienações, contradições e até mesmo certos paradoxos (como observaremos nos textos dos ensaios). Sendo assim, tais eufemismos conseguem como que ‘em passes de mágicas,’ criarem muitas ilusões e confusões nos prováveis e possíveis entendimentos, percepções, compreensões, concepções e ideias entre os fatos e as realidades, e tudo isso feito intencionalmente. Portanto, essas produções fantasiadas com os eufemismos e seus jogos de linguagens criam certas ‘ilusões de ‘óticas’ e em suas mágicas,’ no qual confundem vários leitores e estudiosos descuidados com esses instrumentos e ferramentadas metodológicas logocêntricas, grafocentricas e verborrágicas. Logo, tais fatos geram inúmeras confusões e conflitos intelectivos, de reflexões lógicas e de fatos que verdadeiramente correspondam com as realidades sociais e históricas. O trabalho em tela fará justamente o esforço de superar tais embaraços e armadilhas, filtrando e sintetizando as reflexões e interpretações extraídas das bibliografias e as relacionando com outras áreas, campos e saberes, e os submetendo ao crivo da lógica e da crítica. (shrink)

l'occasion de son passage à Lisbonne, à la Fondation Calouste Gulbenkian, pour la conférence "Peuples Exposés", intégrée dans le cycle de conférences A Républica por vir – arte, política e pensamento para o século XXI 1 (La République à venir – art, politique et pensée pour le XXIème siècle), nous avons rencontré Georges Didi-Huberman pour l'entretien qui suit, autour de son livre Remontages du temps Subi. L'oeil de l'histoire, 2 (Éditions de Minuit, 2010).

This article aims to show that the contribution of Charles Sanders Peirce to communicology is much earlier than the advent of epistemological integration of semiotics in communication studies, being phaneroscopy as a early form of communicology. This reflection is based on the study of the categorical degeneration theorized by Peirce, his influence on communicational thinking (especially on Gilles Deleuze’s cinema theory), as well as the conceptual link between degeneration and phenomenon from the philosophical point of view of quaternions.

A história humana possui seus processos e especificidades no e do tempo e espaço, com certas rupturas e continuidades de certos processos e elementos. Podemos citar como exemplo: Os tipos e modos de desigualdades, sistemas escravistas e sistemas coloniais etc. Mas, não sendo igual ou da mesma forma. Há especificidades e características ligadas ao tempo e ao espaço contextual. Porém, sem dúvidas, há acontecimentos e fatos históricos que ocorrem com certas semelhanças e características entre passado e presente, ainda que dentro (...) dos seus respectivos contextos. Logo, a cada época e contexto social, político, econômico, cultural, religioso e histórico, podemos observar certas semelhanças, entre ‘o ontem e o hoje. ’ A exemplo, o Sistema Feudal que ocorreu em muitos continentes e países, e em tempos específicos e com suas especificidades contextuais. Desse modo, como já mencionado, parecem que certos elementos ou resquícios de fatos históricos anteriores ou passados se evidenciam em outras épocas e contextos. Não que sejam os mesmos sistemas, nem tampouco a continuidade deles, mas apenas semelhanças e características que parecem ‘ir e vir. ’ Diante de tais fatos, seus problemas e consequências; debruçamo-nos em fontes sobre o Sistema Feudal Europeu dos séc. X ao XIV d. C. para compreendermos elementos, eventos e episódios que vêm ocorrendo na contemporaneidade brasileira, com algumas semelhanças com o Sistema Feudal. Fundamentalmente, no que diz respeito às terras, grandes latifundiários, religião, política, economia e rituais. Assim, identificamos que: a) Religião, Política e ‘poder’, tanto no feudalismo quanto nas relações políticas atuais no Brasil, continuam na perspectiva de defender a propriedade privada de grandes extensões de terras nas mãos de poucos; b) manter e reproduzir as ideias conservadoras e ‘moralistas’ dos grupos que detém o ‘poder político e econômico’; e c) naturalizar a pobreza e a miséria da população como destino ou normal-natural, bem como atribuir às conquistas econômicas e materiais dos grandes latifundiários a algo divino ou determinado. (shrink)

This article is an effort to understand how the Peirce's Arrow (Logical NOR), as a logical operation, can act within the concept of Ludwig Wittgenstein's language-game, considering that the language game is a satzsystem, i.e., a system of propositions. To accomplish this task, we will cover four steps: (1) understand the possible relationship of the thought of C. S. Peirce with the founding trio of analytic philosophy, namely Frege-RussellWittgenstein, looking for similarities between the logic of Peirce and his students (notably (...) Christine Ladd and O.H. Mitchell) with a New Wittgenstein’s approach, which sees Early Wittgenstein (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus),Middle Wittgenstein and Last Wittgenstein (Philosophical Investigations) while a coherent way of thinking and not a theoretical break; (2) describe the operation of the Peirce’s Arrow (Logical NOR) as a logical connective; (3)understand the notion of satzsystem (Middle Wittgenstein) and the possibility of applying the concept of language-game (Last Wittgenstein) on it; and (4) understand how the Logical NOR can operate within a satzsystem. The goal here is a search for the logic of the language-game and how the logical ideas of C. S. Peirce can help in this construction. And this construction might be interesting for a better understanding of the analytic philosophy of language. (shrink)

Por outras Historiografias, Filosofias, Sociologias, Antropologias, Teorias da História e Filosofias da História.......... Ensaios sobre ‘Antiguidade:’ Reflexões sobre ‘o declínio e queda de Roma, o que não nos contaram......... O que não nos contaram sobre o declínio e queda do império romano do ocidente no séc. V d.C.?.............. -/- Resumo:......... -/- Infelizmente em certas eras, períodos, contextos e momentos da produção da historiografia, ocorreram e ainda ocorrem vários anacronismos, permeados de romantismos, paixões, dramatizações, apologias a grupos, culturas e povos específicos, (...) bem como certas práticas de preconceitos, etnocentrismos, xenofobias e aculturamento do e para com o outro. Desse modo, muitos conteúdos não apenas anacrônicos, de preconceitos, etnocêntricos e xenófobos foram sendo produzidos e reproduzidos ao longo da história, sobretudo sentimentos e complexos em transferências sobre outros povos e culturas. Como que projeções de um ‘eu’ sobre o outro. Com isso, o trabalho em tela fará o esforço de demonstrar que há muitos equívocos, problemas conceituais, metodológicos, linguísticos e talvez interpretativos quanto ao suposto declínio e queda do império romano do ocidente em 476 d.C. Fatos que talvez possam estar carregados de ideologias, dramatizações, apologias, alienações, distorções, contradições e hipérboles em vários sentidos, âmbitos e aspectos. Para demonstrar tais evidências, faremos um trabalho empenhado na revisão da literatura, com abordagens e auxílio também da análise dos discursos, da sociologia, antropologia, da filosofia da história e da lógica, ambas corroborando com a historiografia, isso para dar conta de trazer luzes e novas informações sobre o declínio e queda do império romano do ocidente no séc. V. d.C....... -/- Palavras-chaves: Império Romano; Queda; Declínio; Bárbaros; Ocidente; Europa; Historiografia; Paradoxos; Hipérboles; Filosofia da História; Modernidade......... -/- Filosofia, sociologia e antropologia da história da Roma antiga, seu declínio e queda, novas abordagens, métodos, reflexões, análises, perspectivas, possibilidades e conteúdos. (shrink)

O presente artigo busca debater a posição de Charles Sanders Peirce e dos primeiros estudantes peirceanos de Lógica (Christine Ladd e O. H. Mitchell nos Studies in Logic, 1883) dentro do debate inspirador da visão da linguagem dentro da Filosofia Analítica, conhecido como “Lingua Universalis contra Calculus Ratiocinator”, cujos primórdios podem ser traçados desde a filosofia de Gottfried Leibniz. Para isso, comparamos esse campo do pensamento peirceano com o debate crucial entre a conceitografia de Gottlob Frege (Begriffsschrift, 1879) e a (...) lógica algébrica de George Boole (An investigation of the Laws of Thought on which are founded the mathematical theories of Logic and Probabilities, 1854). O nosso objetivo principal é observar que esse momento da filosofia peirceana pode ser comparado com o pensamento wittgensteiniano, especialmente em sua nova vertente, chamada New Wittgenstein, que tenta superar a tradicional divisão entre Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus e Investigações Filosóficas. Pela comparação entre pensadores influenciados por C. S. Peirce e a filosofia de Ludwig Wittgenstein, pretendemos abrir caminhos na compreensão do conceito de jogo de linguagem, especialmente em sua gramática e em seus operadores simbólicos, através da observação das funções de verdade [truth functions] e as tabelas de verdade [truth tables] enquanto lógica algébrica. (shrink)

RESUMO A inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) é uma das biotecnologias de reprodução mais estudadas dos últimos anos, e a busca pelo equilíbrio entre a fisiologia animal e o controle hormonal fomenta uma série de estudos. Sendo assim, o objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da aplicação do hormônio liberador de gonadotrofinas (GnRH) no dia zero (D0) do protocolo de IATF, a base de estrógeno e progesterona sobre a taxa de penhez por IATF. O experimento foi desenvolvido (...) na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), na Fazenda Experimental do Glória, localizada no município de Uberlândia, no estado de Minas Gerais. Foram avaliadas 69 inseminações de vacas leiteiras mestiças, divididas em dois grupos com diferentes protocolos; Controle: sem aplicação de GnRH e Tratamento: aplicação de GnRH no dia zero do protocolo. Todos os animais foram inseminados com sêmen previamente analisado. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado 32 dias após a inseminação, com aparelho de ultrassonografia equipado com probe linear transretal de 7,5 MHz. Os dados foram analisados por análise descritiva, sendo avaliado o efeito da relação protocolo e presença de corpo lúteo no início do protocolo e efeito da relação protocolo e ordem de IA Pós-Parto sobre a taxa de concepção. A taxa de concepção após a realização do Protocolo Tratamento foi de 53% (17/32) e do Protocolo Controle foi de 43% (16/37). Portanto, conclui-se que o protocolo de sincronização de vacas leiteiras mestiças com a aplicação de GnRH no dia zero do protocolo resultou em um aumento no número da taxa de concepção de vacas leiteiras mestiças. Palavras-chave: biotecnologia; bovinocultura; hormônio; ovulação; reprodução. ABSTRACT The artificial insemination at fixed time (AIFT) is one of the most studied reproduction biotechnologies in recent years, and the search for a balance between animal physiology and hormonal control fosters a series of studies. Therefore, the objective of this work was to to evaluate the efficiency of gonadotrofine hormone inducer (GnRH) on day zero (D0) of the AIFT protocol, an estrogen and progesterone base on an AIFT rate. The experiment was developed at the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), at the Experimental Farm of Glória, located in the municipality of Uberlândia, in the state of Minas Gerais. Were evaluated 69 inseminations of crossbred dairy cows divided into two groups with different protocols; Control: without application of GnRH and Treatment: application of GnRH on day zero of the protocol. All animals were inseminated with previously analyzed semen. The diagnosis of pregnancy was performed 32 days after insemination, with an ultrasound device equipped with a 7.5 MHz transrectal linear probe. The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, evaluating the effect of the protocol relationship and the presence of corpus luteum at the beginning of the protocol and the effect of the protocol relationship and postpartum AI order on the conception rate. The conception rate after performing of the Treatment Protocol was 53% (17/32) and the Control Protocol was 43% (16/37). Therefore, it is concluded that the synchronization protocol of crossbred dairy cows with the application of GnRH on day zero of the protocol resulted in an increase in the number of conception rates of crossbred dairy cows. Keywords: biotechnology; cattle breeding; hormone; ovulation; reproduction. -/- REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ATANASOV, A. S.; DINEVA, J. D.; YOTOV, S. A. 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Parâmetros reprodutivos, metabólitos e produção de leite de vacas mestiças Holandês x Zebu submetidas a dois manejos pré-parto. Tese (Doutorado em Medicina Veterinária) - Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 2009. CASTILHO, E. F. IATF como ferramenta no melhoramento genético de bovinos de leite. In: CASTILHO, E. F. (org.). Inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) em bovinos leiteiros. 1. ed. Maringá: IEPEC, 2015. p. 148-191. CHEBEL, R. C. et al. Factors affecting conception rate after artificial insemination and pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science, v.84, p.239-255, 2004. CLIMATE DATA ORG. Clima Uberlândia. Disponível em:. Acesso em: 08 fev. de 2022. Curso de Transferência de Embriões, Uberlândia: ASBIA, 2021. Disponível em:. Acesso em: 08 fev. 2022. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. Endocrinologia da Reprodução Animal. 2020. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. 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Dukes fisiologia dos animais domésticos. 12. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2006. FERREIRA, A. M. Reprodução da fêmea bovina: fisiologia aplicada e problemas mais comuns (causas e tratamentos). Juiz de Fora: Edição do Autor, 2010. FINK, G. Gonadotropin secretion and its control. In: KNOBIL, E.; NEILL, J. (ed.), The physiology of reproduction. New York: Raven Press, 1988. p. 1349-1377. FOLMAN, Y. et al. Comparison of methods for the synchronization of estrous cycles in dairy cows. 2. Effects of progesterone and parity on conception. Journal of Dairy Science, v.73, p.2817-2825, 1990. FONSECA, F. A. et al. Reproductive traits of Holsteins and Jerseys. Effects of age, milk yield, and clinical abnormalities on involution of cervix and uterus, ovulation, estrous cycles, detection of estrus, conception rate, and days open. Journal of Dairy Science, v.66, p.1128- 1147, 1983. FORTUNE, J. E.; RIVERA, G. M.; YANG, M. Y. 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It's well known that Leibniz characterizes bodies in two apparently incompatible ways. On the one hand, he asserts that a body is a real or well-founded phenomenon; on the other, he claims that a body is an aggregate of substances that possesses the reality of these same substances. In this essay I aim to defend an explanation of the relation that exists, according to Leibniz, between these two conceptions of body, an explanation that shows them to be compatible and, indeed, (...) complementary. In the first part of this paper I aim above all to show that Robert Adams and Donald Rutherford are wrong to think that these two conceptions are to be reconciled by recognizing that for Leibniz they apply to one and the same thing. (shrink)

As anyone familiar with my own work would readily infer, I have virtually boundless admiration for Wayne Proudfoot’s Religious Experience. In fact, to be honest I think Religious Experience belongs together with Jeff Stout’s The Flight from Authority and David Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion as the books that have most profoundly shaped my teaching and scholarship. More than the other two works, however, Religious Experience has informed my most basic attitudes about the point and proper pursuit of the shared (...) enterprise we call the study of religion. I know I’m not completely idiosyncratic in my estimation of... (shrink)

There is an undeniable tendency to dismiss women’s sexual assault allegations out of hand. However, this tendency is not monolithic—allegations that black men have raped white women are often met with deadly seriousness. I argue that contemporary rape culture is characterized by the interplay between rape myths that minimize rape, and myths that catastrophize rape. Together, these two sets of rape myths distort the epistemic resources that people use when assessing rape allegations. These distortions result in the unjust exoneration of (...) people we cannot conceive of as monstrous, while making it too easy to believe that some marginalized people could be rapists. I also argue that rape myths enable a novel kind of epistemic injustice. This injustice concerns how our assessments of trustworthiness and our assessments of plausibility interact. I argue that rape myths can result in runaway credibility deflations that can explain both why people fail to believe most women, and also why people may unjustly believe false allegations that white women have been raped by black men. (shrink)

Nuestro interés en el contenido mental no-conceptual es, principalmente, la articulación de una versión sustantiva (no-trivial) de esta clase de contenido en la experiencia perceptual. El debate acerca del contenido no-conceptual ha girado, en su mayor parte, alrededor de su existencia; y los argumentos que se han ofrecido en su favor abogan por una versión no sustantiva según la cual el contenido no-conceptual es aquel que no satisface ciertos requisitos conceptuales. Así, para desarrollar una versión sustantiva del contenido mental no-conceptual (...) hemos apelado a la versión de la experiencia perceptual de propiedades espaciales ofrecida por Evans (1982 cap. 6). A partir de esto desarrollamos un nuevo argumento a favor del contenido no-conceptual de la experiencia perceptual que lo vincula a la actividad característica de la experiencia perceptual. Por último, exponemos uno de los ataques de McDowell (1996) a la noción de contenido no-conceptual y presentamos nuestras réplicas a este ataque, mostrando su insuficiencia. Al mostrar que la crítica de McDowell no es exitosa, consideramos que podríamos tener una versión del contenido no-conceptual de la experiencia que es inmune a esta línea de argumentación. (shrink)

Standpoint theorists have long been clear that marginalization does not make better understanding a given. They have been less clear, though, that social dominance does not make ignorance a given. Indeed, many standpoint theorists have implicitly committed themselves to what I call the strong epistemic disadvantage thesis. According to this thesis, there are strong, substantive limits on what the socially dominant can know about oppression that they do not personally experience. I argue that this thesis is not just implausible but (...) politically pernicious; it is an excuse for ignorance and silence that stifles our ability to address many injustices. Moreover, I argue that if we are to avoid lending support to the SEDT while working within a standpoint theory framework, we must hold that the socially dominant can achieve marginalized standpoints. So, we must hold that men can achieve feminist standpoints, that white women (and men) can achieve black feminist standpoints, and so on. (shrink)

The New Evil Demon problem has been hotly debated since the case was introduced in the early 1980’s (e.g. Lehrer and Cohen 1983; Cohen 1984), and there seems to be recent increased interest in the topic. In a forthcoming collection of papers on the New Evil Demon problem (Dutant and Dorsch, forthcoming), at least two of the papers, both by prominent epistemologists, attempt to resist the problem by appealing to the distinction between justification and excuses. My primary aim here is (...) to critically evaluate this new excuse maneuver as a response to the New Evil Demon problem. -/- Their response attempts to give us reason to reject the idea that victims of the New Evil Demon have justification for believing as they do. I shall argue that this approach is ultimately unsuccessful, however much of value can be learned from these attempts. In particular, progress in the debate can be made by following those who advance the excuse maneuver and make explicit the connection between epistemic justification and epistemic norms. By doing so, the questions being debated are clarified, as is the methodology being used to attempt to answer them. (shrink)

In common with traditional forms of epistemic internalism, epistemological disjunctivism attempts to incorporate an awareness condition on justification. Unlike traditional forms of internalism, however, epistemological disjunctivism rejects the so-called New Evil Genius thesis. In so far as epistemological disjunctivism rejects the New Evil Genius thesis, it is revisionary. -/- After explaining what epistemological disjunctivism is, and how it relates to traditional forms of epistemic internalism / externalism, I shall argue that the epistemological disjunctivist’s account of the intuitions underlying the New (...) Evil Genius thought experiment is at best incomplete. As presented, therefore, epistemological disjunctivism is unable to accommodate the core guiding intuitions of epistemic internalism. Given the stated aim of not being revisionary on this score, the view is at a dialectical disadvantage over the traditional forms of epistemic internalism the position is meant to replace. Unfortunately, therefore, at present, the impasse between internalism and externalism remains. (shrink)

Inspired by recent breakthroughs in predictive modeling, practitioners in both industry and government have turned to machine learning with hopes of operationalizing predictions to drive automated decisions. Unfortunately, many social desiderata concerning consequential decisions, such as justice or fairness, have no natural formulation within a purely predictive framework. In efforts to mitigate these problems, researchers have proposed a variety of metrics for quantifying deviations from various statistical parities that we might expect to observe in a fair world and offered a (...) variety of algorithms in attempts to satisfy subsets of these parities or to trade o the degree to which they are satised against utility. In this paper, we connect this approach to fair machine learning to the literature on ideal and non-ideal methodological approaches in political philosophy. The ideal approach requires positing the principles according to which a just world would operate. In the most straightforward application of ideal theory, one supports a proposed policy by arguing that it closes a discrepancy between the real and the perfectly just world. However, by failing to account for the mechanisms by which our non-ideal world arose, the responsibilities of various decision-makers, and the impacts of proposed policies, naive applications of ideal thinking can lead to misguided interventions. In this paper, we demonstrate a connection between the fair machine learning literature and the ideal approach in political philosophy, and argue that the increasingly apparent shortcomings of proposed fair machine learning algorithms reflect broader troubles faced by the ideal approach. We conclude with a critical discussion of the harms of misguided solutions, a reinterpretation of impossibility results, and directions for future research. (shrink)

This chapter will review selected aspects of the terrain of discussions about probabilities in statistical mechanics (with no pretensions to exhaustiveness, though the major issues will be touched upon), and will argue for a number of claims. None of the claims to be defended is entirely original, but all deserve emphasis. The first, and least controversial, is that probabilistic notions are needed to make sense of statistical mechanics. The reason for this is the same reason that convinced Maxwell, Gibbs, and (...) Boltzmann that probabilities would be needed, namely, that the second law of thermodynamics, which in its original formulation says that certain processes are impossible, must, on the kinetic theory, be replaced by a weaker formulation according to which what the original version deems impossible is merely improbable. Second is that we ought not take the standard measures invoked in equilibrium statistical mechanics as giving, in any sense, the correct probabilities about microstates of the system. We can settle for a much weaker claim: that the probabilities for outcomes of experiments yielded by the standard distributions are effectively the same as those yielded by any distribution that we should take as a representing probabilities over microstates. Lastly, (and most controversially): in asking about the status of probabilities in statistical mechanics, the familiar dichotomy between epistemic probabilities (credences, or degrees of belief) and ontic (physical) probabilities is insufficient; the concept of probability that is best suited to the needs of statistical mechanics is one that combines epistemic and physical considerations. (shrink)

There is a widespread belief that for their own safety and for the protection of wildlife, cats should be permanently kept indoors. Against this view, I argue that cat guardians have a duty to provide their feline companions with outdoor access. The argument is based on a sophisticated hedonistic account of animal well-being that acknowledges that the performance of species-normal ethological behavior is especially pleasurable. Territorial behavior, which requires outdoor access, is a feline-normal ethological behavior, so when a cat is (...) permanently confined to the indoors, her ability to flourish is impaired. Since cat guardians have a duty not to impair the well-being of their cats, the impairment of cat flourishing via confinement signifies a moral failing. Although some cats assume significant risks and sometimes kill wild animals when roaming outdoors, these important considerations do not imply that all cats should be deprived of the opportunity to access the outdoors. Indeed, they do not, by themselves, imply that any cat should be permanently kept indoors. (shrink)

In this article I argue that the value of epistemic justification cannot be adequately explained as being instrumental to truth. I intend to show that false belief, which is no means to truth, can nevertheless still be of epistemic value. This in turn will make a good prima facie case that justification is valuable for its own sake. If this is right, we will have also found reason to think that truth value monism is false: assuming that true belief does (...) have value, there is more of final epistemic value than mere true belief. (shrink)

The standard treatment of conditional probability leaves conditional probability undefined when the conditioning proposition has zero probability. Nonetheless, some find the option of extending the scope of conditional probability to include zero-probability conditions attractive or even compelling. This article reviews some of the pitfalls associated with this move, and concludes that, for the most part, probabilities conditional on zero-probability propositions are more trouble than they are worth.

Achieving space situational awareness requires, at a minimum, the identification, characterization, and tracking of space objects. Leveraging the resultant space object data for purposes such as hostile threat assessment, object identification, and conjunction assessment presents major challenges. This is in part because in characterizing space objects we reference a variety of identifiers, components, subsystems, capabilities, vulnerabilities, origins, missions, orbital elements, patterns of life, operational processes, operational statuses, and so forth, which tend to be defined in highly heterogeneous and sometimes inconsistent (...) ways. The Space Domain Ontologies are designed to provide a consensus-based realist framework for formulating such characterizations in a way that is both consistent and computable. Space object data are aligned with classes and relations in a suite of ontologies built around the existing Space Object Ontology. They are stored in a dynamically updated Resource Description Framework triple store, which can be queried to support space situational awareness and the needs of spacecraft operators and analysts. This paper provides an overview of the Space Domain Ontologies and their development and use. It presents the motivation for and advantages of the Space Domain Ontologies, including the benefits they provide for enhancing and maintaining long-term space situational awareness. (shrink)

Aristotle is essentially human; that is, for all possible worlds metaphysically consistent with our own, if Aristotle exists, then he is human. This is a claim about the essential property of an object. The claim that objects have essential properties has been hotly disputed, but for present purposes, we can bracket that issue. In this essay, we are interested, rather, in the question of whether properties themselves have essential properties (or features) for their existence. We call those who suppose they (...) do “property essentialists”; those who do not, “property anti-essentialists,” or “quidditists.” We offer two complementary arguments. Our total argument is under-girded by two assumptions: transworld identity theory and “received view” counterfactual semantics, a la David Lewis. We then argue that, if one presumes that these are true, then one risks running headlong into paradox if one also accepts property anti-essentialism. That's the first argument. By contrast, if one accepts these same assumptions in conjunction with property essentialism, then the paradox is avoided. This is the second argument. We take it that our arguments work to show that, between property essentialism and quidditism, the property essentialist is on better footing. Plausibly, properties themselves do have essential properties for their existence. (shrink)

One finds, in Maxwell's writings on thermodynamics and statistical physics, a conception of the nature of these subjects that differs in interesting ways from the way that they are usually conceived. In particular, though—in agreement with the currently accepted view—Maxwell maintains that the second law of thermodynamics, as originally conceived, cannot be strictly true, the replacement he proposes is different from the version accepted by most physicists today. The modification of the second law accepted by most physicists is a probabilistic (...) one: although statistical fluctuations will result in occasional spontaneous differences in temperature or pressure, there is no way to predictably and reliably harness these to produce large violations of the original version of the second law. Maxwell advocates a version of the second law that is strictly weaker; the validity of even this probabilistic version is of limited scope, limited to situations in which we are dealing with large numbers of molecules en masse and have no ability to manipulate individual molecules. Connected with this is his concept of the thermodynamic concepts of heat, work, and entropy; on the Maxwellian view, these are concepts that must be relativized to the means we have available for gathering information about and manipulating physical systems. The Maxwellian view is one that deserves serious consideration in discussions of the foundation of statistical mechanics. It has relevance for the project of recovering thermodynamics from statistical mechanics because, in such a project, it matters which version of the second law we are trying to recover. (shrink)

Public opinion research has shown that voters accept many falsehoods about politics. This observation is widely considered troubling for democracy—and especially participatory ideals of democracy. I argue that this influential narrative is nevertheless flawed, because it misunderstands the nature of political understanding. Drawing on philosophical examinations of scientific modelling, I demonstrate that accepting falsehoods within one’s model of political reality is compatible with—and indeed can positively enhance—one’s understanding of that reality. Thus, the observation that voters accept many political falsehoods does (...) not necessarily establish that they lack political understanding. I then address three worries: that voters cannot generally engage in such political modelling; that political modelling obscures facts that are crucial to political understanding; and that successful political modelling would require knowing that one’s model contains falsehoods. My responses reveal how, going forward, we should measure political ignorance; and they highlight the standing importance of participatory democracy. (shrink)

In general, epistemic internalists hold that an individual’s justification for a belief is exhausted by her reflectively accessible reasons for thinking that the contents of her beliefs are true. Applying this to the epistemology of testimony, a hearer’s justification for beliefs acquired through testimony is exhausted by her reflectively accessible reasons to think that the contents of the speaker’s testimony is true. A consequence of internalism is that subjects that are alike with respect to their reflectively accessible reasons are alike (...) with respect to what they have justification to believe. Testimony should be thought no different: hearers that are alike with respect to reflectively accessible reasons to think that a speaker’s testimony is true are alike with respect to their justification for beliefs based upon that testimony. But it has been recently argued that this view faces powerful counterexamples. So the central question is this: assuming that a hearer can acquire justification to believe a proposition through the testimony of a speaker, can epistemic internalism provide the resources to explain how such justification is possible? My aim in this paper is to address these counterexamples, and in so doing, defend epistemic internalist accounts of testimony. (shrink)

This response addresses the excellent responses to my book provided by Heather Douglas, Janet Kourany, and Matt Brown. First, I provide some comments and clarifications concerning a few of the highlights from their essays. Second, in response to the worries of my critics, I provide more detail than I was able to provide in my book regarding my three conditions for incorporating values in science. Third, I identify some of the most promising avenues for further research that flow out of (...) this interchange. (shrink)

This chapter first surveys general issues in the epistemic internalism / externalism debate: what is the distinction, what motivates it, and what arguments can be given on both sides. -/- The second part of the chapter will examine the internalism / externalism debate as regards to the specific case of the epistemology of memory belief.

This essay uses the concept of reconstruction to make an argument and an intervention in relation to the practice and study of black aesthetics. The argument will have to do with the parochialism of John Dewey, the institutional inertia of professional philosophy, the aesthetic dimensions of the US politics of reconstruction, the centrality of reconstructionist politics to the black aesthetic tradition, and the staging of a reconstructionist argument in the film, Black Panther (Coogler 2018). The intervention aims to address the (...) fact that arguments like these tend not to register properly because of certain reflexive and customary limits on some common forms of philosophical inquiry. The sort of professional philosophy I was raised to practise and value tends not to be particularly inclusive and open-minded, especially when it comes to subjects that bear directly on the thoughts, lives, and practices of people racialized as black. black aesthetics, by contrast, is an inherently ecumenical enterprise, reaching across disciplinary and demographic boundaries to build communities of practice and exchange. Hence the need for an intervention: to create the space for arguments and the people who work with them to function across disciplinary and demographic contexts. (shrink)

Influential cases have been provided that seem to suggest that one can fail to have knowledge because of the social environment. If not a distinct kind of social defeater, is there a uniquely social phenomenon that defeats knowledge? My aim in this paper is to explore these questions. I shall argue that despite initial appearances to the contrary, we have no reason to accept a special class of social defeater, nor any essentially social defeat phenomenon. We can explain putative cases (...) of social defeat with our existing epistemological apparatus. (shrink)

The modal collapse objection to classical theism has received significant attention among philosophers as of late. My aim in this paper is to advance this blossoming debate. First, I briefly survey the modal collapse literature and argue that classical theists avoid modal collapse if and only if they embrace an indeterministic link between God and his effects. Second, I argue that this indeterminism poses two challenges to classical theism. The first challenge is that it collapses God’s status as an intentional (...) agent who knows and intends what he is bringing about in advance. The second challenge is that it collapses God’s providential control over which creation obtains. (shrink)

Surely God, as a perfectly rational being, created the universe for some _reason_. But is God’s creating the universe for a reason compatible with divine impassibility? That is the question I investigate in this article. The _prima facie_ tension between impassibility and God’s creating for a reason arises from impassibility’s commitment to God being uninfluenced by anything _ad extra_. If God is uninfluenced in this way, asks the detractor, how could he be moved to create anything at all? This _prima (...) facie_ tension has recently been formalized and dubbed the ‘Problem of Arbitrary Creation’. In this article, I defend a new extension of this problem. I begin by characterizing classical theism, divine simplicity, and divine impassibility. I then spell out the Problem of Arbitrary Creation as developed by R. T. Mullins. I next raise a worry for Mullins’ version of the argument. Finally, I extend the argument and show how my extension avoids the aforementioned worry. (shrink)

In this article, we explore the implications of opposing domains theory for developing ethical leaders. Opposing domains theory highlights a neurological tension between analytic reasoning and socioemotional reasoning. Specifically, when we engage in analytic reasoning, we suppress our ability to engage in socioemotional reasoning and vice versa. In this article, we bring together the domains of neuroscience, psychology, and ethics, to inform our theorizing around ethical leadership. We propose that a key issue for ethical leadership is achieving a healthy balance (...) between analytic reasoning and socioemotional reasoning. We argue that organizational culture often encourages too heavy a reliance on nonemotional forms of reasoning to arrive at moral judgments. As a result, leaders run the risk of suppressing their ability to pay attention to the human side of moral dilemmas and, in doing so, dehumanize colleagues, particularly subordinates, and clients. (shrink)

Florence Ashley has argued that requiring patients with gender dysphoria to undergo an assessment and referral from a mental health professional before undergoing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is unethical and may represent an unconscious hostility towards transgender people. We respond, first, by showing that Ashley has conflated the self-reporting of symptoms with self-diagnosis, and that this is not consistent with the standard model of informed consent to medical treatment. Second, we note that the model of informed consent involved in cosmetic (...) surgery resembles the model Ashley defends, and that psychological assessment and referral is recognised as an important aspect of such a model. Third, we suggest that the increased prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in the transgender population arguably supports the requirement of assessment and referral from a mental health professional prior to undergoing HRT. (shrink)

What methodological approaches do research programs use to investigate the world? Elisabeth Lloyd’s Logic of Research Questions (LRQ) characterizes such approaches in terms of the questions that the researchers ask and causal factors they consider. She uses the Logic of Research Questions Framework to criticize adaptationist programs in evolutionary biology for dogmatically assuming selection explanations of the traits of organisms. I argue that Lloyd’s general criticism of methodological adaptationism is an artefact of the impoverished LRQ. My Ordered Factors Proposal extends (...) the LRQ to characterize approaches with sequences of questions and factors. I highlight the importance that ordering one’s investigation plays in approaches at the level of adaptationism by analyzing two research programs in community ecology: competitionists and neutralists. Competitionists and neutralists take opposed starting points and use explanatory and developmental heuristics to consider more factors in due time. On the Ordered Factors Proposal, these approaches are not only the ecological factors they are open to considering but also the order in which they will consider them. My disagreement with Lloyd’s over how to characterize methodological approaches reflects different views about methodological monism and pluralism. (shrink)

This article explores the meeting of two approaches towards philosophy and education: the philosophy for children approach advocated by Lipman and others, and Schmid’s philosophical concept of Lebenskunst. Schmid explores the concept of the beautiful or good life by asking what is necessary for each individual to be able to develop their own art of living and which aspects of life are significant when shaping a good and beautiful life. One element of Schmid’s theory is the practical application of philosophy (...) through the notions of Bildung, reflection, prudence and practical wisdom, as well as the requirement for each individual to take responsibility for actively shaping their life as an artwork. In this sense, each person is the artist responsible for living their own beautiful life. We argue that there are useful parallels between Schmid’s concept of the art of living and P4C, such as the ideal of a holistic philosophy that is “lived.” The pragmatic approach of P4C focuses on the embodied learner who practices critical, caring and creative thinking. Both P4C and Schmid’s theory are reminiscent of the Aristotelian notion of practical wisdom, which allows for an approach to an education for life that prepares students to develop their own art of living. (shrink)

Abstract: The work at hand is an effort to expose and contextualize, the possible expressions of the first forms, modes and types of mystical, ritualistic, magical, sacrificial, belief and mythical manifestations in the social, cultural, economic, political and historical processes of societies. Thus verifying the first foundations, processes and biopsychosocial constructions, as well as their mystical and belief productions and reproductions. This is verified through and by peoples considered primitive, ancient and archaic. In this way, we will attempt a chronological (...) reconstruction of the formation and manifestation of the first mystical, magical, ritualistic and sacrificial practices throughout history, culminating in the formation of 'religions. Since it is precisely through the relationships between peoples, societies, cultures, civilizations and their cultural, mystical, mythical, ritualistic and belief anthropophagisms that other manifestations and possible 'religions' are produced. Thus, it is in the relationships and social interactions between them, integrating certain elements, contents, beliefs, etc. from each other, that the manifestations considered religious have emerged and spread to countless places. Therefore, these processes and manifestations have not remained static, but have changed and transformed throughout history up to the present day. And so Magic, Rituals, Myths, sacrifices and relationships with death have also been transformed and given new meanings. In the process, differentiations and transformations have produced certain dissonances, but also certain consonances or similarities. However, after the creation of religions and their relationship with the state, especially with the capitalist system, these dissonances are much more evident. We can also say that this work is perhaps a summary exposition of the unfolding of the 'evolutionary' processes of development, progress and multiproducts of the countless mystical, religious and cultural manifestations and their 'gods.' 'Evolutionary, progress and development' here refers only to the meanings and aspects of the creations, productions, re-elaborations and creative organizations of peoples, societies and/or civilizations, their cultures, mysticisms and beliefs. Above all, their deities, magic, rituals and gods. However, none are superior or lower. ||| Keywords: Mysticisms; Primitive; Rituals; Sacrifices; Historiography; Beliefs; Religions; Modernity; Capitalism; Death; Philosophy of History; Philosophy of Religion; Cultural Philosophy; Anthropology of Religions. (shrink)

Analytic epistemologists agree that, whatever else is true of epistemic justification, it is distinct from knowledge. However, if recent work by Jonathan Sutton is correct, this view is deeply mistaken, for according to Sutton justification is knowledge. That is, a subject is justified in believing that p iff he knows that p. Sutton further claims that there is no concept of epistemic justification distinct from knowledge. Since knowledge is factive, a consequence of Sutton’s view is that there are no false (...) justified beliefs. <br> Following Sutton, I will begin by outlining kinds of beliefs that do not constitute knowledge but that seem to be justified. I will then be in a position to critically evaluate Sutton’s arguments for his position that justification is knowledge, concluding that he fails to establish his bold thesis. In the course of so doing, I will defend the following rule of assertion: (The JBK-rule) One must: assert p only if one has justification to believe that one knows that p.<br>. (shrink)

In this paper, the issues of computability and constructivity in the mathematics of physics are discussed. The sorts of questions to be addressed are those which might be expressed, roughly, as: Are the mathematical foundations of our current theories unavoidably non-constructive: or, Are the laws of physics computable?

In this paper, I argue that no strong doctrine of the Fall can undermine the propriety of epistemic self-trust. My argument proceeds by introducing a common type of philosophical methodology, known as reflective equilibrium. After a brief exposition of the method, I introduce a puzzle for someone engaged in the project of self-reflection after gaining a reason to distrust their epistemic selves on the basis of a construal of a doctrine of the Fall. I close by introducing the worry as (...) a formal argument and demonstrate the self-undermining nature of such an argument. (shrink)

The paper proposes a novel understanding of how Aristotle’s theoretical works complement each other in such a way as to form a genuine system, and this with the immediate (and ostensibly central) aim of addressing a longstanding question regarding Aristotle’s ‘first philosophy’—namely, is Aristotle’s first philosophy a contribution to theology, or to the science of being in general? Aristotle himself seems to suggest that it is in some ways both, but how this can be is a very difficult question. My (...) answer is in some respects a version of one that goes back at least to the middle ages—i.e., that first philosophy is concerned with the gods (and to that extent offers a theology) because the gods are causes and principles of beings precisely insofar as they are beings. The more original aspect of my position lies in my claim that the sort of tension found in the Metaphysics is likewise to be found in many of Aristotle’s physical works. Thus, for example, the De caelo is (I argue) concerned generally with natural beings (= beings susceptible of change), but its discussions are focused largely on the heavenly bodies and the Aristotelian elements insofar as they admit of change with respect to place. Here I claim that the particular objects of discussion are dealt with precisely because they are causes and principles of natural beings as such. Something similar goes, I claim, for the De generatione et corruptione, the general concern of which is a particular species of natural being—i.e., natural beings susceptible of generation and corruption. In this way, I argue, Aristotle successively deals in his theoretical works with those causes and principles of (say) a horse which attach to it insofar as it is a being, those causes and principles of a horse which attach to it insofar as it is a natural being, those causes and principles of a horse which attach to it insofar as it is a perishable natural being, and so on for the lower genera under which the species horse is subsumed. (shrink)

How does an engagement with religious traditions (broadly construed) illuminate and complicate the task of thinking through the ethics of eating? In this introduction, we survey some of the many food ethical issues that arise within various religious traditions and also consider some ethical positions that such traditions take on food. To say the least, we do not attempt to address all the ethical issues concerning food that arise in religious contexts, nor do we attempt to cover every tradition’s take (...) on food. We look at just a few traditions and a few interesting writings on food ethics and religion: What do they say about the ethics of eating? Why do they say these things? Here we use the terms “food ethics” and “religion” ecumenically as big tents under which many importantly different sorts of things may be grouped. Among the wide range of food ethical issues we consider in this chapter, for example, are religious views about the ethics of keeping, hurting, and killing animals, killing plants, dominion over creation, wastefulness, purity, blessing, atonement, and the connection between food and character. We realize, moreover, that it might be a stretch to label some of the views engaged by selected readings in this chapter as “religious” on a stringent understanding of that term; Lisa Kemmerer’s “Indigenous Traditions,” for instance, addresses some views that are recognizably spiritual but perhaps not religious in a strict sense. We hope that our ecumenical usage of the term can bring these important traditions to bear on the discussion without reducing them to something they are not. (shrink)

The term “environmental justice” carries with it a sort of ambiguity. On the one hand, it refers to a movement of social activism in which those involved fight and argue for fairer, more equitable distribution of environmental goods and equal treatment of environmental duties. This movement is related to, and ideally informed by, the second use of the term, which refers to the academic discipline associated with legal regulations and theories of justice and ethics with regard to sustainability, the environment, (...) and ecology. It is this latter, more academic—though vast and interdisciplinary—use of the term that is the subject of this essay. However, activists who pay careful attention to the arguments offered with regard to the political, legal, social, and philosophical treatments of these issues are potentially in a stronger position with regard to their own social movement. In that way, the two uses of the term may progress hand in hand. More broadly, however, the foundational claim about which both grassroots activists and legal, ethical, and policy advocates can agree is that environmental burdens—climate change, pollution, and their associated health risks—are borne disproportionately by the poorest and most vulnerable populations, and tend to have the greatest impact on racial and ethnic minorities, no matter where they are in the world. This is what makes the empirical questions about the environment a normative question about justice. (shrink)

According to Margaret Wilson, Leibniz is inconsistent when it comes to the question of whether one can have distinct ideas of sensible qualities, and this because he sometimes conceives of sensible qualities as sensations and sometimes conceives of them as complexes of primary qualities. When he conceives of them as sensations, he denies that we can have distinct ideas of sensible qualities; when he conceives of them as complexes of primary qualities, he asserts that we can. In this paper I (...) argue that Wilson is wrong to think that Leibnizian ideas admit of various degrees of confusion or distinctness. I also argue that although Wilson's problem admits of being reformulated in a manner consistent with a correct understanding of Leibnizian perceptions and ideas, this reformulated version of the problem admits to a satisfactory interpretive solution. (shrink)

Florence Ashley has responded to our response to ‘Gatekeeping hormone replacement therapy for transgender patients is dehumanising.’ Ashley criticises some of our objections to their view that patients seeking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for gender dysphoria should not have to undergo a prior psychological assessment. Here we clarify our objections, most importantly that concerning the parity between cosmetic surgery and the sort of intervention Ashley has in mind. Firstly, we show Ashley’s criticism of our comparison is insubstantial. We then examine (...) their comments regarding the analogy between abortion and HRT, and the language of informed consent. We also scrutinize the data upon which Ashley relies to defend the claim that informed consent without assessment always yields positive outcomes, finding this conclusion to be overstated. Finally, even if Ashley’s arguments were vindicated, the claim that the gatekeeping of HRT is motivated by hostility towards transgender people remains unsupported. (shrink)

If knowledge requires safety, then one might think that when the epistemic source of knowledge is testimony, that testimony must itself be safe. Otherwise, will not the lack of safety transfer from testimony to hearer, such that hearer will lack knowledge? Resisting this natural line of reasoning, Goldberg (2005; 2007) argues that testimonial knowledge through unsafe testimony is possible on the basis of two cases. Lackey (2008) and Pelling (2013) criticize Goldberg’s examples. But Pelling goes on to provide his own (...) example that attempts to show that Goldberg’s thesis is true: one can gain safe testimonial belief from unsafe testimony. If any of these counterexamples were correct, they would undermine the main reason to think that knowledge based on unsafe testimony is impossible. My aim in this paper is to critically assess these arguments, and to consider the possibility of knowledge through unsafe testimony. Drawing a general moral from the analysis of these cases, I shall contend that it is impossible to acquire safe belief solely on the basis of unsafe testimony. If so, then testimonial knowledge based solely on unsafe testimony is impossible. (shrink)

I characterize and argue against the standard interpretation of logical atomism. The argument against this reading is historical: the standard interpretation of logical atomism (1) fails to explain how the view is inspired by nineteenth-century developments in mathematics, (2) fails to explain how logic is central to logical atomism, and (3) fails to explain how logical atomism is a revolutionary and new "scientific philosophy." In short, the standard interpretation is a bad history of logical atomism. A novel interpretation of the (...) view that repairs these difficulties is sketched in the concluding section. (shrink)