Despite pervasive variation in the content of laws, legal theorists and anthropologists have argued that laws share certain abstract features and even speculated that law may be a human universal. In the present report, we evaluate this thesis through an experiment administered in 11 different countries. Are there cross‐cultural principles of law? In a between‐subjects design, participants (N = 3,054) were asked whether there could be laws that violate certain procedural principles (e.g., laws applied retrospectively or unintelligible laws), and (...) also whether there are any such laws. Confirming our preregistered prediction, people reported that such laws cannot exist, but also (paradoxically) that there are such laws. These results document cross‐culturally and –linguistically robust beliefs about the concept of law which defy people's grasp of how legal systems function in practice. (shrink)

The ways in which the Aristotelian sciences are related to each other has been discussed in the literature, with some focus on the subalternate sciences. While it is acknowledged that Aristotle, and Plato as well, was concerned as well with how the arts were related to one another, less attention has been paid to Aristotle's views on relationships among the arts. In this paper, I argue that Aristotle's account of the subalternate sciences helps shed light on how Aristotle saw the (...) art of rhetoric relating to dialectic and politics. Initial motivation for comparing rhetoric with the subalternate sciences is Aristotle's use of the language of boundary transgression, germane to the Posterior Analytics, when discussing rhetoric’s boundaries, as well as the language of "over" and "under" found in APo. First, I discuss three passages in Rhetoric Book I and argue that Garver's (1988) account cannot be correct. Second, I look to the subalternate sciences, especially focusing on optics and the distinction between "unqualified" optics and mathematical optics. Third, I discuss rhetoric's dependence on both dialectic and politics. (shrink)

I critically evaluate the influential new wave account of theory reduction in science developed by Paul Churchland and Clifford Hooker. First, I cast doubt on claims that the new wave account enjoys a number of theoretical virtues over its competitors, such as the ability to represent how false theories are reduced by true theories. Second, I argue that the genuinely novel claim that a corrected theory must be specified entirely by terms from the basic reducing theory is in fact too (...) restrictive for scientific practice and should be rejected. Basic theories co-evolve with nonbasic theories in a mutually interactive way, and thus the basic theories incorporate the concepts and concerns of nonbasic theories. Third, I show that once its ontological consequences are duly noted, the reductive part the new wave account collapses into the classical theory developed within the logical empiricist tradition. As such, it still falls prey to standard anti-reductionist argument based upon multiple realizability and the cross-classification of special science and physical science terms. (shrink)

Inner speech is commonly understood as the conscious experience of a voice within the mind. One recurrent theme in the scientific literature is that the phenomenon involves a representation of overt speech, for example, a representation of phonetic properties that result from a copy of speech instructions that were ultimately suppressed. I propose a larger picture that involves some embodied objects and their misperception. I call it “the Body Error Theory,” or BET for short. BET is a form of illusionism, (...) but the particular version I favor is a cross-modal illusion. Newly described here, my hypothesis is that the experience of inner speech arises from a mix of interoception and audition. Specifically, there is the detection of slight but well-confirmed activities in the speech musculature that occur during inner speech, which helps to transform representations of normal but quiet nonverbal sounds that inevitably occur during inner speech, from breathing to background noise, into a mistaken perception of inner speech. Simply put, activities in the speech musculature mix with sounds to create the appearance of speech sounds, which thus explains the “voice within the mind.” I also show how BET’s cross-modal system fits with standard information processing accounts for speech monitoring and how it accommodates the central insights of leading theories of inner speech. In addition, I show how BET is supported by data from experience-sampling surveys and how it can be empirically tested against its rivals. (shrink)

Purpose: The modern development of mass culture is characterized by the growth of the market for graphic narratives, the rapid increase in the segment of digital comics, and the active use of comics as a communication tool in various industries and disciplinary areas. The purpose of the study: to determine the media capabilities of the comics in presenting educational, cross-cultural, problematic, and ethical content of modern organizational culture. Design / Method / Approach: The review nature of the article involves (...) the use of traditional general scientific methods (description, comparison, abstraction, and specification). The interdisciplinary nature of the study actualized the comparative method in presenting the cross-cultural features of organizational/office/corporate comics. Findings: The influence of visual mass culture and the spread of interdisciplinary research tools made it possible to analyze three areas within the stated problematic: adaptive and audience-oriented comics techniques popularized their use for training and educational purposes; the possibility of comparing the typology of world comics with cross-cultural global studies (we relied on the methodology and results of the GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) project); the ability of the comics to reproduce, maintain, and spread the tradition of a particular organizational culture. Theoretical value of the study: The work has expanded: (1) the possibilities of a multidisciplinary approach to comics culture in order to clarify the interdisciplinary methodology; (2) the idea of forming and maintaining an authentic organizational culture using comics techniques; (3) the possibilities of using graphic narratives in the process of educational and professional communication. Practical value of the study: The possibilities of using comics in modern organizational culture at the level of self-presentation, training, and maintaining traditions. Originality/value of the study: A multidirectional analysis of the influence of mass culture (comics as a part of it) on the representation of everyday modern business processes is presented. Research limitations / Future research: Analyzing business processes in the language of graphic culture requires valid methods. Further research requires a larger statistical sample and improved interdisciplinary methods. -/- Мета роботи: Сучасний розвиток масової культури характеризується зростанням ринку графічних наративів, стрімким збільшенням сегмента цифрових коміксів, активним використанням коміксу як інструменту комунікації в різних галузях і дисциплінарних напрямах. Мета дослідження: визначити медійні можливості коміксу в представленні освітньо-навчального, кроскультурного та проблемно-етичного контенту сучасної організаційної культури. Дизайн / Метод / Підхід дослідження: Оглядовий характер статті передбачає залучення традиційних загальнонаукових методів (опис, порівняння, абстрагування та конкретизація). Міждисциплінарність дослідження актуалізувала компаративний метод у представленні крос-культурних особливостей організаційних/офісних/корпоративних коміксів. Результати дослідження: Вплив візуальної масової культури та поширення міждисциплінарних інструментів дослідження уможливили в межах заявленої проблематики аналіз трьох напрямів: адаптивні та аудиторноспрямовані коміксові техніки популяризували їх використання з навчальною та освітньою метою; можливість зіставлення типології світових коміксів з кроскультурними глобальними дослідженнями (ми спиралися на методику та результати проєкту GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness); можливості коміксу відтворювати, підтримувати та поширювати традицію певної організаційної культури. Теоретична цінність дослідження: Робота розширила: (1) можливості різновекторного підходу до коміксової культури з метою уточнення міждисциплінарної методики; (2) уявлення щодо формування та підтримки автентичної організаційної культури за допомогою коміксових технік; (3) можливості використання графічних наративів в процесі навчально-освітньої та професійної комунікації. Практична цінність дослідження: Можливості використання коміксу в сучасній організаційній культурі на рівні самопрезентації, навчання та підтримки традицій. Оригінальність/цінність дослідження: Презентовано різновекторний аналіз впливу масової культури (коміксової як її частини) на представлення повсякдення сучасних бізнес-процесів. Обмеження дослідження / Майбутні дослідження: Аналіз бізнес-процесів мовою графічної культури вимагає валідних методів. Подальші дослідження потребують більшої статистичної вибірки та вдосконалення міждисциплінарних методик. (shrink)

Introduction: The Faculty of Medicine, University of Moratuwa, established during the COVID-19 pandemic, was compelled to conduct the teaching activities online for the first intake of students until their first bar examination. Online learning is known to be linked to several health issues. This study aims to explore the academic performance and perceived health effects related to online learning in the Faculty of Medicine, Moratuwa. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among all 104 first-intake students using an anonymous (...) online self-administered questionnaire to explore health effects and academic performance after ethical clearance. Results: Out of 104 students, 82 students responded (response rate=78.85%). Majority participated from home using their own laptop (74.4%) and personal Wi-Fi (69.5%) and spent 5-10 hours daily for online academic activities (72%). Majority complained of related physical (86.6%), and psychological (81.7%) health issues: eye problems (69.5%), headache (47.6%), backache (43.9%), stress (46.3%) and concentration difficulties (45.1%). The first bar examination was cleared by 84.1% with the majority (52.4%) obtaining classes. There was a statistically significant positive association (p< .05) between physical and psychological health concerns with the average screen-time spent on academic activities, but not with the academic performance. There was also no statistically significant association between screen-time and academic performance. Conclusions: Majority of students using online learning had related physical and psychological health issues which were positively associated with the screen-time though not with academic performance. Designing online activities with less screen time may be considered as a strategy to minimise health effects related to online learning. (shrink)

A number of elite thinkers in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries pursued an agenda which historian Paolo Rossi calls the "quest for a universal language," a quest which was deeply interwoven with the emergence of the scientific method. From a modern perspective, one of the many surprising aspects of these efforts is that they relied on a diverse array of memorization techniques as foundational elements. In the case of Leibniz's universal calculus, the ultimate vision was to create a (...) pictorial language that could be learned by anyone in a matter of weeks and which would contain within it a symbolic representation of all domains of contemporary thought, ranging from the natural sciences, to theology, to law. In this brief article, I explore why this agenda might have been appealing to thinkers of this era by examining ancient and modern memory feats. As a thought experiment, I suggest that a society built entirely upon memorization might be less limited than we might otherwise imagine, and furthermore, that cultural norms discouraging the use of written language might have had implications for the development of scientific methodology. Viewed in this light, the efforts of Leibniz and others seem significantly less surprising. I close with some general observations about cross-cultural origins of scientific thought. (shrink)

This paper provides data on women in academics’ perspective on approaches for enhancing female participation in university’s governance in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Subjects were 254 women in academics with varying years of teaching experience, from two universities in Calabar. A questionnaire (Academic women perspective on strategies of increasing female participation in university governance questionnaire) was used to gather data from respondents in order to provide answer to the only research question of the study. Subjects were required to (...) outline strategies they considered effective and practicable, for increasing female participation in university governance. Actual numbers, frequencies and percentages were used to present the result. Results indicated that eleven out of the fifteen strategies had a rating of above 70% with strategies listed in items 5,6 and 10 adjudge by the respondents as most effective for increasing women’s capacities and abilities for active involvement in the management of higher education institutions. The study recommended among others that counsellors should focus the advocacy energy on promotion of gender equity by empowering and equipping academic women to take their rightful positions as managers in institutional governance of higher institutions. (shrink)

Crossing the cultural divide, half a century after C.P. Snow.

A student's self-efficacy—defined as their belief in their capacity to succeed in particular circumstances—is a critical factor in their food decisions. Also a university’s overall environment, including the presence of fast-food outlets and the nature of food marketing on campus, can shape undergraduate students' eating habits and self-efficacy. The primary purpose of this cross-sectional correlational study was to investigate eating self-efficacy in Nigerian public university students. A sample of 400 undergraduate students were surveyed at a Nigerian public university using (...) validated instruments to assess their level of eating self-efficacy and identify the relationships between their eating self-efficacy and eating habits. The Eating Self-Efficacy Brief Scale (ESEBS)–8 items was used to assess students' level of difficulty in resisting the desire to eat. The researcher utilized the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT)–16 items to evaluate the students’ eating habits. Statistical analysis was conducted at a significance level of p<.05. The results revealed that mean eating self-efficacy score (ESEBS-8) of 2.21 (SD=0.68). Regression analysis showed that gender, school environment, peer factor, and parental factor significantly predicted eating self-efficacy, F(4,398)=9.17, p<.001. Eating self-efficacy (ESEBS-8) was strongly positively correlated with eating habits (EAT-16), r=.861, p<. 001. Regression analysis showed that ESEBS-8 significantly predicted EAT-16 scores, B=1.399, β=.861, t=33.68, p<.001. The findings highlight significant correlations between various factors and eating self-efficacy through the lenses of gender, school environment, peer influence, and parental factors, as well as the relationship between eating self-efficacy and eating habits. (shrink)

Modern and contemporary politics of P. R. China contain many elements similar to neo-Nazism if not anti-communist. The derivation from Communist doctrines was a less-known debate inside the CPC party leadership soon after the declaration on the founding of People’s Republic of China - notably between Mao, Zedong and the state leadership which resulted in the criminalization of the first president Liu, Shaoqi. The researcher, as a self-identified cisgender homosexual male and Christian, observed the cultural revisionist developments of the P. (...) R. C. regime from early childhood to date. The article enumerates some elements of the Chinese culture’s characteristics in taming and eliminating psychological and social identity formation that constitutes the regime stability in its dictatorial diplomatic rhetorics. It adopts the Christian theology and queer theology in a Gestalt recombination for the non-identity problem albeit with predominant militarization of religion approaches by the “United Front Working Group” for populist enslavement. The article hypothesizes a receptive psychosocial identity from such population in general, and the similar for Buddhist cultural origins. With the influences of designed propaganda media in media psychology, the political responses in mass psychological phenomena from the suppressed regime is considered to be a reflection on their inner senses of helplessness from the active and reactive failures of identity formation. The amplification of such phenomena is contributed by the nationalism propagandas and a gaslighting technique applied to International relations, which results in subjective Stockholm syndrome in some portions of the population. Relative intersubjectivity and absolute personal identity will be discussed in the conclusions, and its implications to dictatorial politics. (shrink)

This essay offers constructive criticism of the book “In Defense of Kant’s Religion” (2008), by Chris L. Firestone and Nathan Jacobs. Follow the link given here to see the published version of this article. In the same journal issue where that version appeared (Faith & Philosophy 29.2), Jacobs and Firestone each published essays that claimed to respond to my criticisms of their book; but for the most part they merely skirted around the points my article makes, often avoiding the key (...) issues (e.g., by imputing alleged "fallacies" to my paper and using these as excuses to avoid discussing the genuine issues), sometimes making claims that were simply false in the process. In Faith and Philosophy 29.3 (July 2012):340-346, I published a general response to the whole debate over their book, without going into the sad details of the tactics they employed. But in a footnote (p.342n) I referred the reader to a detailed, point-by-point rebuttal to their (non-)arguments, as an addendum to that article, that would be uploaded here on my academia. edu site. This version of my original paper uploaded here contains the identical text for the paper itself (i.e., the first 15 pages of the original typescript have not been changed); but I have added an Appendix (starting on p.16) that responds, point-by-point to the Firestone and Jacobs essays. Warning to the faint-hearted: this discussion should not be read by anyone who is considering giving up their study of philosophy on the grounds that philosophers typically waste their time merely talking past each other, because for such a person, reading the Appendix to the version of the paper uploaded here could be the straw that breaks the camel's back! As I wrote it, I found myself sometimes wishing I had not published a promise to provide such material, because it is an embarrassment to philosophy that philosophers sometimes treat each other in the way illustrated by the two essays I am responding to. I only hope that taking the trouble to publish such a detailed response will help some readers recognize how important it is to give one's interlocuter the benefit of the doubt wherever possible (as I have tried to do here, for Firestone and Jacobs--and I would welcome their detailed explanations, if they think I have not done so). In any case, I hope the (unpublished) Appendix, uploaded here, will illustrate the fact that there are more important values to consider, when conducting a philosophical argument, than merely persuading others that "I’m right!". (shrink)

This paper sets upon the elaboration of two inter-related enquiries: What do being and otherness look like beyond the margins of metanarrativity? What would the crossing of such margins entail? It takes as its basic assumption that prejudice arises from out of the historicity of being. A thesis of prejudice as a pre-reflexive operation or heuristic of the understanding a subject employs in order to arrive upon the conscious inclination to intuit that p is presented. Furthermore, it is posited that (...) human understanding and rational inquiry are a fortiori grounded upon antecedent onto-phenomenological, hermeneutic and epistemic projects of being disclosed in metanarrativity. Metanarrativity, it is here maintained, constrains the horizon of intelligibility and truth in the discursive encounter of being with the “other” of alterity. It precludes the conditions of possibility for a non- prejudiced and value-neutral view in cross-cultural discourse. As such, it may be argued that an understanding of being and otherness cannot ascend the horizon of intelligibility without the sublating operation of prejudice. Prejudice, it is here argued, is sublating in the sense that it prefigures the possibilities for signification, subverting our interrogations from what is the state of affairs to mere intuitends of the form what it is like. Given that metanarrative discourses are invested in prejudice, it is therefore the task of decoloniality, set upon the cross-cultural discursive encounter between being and alterity, to take the physical appearance of an eschatology of liberation enacted in the everyday, performative praxis of non-domination. (shrink)

This study assessed human resource management and teachers’ job performance in secondary schools in Akamkpa Local Government Area of Cross River State. Three null hypotheses were formulated accordingly to guide the study. Census technique was adopted in selecting the entire population of 432 teachers. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire designed and administered by the researcher. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while the null hypotheses were all tested at .05 level of significance using Pearson (...) Product Moment Correlation Analysis. Findings from the study revealed that there is significant relationship respectively between principals’ interpersonal relationship (r=0.364, p<. 05), teachers’ participation in decision-making (r=0.624, p< .05) and principals’ delegation of responsibilities (r = 0.538, p< .05) with teachers’ job performance in secondary schools. Based on these findings it was recommended among others that; principals should ensure that they create a conducive school climate by building a sound interpersonal relationship with teachers in order to improve their job performance; teachers should be actively involved in making certain decisions for the school especially those within their jurisdiction in order to foster unity and cooperation in the implementation of such decisions. (shrink)

This study evaluated school quality indicators and teachers job performance in Cross River State. One research question and four null hypotheses were raised following factorial research design. Proportionate random sampling technique was employed in selecting a sample of 1,463 teachers representing 30 percent from a population of 4,878 teachers distributed across 271 public secondary schools in Cross River State. “School Quality Indicators Questionnaire (SQIQ) and Teachers’ Job Performance Questionnaire (TJPQ)” were the instruments used for data collection. Prepared data (...) were analyzed using descriptive statistics; while the null hypotheses were all tested at .05 alpha level using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple regression analyses as appropriate with the aid of Minitab statistical software v18. Findings revealed that, quality of school facilities, leadership, and supervision jointly accounted for 90.6 percent (Pred. R2 = .9063) of the total variance of teachers’ job performance; there is significant relationship between quality of school facilities (r = .478, p< .05), quality of leadership (r = .928, p< .05) quality of supervision (r = .881, p< .05) respectively with secondary school teachers’ job performance; quality of school facilities, leadership, and supervision have significant composite influence (F=4800.58, p<.05) on secondary school teachers’ job performance; quality of leadership was the highest predictor (t=45.38, p< .05) of teachers’ job performance, followed by quality of school supervision (t = 27.29, p <.05). Based on these findings, conclusions and recommendations were made for improvement. Keywords:. (shrink)

This study investigated innovation management and effectiveness of educational research in tertiary institutions in Cross River State. One research question and one null hypothesis were formulated to direct the study. The study adopted factorial research design. Census technique was adopted by the researcher in selecting the entire population of 80 participants from four (4) tertiary institutions in Cross River State. “Innovation Management Questionnaire (IMQ)” and “Effectiveness of Educational Research Rating Scale (EERRS) were used as instruments for data collection. (...) The reliability of the instruments was established through test-retest method and reliability estimates of .89 and .86 were obtained. The null hypothesis was tested at .05 level of significance using multiple regression analysis with the aid of SPSS version 21. Findings from the study established a composite contribution of 70.5% of data management innovations, research ethics management, provision of research grants to effectiveness of educational research (Adj. R2= .705). The findings of this study also established that; data management innovations, research ethics management, and provision of research grants jointly has a significant influence on effectiveness of educational research (F = 64.055, p <.05). Data management innovations was the highest predictor (β = .501, t = 7.778), followed by research ethics management ethics management (β = .311, t = 3.956), and provision of research grants (β = .291, t = 3.707) in that order. Based on the findings, it was recommended, amongst others, that educational research data (including coded data) should be effectively managed by tertiary institutions using both manual and computerized data management devices with corresponding appropriate retrieval systems. (shrink)

This study assessed teaching personnel management and attitude to work in secondary schools of Calabar Education Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria. Two null hypotheses offered direction to the study using an Ex-post facto research design. The population of this study comprised all the public secondary school teachers in Calabar Education zone of Cross River State. Purposive sampling technique was employed in selecting a sample of 1,181 teachers. “Teaching Personnel Management and Attitude to Work Questionnaire (TPMAWQ)”, with Split-half (...) reliability estimates of .83, .87, .93, and .84, was used as an instrument for data collection. Independent t-test and multiple regression analyses were used in testing the null hypotheses at .05 alpha level. The findings of the study revealed amidst others that there is a significant composite influence (F = 279.438, p<.05) of teachers’ training, placement and supervision on their attitudes to work. Teachers’ training was the highest predictor of their attitudes to work (t = 20.727, β = .490), followed by placement (t = 10.294, β = .241), and supervision (t= 7.171, β = .164). It was recommended among others that teachers should be properly trained on the principles, concepts, and methods of teaching before and during service. (shrink)

Objective Our study sought to (1) describe the practices and preferences of Colombian adolescents in accessing sexual and reproductive health services: accompanied versus alone; (2) compare actual practices with stated preferences; and (3) determine age and gender differences regarding the practice and these stated preferences. -/- Methods 812 participants aged 11–24 years old answered a survey in two Profamilia clinics in the cities of Medellin and Cali in Colombia. A cross-sectional analysis was performed to compare participants’ answers based on (...) the variables of gender and age. -/- Results A quarter of participants visited the clinic alone (25.4%). Females were more likely to go alone in comparison to males (26.3% vs 14.1%; p = 0.031), and older participants went alone more often than younger participants (p < 0.001). Most participants – 72.7% (95 %CI: 69.3–75.9) – expressed a preference in being accompanied to the clinic, and more than 90% had their preferences met. The preferences of older participants were, however, less likely to be met than those of younger participants (p < 0.001), notably, because they predominantly wanted to be accompanied. -/- Conclusion Contemporary public health and bioethics literature advocates in favor of developing health services that better meet the preferences of adolescents. The present research highlights an apparent blind spot related to the role that others (e.g., parents, friends, partners) can or should play in accompanying adolescent patients when they access sexual and reproductive health services. Respecting adolescents’ preferences, and hence their autonomy, is not simply a matter of ensuring freedom from constraints (e.g., their right and ability to go alone). Rather, it should also consider the liberty to choose whether to be accompanied when accessing SHRS and by whom. (shrink)

This study analyzed the utilization of social media platforms and university students' attitudes towards academic activities in Cross River State. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of this study comprised all the private and public university students in Cross River State. A sample of 1,600 students, which cuts across the three universities in the area of study, was selected using the convenience sampling technique. A questionnaire (r=.849) and a rating scale (r=.786) were (...) used as the instruments for data collection. Findings emerged amongst others that the utilization status of social media platforms by university students is generally high; the utilization of Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter, WeChat, Skype, Snapchat, Eskimi, Telegram and YouTube social media platforms has a significant composite influence (F=52.453, p<.05) on university students' attitudes towards academic activities. Relatively, utilization of Facebook was the highest predictor (t=11.222, β=.232, p<.05), followed by the utilization of WhatsApp (t=11.068, β=.229, p<.05), utilization of Twitter (t=5.977, β=.118, p<.05), and the utilization of Instagram (t=2.772, β=.056, p<.05), in that order. It was recommended that secondary school students should develop positive attitudes towards their academic activities and abhor activities that will lead to a decline in the learning outcomes. (shrink)

This study assessed students’ perception of teachers’ effectiveness and learning outcomes in mathematics and economics in secondary schools of Cross River State, Nigeria. Two null hypotheses were formulated to direct the study. The factorial research design was adopted for the study. Cluster and purposive sampling techniques were however employed in selecting a sample of 1,800 students from the three education zones in Cross River State. “Students’ Perception of Teachers Effectiveness Questionnaire (SPTEQ)”, Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT), and Economics Achievement (...) Test (EAT) were used as instruments for data collection. Reliability estimates of .86, .91, and .81 were obtained for the three instruments using Cronbach alpha. Collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics while the research question was answered and the null hypothesis tested using Pearson Correlation matrix and multiple regression analyses (where applicable), with the aid of Minitab v18. Findings revealed amongst others that, there is a significant composite influence of students’ perception of teachers’ motivational skills, teaching methods, relationship with students, and communication level on learning outcomes in Mathematics (F = 142.46, p < .05) and Economics (F = 150.31, p < .05) respectively. It was recommended amongst others that secondary school teachers should adopt motivational techniques such as praises, rewards, and smiles, in strengthening the interest of learners during mathematics and Economics lessons. Keywords:. (shrink)

This study assessed the mode of test administration, birth variables, and students’ academic performance in Mathematics in Obubra Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. The study was guided by three null hypotheses following a quasi- experimental research design. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were employed in selecting a sample of 250 respondents from a population of 5,792 students. Birth Order Checklist (BOC) and Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT) were used for data collection. The experimental group was assigned (...) to take a Computer-Based Test (CBT) while the control group took a Paper-Pencil Test (PPT) in mathematics. The null hypotheses were tested at .05 alpha level using two-way analysis of variance. Major findings revealed that, the interactive effects of gender and mode of test administration on the academic performance of students is non- significant [F(1,249)=0.028, p>.05, partial η2=.000]; the interactive effects of gender and birth order on the academic performance of students was not statistically significant [F(3,249)=0.782, p>.05, partial η2=.010]; the interactive effect of gender and birth order on the academic performance of students in mathematics is statistically significant [F(3,249)=2.854, p<.05, partial η2 =.034]. Based on these findings conclusions and recommendations were made for improved academic performance and school system effectiveness. (shrink)

This study examined adolescents’ perception management and attitudes towards sex education in secondary schools in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study was guided by three null hypotheses that were formulated. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Purposive sampling technique was employed by the researchers in selecting a sample of 1,080 students from a population of 98,915 secondary school students distributed across 271 public secondary schools in Cross River State. Adolescents Perception Management and Attitudes towards Sex Education Questionnaire (...) (APMATSEQ) was used as an instrument for data collection. The null hypotheses were all tested at .05 level of significance using Pearson product moment correlation and multiple regression analyses. Findings from the study revealed that adolescents' counseling and sensitization are significantly related to their attitudes towards sex education respectively and jointly; both variables accounted for 50.3 percent (R2 = .503, Adj. R2 = .502) of the total variance of adolescents’ attitudes towards sex education. Findings also revealed that adolescents’ counselling and sensitization have a significant composite influence (F = 544.924, p < .05) on their attitudes towards sex education, with adolescents’ counselling being the highest predictor (β = .499, t = 19.392), followed by adolescents’ sensitization (β = .299, t = 11.632). Based on the findings, it was recommended amongst others that; professional counselors should be employed by the government to enable secondary schools to have at least three counselors per school in order for schools to effectively manage students’ perception. (shrink)

This study assessed the administration of punishment, students’ test anxiety, and performance in mathematics in secondary schools of Cross River State. Three null hypotheses were formulated following a correlational research design. Proportionate stratified random sampling technique was employed in selecting a sample of 2,554 respondents representing 5% of the population of 51,097 junior secondary school students distributed across 271 public secondary schools in Cross River State. Administration of Punishment Questionnaire (APQ) designed by the researchers, Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) (...) developed by Dawood et al., (2016), and Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT) designed by Owan (2012), were used as instruments for data collection. The null hypotheses were tested using one-way MANOVA), Pearson Product Moment Correlation, and Multiple regression analyses with the aid of SPSS v23. Findings revealed amongst others that administration of punishment has a significant influence on students’ test anxiety and performance in mathematics F (6, 5098) = 24.149, p<.05; Wilk’s Λ = 0.945, partial η2 = .028 on a joint basis; administration of punishment has a significant influence respectively on students’ test anxiety F (3, 2550) = 22.697, p<.0005, partial η2 =.026 and performance in mathematics F (3, 2550) = 23.090, P<.0005, partial η2 =.026; there is an inverse significant relationship (r= -339, p<0.05) between students’ tests anxiety and performance in mathematics. It was recommended that the use of corporal punishment should be totally abolished on strict grounds that it hurts the psychological disposition of learners resulting in a dip in their performance consequently. (shrink)

The focus of this study was to investigate "principals' administrative competence and teachers work performance" in Calabar Education zone. Four null hypotheses were tested in the course of the study. Correlational research design was adopted, while purposive sampling technique was used in selecting a sample of 800 teachers. Two instruments were used for data collection including "Principals' Administrative Competence Questionnaire (PACQ)," and Teachers' Work Performance Questionnaire (TWPQ)." Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis (r) and multiple regression (R) analysis were employed to (...) test the hypotheses at.05 level of significance were applicable, with the aid of SPSS v21. Findings from the study revealed that; principals' supervisory, leadership and communication competences are significantly related to teachers' work performance in terms of instructional delivery, attendance to classes, notes writing, and record keeping respectively. It was also revealed that; principals' supervisory, leadership and communication competences have significant composite influence on teachers' work performance in terms of instructional delivery (p <.05; F = 26.764), attendance to classes (p <.05; F = 109.122), notes writing (p <.05; F = 228.118), and record keeping (P <.05; F = 468.793). Based on these findings, it was recommended amongst others that; such techniques as close supervision of teachers, good leadership styles, and effective communication should be jointly practiced by secondary school principals in order to improve teachers' work performance. (shrink)

This study used a path analytic approach to examine the composite interaction of supervisory and records management with secondary school system effectiveness in terms of students' academic performance, teachers' job effectiveness and principals' administrative effectiveness. Two research questions were answered while one null hypothesis was tested. The study adopted a factorial research design. Convenience sampling technique was adopted by the researchers in selecting a sample of 1,200 respondents which comprised 271 principals and 929 teachers from a population of 271 principals, (...) and 4,878 teachers. Principal Innovative Management Practices and Administrative Effectiveness Questionnaire (PIMPAEQ), Teachers work effectiveness questionnaire (TWEQ), and Students Mathematics Achievement Test (SMAT) were all used as instruments for data collection. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the research questions and null hypothesis were answered and tested (at .05 level of significance) respectively using multiple regression and path analyses with the aid of SPSS v25 and Amos v22. Findings from the study established amongst others that; supervisory management and records management practices have a significant joint contribution to students’ academic performance by 66.4%, teachers’ job effectiveness by 71%, and principals’ administrative effectiveness by 86.8%. Supervisory management and records management practices had a significant influence on students’ academic performance (F= 1183.641, p<.05), teachers’ job effectiveness (F= 1465.615, p<.05), and principals’ administrative effectiveness (F=3924.763, p<.05). It was recommended amongst others that; secondary school principals should jointly use supervisory and records management practices as innovative techniques for improving students’ academic performance, teachers’ job effectiveness and their own administrative effectiveness. KEYWORDS:. (shrink)

Is behavioral integration (i.e., which occurs when a subjects assertion that p matches her non-verbal behavior) a necessary feature of belief in folk psychology? Our data from nearly 6,000 people across twenty-six samples, spanning twenty-two countries suggests that it is not. Given the surprising cross-cultural robustness of our findings, we suggest that the types of evidence for the ascription of a belief are, at least in some circumstances, lexicographically ordered: assertions are first taken into account, and when an agent (...) sincerely asserts that p, non-linguistic behavioral evidence is disregarded. In light of this, we take ourselves to have discovered a universal principle governing the ascription of beliefs in folk psychology. (shrink)

Background: Increasing resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ciprofloxacin in ICU/burn units has created a problem in the treatment of infections caused by this microorganism. -/- Methods: Fifty P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from burn patients hospitalized in the Kerman Hospital during May 1999-April 2000 and were tested for in-vitro sensitivity to different antibiotics by disc diffusion breakpoint assay. The isolates were subjected to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test by agar dilution method. Existence of the plasmids was also investigated in the (...) isolates. -/- Results: Thirty-four patients infected with ciprofloxacin strains showed MIC of 8 mg/ml [p<0.001]. Sixteen patients were infected with sensitive strains exhibiting MIC range of 0.0125-0.125 ± 0.033 mg/ml. The isolates were also also resistant to other antibiotics [p<0.001]. Plasmid isolation and agarose gel electrophoresis (0.7%) revealed three plasmid bands in strains 8 and 16, and one band in strain 35. -/- Conclusion: The emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance of P. aeruginosa in burn patients is alarming since this antibiotic has only recently been introduced onto the market in Iran. One important observation was that some isolates exhibited cross resistance to other antibiotics. Furthermore, some strains were carriers of plasmids which might have acted as the potential source of acquired resistance in the hospital setting. -/- . (shrink)

A cross-sectional, descriptive study was done at a rural high school in Zakiganj Upazila of Sylhet District, Bangladesh, between January and December of 2014, to determine knowledge and practice of oral health and hygiene and oral health status among school going adolescents. Students from three classes: class VIII, IX and X, and aged 12-16 years were taken for the study. Study samples were collected by using simple random sampling technique. A total of 90 students were divided into two age (...) groups: 12-14 years and 15-16 years. A pre-designed, self-administered questionnaire was used for demographic survey and knowledge of oral health and hygiene (a 10-point questionnaire) and practice (a 7-point questionnaire). Then a plane mouth mirror and periodontal probe was used for examining oral health status in those school children. Oral hygiene status was measured by simplified Green and Vermillion Oral Hygiene Index. The mean age of the respondents was 14.37±0.50 years. Females were 68 (75.6%) and males were 22 (24.4%). 31 (34.4%) were from class VIII, 30 (33.3%) from class IX and 29 (32.2%) were from class X. 33.3% of the respondents have scored below the mean of the total knowledge score while 66.7% has scored above the mean (6.86±2.05). Pearson’s correlation coefficient (+0.342) revealed that an increase in knowledge score would lead to increase in practice score. The younger group had higher mean knowledge score than older group (7.15+1.35 vs. 6.58+2.54; P=0.017); however, no significant difference was found between males and females (6.90±1.74 vs. 6.85±2.15; P=0.432). There was no significant difference in Debris Index (DI), Calculous Index (CI) and Oral Health Index (OHI) scores in between age groups and genders. On educational status, significant difference was observed only in OHI score (P=0.001) among those three classes of students. Overall, only 31% had good oral hygiene, while 59% respondents had fair and 10% had poor oral hygiene status. (shrink)

A methodological model of origin and settlement of theory-choice situations (previously tried on the theories of Einstein and Lorentz in electrodynamics) is applied to modern Theory of Gravity. The process of origin and growth of empirically-equivalent relativistic theories of gravitation is theoretically reproduced. It is argued that all of them are proposed within the two rival research programmes – (1) metric (A. Einstein et al.) and (2) nonmetric (H. Poincare et al.). Each programme aims at elimination of the cross-contradiction (...) between the special theory of relativity and Newton’s theory of gravitation. New arguments in favor of Einstein’s programme are given. Nevertheless, this does not imply the necessity to rule out all the nonmetric theories, since Einstein’s and Poincare’s programmes are alternative only as different tools of the cross-contradiction elimination. In the other respects these programmes are complementary: description, explanation and prediction of gravitational experimental data entails the usage of the languages of nonmetric theories as well as of metric ones. The part of the present investigation elucidating the necessity of nonmetric theories is an implementation of the ideas of A.Z. Petrov, the founder of Kazan University Relativity Department. Late Alexei Zinovievich had frequently punctuated that the notion of Riemann space-time continuum common for all metric theories obfuscates all the gravitational notions considerably and hampers the analogies with other physical theories at hand. Since the ambiguity is a hallmark of all the general relativism notions, approach to their definitions “should be determined not by analogies and contingent facts, but by general considerations linked the physical measurements theory… No matter how far the events lie out of the frames of classical physical explanations, all the experimental data should be described by classical notions” (Petrov, 1965,pp. 59,66). Key words: Kip S. Thorne, A.P. Lightman, Stepin, theory of gravity . (shrink)

Abstract: The analytical, comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the thyroid profiles and modified lipid profiles levels among Sudanese patients with coronary heart disease performed on forty-one patients with coronary heart disease as test group collected from Sudan Heart Center, Al rebat teaching hospital and Al mawada hospital in Khartoum state, during the period between November 2017 and May 2018. Furthermore, the test group compared with forty-one apparently healthy volunteers as control group was selected with the same inclusion (...) criteria. Spectrophotometeric methods were used for measurement of lipid profile. Thyroid hormones (T3 &T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone were measured by using Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Moreover, statistical package for social science (SPSS version 23) computer software was used for data analysis. The study clearly demonstrated that there was statistically significant decrease in T3, and significant increase in T4 levels in test group compared to control with (P. value 0.047) for T3, and (P. value 0.002) for T4.Nonetheless, the result of this study indicated a significant elevation in mean of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and significant decrease in high density lipoprotein –cholesterol in test group compared to control (P.value 0.000). In conclusion Coronary heart diseases patients have significantly low Triiodothyronine, elevated Thyroxin, and normal Thyroid Stimulating Hormone levels, with significantly higher Total Cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol concentrations, and lower HighDensity Lipoprotein-Cholesterol concentrations. (shrink)

No existing conditional semantics captures the dual role of 'if' in embedded interrogatives — 'X wonders if p' — and conditionals. This paper presses the importance and extent of this challenge, linking it to cross-linguistic patterns and other phenomena involving conditionals. Among these other phenomena are conditionals with multiple 'if'-clauses in the antecedent — 'if p and if q, then r' — and relevance conditionals — 'if you are hungry, there is food in the cupboard'. Both phenomena are shown (...) to be problematic for existing analyses. Surprisingly, the decomposition of conditionals needed to capture the link with interrogatives provides a new analysis that captures all three phenomena. The model-theoretic semantics offered here relies on a dynamic conception of meaning and compositionality, a feature discussed throughout. (shrink)

According to Sternberg (Transformational giftedness. In T. L. Cross & P. Olszewski-Kubilius (Eds.), Conceptual frameworks for giftedness and talent development (pp. 203–234). Prufrock Press, 2020; Transformational vs. transactional deployment of intelligence. Journal of Intelligence, 9(15), 2021), transformationally gifted children are those who view to make a positive, meaningful, and enduring difference to the world. To reach their goal, they need competencies to deal with the complexities of the twenty-first century. This means: they must understand the features of complex problems (...) to develop solutions for them. What they need is a kind of critical thinking paired with systems competency, i.e., the ability to construct mental models of abstract systems, to form and test hypotheses about these systems, and to develop strategies for system identification and successful control of such systems. Also, a strong emphasis on values is needed. (shrink)

Digital humanities research has developed haphazardly, with substantive contributions in some disciplines and only superficial uses in others. It has made almost no inroads in philosophy; for example, of the nearly two million articles, chapters, and books housed at philpapers.org, only sixteen pop up when one searches for ‘digital humanities’. In order to make progress in this field, we demonstrate that a hypothesis-driven method, applied by experts in data-collection, -aggregation, -analysis, and -visualization, yields philosophical fruits. “Call no one happy until (...) they are dead.” “De mortuis nil nisi bonum.” These ancient norms still inform how we speak of the dead. From their beginnings in the nineteenth century, modern obituaries have been both practical and honorary. They are written with two aims: to pay respect to the deceased and to inspire the living to follow in their footsteps. The obituary of William Custis of Virginia exemplifies these aims, say that “it is due to his memory publicly to record his virtues,” and that “There is in the life a noble, independent and honest man, something so worthy of imitation, something that so strongly commends itself to the approbation of the virtuous mind, that his name should not be left to oblivion” (Daily National Intelligencer, 18 November 1838). Likewise, philosophers have emphasized that we can determine what counts as a virtue for a given type of person in a given community by analyzing what people say about the dead (Zagzebski, L. Virtues of the Mind. Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 135). By adhering to norms of praise, admiration, and respect, obituaries reveal what counts as a virtue, value, or constituent of wellbeing (VVC) for a particular type of person in a particular community. -/- One way to explore this insight would be to close-read a small number of obituaries of people from intersecting demographics, crossing dimensions such as gender, age, race, class, educational attainment, veteran status, religion, and location. Another, which we demonstrate in this chapter, is to harness digital humanities resources to distance-read a much larger number of obituaries, extracting both demographic meta-data and first-order content expressive of VVC. We then analyze and visualize this information to establish the structures of VVC associated with different types of people in different communities, arguing that data-science measures such as eigenvector centrality can be used to identify cardinal virtues. We also explain the rudiments of our text- and meta-data mining, our method of aggregating and comparing texts, and our visualization techniques. In so doing, we pave the way for researchers in philosophy and related fields to generate similar analyses and visualizations. (shrink)

På mange måter er dette en bok som blir utgitt alt for sent. Det er den første antologien av sitt slag, og retter fokus på kvinnelige metafysikere som virket i den tidlige moderne perioden (16. og tidlig 17. århundre). Redaktør Emily Thomas skriver i introduksjonen at til tross for at flere antologier om moderne metafysikk allerede finnes, er kvinnelige filosofer fortsatt underrepresentert og den filosofiske kanon mannsdominert. De ni filosofene som blir omtalt i totalt 13 kapitler var alle originale og (...) velkjente tenkere i sin samtid, men har blitt glemt i filosofihistoriens løp. (shrink)

Abstract: Background: Coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality Worldwide. Previous reviews pointed that nursing interventions are beneficial for coronary artery patients. However, most interventions focused on education and counselling, but not consistent with the outcome set; still did not consider patient’s coronary artery disease risky characteristics. Related studies in China also difficult to find. Therefore this study was conducted to investigate kinds of nursing interventions delivered to coronary artery patients and match them with patient’s risk (...) factors of coronary artery disease. Results of this study were expected to add new knowledge that will alert nurses to consider coronary artery risk factors which in turn might enable the development of appropriate approaches to improve patient’s wellbeing hence reduce frequent coronary artery morbidity and mortality. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective design using clinical case notes was employed. Study was undertaken in coronary care wards at the teaching hospital in China from November 2017 to September 2018. Structured-literature supported self-designed questionnaire was utilized for data collection. Chi square (χ2) test and multivariate logistic regression for adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were used to compare the relationship among independent (patient’s risk coronary artery disease factors) and dependent (nursing interventions) categorical variables. Ethical permission was granted accordingly. Results: A total of 300 coronary artery patients’ case notes were audited with mean age 63±11.2 years. Of these 175 (58.3%) were males. 126(42%) were smoking and 224(74.7%) were hypertensive. More evidence based nursing interventions than education and counselling were found to be delivered to these patients. “Administer coronary artery disease medication and their instructions” was mostly delivered to many patients 291(97%) while “counsel to cope with stress” was the least one 60 (20.0%). Three of eight nursing interventions delivered significantly matched with three or all of these patient’s coronary artery risk variables (age, smoking, hypertension and diabetes) (p < 0.05 and/or < 0.01) with Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) within their significant ranges. Conclusion: This study delivers valuable insight that, nurses in the studied teaching hospital delivered beneficial evidence based nursing interventions to patients with coronary artery disease which significantly matched with their risk factors of coronary artery illness. However, care for stress was low hence needs improvement. Furthermore, research is needed to get consistency of nursing interventions with patient’s end point clinical outcomes for further appraisal of nursing efforts in caring CAD patients . (shrink)

Simple claims with the verb ‘seem’, as well as the specific sensory verbs, ‘look’, ‘sound’, etc., require the speaker to have some relevant kind of perceptual acquaintance (Pearson, 2013; Ninan, 2014). But different forms of these reports differ in their perceptual requirements. For example, the copy raising (CR) report, ‘Tom seems like he’s cooking’ requires the speaker to have seen Tom, while its expletive subject (ES) variant, ‘It seems like Tom is cooking’, does not (Rogers, 1972; Asudeh and Toivonen, 2012). (...) This contrast has led some theorists to hold that the matrix subject in CR constructions is uniformly interpreted as the perceptual source (p-source) (Asudeh and Toivonen, 2012; Rett and Hyams, 2014). Others, based on examples of CR reports that seem not to require perception of the referent of the matrix subject, have taken the p-source interpretation instead to be non-uniform across CR reports (Landau, 2011; Doran, 2015). We reconsider these theoretical approaches to copy raising in light of new experimental work probing the sensitivity of these requirements to the matrix verb, the embedded ‘like’-clause, and the context. While we find some motivation for a non-uniform p-source analysis, it comes from importantly different cases than those others have relied on. Furthermore, our findings cast doubt on the prevalent assumption that the perceptual requirements of CR reports are to be captured solely by the presence or absence of the p-source interpretation. We suggest that the data motivating a non-uniform p-source view are better captured by an alternative approach, which makes use of a more minimal evidential source role, in place of the perceptual source role. We close by considering the relationship between English copy raising and evidential constructions cross-linguistically. (shrink)

This is a copy of the presentation given at the "Workshop on Agency and Distributed Cognition" at Macquarie University, March 2012. What is noteworthy about this piece of work is that (i) it is a very early foray into the pedagogy, ontology, and epistemology of virtual worlds (it's 2012, way before David Chalmers' book "Reality+" in 2022); and (ii) it was my first foray into "social epistemology" beyond the standard "S knows that p" epistemology, drawing on Vygotskian collaborative approaches to (...) learning and teaching, moving beyond analytic philosophy into educational research. Finally, (iii) there's a hyperlink to the actual virtual world in Unity3D created by a cross-disciplinary team of researchers from Sydney University and Macquarie University for the purposes of teaching scientific inquiry. (shrink)

Abstract: A complex parasite such as human Plasmodium is likely to generate a variety of substances that injure the hosts directly or cause immunopathology. In malaria, a blood concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL-10) is increased. The present study was performed to analyze IL-10 levels in patients with malaria falciparum and healthy controls individuals and correlate with malaria density infection as well as age groups. It is a cross sectional study was carried out in Khartoum state /Sudan, (...) a total of 70 febrile patients and 20 healthy volunteers as controls were included in this study. Blood samples were collected from both patients and control candidates in (EDTA) containers for parasitological and immunological tests. Immunochromatography test and microscopic examination for both thick and thin blood films were used to detect the positive samples for Plasmodium falciparum. Enzyme linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA), was used for the determination of IL-10 levels. The result showed that of IL-10 levels in malaria patients were 1598.50 and SD 4771.64 while the levels in healthy participants the level was 10.39 and SD was 124.33 the difference was found to be statistically significant (P= 0.007). The levels of cytokines mentioned above were observed to be raised in malaria individual compared to healthy control candidates. (shrink)

continent. 1.1 : 3-13. / 0/ – Introduction I want to propose, as a trajectory into the philosophically weird, an absurd theoretical claim and pursue it, or perhaps more accurately, construct it as I point to it, collecting the ground work behind me like the Perpetual Train from China Mieville's Iron Council which puts down track as it moves reclaiming it along the way. The strange trajectory is the following: Kant's critical philosophy and much of continental philosophy which has followed, (...) has been a defense against horror and madness. Kant's prohibition on speculative metaphysics such as dogmatic metaphysics and transcendental realism, on thinking beyond the imposition of transcendental and moral constraints, has been challenged by numerous figures proceeding him. One of the more interesting critiques of Kant comes from the mad black Deleuzianism of Nick Land stating, “Kant’s critical philosophy is the most elaborate fit of panic in the history of the Earth.” And while Alain Badiou would certainly be opposed to the libidinal investments of Land's Deleuzo-Guattarian thought, he is likewise critical of Kant's normative thought-bureaucracies: Kant is the one author for whom I cannot feel any kinship. Everything in him exasperates me, above all his legalism—always asking Quid Juris? Or ‘Haven’t you crossed the limit?’—combined, as in today’s United States, with a religiosity that is all the more dismal in that it is both omnipresent and vague. The critical machinery he set up has enduringly poisoned philosophy, while giving great succour to the academy, which loves nothing more than to rap the knuckles of the overambitious [….] That is how I understand the truth of Monique David-Menard’s reflections on the properly psychotic origins of Kantianism. I am persuaded that the whole of the critical enterprise is set up to to shield against the tempting symptom represented by the seer Swedenborg, or against ‘diseases of the head’, as Kant puts it. An entire nexus of the limits of reason and philosophy are set up here, namely that the critical philosophy not only defends thought from madness, philosophy from madness, and philosophy from itself, but that philosophy following the advent of the critical enterprise philosophy becomes auto-vampiric; feeding on itself to support the academy. Following Francois Laruelle's non-philosophical indictment of philosophy, we could go one step further and say that philosophy operates on the material of what is philosophizable and not the material of the external world. [1] Beyond this, the Kantian scheme of nestling human thinking between our limited empirical powers and transcendental guarantees of categorical coherence, forms of thinking which stretch beyond either appear illegitimate, thereby liquefying both pre-critical metaphysics and the ravings of the mad in the same critical acid. In rejecting the Kantian apparatus we are left with two entities – an unsure relation of thought to reality where thought is susceptible to internal and external breakdown and a reality with an uncertain sense of stability. These two strands will be pursued, against the sane-seal of post-Kantian philosophy by engaging the work of weird fiction authors H.P. Lovecraft and Thomas Ligotti. The absolute inhumanism of the formers universe will be used to describe a Shoggothic Materialism while the dream worlds of the latter will articulate the mad speculation of a Ventriloquil Idealism. But first we must address the relation of philosophy to madness as well as philosophy to weird fiction. /1/ – Philosophy and Madness There is nothing that the madness of men invents which is not either nature made manifest or nature restored. Michel Foucault. Madness and Civilization. The moment I doubt whether an event that I recall actually took place, I bring the suspicion of madness upon myself: unless I am uncertain as to whether it was not a mere dream. Arthur Schopenhauer. The World as Will and Idea, Vol. 3. Madness is commonly thought of as moving through several well known cultural-historical shifts from madness as a demonic or otherwise theological force, to rationalization, to medicalization psychiatric and otherwise. Foucault's Madness and Civilization is well known for orientating madness as a form of exclusionary social control which operated by demarcating madness from reason. Yet Foucault points to the possibility of madness as the necessity of nature at least prior to the crushing weight of the church. Kant’s philosophy as a response to madness is grounded by his humanizing of madness itself. As Adrian Johnston points out in the early pages of Time Driven pre-Kantian madness meant humans were seized by demonic or angelic forces whereas Kantian madness became one of being too human. Madness becomes internalized, the external demonic forces become flaws of the individual mind. Foucault argues that, while madness is de-demonized it is also dehumanized during the Renaissance, as madmen become creatures neither diabolic nor totally human reduced to the zero degree of humanity. It is immediately clear why for Kant, speculative metaphysics must be curbed – with the problem of internal madness and without the external safeguards of transcendental conditions, there is nothing to formally separate the speculative capacities for metaphysical diagnosis from the mad ramblings of the insane mind – both equally fall outside the realm of practicality and quotidian experience. David-Menard's work is particularly useful in diagnosing the relation of thought and madness in Kant's texts. David-Menard argues that in Kant's relatively unknown “An Essay on the Maladies of the Mind” as well as his later discussion of the Seer of Swedenborg, that Kant formulates madness primarily in terms of sensory upheaval or other hallucinatory theaters. She writes: “madness is an organization of thought. It is made possible by the ambiguity of the normal relation between the imaginary and the perceived, whether this pertains to the order of sensation or to the relations between our ideas” Kant's fascination with the Seer forces Kant between the pincers of “aesthetic reconciliation” – namely melancholic withdrawal – and “a philosophical invention” – namely the critical project. Deleuze and Guattari's schizoanalysis is a combination and reversal of Kant's split, where an aesthetic over engagement with the world entails prolific conceptual invention. Their embrace of madness, however, is of course itself conceptual despite all their rhizomatic maneuvers. Though they move with the energy of madness, Deleuze and Guattari save the capacity of thought from the fangs of insanity by imbuing materiality itself with the capacity for thought. Or, as Ray Brassier puts it, “Deleuze insists, it is necessary to absolutize the immanence of this world in such a way as to dissolve the transcendent disjunction between things as we know them and as they are in themselves”. That is, whereas Kant relied on the faculty of judgment to divide representation from objectivity Deleuze attempts to flatten the whole economy beneath the juggernaut of ontological univocity. Speculation, as a particularly useful form of madness, might fall close to Deleuze and Guattari’s shaping of philosophy into a concept producing machine but is different in that it is potentially self destructive – less reliant on the stability of its own concepts and more adherent to exposing a particular horrifying swath of reality. Speculative madness is always a potential disaster in that it acknowledges little more than its own speculative power with the hope that the gibbering of at least a handful of hysterical brains will be useful. Pre-critical metaphysics amounts to madness, though this may be because the world itself is mad while new attempts at speculative metaphysics, at post-Kantian pre-critical metaphysics, are well aware of our own madness. Without the sobriety of the principle of sufficient reason we have a world of neon madness: “we would have to conceive what our life would be if all the movements of the earth, all the noises of the earth, all the smells, the tastes, all the light – of the earth and elsewhere, came to us in a moment, in an instant – like an atrocious screaming tumult of things”. Speculative thought may be participatory in the screaming tumult of the world or, worse yet, may produce its spectral double. Against theology or reason or simply commonsense, the speculative becomes heretical. Speculation, as the cognitive extension of the horrorific sublime should be met with melancholic detachment. Whereas Kant's theoretical invention, or productivity of thought, is self -sabotaging, since the advent of the critical project is a productivity of thought which then delimits the engine of thought at large either in dogmatic gestures or non-systematizable empirical wondrousness. The former is celebrated by the fiction of Thomas Ligotti whereas the latter is espoused by the tales of H.P. Lovecraft. /2/ – Weird Fiction and Philosophy. Supernatural horror, in all its eerie constructions, enables a reader to taste treats inconsistent with his personal welfare. Thomas Ligotti Songs of a Dead Dreamer. I choose weird stories because they suit my inclination best—one of my strongest and most persistent wishes being to achieve,momentarily, the illusion of some strange suspension or violation of the galling limitations of time, space, and natural law which forever imprison us and frustrate our curiosity about the infinite cosmic spaces beyond the radius of our sight and analysis H.P. Lovecraft. “Notes on Writing Weird Fiction” Lovecraft states that his creation of a story is to suspend natural law yet, at the same time, he indexes the tenuousness of such laws, suggesting the vast possibilities of the cosmic. The tension that Lovecraft sets up between his own fictions and the universe or nature is reproduced within his fictions in the common theme of the unreliable narrator; unreliable precisely because they are either mad or what they have witnessed questions the bounds of material reality. In “The Call of Cthulhu” Lovecraft writes: The most merciful thing in the world, I think, is the inability of the human mind to correlate all its contents. We live on a placid island of ignorance in the midst of black seas of infinity, and it was not meant that we should voyage far. The sciences, each straining in its own direction, have hitherto harmed us little; but some day the piecing together of dissociated knowledge will open up such terrifying vistas of reality, and of our frightful position therein, that we shall either go mad from the revelation or flee from the deadly light into the peace and safety of a new dark age. Despite Lovecraft's invocations of illusion, he is not claiming that his fantastic creations such as the Old Ones are supernatural but, following Joshi, are only ever supernormal. One can immediately see that instead of nullifying realism Lovecraft in fact opens up the real to an unbearable degree. In various letters and non-fictional statements Lovecraft espoused strictly materialist tenets, ones which he borrowed from Hugh Elliot namely the uniformity of law, the denial of teleology and the denial of non-material existence. Lovecraft seeks to explore the possibilities of such a universe by piling horror upon horror until the fragile brain which attempts to grasp it fractures. This may be why philosophy has largely ignored weird fiction – while Deleuze and Guattari mark the turn towards weird fiction and Lovecraft in particular, with the precursors to speculative realism as well as contemporary related thinkers have begun to view Lovecraft as making philosophical contributions. Lovecraft's own relation to philosophy is largely critical while celebrating Nietzsche and Schopenhauer. This relationship of Lovecraft to philosophy and philosophy to Lovecraft is coupled with Lovecraft's habit of mercilessly destroying the philosopher and the figure of the academic more generally in his work, a destruction which is both an epistemological destruction and an ontological destruction. Thomas Ligotti's weird fiction which he has designated as a kind of “confrontational escapism” might be best described in the following quote from one of his shortstories, “The human phenomenon is but the sum of densely coiled layers of illusion each of which winds itself on the supreme insanity. That there are persons of any kind when all there can be is mindless mirrors laughing and screaming as they parade about in an endless dream”. Whereas Lovecraft's weirdness draws predominantly from the abyssal depths of the uncharted universe, Ligotti's existential horror focuses on the awful proliferation of meaningless surfaces that is, the banal and every day function of representation. In an interview, Ligotti states: We don't even know what the world is like except through our sense organs, which are provably inadequate. It's no less the case with our brains. Our whole lives are motored along by forces we cannot know and perceptions that are faulty. We sometimes hear people say that they're not feeling themselves. Well, who or what do they feel like then? This is not to say that Ligotti sees nothing beneath the surface but that there is only darkness or blackness behind it, whether that surface is on the cosmological level or the personal. By addressing the implicit and explicit philosophical issues in Ligotti's work we will see that his nightmarish take on reality is a form of malevolent idealism, an idealism which is grounded in a real, albeit dark and obscure materiality. If Ligotti's horrors ultimately circle around mad perceptions which degrade the subject, it takes aim at the vast majority of the focus of continental philosophy. While Lovecraft's acidic materialism clearly assaults any romantic concept of being from the outside, Ligotti attacks consciousness from the inside: Just a little doubt slipped into the mind, a little trickle of suspicion in the bloodstream, and all those eyes of ours, one by one, open up to the world and see its horror [...] Not even the solar brilliance of a summer day will harbor you from horror. For horror eats the light and digests it into darkness. Clearly, the weird fiction of Lovecraft and Ligotti amount to a anti-anthrocentric onslaught against the ramparts of correlationist continental philosophy. /3/ – Shoggothic Materialism or the Formless Formless protoplasm able to mock and reflect all forms and organs and processes—viscous agglutinations of bubbling cells—rubbery fifteen-foot spheroids infinitely plastic and ductile—slaves of suggestion, builders of cities—more and more sullen, more and more intelligent, more and more amphibious, more and more imitative—Great God! What madness made even those blasphemous Old Ones willing to use and to carve such things? H.P. Lovecraft. “At the Mountains of Madness” On the other hand, affirming that the universe resembles nothing and is only formless amounts to saying that the universe is something like a spider or spit. Georges Bataille. “Formless”. The Shoggoths feature most prominently in H.P. Lovecraft's shortstory “At the Mountains of Madness” where they are described in the following manner: It was a terrible, indescribable thing vaster than any subway train – a shapeless congeries of protoplasmic bubbles, faintly self -luminous, and with myriads of temporary eyes forming and un-forming as pustules of greenish light all over the tunnel-filling front that bore down upon us, crushing the frantic penguins and slithering over the glistening floor that it and its kind had swept so evilly free of all litter. The term is a litmus test for materialism itself as the Shoggoth is an amorphous creature. The Shoggoths were living digging machines bio engineered by the Elder Things, and their protoplasmic bodies being formed into various tools by their hypnotic powers. The Shoggoths eventually became self aware and rose up against their masters in an ultimately failed rebellion. After the Elder Ones retreated into the oceans leaving the Shoggoths to roam the frozen wastes of the Antarctic. The onto-genesis of the Shoggoths and their gross materiality, index the horrifyingly deep time of the earth a concept near and dear to Lovecraft's formulation of horror as well as the fear of intelligences far beyond, and far before, the ascent of humankind on earth and elsewhere. The sickly amorphous nature of the Shoggoths invade materialism at large, where while materiality is unmistakably real ie not discursive, psychological, or otherwise overly subjectivist, it questions the relation of materialism to life. As Eugene Thacker writes: The Shoggoths or Elder Things do not even share the same reality with the human beings who encounter them—and yet this encounter takes place, though in a strange no-place that is neither quite that of the phenomenal world of the human subject or the noumenal world of an external reality. Amorphous yet definitively material beings are a constant in Lovecraft's tales. In his tale “The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadatth” Lovecraft describes Azathoth as, “that shocking final peril which gibbers unmentionably outside the ordered universe,” that, “last amorphous blight of nethermost confusion which blashphemes and bubbles at the centre of all infinity,” who, “gnaws hungrily in inconceivable, unlighted chambers beyond time”. Azathoth's name may have multiple origins but the most striking is the alchemy term azoth which is both a cohesive agent and a acidic creation pointing back to the generative and the decayed. The indistinction of generation and degradation materially mirrors the blur between the natural and the unnatural as well as life and non-life. Lovecraft speaks of the tension between the natural and the unnatural is his short story “The Unnameable.” He writes, “if the psychic emanations of human creatures be grotesque distortions, what coherent representation could express or portray so gibbous and infamous a nebulousity as the spectre of a malign, chaotic perversion, itself a morbid blasphemy against Nature?”. Lovecraft explores exactly the tension outlined at the beginning of this chapter, between life and thought. At the end of his short tale Lovecraft compounds the problem as the unnameable is described as “a gelatin—a slime—yet it had shapes, a thousand shapes of horror beyond all memory”. Deleuze suggests that becoming-animal is operative throughout Lovecraft's work, where narrators feel themselves reeling at their becoming non-human or of being the anomalous or of becoming atomized. Following Eugene Thacker however, it may be far more accurate to say that Lovecraft's tales exhibit not a becoming-animal but a becoming-creature. Where the monstrous breaks the purportedly fixed laws of nature, the creature is far more ontologically ambiguous. The nameless thing is an altogether different horizon for thought. The creature is either less than animal or more than animal – its becoming is too strange for animal categories and indexes the slow march of thought towards the bizarre. This strangeness is, as aways, some indefinite swirling in the category of immanence and becoming. Bataille begins “The Labyrinth” with the assertion that being, to continue to be, is becoming. More becoming means more being hence the assertion that Bataille's barking dog is more than the sponge. This would mean that the Shoggotth is altogether too much being, too much material in the materialism. Bataille suggests that there is an immanence between the eater and the eaten, across the species and never within them. That is, despite the chaotic storm of immanence there must remain some capacity to distinguish the gradients of becoming without reliance upon, or at least total dependence upon, the powers of intellection to parse the universe into recognizable bits, properly digestible factoids. That is, if we undo Deleuze's aforementioned valorization of sense which, for his variation of materialism, performed the work of the transcendental, but refuse to reinstate Kant's transcendental disjunction between thing and appearance, then it must be a quality of becoming-as-being itself which can account for the discernible nature of things by sense. In an interview with Peter Gratton, Jane Bennett formulates the problem thusly: What is this strange systematicity proper to a world of Becoming? What, for example, initiates this congealing that will undo itself? Is it possible to identify phases within this formativity, plateaus of differentiation? If so, do the phases/plateaus follow a temporal sequence? Or, does the process of formation inside Becoming require us to theorize a non-chronological kind of time? I think that your student’s question: “How can we account for something like iterable structures in an assemblage theory?” is exactly the right question. Philosophy has erred too far on the side of the subject in the subject-object relation and has furthermore, lost the very weirdness of the non-human. Beyond this, the madness of thought need not override. /4/ - Ventriloquial Idealism or the Externality of Thought My aim is the opposite of Lovecraft's. He had an appreciation for natural scenery on earth and wanted to reach beyond the visible in the universe. I have no appreciation for natural scenery and want the objective universe to be a reflection of a character. Thomas Ligotti. “Devotees of Decay and Desolation.” Unless life is a dream, nothing makes sense. For as a reality, it is a rank failure [….] Horror is more real than we are. Thomas Ligotti. “Professor Nobody's Little Lectures on Supernatural Horror”. Thomas Ligotti's tales are rife with mannequins, puppets, and other brainless entities which of replace the valorized subject of philosophy – that of the free thinking human being. His tales such as “The Dream of the Manikin” aim to destroy the rootedness of consciousness. James Trafford has connected the anti-egoism of Ligotti to Thomas Metzinger – where the self is at best an illusion and we plead desperately for someone else to acknowledge that we are real. Trafford has stated it thus, “Life is played out as an inescapable puppet show, an endless dream in which the puppets are generally unaware that they are trapped within a mesmeric dance of whose mechanisms they know nothing and over which they have no control”. An absolute materialism, for Ligotti, implies an alienation of the idea which leads to a ventriloquil idealism. As Ligotti notes in an interview, “the fiasco and nightmare of existence, the particular fiasco and nightmare of human existence, the sense that people are puppets of powers they cannot comprehend, etc.” And then further elaborates that,“[a]ssuming that anything has to exist, my perfect world would be one in which everyone has experienced the annulment of his or her ego. That is, our consciousness of ourselves as unique individuals would entirely disappear”. The externality of the idea leads to the unfortunate consequence of consciousness eating at itself through horror which, for Ligotti, is more real than reality and goes beyond horror-as-affect. Beyond this, taking together with the unreality of life and the ventriloquizing of subjectivity, Ligotti's thought becomes an idealism in which thought itself is alien and ultimately horrifying. The role of human thought and the relation of non-relation of horror to thought is not completely clear in Ligotti's The Conspiracy Against the Human Race. Ligotti argues in his The Conspiracy Against the Human Race,that the advent of thought is a mistake of nature and that horror is being in the sense that horror results from knowing too much. Yet, at the same time, Ligotti seems to suggest that thought separates us from nature whereas, for Lovecraft, thought is far less privileged – mind is just another manifestation of the vital principal, it is just another materialization of energy. In his brilliant “Prospects for Post-Copernican Dogmatism” Iain Grant rallies against the negative definition of dogmatism and the transcendental, and suggests that negatively defining both over-focuses on conditions of access and subjectivism at the expense of the real or nature. With Schelling, who is Grant's champion against the subjectivist bastions of both Fichte and Kant, Ligotti's idealism could be taken as a transcendental realism following from an ontological realism. Yet the transcendental status of Ligotti's thought move towards a treatment of the transcendental which may threaten to leave beyond its realist ground. Ligotti states: Belief in the supernatural is only superstition. That said, a sense of the supernatural, as Conrad evidenced in Heart of Darkness, must be admitted if one's inclination is to go to the limits of horror. It is the sense of what should not be- the sense of being ravaged by the impossible. Phenomenally speaking, the super-natural may be regarded as the metaphysical counterpart of insanity, a transcendental correlative of a mind that has been driven mad. Again, Ligotti equates madness with thought, qualifying both as supernatural while remaining less emphatic about the metaphysical dimensions of horror. The question becomes one of how exactly the hallucinatory realm of the ideal relates to the black churning matter of Lovecraft's chaos of elementary particles. In his tale “I Have a Special Plan for This World” Ligotti formulates thus: A: There is no grand scheme of things. B: If there were a grand scheme of things, the fact – the fact – that we are not equipped to perceive it, either by natural or supernatural means, is a nightmarish obscenity. C: The very notion of a grand scheme of things is a nightmarish obscenity. Here Ligotti is not discounting metaphysics but implying that if it does exist the fact that we are phenomenologically ill-equipped to perceive that it is nightmarish. For Ligotti, nightmare and horror occur within the circuit of consciousness whereas for Lovecraft the relation between reality and mind is less productive on the side of mind. It is easier to ascertain how the Kantian philosophy is a defense against the diseases of the head as Kant armors his critical enterprise from too much of the world and too much of the mind. The weird fiction of both Lovecraft and Ligotti demonstrates that there is too much of both feeding into one another in a way that corrodes the Kantian schema throughly, breaking it down into a dead but still ontologically potentiated nigredo. The haunting, terrifying fact of Ligotti's idealism is that the transcendental motion which brought thought to matter, while throughly material and naturalized, brings with it the horror that thought cannot be undone without ending the material that bears it either locally or completely. Thought comes from an elsewhere and an elsewhen being-in-thought. The unthinkable outside thought is as maddening as the unthought engine of thought itself within thought which doesn't exist except for the mind, the rotting décor of the brain. /5/ - Hyperstitional Transcendental Paranoia or Self -Expelled Thought Weird fiction has been given some direct treatment in philosophy in the mad black Deleuzianism of Nick Land. Nick Land along with others in the 1990s created the Cyber Culture Research Unit as well as the research group Hyperstition. The now defunct hyperstitional website, an outgrowth of the Cyber Culture Research Unit, defined hyperstition in the following fourfold: 1-Element of effective culture that makes itself real. 2-Fictional quantity functional as a time-traveling device. 3-Coincidence intensifier. 4-Call to the Old Ones. The distinctively Lovecraftian character of hyperstition is hard to miss as is its Deleuzo-Guattarian roots. In the opening pages of A Thousand Plateaus Deleuze and Guattari write, “We have been criticized for over-quoting literary authors. But when one writes, the only question is which other machine the literary machine can be plugged into”. The indisinction of literature and philosophy mirrors the mess of being and knowing as post-correlationist philosophy, where philosophy tries to make itself real where literature, especially the weird, aims itself at the brain-circuit of horror. The texts of both Lovecraft and Ligotti work through horror as epistemological plasticity meeting with proximity as well as the deep time of Lovecraft and the glacially slow time of paranoia in Ligotti. Against Deleuze, and following Brassier, we cannot allow the time of consciousness, the Bergsonian time of the duree, to override natural time, but instead acknowledge that it is an unfortunate fact of existence as a thinking being. Horror-time, the time of consciousness, with all its punctuated moments and drawn out terrors, cannot compare to the deep time of non-existence both in the unreachable past and the unknown future. The crystalline cogs of Kant's account of experience as the leading light for the possibility of metaphysics must be throughly obliterated. His gloss of experience in Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics could not be more sterile: Experience consists of intuitions, which belong to the sensibility, and of judgments, which are entirely a work of the understanding. But the judgments which the understanding makes entirely out of sensuous intuitions are far from being judgments of experience. For in the one case the judgment connects only the perceptions as they are given in sensuous intuition [....] Experience consists in the synthetic connection of appearances in consciousness, so far as this connection is necessary. Here it is difficult to dismiss the queasiness that Kant's legalism induces upon sight for both Badiou and David-Menard. Kant's thought becomes, as Foucault says when reflecting on Sade's text in relation to nature, “the savage abolition of itself”. For Badiou, Kant's philosophy simply closes off too much of the outside, freezing the world of thought in an all too limited formalism. Critical philosophy is simply the systematized quarantine on future thinking, on thinking which would threaten the formalism which artificially grants thought its own coherency in the face of madness. Even the becoming-mad of Deleuze, while escaping the rumbling ground, makes grounds for itself, mad grounds but grounds which are thinkable in their affect. The field of effects allows for Deleuze's aesthetic and radical empiricism, in which effects and/or occasions make up the material of the world to be thought as a chaosmosis of simulacra. Given a critique of an empiricism of aesthetics, of the image, it may be difficult to justify an attack on Kantian formalism with the madness of literature, which does not aim to make itself real but which we may attempt to make real. That is, how do Lovecraft's and Ligotti's materials, as materials for philosophy to work on, differ from either the operative formalisms of Kant or the implicitly formalized images of Deleuzian empiricism? It is simply that such texts do not aim to make themselves real, and make claims to the real which are more alien to us than familiar, which is why their horror is immediately more trustworthy. This is the madness which Blanchot discusses in The Infinite Conversation through Cervantes and his knight – the madness of book-life, of the perverse unity of literature and life a discussion which culminates in the discussion of one of the weird's masters, that of Kafka. The text is the knowing of madness, since madness, in its moment of becoming-more-mad, cannot be frozen in place but by the solidifications of externalizing production. This is why Foucault ends his famous study with works of art. Furthermore extilligence, the ability to export the products of our maligned brains, is the companion of the attempts to export, or discover the possibility of intelligences outside of our heads, in order for philosophy to survive the solar catastrophe. To borrow again from Deleuze, writing is inseparable from becoming. The mistake is to believe that madness is reabsorbed by extilligence, by great works, or that it could be exorcised by the expelling of thought into the inorganic or differently organic. Going out of our heads does not guarantee we will no longer mean we cannot still go out of our minds. This is simply because of the outside, of matter, or force, or energy, or thing-in-itself, or Schopenhauerian Will. In Lovecraft’s “The Music of Erich Zahn” an “impoverished student of metaphysics” becomes intrigued by strange viol music coming from above his room. After meeting the musician the student discovers that each night he plays frantic music at a window in order to keep some horridness at bay, some “impenetrable darkness with chaos and pandemonium”. The aesthetic defenses provided by the well trained brain can bear the hex of matter for so long, the specter of unalterability within it which too many minds obliterate, collapsing everything before the thought of thought as thinkable or at least noetically mutable on our own terms. Transcendental paranoia is the concurrent nightmare and promise of Paul Humphrey's work, of being literally out of our minds. It is the gothic counterpart of thinking non-conceptually but also of thinking never belonging to any instance of purportedly solid being. As Bataille stated, “At the boundary of that which escapes cohesion, he who reflects within cohesion realizes there is no longer any room for him” Thought is immaterial only to the degree that it is inhuman, it is a power that tries, always with failure, to ascertain its own genesis. Philosophy, if it can truly return to the great outdoors, if it can leave behind the dead loop of the human skull, must recognize not only the non-priority of human thought, but that thought never belongs to the brain that thinks it, thought comes from somewhere else. To return to the train image from the beginning “a locomotive rolling on the surface of the earth is the image of continuous metamorphosis” this is the problem of thought, and of thinking thought, of being no longer able to isolate thought, with only a thought-formed structure. [1] One of the central tenets of Francois Laruelle's non-philosophy is that philosophy has traditionally operated on material already presupposed as thinkable instead of trying to think the real in itself. Philosophy, according to Laruelle, remains fixated on transcendental synthesis which shatters immanence into an empirical datum and an a prori factum which are then fused by a third thing such as the ego. For a critical account of Laruelle's non-philosophy see Ray Brassier's Nihil Unbound. (shrink)

Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations is organized in short paragraphs or "remarks." Most of these are numbered consecutively, but some are not – including his remarks on "aspect-seeing" that are the focus of Seeing Wittgenstein Anew. This appendix to that volume is an indexed catalog of the unnumbered remarks, cross-referenced to four different editions, including the latest (4th) edition. -/- Note: There is a missing remark that should be inserted on p. 363 of the concordance, after the "A sensation can" line, (...) thus: What is the 185e 158e PPF §60. (shrink)

Henri Lelevel’s La philosophie moderne par demandes et réponses is a very interesting as well as pretty neglected attempt to disseminate the new philosophy among a larger audience, including the non specialists. Either the style of presentation or the oversimplification of the topics discussed is clearly intended to reach people interested to a smattering of philosophy. More than the comparisons between the traditional and the new philosophy and the compendia, this work vouches for the great interest toward the new philosophy. (...) In this particular case the model is the philosophy of Malebranche, whose interpretation of Descartes thought is preferred by Lelevel, worried by the excessive twist given toward empiricism in P.-S. Régis rendering of Cartesian philosophical system. Lelevel’s logic is directed to eliminate the confusion between sense data and knowledge, echoing also Malebranche’s notion of éténdue idéale, one of the major contribution to the reconsideration of Descartes’ thought. This paper aims to sketch the mains topics discussed in the four sections of Lelevel’s work, with some cross-references to Malebranche’s writings. (shrink)

Formulação de Ração para Ovinos -/- Belo Jardim 2021 Formulação de Ração para Ovinos Copyright © 2021 -/- Todos os direitos reservados -/- Impresso no Brasil / Printed in Brazil -/- Departamento de Nutrição Animal do IPA – Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco Av. Gen. San Martin, 1371 - Bongi, Recife - PE -/- Presidente do Comitê Editorial Múcio de Barros Wanderley Membros do Comitê Editorial Antônio Raimundo de Sousa Editor-chefe Josimar Gurgel Fernandes Editores de Seção Antonio Felix da Costa Supervisão (...) editorial Almira Almeida de Souza Galdino -/- Dados de Catalogação E81 Formulação de Ração para Ovinos [recurso eletrônico] / – Belo Jardim: IPA, 2021. Il. Color. PDF (estudos técnico e graduação) -/- ISSN 2446-8053 (online) -/- 1. Formulação. 2. Ração. 3. Dietas. 4. Alimentos. 5. Ovinos. I. . II. Título. CDD 221-1 -/- APRESENTAÇÃO -/- O material Formulação de Ração para Ovinos é um material de apoio para os estudantes técnicos da área pecuária ou agropecuária e para os acadêmicos da área da ciência animal que necessitam de uma base teórico-científica para a formulação de dietas para ovinos das mais diferentes categorias, idades, estados fisiológicos etc. A abordagem desse material é a apresentação das exigências nutricionais dos ovinos mediante as bases científicas como o NRC (2007); e, através de equações de predileções, apresentar as exigências nutricionais sob as condições brasileiras. Posteriormente, apresentar exemplos práticos de formulação de dietas mediante as técnicas matemáticas empregadas para a mesma. Será abordada situações reais onde um profissional pode se deparar no cotidiano de propriedades ovinocultoras. O texto estruturado de forma sistêmica, dividido em três capítulos com as exigências nutricionais, composição dos principais alimentos e a formulação prática de dietas, possibilita que os conceitos e as etapas de elaboração de dietas que supram as necessidades dos animais sejam abordados de forma clara e objetiva, com a finalidade de servir de ferramenta para que os produtores rurais, técnicos, zootecnistas, nutricionistas etc. possam conseguir elaborar dietas para fornecer uma ração que supra os requerimentos dos ovinos e que possam, também, atuar como agentes multiplicadores dessas técnicas de elaboração e planejamento alimentar nas suas regiões de origem/atuação. -/- SUMÁRIO -/- EXIGÊNCIAS NUTRICIONAIS DOS OVINOS 1 Equações de predição do consumo de matéria seca (CMS) 1 Equações de predição das formas de energia para ganho de peso 2 Equações de predição das formas de proteína para ovinos 3 Equações de predição de energia para ovinos leiteiros 5 Equações de predição de proteína metabolizável para ovinos leiteiros 6 Tabelas de requerimentos nutricionais dos ovinos 7 ALIMENTOS PARA OVINOS 19 FORMULAÇÃO DE RAÇÃO PARA OVINOS 29 RAÇÕES PRONTAS PARA OVINOS 65 CONCLUSÕES 71 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 72 -/- -/- EXIGÊNCIAS NUTRICIONAIS DOS OVINOS -/- Para a formulação de dietas, tanto para a espécie ovina quanto para outras espécies de interesse zootécnico, deve seguir um padrão, este que é estabelecido com o objetivo de facilitar o processo de elaboração de uma dieta. Um dos passos da elaboração é a determinação das exigências nutritivas do animal para que sirva de base para a ração final obter as mesmas quantidades da exigência, por exemplo, um animal que exige 0,25 kg de proteína, então balanceia-se uma dieta que contenha a mesma quantidade exigida. As exigências nutricionais dos animais mudam em decorrência de diversos fatores, sendo os mais relevantes a raça, peso, idade, estado produtivo do animal, ambiente, disponibilidade de forragem etc. Das exigências nutricionais dos animais, as de maior destaque são os requisitos proteicos, energéticos, vitamínicos e minerais. Existem diferentes fontes teóricas e científicas que dispõem de tabelas de requerimentos nutricionais da espécie ovina de acordo com diferentes fatores, sendo eles os de peso vivo; ganho ou perda de peso; estado produtivo ou improdutivo de carne, leite ou lã; animal em início, meio ou fim da gestação com um ou dois fetos; fêmeas paridas em lactação com uma ou duas crias ao pé etc. Apresentarei aqui algumas equações para predizer as exigências líquidas nutricionais dos ovinos e as principais tabelas de requerimentos dos ovinos que servirão de base teórica para a formulação prática de rações para animais em diferentes situações. Equações de predição do consumo de matéria seca (CMS) Na tabela 1, são apresentadas as estimativas para o consumo diário de matéria seca para cordeiros em função da variação do peso vivo (PV) e do ganho de peso diário (GPD), considerando-se a seguinte equação: CMS (kg/animal/dia) = 0,311 + [(0,0197 x PV) + (0,682 x GPD)] -/- Utilizando essa equação para diferentes pesos e médias de ganho de peso diário montamos a tabela de CMS dos cordeiros: Tabela 1: Estimativas do consumo diário de matéria seca em função do peso vivo e do ganho médio diário de peso de cordeiros Fonte: CABRAL, et al., 2008. Equações de predição das formas de energia para ganho de peso Para a estimativa das exigências de energia líquida para ganho de peso dos animais, pode-se utilizar a seguinte fórmula: Y = (2,0411 + (0,0472 x PV)) x GPD -/- Onde: Y = energia líquida (Mcal) necessária para ganho de 1kg de peso vivo PV= peso vivo dos animais GPD = ganho médio diário em kg Para a transformação das exigências em energia líquida para ganho de peso (ELg), foi considerada a eficiência de uso da energia para ganho de peso de 0,47. De posse dos valores de energia metabolizável de mantença (EMm) e energia metabolizável para ganho (EMg), foram obtidos a exigência em energia digestível (ED) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), dividindo-se o total de EM por 0,82 e a ED por 4,409 (tabela 2): Tabela 2: Estimativas das exigencias de diferentes formas de energia em função do peso vivo e do ganho médio diário de peso de cordeiros Fonte: CABRAL, et al., 2008. Equações de predição das formas de proteína para ovinos Para estimar as necessidades líquidas em proteína em função do ganho de peso, pode-se utilizar a seguinte equação: Y = 189,21 – (0,7652 x PV) x GPD Onde: Y = quantidade (g) de proteína líquida necessária para o ganho de 1 kg de peso vivo PV = peso vivo do animal, que dividido pela eficiência de 0,59 resultou na estimativa da proteína metabolizável para ganho GPD = ganho médio diário em kg Para estimar a proteína para cada kg de peso vivo de ganho é usada a fórmula: Y = 189,21 – (0,7652 x PV) -/- Por sua vez, essa equação foi convertida em proteína metabolizável (PMg) para ganho considerando-se a eficiência de 0,59. Uma vez obtida a quantidade total de proteína metabolizável (PMm + PMg), a mesma foi convertida a proteína bruta (g/animal/dia), a partir das seguintes equações: PMic (g) = 120 x NDT (kg) x 0,64 PDR (g) = 1,11 x PMic PNDR (g) = (PM – PDR)/0,8 PB (g) = PDR + PNDR -/- Onde: PMic = quantidade de proteína bruta microbiana que flui para o duodeno por dia PDR = exigência em proteína degradada no rúmen PNDR = exigência em proteína não degradada no rúmen PB = exigência em proteína bruta Através desse sistema de equações determinamos as estimativas das exigências proteicas dos cordeiros em função do peso vivo e do ganho de peso diário (tabela 3). Lembrando-se que essas equações de predição são para ovinos produtores de carne, isto é, para ovinos de corte. As estimativas e algumas equações de predição para ovinos produtores de leite serão apresentadas posteriormente. Tabela 3: Estimativas das exigencias de diferentes formas de proteína em função do peso vivo e do ganho médio diário de peso de cordeiros Fonte: CABRAL, et al., 2008. Equações de predição de energia para ovinos leiteiros De forma geral, os ovinos necessitam de energia para diversas funções, dentre elas para mantença, para movimentação ou trabalho (mudança de posição, por exemplo), para crescimento, gestação e lactação. As equações de predileção para estimar essas exigências são apresentadas abaixo e foram compiladas do AFRC (1993): Mantença: Metabolismo em Jejum F (MJ/dia) = C1 {0,25(PV/1,08)0,67} para animais de até 1 ano F (MJ/dia) = C1 {0,23(PV/1,08)0,67} para animais acima de 1 ano C1 = 1,15 para machos inteiros; 1,00 para fêmeas e machos castrados Estimativas de custo adicional de energia de atividade: Atividade Custo energético Movimento horizontal 0,7 cal/kg/movim. Movimento vertical 6,7 cal/kg/movim. Em estação 2,4 kcal/kg/dia Uma muda de posição 0,06 kcal/kg -/- Crescimento: Valor de energia do ganho VE (MJ/kg) = 2,5 + 0,35PV (Machos não Merino) VE (MJ/dia) = 4,4+ 0,32PV (Castrados) VE (MJ/dia) = 2,1+ 0,45PV (Fêmeas) VE (MJ/kg) = 5,7 Mcal/kg de ganho (Fêmeas em lactação) Gestação (últimos 3 meses): Retenção diária de energia (EC) Ec = 0,25 PVo (Et x 0,07372e-0,00643), onde: t – número de dias para a composição PVo – total de peso dos cordeiros ao nascimento (kg) Lactação: Valor de energia do leite VEg (MJ/dia) = 0,0328G x 0,0025P + 2,2033, onde G - conteúdo de gordura do leite (g/kg) P – conteúdo de proteína do leite (g/kg) Equações de predição de proteína metabolizável para ovinos leiteiros Mantença: PMm (g/dia) = 2,1875g/kgPV0,75 + 20,4 (Ovelhas) PMm (g/dia) = 2,1875g/kgPV0,75 (Cordeiros (as) em crescimento) Ganho de peso: Valor de proteína do ganho NPf (g/dia) = ∆PV (160,4 – 1,22PV + 0,0105PV2) para machos e castrados NPf (g/dia) = ∆PV (156,01 – 1,94PV + 0,0173PV2) para fêmeas Gestação: Valor de retenção de proteína líquida no feto e envoltórios fetais (PLc) PLc (g/dia) = TPt x 0,06744e-0,00601t, onde t = número de dias para a concepção e: Log10(TPt) = 4,928 – 4,873e-0,00601t Lactação: Valor de proteína líquida do leite (Pll) Pll = 71,9 g/kg de leite Tabelas de requerimentos nutricionais dos ovinos Resumidamente, a composição do concentrado dos ovinos, de acordo com a categoria, e as quantidades a serem fornecidas/animal/dia é a seguinte: Tabela 4: Composição do concentrado e quantidades fornecidas Fonte: CODEVASF, 2011. Agora, vamos dividir os requerimentos dos ovinos de acordo com a categoria, conforme os dados obtidos no NRC (2007). Tabela 5: Cordeiros desmamados precocemente, potencial de crescimento moderado3 PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal¹) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT² (g) Ca (g) P (g) 10 200 0,5 5 180 410 3,5 1,8 20 250 1 5 170 815 5,5 2,3 30 300 1,3 4,3 190 1000 6,8 3,2 40 350 1,5 3,8 200 1180 7,8 3,7 50 300 1,5 3 190 1180 6,8 3,7 -/- 1 – para converter matéria seca em matéria natural, divida o valor em MS pela porcentagem de MS do ingrediente. Por exemplo, em uma ração encontrou-se 100 g MS de milho, sabendo-se que a % de MS do milho é 90%, então: 100/0,9 = 112 g de milho com base na matéria natural. 2 – 453,6 g de NDT equivale a 0,91 Mcal de energia digestível (ED). Tabela 6: Cordeiros desmamados precocemente, potencial de crescimento rápido3 PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 10 250 0,6 6 160 500 5 2,3 20 300 1,2 6 210 910 6,5 2,8 30 350 1,4 4,7 220 1100 7,5 3,2 40 400 1,5 3,8 230 1150 8,5 4,1 50 430 1,7 3,4 240 1270 9,5 6,8 60 350 1,7 2,8 240 1270 8,2 4,5 -/- Tabela 7: Terminação de cordeiros (idade entre 4 e 7 meses)3 PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 30 300 1,3 4,3 190 950 6,5 3,5 40 270 1,6 4 185 1230 6,5 3,5 50 200 1,6 3,2 160 1230 5,5 3,5 -/- 3 – ganhos de peso máximos esperados. -/- Tabela 8: Borregas de reposição (para reprodução)4 PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 30 230 1,2 4 185 770 6,5 3 40 180 1,4 3,5 175 910 5,9 3 50 120 1,5 3 140 860 5 2,5 60 100 1,5 2,5 140 860 4,5 2,5 70 100 1,5 2,1 150 860 4,5 3 -/- Tabela 9: Borregos de reposição (para reprodução)4 PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 40 330 1,8 4,5 250 1130 7,7 3,6 60 320 2,4 4 270 1550 8,2 4,1 80 290 2,8 3,5 270 1770 8,6 4,5 100 250 3 3 270 1770 8,2 4,5 -/- 4 – esses cordeiros são destinados para a reprodução, portanto, o ganho máximo de peso e o acabamento são de importância secundária. Tabela 10: Mantença de ovinos PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 10 1 2 100 550 2 2 60 10 1,1 1,8 110 590 2,5 2,5 70 10 1,2 1,7 120 680 2,5 2,5 80 10 1,3 1,6 130 730 3 3 90 10 1,4 1,5 140 770 3 3 -/- Tabela 11: Flushing para ovinos (2 semanas pré-reprodução e primeiras 3 semanas de reprodução) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 100 1,6 3,2 150 950 5,5 3 60 100 1,7 2,8 155 1000 5,5 3 70 100 1,8 2,6 165 1050 5,5 3,5 80 100 1,9 2,4 175 1140 6 3,5 90 100 2 2,2 180 1180 6 4 -/- Tabela 12: Primeiras 15 semanas de gestação (não-lactantes) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 30 1,2 2,4 115 680 3 2,5 60 30 1,3 2,2 125 730 3,5 2,5 70 30 1,4 2 135 770 4 3 80 30 1,5 1,9 140 820 4 3,5 90 30 1,6 1,8 150 870 4,2 4 -/- Tabela 13: Últimas 4 semanas de gestação (taxa de parição entre 130 e 150%) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 180 1,6 3,2 175 950 6 4,5 60 180 1,7 2,8 185 1000 6 5 70 180 1,8 2,6 190 1050 6,5 5,5 80 180 1,9 2,4 200 1100 6,5 6,5 90 180 2 2,2 215 1150 6,5 6,5 -/- Tabela 14: Últimas 4 semanas de gestação (taxa de parição entre 180 e 225%) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 220 1,7 3,4 195 1100 6,5 3,5 60 220 1,8 3 205 1180 6,8 4 70 220 1,9 2,7 215 1270 7,7 4,5 80 220 2 2,5 225 1320 8,2 6 90 220 2,1 2,3 235 1360 9,1 6,5 -/- Tabela 15: Primeiras 6 a 8 semanas de lactação (com uma cria) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 -30 2,1 4,2 300 1360 9 6 60 -30 2,3 3,9 320 1500 9 6,5 70 -30 2,5 3,6 330 1650 9 6,8 80 -30 2,6 3,2 345 1680 9,5 7,3 90 -30 2,7 3 355 1730 9,5 7,7 -/- Valores negativos de GPD indicam queda do consumo e, consequentemente, queda no ganho de peso. Tabela 16: Primeiras 6 a 8 semanas de lactação (com duas crias) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 -60 2,4 4,8 390 1540 10,5 7,3 60 -60 2,6 4,3 405 1680 10,5 7,7 70 -60 2,8 4 420 1815 11 8,2 80 -60 3 3,8 435 1950 11,5 8,7 90 -60 3,2 3,6 450 2100 11,5 9,1 -/- Tabela 17: Últimas 4 a 6 semanas de lactação (com uma cria) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 50 1,6 3,2 170 950 6 4,5 60 50 1,7 2,8 180 1000 6 5 70 50 1,8 2,6 190 1050 6,5 5,5 80 50 1,9 2,4 200 1100 6,5 6 90 50 2 2,2 215 1150 6,5 6,5 -/- Tabela 18: Últimas 4 a 6 semanas de lactação (com duas crias) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 50 90 2,1 4,2 300 1360 9 6 60 90 2,3 3,8 320 1500 9 6,5 70 90 2,5 3,6 330 1630 9 7 80 90 2,6 3,2 350 1680 9,5 7,5 90 90 2,7 3 360 1730 9,5 8 -/- Ovinos raças leves Tabela 19: Primeiras 15 semanas de gestação (não lactantes) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 40 160 1,4 3,5 155 820 6,5 3,5 50 140 1,5 3 160 860 6,5 3,5 60 140 1,6 2,7 160 910 6,5 3,5 70 130 1,7 2,4 165 1000 6,5 3,5 -/- Tabela 20: Últimas 4 semanas de gestação (taxa de parto esperada de 100 a 120%) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 40 180 1,5 3,8 185 950 6,5 3,5 50 160 1,6 3,2 190 1000 6,5 3,5 60 160 1,7 2,8 190 1100 6,5 3,5 70 150 1,8 2,6 195 1150 7 4 -/- Tabela 21: Últimas 4 semanas de gestação (taxa de parto esperada de 130 a 175%) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 40 230 1,5 3,8 200 1000 7,5 3,5 50 230 1,6 3,2 210 1050 8 3,5 60 230 1,7 2,8 215 1150 8,5 4 70 230 1,8 2,6 215 1150 8,5 4,5 -/- Tabela 22: Primeiras 6 a 8 semanas de lactação com uma cria (desmame em 8 semanas) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 40 -50 1,7 4,2 260 1150 6 4 50 -50 2,1 4,2 280 1410 6,5 4,5 60 -50 2,3 3,8 295 1550 7 5 70 -50 2,5 3,6 310 1640 7,5 5,5 -/- Tabela 23: Primeiras 6 a 8 semanas de lactação com duas crias (desmame em 8 semanas) PV (kg) GPD (g) CMS (kg/animal) CMS (% PV) PB (g) NDT (g) Ca (g) P (g) 40 -90 2,1 5,2 310 1450 8,5 5,5 50 -90 2,3 4,6 325 1590 9 6 60 -90 2,5 4,2 340 1730 9,5 6,5 70 -90 2,7 3,9 350 1860 9,5 7 -/- Concentrações de nutrientes necessárias em rações de ovinos (% da MS) Tabela 24: Concentrações de nutrientes para rações de ovinos com base na % da MS Mantença CMS 1,2 kg – PB 9,5% - NDT 55% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,0 - Ca 0,4 g/kg – P 0,2 g/kg Flushing CMS 1,8 kg – PB 9% - NDT 60% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,1 - Ca 0,5 g/kg – P 0,2 g/kg Gestantes primeiras 15 semanas CMS 1,4 kg – PB 9,5% - NDT 55% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,0 - Ca 0,5 g/kg – P 0,2 g/kg Gestantes últimas semanas (queda de 40% no CMS) CMS 1,8 kg – PB 11% - NDT 60% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,1 - Ca 0,6 g/kg – P 0,25 g/kg Gestantes últimas semanas (queda de 60% no CMS) CMS 2,0 kg – PB 11,5% - NDT 65% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,3 - Ca 0,65 g/kg – P 0,3 g/kg Início da gestação (1 feto) CMS 1,3 kg – PB 8% - NDT 55% - EM (Mcal/kg) 1,9 - Ca 0,45 g/kg – P 0,32 g/kg Final da gestação (1 feto) CMS 1,5 kg – PB 7% - NDT 65% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,0 - Ca 0,55 g/kg – P 0,4 g/kg Início da gestação (dois fetos) CMS 1,5 kg – PB 8,5% - NDT 55% - EM (Mcal/kg) 1,9 - Ca 0,4 g/kg – P 0,28 g/kg Final da gestação (dois fetos) CMS 1,5 kg – PB 11% - NDT 75% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,6 - Ca 0,55 g/kg – P 0,35 g/kg Lactação (uma cria) CMS 2,5 kg – PB 13,5% - NDT 65% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,3 - Ca 0,65 g/kg – P 0,3 g/kg Lactação (duas crias) CMS 2,8 kg – PB 15% - NDT 65% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,5 - Ca 0,75 g/kg – P 0,35 g/kg Creep-feeding para cordeiros CMS 0,6 kg – PB 26,5% - NDT 80% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,9 - Ca 0,95 g/kg – P 0,4 g/kg Cordeiros crescimento (GPD 270 g/dia) CMS 1,18 kg – PB 16,5% - NDT 78% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,8 - Ca 0,6 g/kg – P 0,25 g/kg Cordeiros terminação (GPD 360 g/dia) CMS 1,5 kg – PB 14,5% - NDT 78% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,7 - Ca 0,7 g/kg – P 0,3 g/kg Cordeiros terminação (GPD 270 g/dia) CMS 1,6 kg – PB 12% - NDT 75% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,7 - Ca 0,55 g/kg – P 0,22 g/kg Borregas reposição CMS 1,4 kg – PB 10% - NDT 65% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,4 - Ca 0,45 g/kg – P 0,18 g/kg Borregos reposição CMS 2,4 kg – PB 11% - NDT 65% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,3 - Ca 0,45 g/kg – P 0,18 g/kg Reprodutores serviço CMS 3,0 kg – PB 10% - NDT 65% - EM (Mcal/kg) 2,3 - Ca 0,4 g/kg – P 0,15 g/kg Confinamento de ovinos PB 14% - NDT 65% - Ca 0,8 % – P 0,4% Adaptação de BELLUZO et al., 2001; BORGES & GONÇALVES, 2011 e NRC, 2007. As exigências minerais dos ovinos, segundo autores, são apresentadas na tabela 25. Tabela 25: Exigências minerais de ovinos MACROMINERAIS CHURCH (2002) (%) ZANETTI (2019) (%) Ca 0,2 – 0,82 0,3 – 0,5 P 0,16 – 0,38 0,17 – 0,48 Mg 0,12 – 0,18 0,09 – 0,11 K 0,5 – 0,8 0,46 S 0,14 – 0,26 0,15 – 0,25 Na 0,09 – 0,18 0,1 Cl 0,09 – 0,18 0,1 MICROMINERAIS CHURCH (2002) mg/kg ZANETTI (2019) mg/kg Co 0,1 – 0,2 0,1 Cu 7 – 11 4 – 7 Fe 30 – 50 7 – 90 I 0,1 – 0,8 0,5 Mn 20 – 40 8 – 24 Mo 0,5 5 Se 0,1 – 0,2 0,04 – 0,52 Zn 20 – 33 25 – 29 -/- Energia metabolizável para ovinos A energia metabolizável é a parte da energia bruta que não aparece em fezes, urinas e nos gases produtos da fermentação (principalmente metano). É determinada pela subtração das perdas de energia na urina e gases combustíveis da energia digestível (ED) consumida; para isso, deve-se coletar fezes, urinas e perdas gasosas. É um pouco mais precisa que a ED em termos de estimativa da energia disponível, porém mais caro para determiná-la. Compara-se com a energia proveniente do NDT menos a energia dos gases da fermentação. Determinamos através da fórmula: EM = EB (energia bruta) – (energia perdida em fezes + energia perdida em gases da fermentação + energia perdida na urina) -/- Em muitos cálculos da formulação de dietas para animais de produção é utilizada a energia metabolizável no lugar do NDT. Logo, apresentamos as exigências de energia metabolizável dos ovinos em função do peso e da categoria fisiológica do animal. Tabela 26: Exigências de energia metabolizável para ovinos PV (kg) EM (Mcal/dia) Mantença EM (Mcal/dia) Flushing EM (Mcal/dia) Início gestação 1 cria EM (Mcal/dia) Início gestação 2 crias 40 1,48 1,63 1,89 2,20 50 1,75 1,92 2,21 2,51 60 2,00 2,21 2,51 2,89 70 2,25 2,48 2,80 3,22 80 2,49 2,74 3,08 3,52 PV (kg) EM (Mcal/dia) Final gestação 1 cria EM (Mcal/dia) Final gestação 2 crias EM (Mcal/dia) Lactação 1 cria EM (Mcal/dia) Lactação 2 crias 40 2,38 3,05 2,61 3,35 50 2,76 3,50 3,00 3,85 60 3,11 3,94 3,39 4,31 70 3,45 4,37 3,75 4,73 80 3,78 4,75 4,08 5,15 -/- As exigências nutricionais dos ovinos servem de alicerce para a elaboração de uma dieta, uma vez que, diante os cálculos, é necessário estimar uma quantidade x de um dado alimento para suprir uma exigência final seja proteica, energética ou qualquer outra. Essas tabelas de exigências dos ovinos servem de base após a caracterização do lote para que deve ser elaborada uma mistura. Por exemplo, um lote de cordeiros com 30 kg de peso vivo, quais são as exigências de cada animal? Basta consultar a tabela 7 deste manual para depois ser levantado os alimentos e a composição destes e começar a elaborar a dieta. Agora que conhecemos os animais e suas exigências, vamos discorrer sobre o grupo e os principais ingredientes com potencial nutricional para alimentar os ovinos. -/- Relação volumoso:concentrado (v:c) para ovinos Além do balanceamento dos nutrientes necessários, a relação v:c da dieta depende, basicamente, da qualidade do volumoso e da ração concentrada. Se o volumoso possuir boa qualidade, consequentemente seu valor nutricional será melhor e, para ovinos em mantença por exemplo, pode ser empregado em 100% da ração; por sua vez, se o volumoso possuir péssima qualidade nutricional será necessária a adição de concentrado na dieta diária do animal, não esquecendo de que essa ração concentrada deverá atender os requisitos do animal, logo a ração deverá ser de boa qualidade. Além da qualidade do volumoso e/ou concentrado, a relação v:c depende também do objetivo final de criação, isto é, se é necessário engordar os animais em menos tempo para abate, ou em pastagem etc., portanto, também depende da necessidade de ganho de peso diário para os animais, uma vez que a finalidade é um GPD maior é utilizada uma relação concentrada maior que a volumosa. O NRC, 2007 sugere as proporções de v:c para ovinos em diferentes situações. Exemplos de proporções de volumoso e concentrado na dieta de ovinos PV Kg VOLUMOSO % CONCENTRADO % Mantença 70 100 0 Flushing 70 85 15 Fêmeas secas – primeiras 15 semanas de gestação 70 100 0 Últimas 4 semanas de gestação (TP¹ 130-150%) 70 85 15 Últimas 4-6 semanas de lactação 1 cria 70 85 15 Últimas 4 semanas de gestação (TP 180-225%) 70 65 35 Primeiras 6-8 semanas de lactação com 1 cria 70 65 35 Últimas 4-6 semanas de lactação com 2 crias 70 65 35 Primeiras 6-8 semanas de lactação com 2 crias 70 65 35 Borregas secas – primeiras 15 semanas de gestação 55 85 15 Borregas – últimas 4 semanas de gestação (TP 100-120%) 55 70 30 Borregas – últimas 4 semanas de gestação (TP 130-175%) 55 60 40 Borregas – primeiras 6-8 semanas de lactação com 1 cria (desmame aos 8 meses) 55 60 40 Borregas – primeiras 6-8 semanas de lactação com 2 crias (desmame aos 8 meses) 55 50 50 Borregas de reposição 30 65 35 40 65 35 50-70 85 15 Borregos de reposição 40 70 30 60 70 30 80-100 70 30 Terminação de cordeiros 4-7 meses 30 40 60 40 25 75 50 20 80 Cordeiros recém-desmamados 10 10 90 20 15 85 30 15 85 40-60 15 85 Fonte: NRC, 2007. -/- ALIMENTOS PARA OVINOS -/- De forma geral, sabemos que os alimentos dividem-se em dois grupos os alimentos volumosos e os concentrados. Os volumosos são aqueles que possuem carga nutritiva menor e que o animal deve consumir em maior quantidade para suprir suas exigências nutricionais, o teor de proteína desses alimentos é variável, mas, na maior parte, não ultrapassa os 20%; por sua vez, a quantidade de fibra é grande já que esse grupo engloba as forragens, pastagens, fenos, palhas, silagens, raízes, tubérculos etc. Os concentrados são aqueles com alta carga nutricional e que o animal, mesmo consumindo poucas quantidades (em torno de 1 kg), supre todas suas exigências nutricionais; estes são divididos em alimentos que fornecem mais energia do que proteína (energéticos) como o milho, e nos que fornecem mais proteína que energia (proteicos) como o farelo de soja. Existem uma série de alimentos que podem ser utilizados na alimentação dos ovinos como as gramíneas forrageiras como o capim-andropogon, capim-braquiária, capim-buffel, capim tifton, estrela-africana, capim-massai, capim-mombaça, capim-colonião e capim-elefante; as leguminosas que são, muitas vezes, fontes alternativas de alimentos como o amendoim forrageiro, guandu, feijão andu, leucena, estilosantes, algaroba, gliricídia, sabiá etc.; os alimentos concentrados energéticos como a aveia, trigo, cevada, centeio, milho, sorgo, arroz e os subprodutos desses ingredientes; os alimentos concentrados proteicos como farelo de linhaça, farelo de girassol, farelo de amendoim, farelo de soja etc. Existem ainda, os alimentos provenientes da caatinga com alto potencial para a alimentação dos ovinos; a composição proteica desses alimentos e a parte comestível que pode ser fornecida aos ovinos é apresentada na tabela 27. -/- Tabela 27: Forragens nativas do nordeste brasileiro usadas como alimento Fonte: CODEVASF, 2011. A composição bromatológica dos ingredientes utilizados na alimentação dos ovinos, que é indispensável para a elaboração de dietas que supram os requisitos é apresentada na tabela 28. É importante frisar que existem outros ingredientes com alto potencial nutricional para os ovinos. Tabela 28: Composição bromatológica dos alimentos utilizados na alimentação de ovinos Alimento MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Concentrados energéticos Arroz farelo desengordurado 88,2 16,8 1,66 2,1 24,9 0,09 1,8 Arroz farelo desfinitizado 90,8 18 1,65 - - 0,31 2,04 Arroz farelo integral 88,9 13,4 16,4 3,3 87,5 0,11 1,73 Arroz farelo parboilizado 91,2 16,2 24,25 - - - 0,09 Arroz grão c/casca 89,1 8,2 3,9 2,0 56,1 0,09 0,08 Arroz grão s/casca 86,2 8,5 1,2 - - 0,04 0,16 Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Aveia grão 90,4 14,6 3,8 3,2 83,3 0,13 0,35 Batata 29,1 3,1 0,3 3,1 84,6 0,33 0,08 Batata doce - 6 0,6 - - 0,05 0,11 Beterraba 14 2 0,4 - - 0,18 0,12 Cacau farelo 88,8 15,9 4,5 2,4 64,5 0,74 0,5 Centeio grão 88,4 18,1 1,9 - - 0,68 0,42 Cevada grão 89,9 12,4 1,5 2,8 76,8 0,05 0,37 Dendê torta 91 15,4 9,3 3,1 82,3 0,2 0,75 Faveira vagem 77,3 11,2 1,25 - 72,5 - - Mandioca raspa 87,7 2,8 0,5 3,0 82,2 0,21 0,07 Milheto grão 88,1 12,1 3,2 - - - - Milho grão/fubá 88 9 4 3,3 87,7 0,03 0,26 MDPS 87,9 7,1 3,15 2,8 75,9 0,04 0,22 Milho espiga silagem 55,2 8,1 3,7 3,2 85,9 0,05 0,27 Milho gérmen farelo 89,9 11 22,9 3,9 103,8 0,03 0,42 Milho grão reidratado silagem 65,8 9,3 4,7 3,75 99,6 - - Milho silagem grão úmido 66,7 9,2 4,6 3,3 88,2 0,03 0,25 Polpa cítrica 88,4 6,9 3,1 2,9 78,3 1,8 0,13 Soja casca 90,1 12,6 2,2 2,7 72,5 0,52 0,16 Sorgo grão 88 9,3 2,9 3,1 84,4 0,07 0,29 Sorgo grão reidratado silagem 65,3 9,15 3,4 3,0 79,9 - - Trigo farelo 87,6 16,7 3,6 2,95 77,3 0,17 1,01 Trigo grão 89,1 14,2 1,45 - - - - Concentrados proteicos Algodão caroço 90,6 23,1 19,2 3,45 88,2 0,27 0,75 Algodão farelo 28 89,8 28 2,0 2,8 68,1 0,26 0,77 Algodão farelo 38 89,7 38 1,5 2,7 65,6 0,24 0,97 Algodão farelo 42 90,5 42 1,6 3,0 69,8 0,22 0,96 Algodão torta 90,4 29,6 9,5 3,0 75,6 0,28 0,58 Amendoim farelo 89,4 56 1,3 3,9 89,5 0,18 0,62 Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Amiréia 90,6 200 5,0 - 22 0,12 0,08 Babaçu farelo 90 20,6 1,6 2,75 71,9 0,13 0,36 Babaçu torta 90,8 19,3 8,0 3,0 78 0,15 0,69 Crambe farelo 89,1 35,9 1,2 3,1 73,9 0,29 0,47 Canola farelo 89,4 40,1 2,5 3,5 83,4 0,62 0,82 Colza farelo 91,2 40 5,2 - - 0,65 1,34 Colza grão 93,3 23,6 43,7 - - 0,24 0,81 Farinha de ostras 95,7 33,7 - - - 36,2 5,3 Feijão moído 89,6 24,2 1,5 3,2 80,8 0,54 0,43 Girassol farelo 90,2 31,4 1,9 2,9 71,1 0,3 0,9 Linhaça integral 90 21 34 - - 0,25 0,5 Linhaça torta - 32 3,5 - 75 0,4 0,8 Linhaça farelo 92 34 1,0 - - 0,6 0,6 Mamona farelo 89,6 38 2,7 2,95 70,9 0,7 0,77 Mamona farelo detoxificado 89,2 38,1 1,5 2,9 69,3 1,46 0,65 Mamona torta 89,2 31,8 7,0 3,3 81,6 0,72 0,84 Mamona torta detoxificada 86,3 34 5,5 3,0 73,9 2,14 0,8 Milho glúten 60 90,6 60 2,8 3,8 83,9 0,05 0,44 Milho glúten farelo 21 88,8 21 2,8 3,0 76,7 0,16 0,7 Nabo forrageiro torta 91,9 37,3 18,1 3,7 91,2 0,36 1,71 Milho (DDGS) 91,2 31,8 8,2 - 89 0,05 0,86 Resíduo de cervejaria 22,3 25,6 6,3 3,6 92,2 0,33 0,78 Milho – (DDG) 87,5 23,6 12,7 3,4 86,2 0,05 0,32 Milho (WDG) 31,8 32 6,7 - 93 0,05 0,35 Soja farelo 87 45 2,0 3,4 73 0,3 0,61 Soja farelo extrusado 96,7 41 10,6 3,7 89,7 0,07 0,57 Soja grão 92,8 37 18,8 4,1 87 0,25 0,58 Soja grão tostado 91,7 39,1 21 3,9 94,2 0,25 0,49 Ureia 97,9 280 - - - - - Coprodutos e/ou subprodutos Arroz palha 89 4,4 - - - - - Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Abacaxi desidratado 87,1 8,8 1,5 2,1 58,8 0,41 0,18 Acerola subproduto 84,2 11,7 2,4 1,85 51,2 0,41 0,18 Aveia palha 88,8 4,6 2,3 - - - - Batata doce folha - 26,8 - - - - - Batata doce rama 17,4 11,5 2,3 2,4 66,8 1,44 0,32 Cana-de-açúcar bagaço 91 2,0 0,69 1,7 46,6 0,21 0,07 Café casca 84,8 10,1 1,6 1,8 49,7 0,33 0,13 Capim elefante colmo 22 5,8 - 2,0 55,9 - - Caju subproduto suco 88,7 13,9 3,1 - 47,2 0,43 0,1 Maça bagaço 9,9 9,8 - - - - - Mandioca casca 88,6 4,5 1,15 2,7 74,5 0,48 0,06 Maracujá subproduto 85,8 11,9 2,4 1,85 50,8 0,53 0,13 Trigo palha 90 3,9 - - - - - Uva bagaço 35,2 15,9 - - - - - Forragens secas Alfafa feno 85,8 18,7 2,0 2,1 66,4 1,17 0,33 Alfafa feno peletizado 90 25 - - - - - Aveia feno 90 10 2,3 2,0 54 0,4 0,27 Aveia preta feno 87,7 9,9 1,75 - - - - Azevém feno 93 13,5 1,4 - - - - Brachiaria B. feno 88 4,2 1,2 1,9 54 0,33 0,11 Brachiaria D. feno 89 7 1,35 1,9 54,5 0,27 0,14 Cevada feno 90 9 2,1 2,1 57 0,3 0,28 Coast-cross feno 87 10,5 1,75 1,9 53 0,27 0,38 Capim elefante feno 87,3 6 1,8 1,8 52 0,24 0,18 Capim tifton 85 feno 88 9,9 1,45 2,2 57,7 0,33 0,27 Jureminha feno 88 15,9 2,0 1,9 51,7 - - Maniçoba feno 86 12 4,2 2,1 56,2 - - Trevo feno 89 16 2,2 2,1 57 1,73 0,24 Trigo feno 90 9 2,0 2,1 57 0,21 0,22 Triticale feno 90 10 - 2,0 56 0,3 0,26 Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Silagens (pré-secado) Alfafa silagem 30 18 3,0 2,0 55 1,4 0,29 Arroz silagem planta 37 8,5 - - - - - Aveia preta silagem 23,4 11 2,9 - - - - Aveia silagem 35 12 3,2 2,2 60 0,34 0,3 Azevém silagem 22,4 10,6 1,9 - - - - Cana-de-açúcar silagem 25,7 3,5 1,7 1,9 54,8 0,3 0,05 Cana silagem 0-0,5% CAO 28,9 2,8 1,1 2,2 62 - - Cana silagem 0,5% ureia 28,6 10 - - - - - Cana silagem 1% ureia 31 15 - - - - - Cana silagem 1,5% ureia 29 18 - - - - - Capim elefante silagem 27,5 5,5 2,2 1,7 50 0,31 0,2 Capim mombaça silagem 24,4 7,4 1,7 1,7 49,4 0,44 0,12 Cevada silagem 30 18 3,0 2,0 55 1,4 0,29 Estilosantes silagem 29,3 11,8 1,8 1,8 49 - - Girassol silagem 24,7 9,6 12,4 2,0 56,1 1,02 0,24 Milho silagem 31,1 7,2 2,9 2,3 63,8 0,28 0,19 Milheto silagem 19 15 3,8 2,3 62,7 - - Milho silagem sem espiga 21,3 6,4 1,4 1,9 53,6 - - Soja silagem 25,8 17,8 9,5 2,3 60 - - Sorgo silagem 32 9 2,7 2,1 59 0,48 0,21 Sorgo forrageiro silagem 28,1 6,3 3,4 2,3 63,9 0,14 0,14 Sorgo silagem com tanino 27,6 7,1 2,1 2,2 61,7 - - Sorgo silagem sem tanino 28 7,4 2,2 2,2 61 - - Triticale silagem 26,3 14 1,4 2,1 58 0,66 0,4 Trigo silagem 33 12 3,2 2,1 59 0,4 0,28 Forragens verdes Amendoim forrageiro 22,8 18,4 1,9 2,1 54,5 2,1 0,22 Cana-de-açúcar 28,9 2,8 1,5 2,3 64,5 0,24 0,08 Capim braquiária brizantha 34 6,9 2,0 1,8 52 0,31 0,11 Capim bb (46-60 dias) 20,8 9,5 4,0 2,0 55,7 0,71 0,47 Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Capim bb (61-90 dias) 24,9 6,5 4,0 2,1 58 0,46 0,38 Capim bb (91-120 dias) 27,7 4,8 1,2 1,9 54 0,58 0,17 Capim braquiária marandu 33,2 7,7 2,0 1,8 51,5 0,28 0,09 Capim bm (61-90 dias) 37,8 5,5 1,8 1,8 53 0,08 0,05 Capim braq. marandu outono 31 11,8 1,4 2,0 55 - - Capim bm primavera 27 11,3 2,0 2,1 58,7 - - Capim bm verão 29 12,3 1,8 2,0 54 - - Capim bb MG4 23 9,2 1,9 1,9 52,6 - - Capim bb MG4 (61-90 dias) 29 6,4 1,5 1,9 53 - - Capim bb piatã (61-90 dias) 34 4,7 1,7 1,9 55,8 - - Capim bb xaraés 23 9,3 1,5 2,0 56 0,6 0,09 Capim braquiária decumbens 28,5 6,7 1,8 1,8 51,5 0,4 0,1 Capim bd (61-90 dias) 27,8 7,2 2,1 1,7 49,3 0,3 0,19 Capim bb (91-120 dias) 30 5,7 2,1 1,9 55,2 0,3 0,2 Capim bd (121-150 dias) 43,7 5,1 2,1 2,0 56,7 0,72 0,28 Capim braquiária humidícola 28 7,4 2,5 1,9 54,8 0,38 0,12 Capim buffel (61-90 dias) 34,6 7,8 1,8 1,8 52,3 - - Capim coast cross 32,6 12,2 2,5 - 65,4 0,46 0,16 Capim colonião outono 29,4 14,7 1,3 - - - - Capim colonião primavera 23,4 14,6 1,6 - - - - Capim colonião verão 26,7 16,5 2,6 - - - - Capim elefante 21,7 7 2,3 1,7 50 0,36 0,23 Capim gordura 28 6,9 1,3 2,1 58 0,24 0,07 Capim massai (61-90 dias) 29,5 8 2,1 1,8 51,6 - - Capim mombaça 27 11 1,7 1,9 53 0,74 0,19 Capim mombaça (61-90 dias) 26,8 8,3 1,4 1,8 52 - 0,11 Capim setária (61-90 dias) 21,7 9 1,4 1,9 53,7 - - Capim sudão 19 12,9 2,9 2,0 55 - - Capim tanzânia 23,4 9,5 2,4 1,8 51 0,59 0,14 Capim tanzânia (61-90 dias) 31 5,6 1,7 1,8 53 - - Capim tifton 68 23 13,4 2,9 - - - 0,08 Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Capim tifton 85 27 12,9 2,0 1,4 39,5 0,54 0,5 Cunhã 29 16,6 5,1 2,6 69,5 - 0,18 Gliricídia 22 17 5,4 2,2 59 - - Leucena 32 21,2 3,9 2,7 69 0,86 0,18 Maniçoba 24,8 19,4 7,1 2,5 65,3 - 0,18 Milheto 20 12,2 3,1 2,2 60 0,72 0,26 Mororó 47,4 11,3 3,8 2,3 62 - - Palma miúda 11,3 4,1 2,6 2,3 64,2 3,84 0,22 Sabiá 43,6 12 4,3 2,3 62,2 - - Sorgo forrageiro 24 6,9 3,0 1,8 51,6 0,13 0,13 Forragens verdes e cultivadas Alfafa 25 22 2,7 - 65 1,64 0,23 Aveia branca 90 15 - - - - - Aveia preta 21 8 1,6 2,2 61,5 0,31 0,25 Aveia + Azevém (cultivada) 19 19 4,8 - - - - Azevém 15 15 3,6 - 68 0,43 0,28 Azevém pré-florescimento 17,5 15 1,7 2,4 66,6 0,42 0,3 Azevém início floresc. 22,4 12 1,5 2,3 63 0,45 0,27 Cana-de-açúcar caule 26 2,9 3,2 - - - - Cana-de-açúcar caule+folhas 24 7 3,0 2,3 63,5 0,23 0,21 Centeio 25 13 1,5 2,2 60 0,26 0,29 Cornichão 21 18 2,0 2,3 63 0,92 0,27 Festuca 24 8,5 1,8 2,3 64 0,32 0,3 Trevo branco 16 19 2,1 2,4 64 1,1 0,37 Amendoim branco 36,6 16,8 2,4 2,4 67 1,23 0,18 Braquiarão - 9 1,7 2,3 57 0,3 0,17 Capim colonião (20-60 dias) - 11-5 - - 61-47 0,45¹ 0,24² Capim pangola 35 7,5 - - 55 - - Guandu (40->90 dias) - 21-13 - - - - - Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Fontes alternativas (Nordeste) Coroa de frade 11 8 3,5 2,5 - 2,06 0,17 Facheiro 10,5 7,5 2,4 2,5 - 5,03 0,12 Mandacaru 14,5 3,5 1,8 2,5 - 3,06 0,07 Palma gigante 12 5 1,9 2,5 - 2,35 0,13 Xique-xique 13 6 1,3 1,7 48,3 3,12 0,07 Cana-de-açúcar caldo 23 0,3 - 2,0 - 0,01 0,02 Cana-de-açúcar levedura 89 35 1,9 2,0 - 0,48 0,73 Coco farelo 91 24 9,0 3,0 - 0,29 0,51 Capim buffel feno 87 4,5 1,2 1,2 - 0,21 0,06 Capim tifton feno 91 8,5 1,6 1,75 53 0,49 0,14 Cunhã feno 90,5 18 2,7 3,0 - 0,43 0,18 Erva-sal feno 89 9 1,6 - - 0,77 0,04 Feijão bravo feno 80 11,5 3,3 3,0 51 - - Flor de seda feno 75 14 6 1,9 - 2,6 0,22 Guandu feno - 14 2,7 - - - 0,11 Leucena feno 91 21 3,2 2,8 55 1,18 0,29 Mata-pasto feno 89 9,5 - - - 1,75 0,12 Sorgo forrageiro feno 90,8 4,2 - 2,0 - 0,4 0,22 Canafístula 40,8 12,9 4,6 2,0 54 - - Capim elefante roxo 20 8,5 3,5 - - 0,42 0,41 Géria 88 16 1,0 - - 1,17 0,21 Feijão dos arrozais 24 17 5,0 2,7 69 2,6 0,04 Glicirídia casca - 13 0,9 - - 2,06 0,18 Glicirídia caule - 5,6 0,4 - - 0,44 0,07 Glicirídia folha - 22,7 2,0 - - 2,44 0,18 Guandu parte aérea 35 19 5,0 - - 0,89 0,12 Jurema preta 35 12 9,0 - - 0,67 0,25 Leucena caule 49,4 7,5 2,1 - - 0,56 0,69 Leucena folha 35,5 24 2,2 - - 2,18 0,2 Mandioca folha 45 22 5,5 2,5 - 0,91 0,23 Continuação MS% PB% EE% EM (Mcal/kg) NDT% Ca% P% Siratro 25 16 2,7 - - 1,02 0,16 Umbuzeiro folha 15 15 8,6 - - 1,29 0,22 Mandioca parte aérea silagem 12,3 18 3,6 2,0 53 1,21 0,14 Caju castanha 97,5 21,9 40,1 5,5 128,9 - - Caju castanha farelo amêndoa 95 23,5 47 3,5 - 0,6 0,25 Caju farelo pseudofruto 89,5 14,8 6,0 - 75 0,06 0,04 Coco amêndoa farelo 96 25 21,7 2,7 - 0,31 0,26 Goiaba subproduto 55 8 4,7 - 35,7 0,15 0,36 Mandioca bagaço 87,6 2 0,6 - 65 0,14 1,8 Maracujá subproduto 92 11 0,7 1,8 52 0,42 0,22 Melão subproduto 92 14 2,1 0,95 37 0,56 0,8 Milho palha 92,3 5,1 0,4 2,5 54 0,15 0,13 Fontes de minerais Calcário 100% MS – 38% Ca e 1% Mg Calcário calcítico 100% MS – 33,6% Ca Calcário dolomítico 92% MS – 20,3% Ca e 9,6% Mg Cloreto de potássio 100% MS – 39,6% K Flor de enxofre 100% MS – 96% S Fosfato bicálcico 100% MS – 23% Ca – 18% P – 1% Mg – 0,08% K e 0,13% Na Fosfato tricálcico 99,6% MS – 40,2% Ca e 16% P Iodato de potássio 100% MS – 59,3% I Óxido de magnésio 98% MS – 0,58% Ca – 53,8% Mg e 0,03% Na Sal comum 99% MS – 39,5% Na – 2,7% Mn e 9,9% Zn – 1,3% Cu Selenito de sódio 100% MS – 45,6% Se Sulfato de cobalto 100% MS – 20% Co Sulfato de cobre 100% MS – 25,4% Cu Sulfato de manganês 100% MS – 32,5% Mn Sulfato de zinco 100% MS – 35% Zn Fontes proteicas de origem animal³ Proibidos na alimentação de ruminantes dada a IN MAPA – 8/2004 Art. 1º Fonte: DA SILVA, 2021. -/- FORMULAÇÃO DE RAÇÃO PARA OVINOS -/- A formulação de dietas para ovinos e caprinos de corte é análoga ao esquema de formulação para a espécie caprina e demais ruminantes. Sempre é necessário categorizar os animais para determinar situações como peso vivo do animal, estado fisiológico, isto é, se está produzindo ou não, idade etc.; posteriormente, faz-se necessário a busca pelas exigências nutricionais dos animais mediante a literatura, seja através das publicações do NRC, AFRC ou CSIRO; encontrada as exigências dos ovinos é necessário a avaliação de quais são os ingredientes disponíveis para a formulação da dieta e sua composição nutricional para ser utilizado de métodos matemáticos ou programações de computador para balancear as quantidades de cada um para que possam suprir a exigência do animal. Aqui, apresentarei situações de formulação práticas, que o profissional poderá se deparar no cotidiano profissional, dos quais os animais serão alimentados com o uso do creep-feeding e flushing; e animais em mantença, confinados para o ganho de peso, sob pastejo, gestantes e, por fim, em lactação com uma ou duas crias ao pé. Para a determinação das exigências dos animais utilizarei os valores aqui descritos que foram compilados do NRC, 2007 e descritos nas tabelas do capítulo 1. Para os alimentos serão usados os valores aqui presentes e compilados de diversos autores e descritos na tabela 28 do capítulo 2. A abordagem matemática utilizada para formular as dietas serão explicadas pelos métodos de formulação do quadrado de Pearson simples, que balanceia apenas um nutriente, ou duplo, que balanceia mais de um nutriente; pelo método algébrico com duas equações e dois ingredientes, ou três equações e três ou mais ingredientes, do qual esse método é capaz de sempre balancear dois ou três nutrientes, sendo os usados a PB e NDT. Os cálculos serão explicados de forma didática visando a facilidade para todos. EXEMPLO 1: formular uma ração para cordeiros com 12 dias de idade que exigem 20% de PB e 75% de NDT utilizando farelo de trigo, MDPS e farelo de soja. Deixar 1% para suplemento mineral e sal. Como 1% deve ser reservado para a inclusão de sal mineral e sal, a ração a ser formulada deve ser de 99%. 1º passo: composição dos alimentos: Ingredientes MS % PB % NDT % Farelo de trigo 89 16 75 MDPS 90 9 85 Farelo de soja 90 45 80 -/- 2º passo: montar o sistema de equações com 3 incógnitas onde x será farelo de trigo, y MDPS e z farelo de soja: Equação MS: x + y + z = 99 Equação PB: 0,16x + 0,09y + 0,45z = 20 Equação NDT: 0,75x + 0,85y + 0,80z = 75 Sendo: x farelo de trigo; y milho desintegrado com palha e sabugo; z farelo de soja; 0,16 a % de PB do farelo de trigo; 0,09 a % de PB do MDPS; 0,45 a % de PB do farelo de soja; 0,75 a % de NDT do FT; 0,85 a % de NDT do MDPS; 0,80 a % de NDT do FS. Sempre, para a resolução de um sistema de 3 equações, devemos juntar as equações 1 e 2, nesse caso as equações MS e PB, multiplicar os termos da equação 1 (MS) pelo termo da primeira incógnita da equação 2 (PB), que nesse caso é o de x e multiplicar todos os termos da equação PB por -1 para obter a equação 4. Do mesmo modo, posteriormente pegamos as equações MS e NDT que serão multiplicadas do mesmo método e os resultados serão adicionados para a determinação da equação 5. Vamos resolver para elucidar melhor: 1º - determinação da equação 4 através de MS e PB: Equação MS: x + y + z = 99 (x por 0,16) Equação PB: 0,16x + 0,09y + 0,45z = 20 (x por -1) 0,16x + 0,16y + 0,16z = 15,84 -0,16x - 0,09y - 0,45z = -20 0,07y – 0,29z = -4,16 (equação 4) 2º - determinação da equação 5 através de MS e NDT: Equação MS: x + y + z = 99 (x por 0,75) Equação PB: 0,75x + 0,85y + 0,80z = 75 (x por -1) 0,75x + 0,75y + 0,75z = 74,25 -0,75x - 0,85y - 0,80z = -75 -0,10y – 0,05z = -0,75 (equação 5) 3º - determinação de z através das equações 4 e 5: Equação 4: 0,07y – 0,29z = -4,16 (x por -0,10) Equação 5: -0,10y – 0,05z = -0,75 (x por 0,07) -0,007y + 0,029z = 0,416 -0,007y - 0,0035z = -0,0525 0,0255z = 0,3635 z = 14,25 4º - substituindo o valor de z (14,25) na equação 4 vamos determinar y: 0,07y – (0,29 x 14,25) = -4,16 0,07y – 4,1325 = -4,16 0,07y = -4,16 + 4,1325 0,07y = -0,0275 x -1 (para o resultado ser positivo) y = 0,39 5º - usando a equação MS para determinar x: MS = x + y + z = 99 x = 99 – y – z x = 99 – 0,39 – 14,25 x = 84,36 3º passo: resolvendo o sistema em 3 passos com, as equações MS e PB para determinar a equação 4, com a MS e NDT para determinar a equação 5 e com as 4 e 5 para determinar z, encontramos z = 14,25; y = 0,39 e x = 84,36. 4º passo: verificar a ração: Os valores encontrados no sistema de equação refletem a quantidade de MS dos ingredientes. Para calcular o valor dos ingredientes com base na matéria natural, fazemos a divisão da quantidade de MS pela porcentagem de MS do ingrediente, desta forma: - matéria natural dos ingredientes, tal qual será misturada à ração: Farelo de trigo: 84,36/0,89 = 94,8 kg MDPS: 0,39/0,9 = 0,43 kg Farelo de soja: 14,25/0,9 = 15,83 kg Suplemento mineral e sal: 1/1 (como exemplo um suplemento com 100% de MS) = 1 kg - calcular a % dos ingredientes: a soma com base na matéria natural é 112,06, então: Farelo de trigo: 94,8/112,06 x 100 = 84,6% MDPS: 0,43/112,06 x 100 = 0,4% Farelo de soja: 15,83/112,06 x 100 = 14,1% Suplemento e sal: 1/112,06 x 100 = 0,9% - verificar a proteína bruta dos ingredientes: Farelo de trigo: 100 kg ---------- 16% PB 84,36 kg ---------- x% PB x = 84,36 x 16/100 x = 13,5% MDPS: do mesmo modo, teremos: 0,39 x 9/100 = 0,1% Farelo de soja: teremos: 14,25 x 45/100 = 6,4% A soma das proteínas é 20%, a exigência foi suprida. - verificar o NDT dos ingredientes: Farelo de trigo: 100 kg ---------- 75% NDT 84,36 kg ---------- x% NDT x = 84,36 x 75/100 x = 63,27% MDPS: 0,39 x 85/100 = 0,33% Farelo de soja: 14,25 x 80/100 = 11,4% A soma do NDT é 75%, a exigência foi suprida. Verificando os resultados no quadro: Ingrediente MS kg MN kg % final PB % NDT % Farelo de trigo 84,36 94,8 84,6 13,5 63,27 MDPS 0,39 0,43 0,4 0,1 0,33 Farelo de soja 14,25 15,83 14,1 6,4 11,4 Suplemento e sal 1 1 0,9 - - TOTAL 100 112,06 100 20 75 Exigência 100 - 100 20 75 DÉFICE - - - - - -/- O fornecimento da ração deverá ser à vontade. -/- EXEMPLO 2: formular dieta para ovinos da raça Dorper em mantença com média de 70 kg PV. Os alimentos disponíveis na propriedade são cana-de-açúcar com 1% de ureia, raspa de mandioca e farelo de girassol. O animal em mantença ganha cerca de 10 g/dia de PV. Deixar ER de 1,5% para suplemento mineral e sal. 1º passo: exigências nutricionais do animal: Exigência CMS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g TOTAL 1100 110 660 4 3 TOTAL % 100 10 60 0,36 0,27 -/- 2º passo: composição dos alimentos disponíveis: Ingrediente MS % PB % NDT % Ca % P % Cana e ureia 30 11 58 0,21 0,06 Raspa de mandioca 88 3 74 0,15 0,8 Farelo de girassol 90 45 65 0,6 0,9 Calcário 100 - - 38 - Fosfato bicálcico 100 - - 23 18 -/- 3º passo: montar o sistema de resolução com 3 equações e 3 incógnitas para determinar as quantidades de x raspa, y cana com ureia e z farelo de girassol: Equação MS: x + y + z = 98,5 Equação PB: 0,03x + 0,11y + 0,45z = 10 Equação NDT: 0,74x + 0,58y + 0,65z = 60 4º passo: da resolução, análoga ao exemplo 1, encontramos 17,2% de raspa de mandioca, 79,7% de cana com ureia e 1,6% de farelo de girassol. 5º passo: 98,5% de um CMS de 1100 g equivale a 1083,5 g, logo, calculamos a quantidade dos ingredientes para esse consumo: Raspa: 1100 x 17,2% = 189,2 g MS Cana com ureia: 1100 x 79,7% = 876,7 g MS Farelo de girassol: 1100 x 1,6% = 17,6 g MS A soma das quantidades é 1083,5 g MS que corresponde a 98,5% de 1100 g. 6º passo: verificação da ração: Ingrediente MS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g Raspa 189,2 5,7 140 0,3 1,5 Cana 876,7 96,4 508,5 1,8 0,5 Farelo 17,6 7,9 11,5 0,1 0,2 ER - - - - - TOTAL 1083,5 110 660 2,2 2,2 Exigência 1100 110 660 4 3 DÉFICE 16,5 - - 1,8 0,8 -/- 7º passo: a proteína e a energia foram balanceadas, agora vamos ao ajuste mineral com a adição de fosfato bicálcico (18% de P e 23% Ca) e calcário (38% Ca) para suprir o défice de Ca e P: Para P: 100 g de fosfato ---------- 18 g de P x g de fosfato ---------- 0,8 g de P (défice da ração) x = 0,8 x 100/18 = 4,5 g de fosfato bicálcico supre os 0,8 g de P Como o fosfato possui Ca, vamos ver quantos g do mineral existem em 4,5 g: 100 g de fosfato ---------- 23 g de Ca 4,5 g de fosfato ------------ x g de Ca x = 4,5 x 23/100 = 1 g de Ca Como há défice de 1,8 g de Ca na ração e o fosfato possui 1 g de Ca, o novo défice de Ca é 0,8 g, logo: Para Ca: 100 g de calcário ---------- 38 g Ca X g de calcário ---------- 0,8 g Ca x = 0,8 x 100/38 = 2,1 g de calcário supre os 0,8 g de Ca Para P: 4,5 g de fosfato possui 0,8 g de P e 1 g de Ca Para Ca: 2,1 g de calcário possui 0,8 g de Ca 8º passo: composição final da dieta: Ingrediente MS g MN g % final PB g NDT g Ca g P g Raspa 189,2 215 6,8 5,7 140 0,3 1,5 Cana 876,7 2923 92,3 96,4 508,5 1,8 0,5 Farelo 17,6 19,6 0,6 7,9 11,5 0,1 0,2 Fosfato 4,5 4,5 0,2 - - 1,0 0,8 Calcário 2,1 2,1 0,1 - - 0,8 - TOTAL 1090,1 3164,1 100 110 660 4 3 Exigência 1100 - 100 110 660 4 3 DÉFICE 9,9 - - - - - - -/- Por fim, para um ovino Dorper de 70 de kg PV em mantença são necessários o fornecimento de 3 kg de cana-de-açúcar com 1% ureia para a ração volumosa e uma mistura concentrada composta por 220 g de raspa de mandioca, 20 g de farelo de girassol, 5 g de fosfato bicálcico e 2,5 g de calcário para cada animal/dia. Poderá ser adicionado sal comum à ração para usar os 10 g de MS que sobram. A relação Ca:P da dieta é de 1,3:1. -/- EXEMPLO 3: formular dieta para fêmeas que encontram-se magras e estão próximas da estação de monta. A estratégia nutricional é a utilização do flushing que objetiva a administração suplementar de concentrado para maximizar a taxa de concepção. O lote possui 10 ovelhas com 50 kg de PV que estão ganhando cerca de 100 g de PV/dia. Por fim, calcule o total de alimentos necessários para as 10 ovelhas durante um período de 3 semanas, ou 20 dias. Os alimentos disponíveis para a formulação são bagaço de cana, MDPS e farelo de soja. Deixar 2% de ER para suplemento mineral e sal. 1º passo: determinação das exigências nutricionais: Exigência CMS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g Total 1600 152 945 6 3 TOTAL % 100% 9,5% 59% 0,38% 0,19% -/- 2º passo: composição dos alimentos disponíveis: Ingrediente MS % PB % NDT % Ca % P % Bagaço 90 2 47 0,21 0,06 MDPS 88 8 72 0,1 0,2 Farelo de soja 90 50 84 0,29 0,64 Calcário 100 - - 38 - Fosfato bicálcico 100 - - 23 18 -/- 3º passo: montar o sistema de 3 equações e 3 incógnitas onde x é bagaço, y MDPS e z farelo de soja, de modo que uma dada quantidade supra os requerimentos de 0,152 kg de PB (9,5%) e 0,945 kg de NDT (59%). Podemos solucionar de duas formas: 1ª forma: Equação MS: x + y + z = 98 Equação PB: 0,02x + 0,08y + 0,50z = 9,5 Equação NDT: 0,47x + 0,72y + 0,84z = 59 2ª forma: Equação MS: x + y + z = 1,568 Equação PB: 0,02x + 0,08y + 0,50z = 0,152 Equação NDT: 0,47x + 0,72y + 0,84z = 0,945 4º passo: dada a resolução do sistema, seguindo os mesmos passos do exemplo 1, encon-tramos x = 51,7%; y = 35% e z = 11,3%. De 98% do CMS de 1,6 kg ou 1600 g, teremos as quantidades de MS de cada ingrediente: Bagaço: 1600 x 51,7% = 827,2 g MS MDPS: 1600 x 35% = 560 g MS Farelo: 1600 x 11,3% = 180,8 g MS A soma dos ingredientes é 1568 que corresponde a 98% de 1600 g. -/- 5º passo: verificação da ração: Ingrediente MS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g Bagaço 827,2 16,5 389 1,7 0,6 MDPS 560 45 404 0,6 1,1 Farelo 180,8 90,5 152 0,5 1,1 TOTAL 1568 152 945 2,8 2,8 Exigência 1600 152 945 6 3 DÉFICE 32 - - 3,2 0,2 -/- 6º passo: balanceamento de Ca e P: Para P: 1,2 g de fosfato bicálcico possui 0,2 g P e 0,3 g de Ca Para Ca: 7,7 g de calcário possui 2,9 g de Ca 7º passo: verificação e composição final da dieta: Ingrediente MS g MN g % final PB g NDT g Ca g P g Bagaço 827,2 920 52,1 16,5 389 1,7 0,6 MDPS 560 637 36,1 45 404 0,6 1,1 Farelo 180,8 200 11,3 90,5 152 0,5 1,1 Calcário 7,7 7,7 0,4 - - 2,9 - Fosfato 1,2 1,2 0,1 - - 0,3 0,2 TOTAL 1576,9 1765,9 100 152 945 6 3 Exigência 1600 - 100 152 945 6 3 DÉFICE 23,1 - - - - - - -/- Por fim, para cada fêmea com 50 kg de PV são necessários 920 g de bagaço de cana, 640 g de MDPS, 200 g de farelo de soja, 8 g de calcário e 2 g de fosfato bicálcico diariamente. A relação Ca:P da dieta é de 2:1 e a composição é de 9,6% PB, 59,9% NDT, 0,38% Ca e 0,19% de P. Ração para o lote total de 10 fêmeas por 3 semanas ou 20 dias: 8º passo: multiplicar a quantidade de cada ingrediente pelo número de cabeças para determinar o consumo do lote em um dia: Bagaço: 920 g x 10 animais = 9,2 kg/dia, e assim com os demais MDPS: 5,6 kg/dia; farelo de soja: 1,81 kg/dia; calcário: 0,08 kg/dia e fosfato: 0,02 kg/dia 9º passo: para um período de 20 dias: Bagaço: 9,2 x 20 dias = 184 kg, e assim com os demais MDPS: 112 kg; farelo de soja: 36,2 kg; calcário: 1,6 kg e fosfato: 0,4 kg Em um período de flushing de 3 semanas, as fêmeas ganharão 2 kg de PV e serão gastos 184 kg de bagaço de cana, 112 kg de MDPS, 36,2 kg de farelo de soja, 1,6 kg de calcário e 0,24 kg de fosfato bicálcico. Considerando perdas é necessário aumentar a quantidade dos ingredientes em +10% ou +15%. -/- EXEMPLO 4: em uma propriedade no Agreste de Pernambuco, um produtor possui um lote de ovinos da raça Santa-Inês e deseja formular uma dieta para manter seus animais durante um período escasso de chuvas. Os alimentos disponíveis na propriedade são palma, capim tifton e leucena. O peso médio dos animais é de 40 kg PV. 1º passo: exigências dos animais: CMS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g 770 60 410 2 1,5 100% 7,8% 53,2% 0,26% 0,19% -/- 2º passo: composição dos ingredientes: Ingrediente MS % PB % NDT % Ca % P % Palma 10 4 60 1,8 0,2 Tifton 27 13 40 0,54 0,5 Leucena 35 24 65 2 0,2 -/- 3º passo: montar o sistema de equações onde x é palma, y tifton e z leucena: Equação MS: x + y + z = 100 Equação PB: 0,04x + 0,13y + 0,24z = 7,8 Equação NDT: 0,60x + 0,40y + 0,65z = 53,2 Ou: MS: x + y + z = 0,77 PB: 0,04x + 0,13y + 0,24z = 0,06 NDT: 0,60x + 0,40y + 0,65z = 0,41 4º passo: as duas formas podem solucionar o problema, a primeira é expressa em porcentagem e a segunda na quantidade em kg do ingrediente conforme o CMS da equação MS. Logo, da resolução de ambos os sistemas encontramos os seguintes valores: 1ª forma: x = 61,6%; y = 34,9% e z = 3,5% = 100% do CMS 2ª forma: x = 474,3 g; y = 268,7 g e z = 27 g = 770 g do CMS 5º passo: verificação da ração: Ingrediente MS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g Palma 474,3 19 284,8 8,5 0,9 Tifton 268,7 35 107,6 1,4 1,3 Leucena 27 6 17,6 0,5 0,05 TOTAL 770 60 410 10,4 2,25 Exigência 770 60 410 2 1,5 DÉFICE - - - +8,4 +0,75 -/- 6º passo: há uma exponencial diferença entre a quantidade de cálcio e a de fósforo, dado que os ingredientes são ricos em Ca. A relação máxima que os ruminantes suportam entre Ca:P chega a 3:1 e o balanço da ração é de 4,6:1, logo é necessário a adição de P para diminuir a diferença. Em nosso caso, utilizaremos uma fonte única de P com 24%. Para um bom balanceamento, vamos diminuir a relação para 2,6:1, para isso é necessário que haja 4 g de P na ração e há 2,25 g, então é necessário a adição de 1,75 g de P. Logo: Para P: 100 g produto ---------- 24 g P X g produto ---------- 1,75 g P x = 7,3 g de fonte de P com 24%. -/- 7º passo: composição final da dieta: Ingrediente MS g MN g % final PB g NDT g Ca g P g Palma 474,3 4743 81,5 19 284,8 8,5 0,9 Tifton 268,7 995,2 17,1 35 107,6 1,4 1,3 Leucena 27 77,2 1,3 6 17,6 0,5 0,05 Fonte de P 7,3 7,3 0,1 - - - 1,75 TOTAL 777,3 5822,7 100 60 410 10,4 4 Exigência 770 - 100 60 410 2 1,5 DÉFICE +7,3 - - - - +8,4 +2,5 -/- Por fim, para mantença do lote de ovinos com 40 kg PV, situados no Agreste de Pernambuco, são necessários o fornecimento de 4,7 kg de palma forrageira picada, 1 kg de tifton, 80 g de leucena e 8 g de fonte de P com 24% para cada animal diariamente. O animal vai consumir 5,82 kg de ração por dia para suprir seu requerimento de 0,77 kg de MS. A relação Ca:P da dieta, após a adição da fonte de P, é aceitável ao animal, ou seja, não o prejudica já que está dentro dos limites, sendo de 2,6:1. A composição da ração é 7,7% PB, 52,7% NDT, 1,3% Ca e 0,5% de P. -/- EXEMPLO 5: formular dieta para cordeiros desmamados precocemente com crescimen-to moderado. O lote possui peso médio de 20 kg e estão ganhando cerca de 250 g de PV/dia. Os alimentos disponíveis são fubá de milho, farelo de trigo e farelo de soja. Calcule a quantidade de ração necessária para um lote de 100 cordeiros confinados para serem abatidos com 40 kg PV. Deixar 1,5% para suplemento mineral e sal. 1º passo: exigências do animal: CMS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g 1000 168 800 5,5 3 100% 16,8% 80% 0,55% 0,30% -/- 2º passo: composição dos ingredientes: Ingredientes MS % PB % NDT % Ca % P % Fubá de milho 88 9 86 0,03 0,31 Farelo de trigo 88 16 75 0,15 0,80 Farelo de soja 90 50 84 0,30 0,65 -/- 3º passo: sistema de equações onde x é milho, y farelo de trigo e z farelo de soja: Equação MS: x + y + z = 98,5 Equação PB: 0,09x + 0,16y + 0,50z = 16,8 Equação NDT: 0,86x + 0,75y + 0,84z = 80 Ou: MS: x + y + z = 0,985 PB: 0,09x + 0,16y + 0,50z = 0,168 NDT: 0,86x + 0,75y + 0,84z = 0,800 4º passo: da resolução através da segunda forma, encontramos os seguintes valores: Xmilho: 455 g MS Ytrigo: 406 g MS Zsoja: 124 g MS 5º passo: verificação da ração: Ingredientes MS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g Milho 455 41 391,3 0,14 1,4 Farelo de trigo 406 65 304,5 0,61 3,2 Farelo de soja 124 62 104,2 0,37 0,8 TOTAL 985 168 800 1,12 5,4 Exigência 1000 168 800 5,5 3 DÉFICE -15 - - -4,38 +2,4 -/- 6º passo: ajuste mineral com calcário usando o ER de 1,5% ou 15 g de um CMS 1000 g. 100 g ---------- 38 g Ca x g ---------- 4,38 g Ca x = 12 g de calcário 7º passo: verificação e composição final da dieta: Ingredientes MS g MN g % final PB g NDT g Ca g P g Milho 455 517,1 45,8 41 391,3 0,14 1,4 Farelo de trigo 406 461,4 40,9 65 304,5 0,61 3,2 Farelo de soja 124 137,8 12,2 62 104,2 0,37 0,8 Calcário 12 12 1,1 - - 4,5 - TOTAL 997 1128,3 100 168 800 5,62 5,4 Exigência 1000 - 100 168 800 5,5 3 DÉFICE -3 - - - - +0,12 +2,4 -/- Por fim, serão necessários diariamente o fornecimento de 1,13 kg de ração/ani-mal/dia composta por 45,8% de milho, 40,9% de farelo de trigo, 12,2% de farelo de soja e 1,1% de calcário. O CMS da ração é exatamente o exigido pelo animal e a ração possui balanço Ca:P de 1:1. Cálculo da ração para lote de 100 cordeiros para engorda de 20 kg PV com GPD 0,25 kg 8º passo: quantidade/dia: Cada animal deverá consumir uma certa quantidade, para determinar o total para 100 animais basta multiplicar a quantidade pelo número de animais, no caso 100, logo: Milho: 51,7 kg/dia; trigo: 46,14 kg/dia; soja: 13,78 kg/dia e calcário: 1,2 kg/dia 9º passo: quantidade total para tempo de confinamento: Basta multiplicar a quantidade de alimento/dia pelo número de dias da engorda. Os animais entraram em confinamento com 20 kg e ganham 0,25 kg/dia, para alcançar 40 kg serão necessários, portanto, 80 dias (20 kg PV/0,25 kg). Logo: Milho: 4,14 toneladas; trigo: 3,7 ton.; soja: 1,1 ton. e calcário: 96 kg. -/- EXEMPLO 6: formular dieta para cordeiros da raça Santa Inês que foram desmamados precocemente. O lote possui peso de 10 kg e possui alto potencial de crescimento, ou seja, ganham, em média, 250 g de PV/dia. Os alimentos disponíveis para a formulação são raspa de mandioca, milho e farelo de soja. Por fim, calcule a ração necessária para 100 cordeiros para um tempo de engorda onde os animais sairão para abate com 70 kg de PV. 1º passo: exigências nutricionais do animal: CMS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g 600 160 480 6 3 100% 26,7% 80% 1% 0,5% -/- 2º passo: composição dos alimentos: Ingrediente MS % PB % NDT % Ca % P % Raspa de mandioca 88 3 74 0,15 0,8 Milho 89 9 86 0,03 0,31 Farelo de soja 90 45 80 0,3 0,65 -/- 3º passo: montar o sistema de equações onde x é raspa, y milho e z farelo de soja: Equação MS: x + y + z = 0,600 Equação PB: 0,03x + 0,09y + 0,45z = 0,160 Equação NDT: 0,74x + 0,86y + 0,80z = 0,480 4º passo: dada a resolução do sistema, encontramos os seguintes valores em MS: x = 0,140 kg MS de raspa de mandioca y = 0,140 kg MS de milho z = 0,320 kg MS de farelo de soja 5º passo: verificação da ração: Ingrediente MS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g Raspa 140 4 103,6 0,21 1,1 Milho 140 12,6 120,4 0,03 0,4 Farelo 320 144 256 0,96 2,1 TOTAL 600 160,6 480 1,2 3,6 Exigência 600 160 480 6 3 DÉFICE - - - -4,8 +0,6 -/- 6º passo: balancear Ca e P adicionando calcário: 13 g de calcário possui 4,9 g de Ca 7º passo: verificação e composição final da dieta: Ingrediente MS g MN g % final PB g NDT g Ca g P g Raspa de mandioca 140 159,1 23,2 4 103,6 0,21 1,1 Milho 140 157,3 23 12,6 120,4 0,03 0,4 Farelo de soja 320 355,6 51,9 144 256 0,96 2,1 Calcário 13 13 1,9 - - 4,9 - TOTAL 613 685 100 160,6 480 6,1 3,6 Exigência 600 - 100 160 480 6 3 DÉFICE +13 - - - - - - -/- Por fim, para cordeiros de 10 kg PV com alto potencial e GPD de 0,25 kg é necessária uma ração que contenha 160 g de raspa de mandioca, 160 g de milho moído, 360 g de farelo de soja e 15 g de calcário para cada animal diariamente. O CMS da ração ultrapassou a exigência do animal em 13 g o que é aceitável. O balanço Ca:P é de 1,7:1 que está dentro da zona de conforto. A composição da dieta é de 26,2% PB, 78,3% NDT, 1% Ca e 0,59% P. Cálculo da ração para lote de 100 cordeiros para abate com 70 kg PV 8º passo: quantidade de cada alimento diariamente: Raspa: 159,1 g x 100 animais = 15,91 kg, seguindo o mesmo esquema: milho: 15,73 kg; soja: 35,56 kg e calcário 1,3 kg. 9º passo: os animais deverão ir para abate com 70 kg, logo deverão ganhar 60 kg de PV. Com um ganho de 250 g/dia, o tempo total de engorda será de 240 dias (60 kg/0,25 kg), logo: Raspa: 15,91 x 240 = 3,82 toneladas, seguindo igual: milho: 3,78 ton.; soja: 8,54 ton. e calcário: 312 kg. -/- EXEMPLO 7: em uma propriedade no Rio Grande do Sul um ovinocultor desmamou 50 animais com 30 kg PV para confiná-los. A estimativa é que os animais ganhem 150 g de PV diariamente até que alcancem 50 kg para abate. A propriedade dispõe de silagem de capim-elefante, aveia e glúten de milho para fornecer aos animais. Formule uma dieta para esses animais para ser fornecida diariamente e a quantidade de ingredientes neces-sária para o período de engorda. DADOS, segundo QUADROS & CRUZ, as exigências são CMS: 3,35% PV, PB: 115 g; NDT: 630 g. 1º passo: composição dos ingredientes: Ingrediente MS % PB % NDT % Silagem de capim-elefante 27 5 60 Aveia 88 11 65 Glúten de milho 90 62 85 -/- 2º passo: sabendo-se que o CMS de 3,35% de 30 kg equivale a 1 kg MS, montamos o sistema de equações onde x é silagem, y aveia e z glúten: Equação MS: x + y + z = 1 Equação PB: 0,05x + 0,11y + 0,62z = 0,115 Equação NDT: 0,60x + 0,65y + 0,85z = 0,630 3º passo: da resolução do sistema encontramos: x = 830 g MS de silagem y = 63 g MS de aveia z = 107 g MS de glúten de milho 4º passo: verificação da ração: Ingrediente MS g PB g NDT g Silagem de capim-elefante 830 41,5 498 Aveia 63 7 71 Glúten de milho 107 66,5 91 TOTAL 1000 115 630 Exigência 1000 115 630 DÉFICE - - - -/- 5º passo: composição final da ração com base na matéria natural tal como vai para o misturador: Ingrediente MN g % final Silagem de capim-elefante 3074,1 94,2 Aveia 71,6 2,2 Glúten de milho 118,9 3,6 TOTAL 3264,6 100 -/- Por fim, para cada ovino/dia é necessário a administração de 3,1 kg de silagem de capim-elefante e uma mistura de 200 g de concentrado com 80 g de aveia e 120 g de glúten de milho. O CMS da ração é exatamente a exigência do animal. Neste exemplo não determinamos o conteúdo mineral da dieta, mas você pode fazê-lo de acordo com o percentual de mineral do dado ingrediente. Quantidade de alimentos/dia e por período de engorda 6º passo: quantidade de ingredientes por dia, basta multiplicar quantidade/animal x total de animais: Silagem: 153,7 kg/dia; aveia: 3,6 kg/dia e glúten: 6 kg/dia 7º passo: quantidade por período de engorda: os animais têm 30 kg PV e deverão sair para abate com 50 kg PV, logo deverão ganhar 20 kg PV. Como ganham cerca de 0,15 kg/dia o período de engorda será de 134 dias (20 kg/0,15 kg). Então: Silagem: 153,7 x 134 = 20,6 ton.; aveia: 482 kg e glúten: 804 kg -/- EXEMPLO 8: em uma propriedade na cidade de Belo Jardim, Pernambuco, 10 ovelhas estão nas primeiras semanas de lactação, todas tiveram parto de um cordeiro. O lote possui peso variado, mas o médio é de 60 kg PV e perdem cerca de 25 g/dia. Os alimentos disponíveis para a formulação da dieta são capim tifton com melaço, casca de soja e farelo de mamona detoxificado. 1º passo: determinação das exigências nutricionais: CMS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g 2300 320 1500 10 7 100% 13,9% 65,2% 0,43% 0,3% -/- 2º passo: composição dos ingredientes: Ingrediente MS % PB % NDT % Ca % P % Casca de soja 90 12 75 0,6 0,2 Capim + melaço 35 5 25 0,32 0,12 Farelo de mamona 90 40 40 0,7 0,7 -/- 3º passo: montar o sistema de equações onde x é casca de soja, y é capim tifton com melaço e z é farelo de mamona: Equação MS: x + y + z = 2,3 Equação PB: 0,12x + 0,05y + 0,40z = 0,32 Equação NDT: 0,75x + 0,25y + 0,40z = 1,5 4º passo: da resolução do sistema, encontramos: x = 1,78 kg MS de casca de soja y = 0,29 kg MS de capim + melaço z = 0,23 kg MS de farelo de mamona O total é exatamente o CMS requerido de 2,3 kg MS. 5º passo: verificação da ração: Ingrediente MS g PB g NDT g Ca g P g Casca de soja 1780 213,6 1335 5,7 2,1 Capim + melaço 290 14,5 73 1,8 0,6 Farelo de mamona 230 92 92 1,6 1,6 TOTAL 2300 320,1 1500 9,1 4,3 Exigência 2300 320 1500 10 7 DÉFICE - - - -0,9 -2,7 -/- 6º passo: há deficiência de Ca e P, vamos balanceá-los: Para P: 15 g de fosfat. 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This article examines whether people share the Gettier intuition (viz. that someone who has a true justified belief that p may nonetheless fail to know that p) in 24 sites, located in 23 countries (counting Hong-Kong as a distinct country) and across 17 languages. We also consider the possible influence of gender and personality on this intuition with a very large sample size. Finally, we examine whether the Gettier intuition varies across people as a function of their disposition to engage (...) in “reflective” thinking. (shrink)

Objective: Our study is a cross-sectional study that aims to evaluate the presence and levels of anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antibodies in healthy volunteers and idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) patients and to assess the relationship between these levels and clinical parameters. -/- Methods: Serum anti-PLA2R antibody levels, complete blood count, urea, creatinine (Kre), total protein,albumin, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, total cholesterol, C-reactive protein (crp), sedimentation, proteinuria were measured from 71 IMN patients and 48 healthy volunteers. (...) -/- Results: Of the values compared between the two groups, the urea, creatinine, and modified diet renal disease (MDRD) were similar, total protein, albumin, LDL-cholesterol, TG, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and complete urinalysis protein values were statistically significantly high in the patient group, as expected in nephrotic syndrome (p<0.01). The anti-PLA2Rantibody levels measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in patient and control groups were found to be negative. The anti-PLA2R level was found to be 0.104 (0.093-0.129) ng/ml in the IMN group, while it was 0.141 (0.117-0.177) ng/ml in the control group (P=0,001). Although the P value was significant, the anti-PLA2R antibody level was found to be high in the control group and was outside the reference range of the kit. -/- Conclusion: There is a need to conduct more sensitive studies with a higher number of patients in order to distinguish between primary and secondary nature and to investigate the presence of anti-PLA2R in IMNpatients, which constitute the majority of nephrotic syndromes in adults. Antibody titer levels were observed to be low and it was revealed that the measurement range of the antibody kit used in the study should be more sensitive. (shrink)

An introduction to the special issue of the Journal “Forum Philosophicum” that contains nine studies dealing with a cluster of metaphysical questions of cross-cultural importance: H. Watzka, “A new realistic spirit: the analytical and the existential approaches to ontology”; P. Gilbert, “Voilà pourquoi je ne suis pas ‘ontologue’; P. Favraux, “La pertinence de l’ontologie pour la théologie”; E. Charmetant, "Naturalisme contemporain et ontologie humaine : vers un essentialisme différent"; J. Bremer, "Aristotle on touch”; T. Walsh, "Bonum est causa mali: (...) a problem and an opportunity for metaphysics in the thought of Thomas Aquinas and Hegel”; A. J. Carroll, “Disenchantment, rationality and the modernity of Max Weber”; G. Karuvelil, “Religious experience: reframing the question”; L. Caruana “Universal claims”. (shrink)

Sheep production is the most representative livestock activities in Brazil and in the world. However, the reproductive performance of these animals is determined by factors genetic, physical environment, management and, especially, nutritional. Thirty half-breed lambs from Dorper × Santa Inês were used, with initial weight and age of 31.87 ± 0.5 kg and 157 days, respectively. These animals were prepared on a diet with three food levels (ad libitum, 30% and 70%). Morphometric measurements were measured at intervals of 16 to (...) 20 days in 56 experimental days. The measurements performed were scrotal circumference (CE), chest circumference (CT), body condition score (ECC), withers height (AC) and scrotal bag thickness (EBE), body weight (CP) and semen collection. Interaction occurrence for biometric measurements between food levels and age (p <0.05). The TC and ECC values were higher in animals fed ad libitum (p <0.001). EBE had higher values in animals ad libitum and at 211 days of age (p <0.001). The CP was increasing for the animals ad libitum and (p <0.05) throughout the experiment, while the T30 was only in the initial period. T70 animals did not grow during the whole experiment. CE was influenced by diet (p <0.001) and age (p <0.001) independently. So that animals under food restriction had less development and was higher in older animals. The AC values were influenced only by age (p <0.001), demonstrating the effect of age growth. We conclude that it is not advantageous to submit lambs, it corrects food reproduction. Although it was not possible to assess whether initial malnutrition would bring future problems for the animal's seminal quality, it proved to be immensely negative for the onset of puberty and the development of reproductive structures. -/- REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS AKUMBUGU, F. E., et al. Correlation between Body and Testicular Biometric Characteristics of West African Dwarf Rams. Multidisciplinary Advances in Veterinary Science. 2.4, 2018 ALLAOUI, A. et al. Factors affecting scrotal measurements and weight of Ouled Djellal rams in Eastern and South-eastern Algeria. APCBEE procedia, v. 8, p. 260-265, 2014. ALVES, J. M. et al. Estação de nascimento e puberdade em cordeiros Santa Inês. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 35, n. 3, p. 958-966, 2006. ALVES, K. S. et al. Níveis de energia em dietas para ovinos Santa Inês: características de carcaça e constituintes corporais. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 32, n. 6, p. 1927-1936, 2003. BIELLI, A. et al. Low maternal nutrition during pregnancy reduces the number of Sertoli cells in the newborn lamb. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, v. 14, n. 6, p. 333-337, 2002. BROWN, D. C.; STIRLING, H. F.; KELNAR, C. J. H. Precocious puberty. Paediatrics and Child Health, v. 4, n. 3, p. 184-188, 1994. BUDAI, C. Performance and adaptability of the Dorper sheep breed under Hungarian and Romanian rearing conditions. Scientific Papers Animal Science and Biotechnologies, v. 46, n. 1, p. 344-349, 2013. CARNEIRO, P. L. S. et al. Desenvolvimento ponderal e diversidade fenotípica entre cruzamentos de ovinos Dorper com raças locais. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v. 42, n. 7, p. 991-998, 2007. CARRIJO JUNIOR, O. A. et al. Morphological evaluation of the testicles of young santa Inês rams submitted to different regimes of protein supplementation and drenching. Ciência animal brasileira, Goiânia, v. 9, n. 2, p. 433-441, abr./jun. 2008. CASTRO, F.A.B. de et al. Desempenho de cordeiros Santa Inês do nascimento ao desmame filhos de ovelhas alimentadas com diferentes níveis de energia. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, v. 33, n. 6 supl 2, p. 3379-3388, 2012 CEZAR, M. F. et al. Avaliação de parâmetros fisiológicos de ovinos Dorper, Santa Inês e seus mestiços perante condições climáticas do trópico semi-árido nordestino. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v. 28, n. 3, p. 614-620, 2004. CHACÓN, L. et al. Características de la pubertad en corderos de pelo y sus cruces en Colombia en condiciones de baja altitud. Revista MVZ Cordoba, v. 24, n. 1, p. 7099-7103, 2019. CHEMINEAU, P. et al. Training manual on artificial insemination in sheep and goats. Rome: FAO; 1991. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. Comportamento Sexual dos Animais Domésticos. 2020. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. Fisiologia do ciclo estral dos animais domésticos. Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva, 2021. Da Silva EIC. Formulação de ração para ovinos. 1ª ed. Belo Jardim, PE: IPA, 2021. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. Puberdade e Estacionalidade Reprodutiva dos Animais. 2020. FAO. Animal Production and Health Paper, v. 83. ELMAZ, Ö. et al. Prediction of postpubertal reproductive potential according to prepubertal body weight, testicular size, and testosterone concentration using multiple regression analysis in Kıvırcık ram lambs. Turkish journal of veterinary and animal sciences, v. 32, n. 5, p. 335-343, 2008. JUCÁ, A. F. et al. Performance of the Santa Ines breed raised on pasture in semiarid tropical regions and factors that explain trait variation. Tropical animal health and production, v. 46, n. 7, p. 1249-1256, 2014. FOURIE, P. J. et al. Scrotal, testicular and semen characteristics of young Dorper rams managed under intensive and extensive conditions. Small Ruminant Research, v. 54, n. 1-2, p. 53-59, 2004. GUNN, R. G.; SIM, D. A.; HUNTER, E. A. Effects of nutrition in utero and in early life on the subsequent lifetime reproductive performance of Scottish Blackface ewes in two management systems. Animal Science, v. 60, n. 2, p. 223-230, 1995. HÖTZEL, M. J. et al. Morphometric and endocrine analyses of the effects of nutrition on the testis of mature Merino rams. Reproduction, v. 113, n. 2, p. 217-230, 1998. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Produção Pecuária municipal. Rio de Janeiro, v. 46, p.1-8, 2018. KENYON, P. R.; MALONEY, S. K.; BLACHE, D. Review of sheep body condition score in relation to production characteristics. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 57, n. 1, p. 38-64, 2014. KHERADMAND, A.; BABAEI, H.; ALI BATAVANI, R. Effect of improved diet on semen quality and scrotal circumference in the ram. Veterinarski arhiv, v. 76, n. 4, p. 333-341, 2006. KORKMAZ, M. K.; EMSEN, E. Growth and reproductive traits of purebred and crossbred Romanov lambs in Eastern Anatolia. Anim. Reprod., v. 13, n. 1, p. 3-6, 2016. KRIDLI, R. T. et al. Age at puberty and some biological parameters of Awassi and its first crosses with Charollais and Romanov rams. Italian journal of animal science, v. 5, n. 2, p. 193-202, 2006. LOUW, D. F. J.; JOUBERT, D. M. Puberty in the male Dorper sheep and Boer goat. S. Afr. J. Agric. Sci, v. 7, p. 509-520, 1964. MAIA, A. S. C.; SILVA, R. G.; ANDRADE, P. C. Efeitos da temperatura e da movimentação do ar sobre o isolamento térmico do velo de ovinos em câmara climática. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 38, n. 1, p. 104-108, 2009. MARTINS, R. D. et al. Avaliação da sazonalidade reprodutiva de carneiros Santa Inês criados no Distrito Federal. R. Bras. Zootec., Viçosa, v. 32, n. 6, supl. 1, p. 1594-1603, Dec. 2003. MENDES, A. M. P. et al. Zoneamento bioclimático para a raça ovina Dorper no Estado de Pernambuco. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v. 49, n. 12, p. 986-993, 2014. MOULLA, F. et al. Characterization of the onset of puberty in Tazegzawt lambs, an endangered Algerian sheep: Body weight, thoracic perimeter, testicular growth, and seminal parameters. Veterinary world, v. 11, n. 7, p. 889, 2018. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (NRC). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2007. NOTTER, D. R.; LUCAS, J. R.; MCCLAUGHERTY, F. S. Accuracy of estimation of testis weight from in situ testis measures in ram lambs. Theriogenology, v. 15, n. 2, p. 227-234, 1981. SEJIAN, V. et al. Effect of body condition score on the allometric measurements and reproductive performance of Garole X Malpura ewes under hot semi-arid environment. Journal of Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research, v. 2, n. 6, p. 1-4, 2015. PACHECO, A.; MADELLA-OLIVEIRA, A. F.; QUIRINO, C. R. Biometria e formas dos testículos em cordeiros da raça Santa Inês explorados em regime de manejo intensivo. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias, v. 5, n. 1, p. 123-128, 2010. REGO NETO, A. A. et al. Population genetic structure of Santa Inês sheep in Brazil. Tropical animal health and production, v. 50, n. 3, p. 503-508, 2018. RHIND, S. M. Effects of maternal nutrition on fetal and neonatal reproductive development and function. Animal Reproduction Science, v. 82, p. 169-181, 2004. RIBEIRO, E. L. A.; GONZÁLEZ-GARCÍA, E. Indigenous sheep breeds in Brazil: potential role for contributing to the sustainability of production systems. Tropical animal health and production, v. 48, n. 7, p. 1305-1313, 2016. RIBEIRO, M. S. et al. Repeatability and effect of age on reproductive characteristics in Santa Ines rams. Archivos de zootecnia, v. 67, n. 257, p. 143-147, 2018. RUSSEL, A. J. F.; DONEY, J. M.; GUNN, R. G. Subjective assessment of body fat in live sheep. The Journal of Agricultural Science, v. 72, n. 3, p. 451-454, 1969. SILVA, N. V. et al. Medidas in vivo e da carcaça e constituintes não carcaça de ovinos alimentados com diferentes níveis do subproduto agroindustrial da goiaba. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, v. 17, n. 1, p. 101-115, 2016. SILVA, P. et al. Influence of placentally mediated fetal growth restriction on the onset of puberty in male and female lambs. Reproduction, v. 122, n. 3, p. 375-383, 2001. SIQUEIRA FILHO, E. R. Influência dos níveis protéicos fornecidos na dieta sobre o sistema reprodutivo de carneiros. 2007. 75 f. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia de Botucatu, 2007. SOUZA, J. S da et al. Biometric measurements of Santa Inês meat sheep reared on Brachiaria brizantha pastures in Northeast Brazil. Plos one, v. 14, n. 7, p. e0219343, 2019. (shrink)

This study used a structural equation modelling approach to assess the association between employee work- life policies, psychological empowerment, and academic staff job commitment in universities in Cross River State, Nigeria. Three null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study following a descriptive survey research design. Multistage sampling procedure was adopted in the selection of 315 academic staff from two universities in the study area. “Work-Life Policies, Psychological Empowerment and Job Commitment Questionnaire (WPPEJCQ)” was used as the instrument for (...) data collection. The construct validity of the instrument was ascertained through an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The Kaiser-Meyer-Ohlin of .894 and the Bartlett coefficient of 7795.820 were obtained. Several fit indices of Confirmatory Factor Analysis were used to accept the model such as RMSEA=.031, TLI=.969, CFI=.971 and many others. The null hypotheses were all tested using Path analysis. Findings revealed, among others, that there is a significant effect of work-life policies on the affective (β=.774,t=21.636,p<.05), continuance (β=.450,t=8.932,p<.05), and normative (β=490,t=9.967,p<.05) dimensions of academic staff commitment; furthermore, psychological empowerment has a significant effect on the affective (β=.795,t=23.199,p<.05), continuance (β=.501,t=10.261,p<.05) and normative (β = .520, t = 10.795, p< .05) dimensions of staff commitment; and there is a significant composite effect of work-life policies and psychological empowerment on the affective, continuance, and normative commitment levels of academic staff in universities. Based on these findings, conclusions and recommendations were made. (shrink)

Preface/Introduction: The question under discussion is metaphysical and truly elemental. It emerges in two aspects — how did we come to be conscious of our own existence, and, as a deeper corollary, do existence and awareness necessitate each other? I am bold enough to explore these questions and I invite you to come along; I make no claim to have discovered absolute answers. However, I do believe I have created here a compelling interpretation. You’ll have to judge for yourself. -/- (...) What follows is the presentation of three essays I have worked on over the past several years seeing publication for the first time. “Hollows of Experience” was written first as an invited chapter for a collection on the ontology of consciousness. However, when cuts became necessary, my chapter got the knife. Its length has prohibited it from publication in any print journal. “Myth and Mind” was written next as a journal article, but as my involvement with it grew so did its length, so it has also idled on my websty awaiting its call. “From Panexperientialism to Conscious Experience” was written most recently, but it is the only one to have been available to the public elsewhere than my own website. Under the name, “The Continuum of Experience”, it was Target Article #95 on the recently closed Karl Jaspers Forum (for discussion purposes only). -/- I have put them in a different sequence here, for reasons of logical sense. Up first, “Panexperientialism” deals with an idea difficult for many to accept, namely that conscious experience is a particular mode of symbolically reflected experience that is largely unique to our species. However, I aver that experienced sensation in itself (as found, for example, in autonomic sensory response systems) goes “all the way down” into nature, and thus the title, panexperientialism. -/- Understanding this idea is helpful to dealing with the focus on language in Part I of “Hollows”, next, since here speech and general symbolic interaction in general are found to be the catalysts for the creation of our consciously experienced world (our “lived reality”). In Part II, however, I explore how experienced sensations must be coeval with existence, and, with even greater temerity, how all this sensational existence might have arisen within some literally inconceivable background of awareness-in-itself that yet has a dynamism that occasionally breaks into existence as experiential events and entities. (The latter may sound wacky, but physicists and cosmologists are themselves attempting to come to terms with that which seethes with vast potential energy in what they refer to as the quantum vacuum.) -/- “Myth and Mind” was put third since it deals with a major lacuna in “Hollows” — that presumed prehistoric period when members of our species made the painful crossing of the symbolic threshold into the beginnings of cultural consciousness. Speech plays a central role here, too, but I look more at narrative structures from the dawn of self-awareness when ritual and myth became vital to human survival. Why would fantastic stories and bizarre rituals be necessary? I speculate that growing foresight led to the unavoidable realization of certain mortality, from which, in turn, emerged the secondary realization that we were now alive. In contrast to our yet-to-come death, we have life here and now, and by ritually identifying with a symbolically expanded mythic, i.e., sacred, reality, we may continue to live on after bodily death, just as our ancestors and loved ones must also do. Language and mythmaking are necessary to avoid mortal despair and they remain at the core of human consciousness. -/- As Ernst Cassirer (1944) has noted, language and myth are “twin creatures”, both metaphoric webs over a reality we can never wholly comprehend. We live in the symbolic and construct our works of imagination and wars of conquest to make life meaningful, to feel immortal, and to sense that we ourselves participate in a reality greater than ourselves. No doubt we do, but this does not mean our culturally constructed self-identities survive the death of our bodies, and it does not imply that our symbolic concepts can ever indicate the ultimate truth. We simply must symbolize an extended reality that was sacred to our ancestors: “Is it not our way, as illusory as it may be, to force continuance on our world and our life in the face of their inevitable ending? Are we not compelled to extend those imaginary horizons as far as we can despite the terror and the sometime joy their extension incites? Is their closure not a form of death?” (Crapanzano, p. 210) -/- Of course, this leaves me in the uncomfortable position of being forced to admit that this venture of mine must inevitably be another attempt at meaningful mythmaking. But what else could it be? This is certainly not a scientific proof though it is indeed an academically rigorous exploration. (Just try to count the citations!) I hope the reader will judge my thesis on the basis of its coherence, the sense of meaning it evokes, my intellectual responsibility, and, finally, the engagement it inspires. If you have read my expositions and found yourself immersed in the timeless questions I here call forth, I would call these writings successful (even if you violently disagree with my answers). -/- I am very grateful to Huping Hu for granting me this special issue of JCER in which to present my ideas in some detail. He has patiently dealt with my exuberant approach and allowed the many changes I kept coming up with right until the final publication date. I also wish to thank the many potential commentators who politely replied to my invitation, and, even more, I thank those who made time to write actual commentaries. -/- References -/- Cassirer, E. (1944). An Essay on Man: An Introduction to a Philosophy of Human Culture. New Haven/London: Yale UP. -/- Crapanzano, V. (2004). Imaginative Horizons: An Essay in Literary-Philosophical Anthropology. Chicago: U of Chicago Press. -/- Gregory M. Nixon University of Northern British Columbia Prince George, British Columbia, Canada Email: [email protected] Websty: http://members.shaw.ca/doknyx. (shrink)

Background: The most common hematological abnormality among people infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is anemia. This is also related to high mortality risk among patients receiving Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). Purpose: This study aimed to identify predictors of anemia among HIV patients taking ART using a regimen of the single-tablet drug contain tenofovir, lamivudine, and efavirenz in Jayapura, Papua. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Jayapura regional hospital from June to September 2017. A total of 80 HIV (...) patients were eligible for analysis. Data collection was conducted through an interview, medical record, measurement, and laboratory assay. The significance of differences among categorical variables was analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. The variables with p < 0.25 were then analyzed using binary logistic regression to determine predictors associated with anemia. A threshold of p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. Results: This study showed that Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.50 (p = 0.01; OR = 5.63; 95% CI = 1.43 < OR < 22.19), length on ART ≤12 months (p = 0.00; OR = 4.90; 95% CI = 1.65 < OR < 14.53), and Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4+) percentage out of normal (p = 0.02; OR = 0.19; 95% CI = 0.05 < OR <0.77) had a significant association with anemia. Conclusion: BMI, length on ART, and CD4+ percentage were predictors of anemia among HIV patients taking antiretroviral therapy containing tenofovir, lamivudine, and efavirenz regimen in Jayapura. (shrink)

This study aimed to assess the influence of peer relationships on the self-consciousness and social adaptation of school-aged children in the Enugu North Local Government Area of Enugu State. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used, with a population of 60,780 (29,968 males and 30,812 females). A multi-stage sampling method was employed to select 602 school-aged children from 58 schools in the Local Government Area, forming the sample for the study. For data collection, the study used questionnaires. Data were (...) analyzed with descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that more than half of the respondents (62.6%) showed moderate social adaptation, particularly when they were with their families (mean score of 4.53±2.31). The majority (76.6%) had low peer relationships, while 80.6% had high self-consciousness. The mean scores for peer relationships, self-consciousness, and social adaptation differed between male and female respondents. Females had higher peer relationships and social adaptation. The mean score for peer relationships was higher among students in private schools compared to those in public schools. A moderate positive relationship was found between peer relationships and social adaptation at a significance level of p<0.05. It is recommended that governmental and non-governmental organizations organize programs to facilitate peer relationships and social adaptation among school-aged children. Furthermore, teachers and parents should be educated to provide support to children in these areas. (shrink)