Resumen Este trabajo consiste en un análisis histórico de textos que proceden de un expediente archivístico de Cartagena de Indias entre 1715 y 1717. Los autos son textos administrativos que poseen diversas funciones en las relaciones institucionales entre metrópoli y colonias, tal como la de “emitir opinión”. En la tipología textual indiana, esta función se denomina consulta o parecer, y se caracteriza por el uso de un predicado de tipo doxástico. Para el análisis hemos adoptado las perspectivas teóricas del análisis (...) histórico del discurso y de la sociopragmática histórica. El estudio se completa con un análisis cuantitativo que permite resaltar cuáles son los rasgos lingüísticos a los que se vincula la intensificación y la atenuación en el subtipo debate dentro del registro legal en el español de la Cartagena del siglo XVIII. La conclusión sugiere que los recursos lingüísticos encontrados aumenta la intención persuasiva de la argumentación característica de los autos cartagineses. (shrink)

Dans l’article présent j’essaie de mettre en perspective quelques-uns des enjeux saillants de la crise sanitaire de Covid-19, notamment sa dimension biopolitique en face des défis bioéthiques. En partant, donc, d’une problématique singulière, celle de la priorisation des patients dans l’accès aux soins, notamment aux soins intensifs, qui permettent d’approfondir la réflexion concernant le traitement des vies humaines à l’articulation d’une préoccupation pour la vie biologique à l’échelle d’une population (sauver des vies) et d’une attention d’ordre éthique au vécu de (...) la maladie, par les soignants, les patients ou par leurs proches, en particulier lorsque les ressources médicales manquent pour faire face aux demandes de soins. (shrink)

I propose that the intensification of meat production ironically makes meat concepts available to be populated by plants. I argue that what I call “technologies of effacement” facilitate the intensification of animal farming and slaughter by blocking face-to-face encounters between animals and people (Levinas 1969; Efstathiou 2018, 2019). My previous ethnographic work on animal research identifies technologies of effacement as including (a) architectures and the built environment, (b) entry and exit rules, (c) special garments, (d) naming and labeling procedures, and (...) (e) protocols for handling animals (Efstathiou 2018, 2019). Building on ethnographic research by Dawn Coppin (2003) and Nöellie Vialles (1994), in the United States and France respectively, I propose that (a) Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) buildings, gestation, and farrowing crates; (b) rules for entering and exiting the slaughterhouse; (c) white slaughterhouse garments; (d) unique identification systems; and (e) “trapping” animals before stunning can all operate as technologies of effacement. Though developed to serve other manifest aims, like hygiene, expediency, or safety, these technologies operate to sustain routine, inviting one to look at animals as tokens of a known type while blocking encounters between humans and animals (and also among animals) as radically different, morally significant Others (Efstathiou 2018, 2019). (shrink)

This chapter traces the genealogy of the term atmosphere in the German language, identifies historical semantic shifts, and points to its grammatical specifics. The state of research on atmospheres is briefly summarized and an overview is offered of the various definitions of the term in different disciplines. Drawing on Timothy Morton’s theory of ambient poetics, and on Hermann Schmitz’s “new phenomenology,” four key characteristics of atmospheres are discussed and elaborated: their mereological constitution, their modal structure, their intensification at affective thresholds, (...) and their affective efficacy through suggestions of movement. (shrink)

REPRODUÇÃO ANIMAL: INSEMINAÇÃO ARTIFICIAL -/- ANIMAL BREEDING: ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION -/- Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva Departamento de Zootecnia da UFRPE E-mail: [email protected] WhatsApp: (82)98143-8399 -/- 1. INTRODUÇÃO A inseminação artificial impôs-se em todo o mundo como um método de grande interesse do ponto de vista zootécnico e econômico, incrementando os rendimentos produtivos através da melhoria acelerada e da uniformidade no reagrupamento das populações. Os resultados positivos obtidos nestas últimas décadas testemunham esta possibilidade, válida tanto para os países mais desenvolvidos como (...) para os países em processo de desenvolvimento. A necessidade de uma rápida melhoria da estrutura das raças, o aumento da produção, bem como o máximo emprego de reprodutores selecionados difundiram consideravelmente o método da inseminação artificial, principalmente na espécie bovina, de forma que hoje se insemina artificialmente mais de 150 milhões de vacas e novilhas aptas para reprodução. Em certos países desenvolvidos, do ponto de vista pecuário, mais de 90% das vacas são inseminadas artificialmente, concretamente na Dinamarca 98%, mais de 95% no Japão e Israel ou 94% na Hungria; na Espanha chega-se a níveis muito próximos dos 50%. 2. CONCEITO E PRINCÍPIOS BÁSICOS O Larousse agrícola (1981) define a inseminação artificial como uma «técnica que consiste em depositar, no aparelho genital de uma fêmea, com a ajuda de instrumentos adequados, o sêmen de um macho colhido artificialmente». O sêmen, colhido por um processo variável e adequadamente diluído, serve para a inseminação artificial de um elevado número de fêmeas, o que permite multiplicar a capacidade reprodutiva dos machos e, portanto, constitui um poderoso meio de melhoria do gado. 3. BREVE HISTÓRIA DA INSEMINAÇÃO ARTIFICIAL Embora a zootecnia iniciasse seu verdadeiro desenvolvimento como ciência e ainda estivesse longe de abordar aspectos econômicos, Lazzaro Spallanzani no século XVIII já intuíra a extensão aplicativa da inseminação artificial realizando testes demonstrativos iniciais. Ilya Ivanov começou um século depois a aplicação prática da IA e compreendeu seu significado tecnológico. Nos primeiros anos do século XX, cientistas e técnicos tentaram desenvolver um método com profundidade; no entanto, os resultados obtidos foram escassos. As razões pelos escassos resultados podem se explicar mediante os deficientes conhecimentos da anatomia, fisiologia e patologia da reprodução e o comportamento nos dois sexos estudados, tanto do ponto de vista biológico como técnico, bem como haver trabalhado sobre espécies pouco fáceis tais como o cavalo e o cão. O conhecimento tecnológico e a aplicação sistemática da técnica tornou-se possível, em primeiro lugar, com a ideia que levou à realização da primeira vagina artificial, obra de Amantea em 1914, em seguida com a criação de eficientes mênstruos diluentes e mais recentemente com o progresso da técnica de conservação prolongada "in vitro" do material espermático por congelação. A partir dos anos trinta, em certos países como a Itália ou a Alemanha, a IA foi utilizada como meio de profilaxia das doenças genitais (brucelose, tricomoníase, vibriose, etc.). A aplicação organizada do método foi realizada pela primeira vez na Dinamarca nos anos 1938-1939, com a criação de cooperativas de inseminação com o objetivo de realizar a melhoria zootécnica bovina, alargando-se posteriormente aos outros países da Europa até à sua aplicação sistemática na atualidade. -/- 4. A PRODUÇÃO DO SÊMEN A expansão da IA na maioria das espécies de interesse zootécnico implica uma forte responsabilidade dos que se ocupam dela, tanto na fase de aplicação como na de seu desenvolvimento. No que se refere aos bovinos do Brasil, foi seguida uma ordenação coordenada das práticas de reprodução com os programas de seleção e expansão das diferentes raças. Para o efeito, foi criada uma legislação que permite dispor de normas mais completas possíveis. 4.1 Atividades a desenvolver em um centro de IA O real decreto que regula as atividades dos centros de IA (Decreto nº 91.111, de 12 de Março de 1985), que regulamenta a Lei n° 6.446, de 05 de outubro de 1977, que dispõe sobre a inspeção e fiscalização obrigatórias do sêmen destinado à inseminação artificial em animais domésticos, e dá outras providências, define como centro de IA, em seu Art. 20 Inciso 1, todo o estabelecimento que mantenha alojados reprodutores doadores de sêmen e que realize as tarefas de coleta, manipulação, Industrialização, armazenagem, comércio ou aplicação de sêmen, com as seguintes dependências: a - quarentenário; b - alojamento dos reprodutores; c - setor de coleta de sêmen; d - sala de material de coleta; e - sala de limpeza, desinfecção e esterilização de todos os materiais e instrumentos de coleta e processamento de sêmen; f - laboratório destinado ao exame, avaliação, diluição, envasamento e congelação de sêmen; g - banco de conservação de sêmen; h - setor administrativo e de expedição; i - outras dependências, se necessário. A atividade destes centros baseia-se na coleta do sêmen de reprodutores de qualidade, na sua armazenagem e subsequente distribuição; para tanto, é necessário realizar toda uma série de procedimentos para a apreciação da qualidade do sêmen e da sua aptidão para o armazenamento. A determinação da capacidade fecundante do sêmen, das suas qualidades e garantias sanitárias deve ser efetuada por técnicos especializados. 4.2 Valores genéticos do reprodutor Os centros de inseminação artificial dispõem dos melhores reprodutores de qualidade em termos de valores genéticos. De acordo com as disposições em vigor, os reprodutores devem ser submetidos a testes de descendência dos progenitores, de aptidão leiteira e estes mesmos testes ou, pelo menos, os testes de rendimento de carcaça próprio nas raças autóctones de produção de carne. Os centros devem dispor de catálogos ou listas contendo dados pormenorizados sobre a origem, qualidades reprodutivas e genéticas do reprodutor, o que permite ao criador conhecer com precisão qual é o touro (no caso dos bovinos) que lhe fornece o esperma e que melhorias pode esperar na qualidade da sua descendência. Por estas razões, os peritos dos centros devem ser responsáveis e assegurar que: a) Os reprodutores não transmitam genes letais ou semiletais ou qualquer outra anomalia geneticamente condicionada em relação à descendência. b) Os reprodutores transmitam realmente as qualidades genéticas declaradas e assegurem, em condições de manejo e alimentação dadas, uma importante produtividade da descendência. c) O preço da dose do sêmen reflita efetivamente o valor genético do reprodutor. d) O sêmen seja corretamente identificado, ou seja, pertença ao reprodutor indicado. 5. AS TÉCNICAS DE INSEMINAÇÃO ARTIFICIAL 5.1 A coleta do sêmen A coleta do sêmen constitui a primeira operação a efetuar-se na técnica da IA. Nos mamíferos domésticos existem duas formas: a) Por recolha sobre a fêmea (pós-coito). b) Por recolha sobre o macho. Para desenvolvê-las foram preconizados diversos métodos: alguns como as esponjas vaginais ou aparelhos de borracha colocados nas vias genitais da fêmea não têm mais que um interesse histórico; outros, como a criação de fístulas ou punção direta no testículo, só são úteis como métodos experimentais, inclusive existem outros métodos, porém de uso pouco frequente (eletroejaculação, amaciamento das vesículas seminais, etc.). Hoje em dia tanto para o touro, carneiro, porco, cavalo e coelho o método usual é a obtenção de sêmen a partir do macho, concretamente mediante a aplicação da técnica da vagina artificial. Nas aves a emissão do esperma obtém-se mediante a massagem manual na região abdominal dos galos reprodutores. Nas abelhas, é necessário provocar a evaginação do pênis do zangão utilizando clorofórmio para depois ser efetuada a coleta do sêmen com o auxílio de uma micropipeta. 5.1.1 O método da vagina artificial Baseia-se na utilização de um aparelho prático e simples que tenta satisfazer as condições que imitem o máximo possível o aparelho genital feminino das fêmeas no momento do coito e que permite verificar uma rápida coleta de um ejaculação livre de contaminação. -/- É essencialmente constituído por um cilindro exterior de borracha endurecida e suficientemente compacto para ser utilizado como isolante térmico. Este cilindro apresenta uma abertura com parafuso de fecho; no interior do cilindro grosseiro introduz-se outro de borracha fina e flexível (camisa) revertido em suas extremidades para mantê-lo fixo mediante umas fitas de borracha. Limitada por ambos os cilindros fica uma cavidade que só se comunica com o exterior pelo orifício praticado na parede do cilindro externo. Uma das extremidades da vagina permanece aberta e a outra ajusta-se a um tubo coletor graduado de vidro no qual se recolhe o esperma. Para simular as condições naturais, introduz-se água quente (41-42ºC em bovinos) dentro da câmara em quantidade suficiente para criar uma pressão e temperatura semelhantes à da vagina da fêmea. 6. AVALIAÇÃO E TRATAMENTO DO SÊMEN: OPERAÇÕES E TÉCNICAS No laboratório podem ser avaliadas e medidas uma série de características e propriedades do sêmen através de um controle da sua qualidade. Estes exames são conclusivos ao permitir a diluição do sêmen e a sua posterior utilização ou, se for o caso, a sua eliminação. 6.1 Estudo macroscópico do esperma 6.1.1 O volume do sêmen ejaculado O volume do esperma é muito variável segundo as espécies (Tabela 1). Mesmo dentro da mesma espécie há variações, como, por exemplo, no caso dos bovinos. Circunstâncias tais como a idade, raça, momento da coleta, método no regime sexual da mesma, época do ano, regime alimentar e grau de excitação sexual em que se encontra, provocam grandes variações no total de quantidade ejaculada por animal. Tabela 1: Características médias do sêmen dos mamíferos domésticos Espécie Volume de uma ejaculação (ml) Concentração 1099/ml N° total de spz (109) Porcentagem de spz móveis Touro 5 (1 – 12) 1,2 (0,5 – 2,5) 6 65 Carneiro 0,9 (0,1 – 0,5) 4 (1,5 – 6) 3,6 90 Porco 300 0,3 90 70 Cavalo 100 0,15 15 65 Cão 2 0,1 0,2 85 Fonte: SOLTNER, 1993. A técnica para a sua medição é imediata, é realizada após a coleta mediante a utilização de um tubo graduado. O volume total de esperma é um fator secundário de apreciação. No entanto, o interesse do seu estudo reside no fato de que o volume normal ser um índice favorável que condiciona o número de doses seminais a preparar. Além disso, outras características macroscópicas importantes do esperma são a cor e o odor característicos em cada uma delas. 6.2 Estudo microscópico do esperma 6.2.1 A motilidade massal Imediatamente após a emissão, o exame microscópico direto do esperma fresco nos permite conhecer de forma aproximada a porcentagem de espermatozoides móveis, sua morfologia, tendência dos zoospermios à aglutinação (movimento de ondas e remoinhos, já que as células vivas varrem as mortas, agrupando-as) e a presença eventual de elementos estranhos (células epiteliais, pus, partículas de terra, restos de vaselina, etc.). O método é subjetivo e serve unicamente como avaliação de conjunto; no entanto, é importante a motilidade dos espermatozoides no fluido espermático. Uma boa ejaculação não deverá conter menos de 60% de espermatozoides em movimento, e este deve ser em avanço progressivo, nunca curvo, rotatório ou oscilante. A atividade massal é avaliada tecnicamente mediante microscópio, com ligeiro aumento (20 x 40), colocando uma gota de esperma sobre uma lâmina situada numa placa de aquecimento (38-39ºC). A observação pode ser direta sobre a ocular ou pode ser facilitada por um sistema que permita a visualização num monitor de televisão. 6.2.2 A concentração zoospérmica É o número de espermatozoides por mililitro de esperma variável para as diferentes espécies (tabela 1). A determinação pode ser feita utilizando sistemas semelhantes à contagem globular utilizada em hematologia, utilizando câmaras contabilísticas especiais como a câmara Burker. Esta câmara possui uma grelha integrada por três tipos de retângulos de diferentes áreas, o que permite operar com qualquer concentração. Antes de iniciar o processo é necessário diluir o esperma para uma melhor observação colocando uma quantidade conhecida sobre a câmara sobrepondo uma lamela. A contagem consiste em anotar o número de espermatozoides cujas cabeças se encontram dentro da grade, de modo que cada dois espermatozoides que eventualmente possam apresentar sua cabeça sobreposta sobre a linha divisória se conta um. O número de quadrados sobre os quais se deve fazer a contagem é de 30, obtendo depois a média aritmética do valor que resultava do número total de espermatozoides encontrados nas 30 quadras. Um exemplo prático para conhecer a concentração de espermatozoides no gado bovino pode ser deduzida utilizando a seguinte fórmula: N = M x 400 x 10 x 200 x 1.000 Onde: N: Número de espermatozoides/mm3. M: Média dos espermatozoides contados por grade. 400: Área da grelha (1/20 x 1/20 = 1/400 mm2). 10: Altura delimitada entre a câmara e a lamela (1/19 mm). 200: Título de diluição (1/200). 1000: Conversão de mm3 para cm3. Pode-se também apreciá-lo de forma rápida e precisa usando um fotômetro, avaliando uma pequena quantidade de esperma diluído. O método é baseado na relação direta que existe entre a transparência ou densidade ante a passagem da luz através do fluido espermático e sua concentração em espermatozoides. Uma fotocélula mede a luz que atravessa a preparação, o que permite deduzir diretamente a concentração. O sistema de videomicrografia consiste em um microscópio óptico focado na amostra de sêmen (foco que é feito manualmente por meio de parafuso micrométrico), uma câmera de vídeo recolhe imagens microscópicas e estas são processadas por computador. Sua vantagem é que o sistema, totalmente automatizado, pode ser ajustado para analisar a concentração no sêmen fresco e após a descongelação do mesmo. 6.2.3 A porcentagem de espermatozoides mortos e anormais Uma das provas de aptidão genésica dos reprodutores é a determinação de formas anormais de espermatozoides. Todos os animais em que o teor de tais formas ultrapasse repetidamente um determinado limite ou que sejam de um tipo característico devem ser eliminados. As colorações específicas permitem diferenciar as formas vivas das mortas em função da aceitação dos diferentes corantes utilizados. Uma das técnicas de coloração seletiva consiste em diluir uma gota de esperma num corante vital (eosina) juntamente com nigrosina. Uma vez aplicado o corante, deixa-se secar o esfregaço ao ar de modo que a eosina cora imediatamente os zoospermios mortos no momento da mistura, enquanto a nigrosina resulta na solução de contraste. A medição pode ser feita em um hematímetro ou por colorímetro. A porcentagem de formas anormais é dada pela seguinte fórmula: x=( A x 100 )/N Onde: A: Número de espermatozoides anormais encontrados. N: Número total de espermatozoides contados. Quando o teor de espermatozoides anormais ultrapassa um certo limite ou se as malformações são de um tipo característico, considera-se a ejaculação como não válida. 6.3 Os controles biológicos e bioquímicos Os controles biológicos ao esperma e espermatozoides limitam-se a testes de resistência ou grau de vigor e a testes de sobrevivência. Os controles químicos incluem, em geral, a determinação da atividade metabólica dos espermatozoides em relação a determinados produtos: frutólise, redução do azul de metileno, consumo de oxigênio, ou a utilização de testes indicadores como GOT, DNA e acrosina. 6.4 A diluição do esperma Esse processo tem por finalidade aumentar o volume total da massa espermática. Os objetivos buscados nesse processo de diluição são: a) Partindo de uma ejaculação, o poder de inseminar o maior número possível de fêmeas. b) A criação de um meio favorável à sobrevivência dos espermatozoides "in vitro". Como diluidores são utilizados diluentes e conservantes, a maioria deles são feitos a partir de gemas de ovo, frutose, leite desnatado reconstituído ou produtos químicos como o TRIS (hidroximetilaminometano) com a adição de antibióticos e glicerol. Em qualquer caso, devem satisfazer as seguintes condições: a) Que tenha um pH idôneo para cada tipo de sêmen, com bom efeito de mistura. b) Que tenham a mesma pressão osmótica e a propriedade de mantê-la. c) Que contenham substâncias alimentares necessárias para o metabolismo dos espermatozoides. d) Que contenham os minerais necessários e na concentração adequada sem ânions nem cátions tóxicos. e) Não devem conter elementos prejudiciais para os órgãos sexuais femininos, para o processo de fecundação e o desenvolvimento do óvulo fecundado. A frutose é a principal fonte de energia para o espermatozoide; este como qualquer outra célula é capaz de metabolizar os hidratos de carbono mediante um mecanismo oxidativo anaeróbio. As proteínas do ovo regulam as variações bruscas de temperatura e certos agentes químicos e efeito conservador sobre os zoospermios, o que permite uma melhor sobrevivência dos mesmos. Os lipídeos do ovo comportam-se como fatores de proteção e os complexos lipoproteicos protegem, mas também conservam o esperma. O leite desnatado apresenta a desvantagem de uma observação mais difícil dos espermatozoides ao fazer a constatação das doses seminais. Os antibióticos têm a função de inibir o desenvolvimento dos germes que acompanham o esperma no momento da coleta. A ação mais eficaz é a penicilina e a estreptomicina. À medida que certos agentes patogênicos (vibriofetus) e outras infecções específicas são erradicados, a tendência é a diminuição na utilização de antibióticos, porque, juntamente com a sua ação positiva, implica também uma diminuição da fertilidade do sêmen. O glicerol intervém no processo de conservação e favorece a formação de cristais muito pequenos durante a congelação, o que evita o dano celular e favorece a sobrevivência dos espermatozoides. 6.4.1 A taxa de diluição É um processo importante, uma vez que é necessário assegurar os resultados da fecundação. Realizado o número de espermatozoides de cada um dos ejaculados, uma vez que têm densidade diferente, procede-se ao cálculo do volume do dilúvio-conservador necessário. O número de doses obtidas por ejaculação é muito variável. De 100 a 300 ou mais para ejaculação de touro, de 10 a 15 para o de carneiro ou de bode e de 30 a 40 para o porco. Após a diluição do esperma com o mênstruo, é requerido um período de equilíbrio para que a temperatura do sêmen desça lentamente evitando, dessa maneira, o choque térmico. 6.5 O condicionamento do esperma: o enchimento e o fechamento das palhetas Para o condicionamento dos espermatozoides, sempre que se pratique a congelação do sêmen, como é o caso dos bovinos, foram utilizados diferentes sistemas como as ampolas e os tubos de celofane. No entanto, o mais frequente no Brasil é a aplicação do método francês das palhetas, de capacidade variável (0,25 ou 0,50 ml para o sêmen de touro) e grande resistência. As palhetas devem ser previamente identificadas de acordo com os códigos estabelecidos para estes casos nos centros correspondentes onde devem recolher as chaves de número e a data do congelamento, centro, raça e reprodutor com o seu nome correspondente. As operações de marcação, enchimento e fechamento das palhetas são totalmente automatizadas, no caso dos bovinos. 6.6 A congelação do sêmen Terminada a diluição, começa o processo de conservação correta do sêmen para que conserve sua efetividade de fecundação, para isso podemos recorrer à refrigeração e à congelação. O primeiro sistema é reservado aos animais cujos espermatozoides não resistem a temperaturas baixas ou quando se procura uma inseminação imediata. Nas espécies nas quais se pode realizar a congelação, como no bovino, mesmo com o aperfeiçoamento exaustivo das técnicas atuais, existe uma porcentagem de espermatozoides mortos na operação. Para evitar o máximo possível que isso aconteça, é feita uma descida gradual da temperatura, procurando uma curva adequada, de modo a evitar os riscos acima referidos. A congelação realiza-se a —196ºC com nitrogênio líquido; a conservação neste estado é praticamente indefinida. 6.6.1 Controle após a congelação Deve ser realizada em condições de qualidade, a qual é estabelecida em função do número de espermatozoides vivos e progressivamente móveis (em bovinos nunca inferior a 35%) que apareçam uma vez descongelada a palha. Terminada a análise e estabelecidos os correspondentes controles, os centros são responsáveis por: a) A distribuição de um sêmen controlado e de qualidade. b) O sêmen após descongelação contenha um número suficiente de espermatozoides móveis e fecundantes. 6.7 A qualidade sanitária do sêmen A qualidade sanitária do sémen depende diretamente das condições de vida sanitária em que se encontra o reprodutor, das condições de coleta do sêmen, do tratamento do mesmo e da sua manipulação. A infecção do esperma pode ocorrer durante a diluição e a conservação e, mais eficazmente ainda, durante a coleta e com o ar do ambiente. A infecção pode ser causada por: a) Agentes específicos das infecções genitais, que podem propagar doenças infecciosas através da inseminação (vibriose, tricomoníase, brucelose, etc.). b) Agentes não específicos como diferentes bactérias (estafilococos, estreptococos, colibactérias, germes pirógenos, etc.), fungos (micose) e vírus (IBR) que podem provocar inflamações dos órgãos genitais da fêmea e que exercem uma influência nociva dos seus produtos de metabolismo sobre o poder fecundante dos espermatozoides. Atualmente, é possível obter esperma estéril desde que se trabalhe corretamente com os diluentes; no entanto, apesar de todas as garantias que possam oferecer a tecnologia dos centros dos diferentes países, existe uma regulamentação jurídica clara, a fim de evitar a difusão de riscos para a saúde. 7. A INSEMINAÇÃO ARTIFICIAL NA PRÁTICA No processo de inseminação propriamente dito, o sêmen é introduzido e depositado nas vias genitais da fêmea mediante o instrumental adequado. Para o seu desenvolvimento no gado bovino, são necessárias uma série de operações. 7.1 Coleta e transferência no termo de transporte As palhetas são recolhidas pelos inseminadores nos centros levando-as em pequenos contentores de transporte que contêm nitrogênio líquido. Ao retirar a palheta do recipiente é conveniente tê-la perfeitamente localizada para conseguir uma correta manipulação da cesta onde está situada, uma vez que uma queda brusca da temperatura faz diminuir a sobrevivência das células espermáticas. 7.2 A descongelação Realiza-se rapidamente num banho de água ou num termo que mantém a temperatura da água entre 35-37ºC. Outros sistemas diferentes não são recomendados, pois aumentam o tempo de descongelação e diminuem a capacidade fecundante do sêmen. 7.3 A aplicação do sêmen no aparelho genital da vaca Uma vez descongelada a palheta, seca-se e homogeneíza-se o seu conteúdo, corta-se uma das suas extremidades selada com álcool polivinílico solidificado e introduz-se no cateter de inseminação, instrumento cilíndrico no qual se introduz a palheta, posteriormente ajusta-se perfeitamente para evitar perdas de material seminal e, no momento da aplicação, o seu conteúdo é empurrado através de um sistema de êmbolo. O cateter é revestido com uma bainha de plástico, descartável após cada utilização. O método técnico que se impôs atualmente é o americano, no qual o lugar ideal para depositar o sêmen é na bifurcação dos cornos uterinos guiando-se por palpação manual através da parede retal. 7.4 O momento ideal de inseminação na vaca Há uma série de fatores que determinam o momento ideal de inseminação da vaca: a) A capacidade de sobrevivência dos espermatozoides nos órgãos sexuais femininos. b) A necessidade da maturidade dos espermatozoides (capacitação). c) O tempo de maturidade do óvulo e sua passagem pelo oviduto. Em geral, como média, as vacas permanecem no cio por 18 horas e ovulam às 14 horas depois, sendo a vida do óvulo de 6 a 10 horas. Em função destes fatores e para obter uma fertilidade ideal as vacas podem ser servidas durante os últimos dois terços do período de cio, ou algumas horas depois de este ter terminado, o que na prática se traduz em que se observa o cio pela manhã, as vacas podem ser servidas nessa mesma tarde e as que mostram o cio pela tarde são inseminadas na manhã seguinte. Em caso de dúvidas é sempre melhor deixar passar mais tempo. 7.5 Inseminação em caprinos, ovinos, suínos, equinos, coelhos, aves e abelhas Nos ovinos e caprinos, a inseminação é feita com sêmen fresco e refrigerado, normalmente conservado a 16 ºC com ampolas de ácido acético. A técnica da inseminação em si é simples, mas requer a utilização de espéculo para abrir a vulva e guiar a pistola inseminadora, injetando a dose correspondente à entrada do colo do útero. A dose seminal depositada varia entre 0,2 e 0,4 ml em concentrações de 5 x 106 espermatozoides/ml. No caso dos caprinos, a técnica é semelhante à das ovelhas, com a ressalva de que as doses seminais são geralmente, um pouco mais elevadas. Em suínos utiliza-se para inseminação o sêmen fresco, a temperatura de conservação varia entre 40 ºC e 15 ºC. As técnicas de congelação resultam na obtenção de espermatozoides móveis após a descongelação, mas com má fertilidade. Na porca o cio ou estro, momento apropriado para a inseminação, tem uma duração aproximada de 3 dias. A ovulação ocorre às 35 horas após o início do cio; este fato acontece às 30-40 horas de imobilização ante o cachaço, sendo a sobrevivência do óvulo de 12 horas. As fêmeas em cada cio podem ser inseminadas uma ou duas vezes. O momento apropriado é 24 horas após o início do estro quando se aplica uma única dose; caso se aplicarem duas, recomenda-se fazê-la de 24 à 36 horas após o aparecimento do estro. Devido à disposição peculiar do colo do útero na porca, a prática da inseminação suína requer: a) Uma deposição do sêmen intrauterina. b) Uma fixação do cateter correta para estimular as contrações uterinas e facilitar o transporte de espermatozoides. c) Evitar o refluxo do sêmen e a consequente diminuição do número de espermatozoides, o que entra em detrimento com a finalidade da fertilidade. A forma do cateter é adaptada à necessidade de uma correta fixação cervical para praticar a inseminação intrauterina de um volume importante de sêmen diluído (cerca de 100 cc). Os diversos modelos existentes, com variantes, tratam de imitar a forma do pênis do macho e introduzem-se na vagina girando para a esquerda para permitir seu deslizamento e uma boa fixação. O sêmen contido no recipiente é depositado por gravidade no útero. Nos equinos, o sêmen utilizado é fresco, normalmente a 4 ºC. A técnica apresenta uma maior dificuldade decorrente da necessidade de utilizar um longo tubo acoplado ao cateter de inseminação para o acesso fácil à zona de deposição do esperma no aparelho genital da égua. A dose correspondente é injetada a nível uterino. Nos coelhos é utilizado sêmen fresco, refrigerado e diluído. Para inseminar existem vários procedimentos, embora o mais comum seja a utilização de palhetas e pistola de inseminação. A aplicação do esperma efetua-se entre 1 e 4 horas após a coleta do mesmo. Nas aves, a técnica de inseminação é realizada com sêmen fresco extraído pouco antes da sua implantação na fêmea, uma vez que na maioria das espécies se constata uma rápida diminuição das taxas de fecundação com o tempo. O material e a metodologia do inseminador consistem em pipetas para a obtenção do esperma, dosador de sêmen diluído, palhetas descartáveis e seringas adequadas para a colocação do sêmen no aparelho genital da fêmea. Os intervalos de inseminação são, geralmente, de uma semana. Nas abelhas, a inseminação artificial das rainhas é prática corrente em centros especializados na seleção de reprodutores. A técnica requer um efeito sedativo na rainha durante a manipulação, abertura da prega da vagina e introdução da seringa na vagina. Para efetuar estas operações é necessário utilizar um aparelho especial de inseminação. 8. RESUMO E PRIMEIRAS CONCLUSÕES Aspectos como a melhoria genética, a proteção sanitária ou a organização e gestão da empresa pecuária têm sido as principais motivações para que a técnica da inseminação artificial tenha se difundido atualmente nos países com uma pecuária organizada e desenvolvida. A utilização da técnica implica na utilização de um sêmen de qualidade, garantido pelos centros de inseminação. Através de técnicas laboratoriais, é possível prever essa qualidade mediante a realização de testes macroscópicos (motilidade massal) e microscópicos (quantidade, motilidade, porcentagem de espermatozoides anormais e densidade). Constatada a sua qualidade, o sêmen é diluído com o objetivo de conservá-lo e aumentar o volume de ejaculação, sendo-lhe adicionados diferentes tipos de diluentes e aditivos. O sêmen pode ser conservado refrigerado ou congelado com nitrogênio líquido a uma temperatura negativa de -196 ºC. Para obter uma porcentagem elevada de inseminações fecundantes nos bovinos, faz-se necessário a manipulação correta das palhetas, evitando as mudanças de temperatura até à sua posterior utilização. Os processos de descongelação, secagem e colocação no cateter devem ser realizados de forma rápida e eficiente. Nas espécies em que se utiliza sêmen fresco, além de um correto desenvolvimento da técnica em si, é de vital importância a conservação do mesmo a temperatura adequada, além da sua aplicação em um curto espaço de tempo para evitar baixas taxas de fecundação. Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva – Departamento de Zootecnia da UFRPE. Recife, 2020. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS -/- ASBIA. Informações Técnicas sobre inseminação artificial. Acesso em: Março de 2020. ASBIA. Manual de Inseminação de Artificial, Uberaba – MG: Associação Brasileira de Inseminação Artificial, 2003. BRACKETT, B. G.; JÚNIOR, G. E. A.; SEIDEL, S. M. Avances en zootecnia. Nuevas técnicas de reproducción animal. 1ª ed. Zaragoza: Editorial Acribia, 1988. BRASIL. Legislação Informatizada - Decreto n° 91.111 de 12/03/1985. Acesso em: Março de 2020. CLÉMENT, Jean Michel. Larousse agricultural dictionary. Paris: Larousse, 1981. DERIVAUX, Jules. Fisiopatología de la reproducción e inseminación artificial de los animales domésticos. Havana: Instituto Cubano del libro, 1976. GOFFAUX, M. Quelques aspects relatives a la technologie de insémination artificielle des bovins. Elevage et insémination, n. 216, p. 5-9. 1986. HAFEZ, E. S. E. Artificial Insemination in Reproduction in Farm Animals. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, p. 481-497, 1990. HOPPER, Richard M. (Ed.). Bovine reproduction. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2014. HUNTER, Ronald Henry Fraser et al. Physiology and technology of reproduction in female domestic animals. Londres: Academic Press, 1980. JOHNSON, L. A.; LARSSON, K. Deep freezing of boar semen. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1985. LABBATE, Rodolfo D. Manual del inseminador. Córdoba: Sayg, 2000. ORGEUR, P.; SIGNORET, J. P. L'activité sexuelle du taureau: revue bibliographique. Paris: INRA, 1990, 3 (4), pp.235-242. ORTUÑO, Arturo Duarte. Manual de inseminación artificial de ganado. Disponível em: ——. Acesso em: Março de 2020. PÉREZ PÉREZ, F.; PÉREZ GUTIÉRREZ, F. Reproducción animal, inseminación animal y transplante de embriones. Barcelona: Cientifico-medica, 1985. Y PÉREZ, Félix Pérez. Reproducción e inseminación artificial ganadera. Barcelona: Cientifico-Medica, 1966. SALISBURY, G. W.; VANDERMARK, N. L. Phisiology of the reproduction and artificial insemination of cattle. San Francisco : Freeman e Company, 1961, 630 p. SEVERO, N. C. História ilustrada da inseminação artificial. São Paulo: Livre Expressão, 2013. SOLTNER, D. La reproduction des animaux domestiques d’élevage. Zootechnie générale, v. 1, Paris: Sciences et techniques agricole, 1993. (shrink)

The article examines the collaborations between the pensionnaires of the Villa Medici in Rome and the members of the French School of Athens, shedding light on the complex relationships between architecture, art, and archeology. The second half of the 19th century was a period during which the exchanges and collaborations between archaeologists, artists, and architects acquired a reinvented role and a dominant place. Within such a context, Athens was the place par excellence, where the encounter between these three disciplines took (...) place. The main objective of the article is to render explicit how the revelations of archeology, actively disseminated by the members of the French School of Athens—the “Athéniens”—had an important impact on the approach of certain pensionnaires of the Villa Medici in Rome. Particular emphasis is placed on certain pensionnaires, who decided to devote their envois to ancient monuments of Greece. In parallel, the article intends to shed light on the methods that helped the pensionnaires-architects of the Villa Medici in Rome appropriate archaeological discoveries concerning Greek antiquities. The article takes, as a starting point, the following hypothesis: to better understand the figure of the architect-archaeologist, of whom Jacques Ignace Hittorff is an emblematic example, it is pivotal to bear in mind that before the second half of the 19th century neither the figure of Hellenic archeology nor the figure of the architect had yet acquired their autonomy. Taking into account that Johann Joachim Winckelmann, in the middle of the 18th century, forged an ideal Greek model, which was criticized during the second half of the 19th century, the article also sheds light on the fact that the revelations of archaeologists have called into question the Winckelmannian image of Greece. Another aspect that is explored in the article is Jacques Ignace Hittorff’s studies concerning the polychromy of ancient Greek monuments, paying special attention to his Restitution du temple d’Empédocle à Sélinonte ou l’Architecture polychrome chez les Grecs. The article also explores how the shifts of the status of philhellenism are related to the mutations of the meaning of travel to Greece. In parallel, it investigates the impact of Greek independence on the ideals of beauty and nature in arts, as well as how Greek independence is related to the intensification of the interest in the excavations of Greek antiquities. (shrink)

This interdisciplinary approach to the semiotics of emotion offers insights on emotion as a semantic category organising an array of feelings, thoughts and sensations into meaningful (communicable) terms. This is achieved via an exploration of the role of perspective-taking in making meanings that are felt rather than expressly articulated through words. Forming a semiotic system based on embodied experiences and their contexts, emotions, as semantic categories, are the first stage in processes of expression and communication. I lay the groundwork for (...) an interdisciplinary semiotics of emotion in accordance with findings and stances taken in the fields of literary and cultural studies, neuroscience, and cognitive and comparative psychology. Narrative empathy (sometimes called narrative emotion), like emotion per se, stands upon processes of communication involving the interpretive capacities of feeling, cognitive processes of identification, and perspective-taking. Feeling, beginning as an interpretation of sensorial and neurologically driven values, intensifies through the cognitive-affectual interpretative processes of perspective-taking. With recursive (multi-perspectival) feeling resulting in intensifications of feeling we recognise as emotion, I define emotion as a complex recursive pattern of feeling and affect that calls attention to itself in terms that are readily identifiable with semantic categories such as love, hate, shame, sadness, and anger. (shrink)

Introduction: -/- Walking, illegally, down main Montreal thoroughfares with students in nightly demonstrations, with neighbors whom I barely knew before, banging pots and pans, and with tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of people on every 22nd of the month since March—this was unimaginable a year ago.1 Unimaginable that the collective and heterogeneous body, which is the “manif [demonstration]”, could feel so much like home, despite its internal differences. Unimaginable that this mutual dependence on one another could enable not only (...) collective protection from traffic and police but the affective strength and audacity to take back the street—a mutual dependence that includes the masked demonstrators ready to help when gassed by police. Unimaginable too that we would be breaking the law daily,2 that blocking traffic and seeing the city from the center of the street would become habit, and that as the “printemps érable” becomes summer, we would be investing our time in neighborhood assemblies, in weaving social bonds, and in sustaining and deepening the mobilization. -/- I say these actions were unimaginable not merely because the context that motivated the enlargement of the student movement into a popular struggle combines a number of unique features. Nor were they simply unimaginable because the Quebec I previously knew was marred by the Islamophobia and cultural racism made visible during the reasonable accommodation debates, a society whose mapping excluded me and for whose sake it would have been difficult to protest.3 Rather, I say these actions were unimaginable because the possibility of this popular and inclusive mobilization had not yet been created. It is this possibility that the Quebec student movement has created, I argue, not only in quantitative terms by engaging so many, but at the level of lived subjectivities and intercorporeal solidarity. The evolution of the movement should be understood, then, both as a swelling of its popular base and as an intensification and qualitative transformation of ways of life. (shrink)

A collective understanding that traces a debate between ‘what is science?’ and ‘what is a science about?’ has an extraction to the notion of scientific knowledge. The debate undertakes the pursuit of science that hardly extravagance the dogma of pseudo-science. Scientific conjectures invoke science as an intellectual activity poured by experiences and repetition of the objects that look independent of any idealist views (believes in the consensus of mind-dependence reality). The realistic machinery employs in an empiricist exposition of the objective (...) phenomenon by synchronizing the general method to make observational predictions that cover all the phenomena of the particular entity without any exception. The formation of science encloses several epistemological purviews and a succession of conjectures cum refutation that a newer theorem could reinstate. My attempt is to advocate a holistic plea of scientific conjectures that outruns the restricted regulation of experience or testable hypothesis to render the validity of a chain of logical reasoning (deductive or inductive) of basic scientific statements. The milieu of scientific intensification integrates speculation that loads efficiency towards a new experimental dimension where the reality is not itself objective or observers relative; in fact the observed phenomenon divulges in the constructive progression of preferred methods of falsifiability and uncertainty. (shrink)

The role of the physiological processes involved in human vision escapes clarification in current literature. Many unanswered questions about vision include: 1) whether there is more to lateral inhibition than previously proposed, 2) the role of the discs in rods and cones, 3) how inverted images on the retina are converted to erect images for visual perception, 4) what portion of the image formed on the retina is actually processed in the brain, 5) the reason we have an after-image with (...) antagonistic colors, and 6) how we remember space. This theoretical article attempts to clarify some of the physiological processes involved with human vision. The global integration of visual information is conceptual; therefore, we include illustrations to present our theory. Universally, the eyeball is 2.4 cm and works together with membrane potential, correspondingly representing the retinal layers,photoreceptors, and cortex. Images formed within the photoreceptors must first be converted into chemical signals on the photoreceptors’ individual discs and the signals at each disc are transduced from light photons into electrical signals. We contend that the discs code the electrical signals into accurate distances and are shown in our figures. The pre-existing oscillations among the various cortices including the striate and parietal cortex,and the retina work in unison to create an infrastructure of visual space that functionally ‘‘places” the objects within this ‘‘neural” space. The horizontal layers integrate all discs accurately to create a retina that is pre-coded for distance. Our theory suggests image inversion never takes place on the retina,but rather images fall onto the retina as compressed and coiled, then amplified through lateral inhibition through intensification and amplification on the OFF-center cones. The intensified and amplified images are decompressed and expanded in the brain, which become the images we perceive as external vision. (shrink)

Marcuse argued that U.S.-led globalized capitalism represented the irrational perfection of waste and the degradation of the earth, resurgent sexism, racism, bigoted nationalism, and warlike patriotism. Inspired by the revolutionary legacy of Herbert Marcuse’s social and political philosophy, this volume appeals to the energies of those engaged in a wide range of contemporary social justice struggles: ecosocialism, antiracism, the women’s movement, LGBTQ rights, and antiwar forces. The intensification of these regressive political tendencies today must be countered, and this can be (...) best accomplished through radical collaboration around an agenda recognizing the basic economic and political needs of diverse subaltern communities. Marcuse's Great Refusal is elaborated as a collective project of system negation that is becoming a new general interest. (shrink)

The Tannhäuser Gate. Architecture in science fiction films of the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century as a component of utopian and dystopian projections of the future. -/- The films of science fiction genre from the second half of the 20th and early 21st century contained many visions of the future, which were at the same time a reflection on the achievements and deficiencies of modern times. In 1960s, cinematographic works were dominated by optimism (...) and faith in the possibility of never-ending progress. The disappearance of political divisions between the blocs of states and the joint exploration of the cosmos was foreseen. The designers undertook cooperation with scientists, which manifested itself in showing cosmic constructions far exceeding the real technical capabilities. Starting from the 1970s, pessimism and the belief that the future will bring, above all, the intensification of negative phenomena of the present began to grow in films. Fears of the future were connected with indicating various possible defects and insoluble contradictions between them. When, therefore, some dystopian visions illustrated the threat of increase in crime, others depicted the future as saturated with state control mechanisms and the prevalence of surveillance. The fears shown on the screens were also aroused by the growth of large corporations, especially by their gaining political influence or staying outside the system of democracy. The authors of the films also presented their suspicions related to the creation of new types of weapons by corporations, the use of which might breach the current legal norms. Particular objections concerned research on biological weapons and the possible spread of lethal viruses. The development of robotics and research into artificial intelligence, which must have resulted in the appearance of androids and inevitable tensions in their relations with humans, also triggered fear. Another problem for film-makers has become hybrids that are a combination of people and electronic parts. Scriptwriters and directors likewise considered the development of genetic engineering, which led to the creation of mutant human beings. A number of film dystopias contemplated the possibility of the collapse of democratic systems and the development of authoritarian regimes in their place, often based on broad public support. This kind of dystopia also includes films presenting the consequences of contemporary hedonism and consumerism. The problem is, however, that works critical of these phenomena were themselves advertisements for attractive products. (shrink)

A collective understanding that traces a debate between 'what is science?’ and ‘what is a science about?’ has an extraction to the notion of scientific knowledge. The debate undertakes the pursuit of science that hardly extravagance the dogma of pseudo-science. Scientific conjectures invoke science as an intellectual activity poured by experiences and repetition of the objects that look independent of any idealist views (believes in the consensus of mind-dependence reality). The realistic machinery employs in an empiricist exposition of the objective (...) phenomenon by synchronizing the general method to make observational predictions that cover all the phenomena of the particular entity without any exception. The formation of science encloses several epistemological purviews and a succession of conjectures cum refutation that a newer theorem could reinstate. My attempt is to advocate a holistic plea of scientific conjectures that outruns the restricted regulation of experience or testable hypothesis to render the validity of a chain of logical reasoning (deductive or inductive) of basic scientific statements. The milieu of scientific intensification integrates speculation that loads efficiency towards a new experimental dimension where the reality is not itself objective or observers relative; in fact the observed phenomenon divulges in the constructive progression of preferred methods of falsifiability and uncertainty. (shrink)

L’épidémie de Covid-19 aurait pu y faire des ravages. Pourtant, ce 11 avril, le Vietnam ne comptait que 258 cas déclarés et aucun décès selon l’université américaine Johns Hopkins. Des chiffres observés avec moins de méfiance que ceux du voisin chinois, avec qui il partage 1 280 kilomètres de frontière. Le résultat est surprenant pour ce pays de 96 millions d’habitants, qui ne consacre que peu de moyens à la santé. À Hô-Chi-Minh-Ville, seuls 900 lits d’hôpitaux sont équipés pour les (...) soins intensifs, soit 1 pour près de 9 000 habitants. (shrink)

This article integrates John Dewey’s _Art as Experience_, Mikel Dufrenne’s _Phenomenology of Aesthetic Experience_, and phenomenological interviews with museum visitors to answer what it means to be ‘moved by art’. The interviews point to intense affective and existential experiences, in which encounters with art can be genuinely transformative. We focus on Dufrenne’s notion of ‘adherent reflection’ and Dewey’s notions of ‘doing and undergoing’ to understand the intentional structure and dynamics of such experiences, concluding that being moved contains two merged forms (...) of intentionality: one overt aspect of perceptual intentionality directed at the work, and a covert affective intentionality directed back at oneself in one’s situated existence. These are operational simultaneously but can work in loops, one leading to an intensification of the other and vice versa. As such, these analyses emphasize the value of phenomenological interviews and advance the integration of phenomenological and pragmatist thinking in the context of aesthetic experience. (shrink)

This book proposes a new reading of Bergsonism based on the admission that time, conceived as duration, stretches instead of passes. This swelling time is full and so excludes the negative. Yet, swelling requires some resistance, but such that it is more of a stimulant than a contrariety. The notion of élan vital fulfills this requirement: it states the immanence of life to matter, thereby deriving the swelling from an internal effort and allowing its conceptualization as self-overcoming. With self-overcoming as (...) the inner dynamics of reality, Bergson dismisses all forms of dualism and reductionist monism because both the absence of negativity and the swelling nature of time posit a creative process yielding a qualitatively diverse world. This graded oneness is how the lower level activates intensification by turning into limitation, making possible higher levels of achievement, in particular through the union of mind and body and the integration of openness and closed sociability. (shrink)

Development plans at different levels – from local to global – aspire to eliminate poverty, famine, to make health care accessible, to create better access to education, to improve transportation, employment, and the quality of life, all within next decades. Yet, these plans collide with the reality of climate change, more precisely the Anthropocene, which already creates high-dimensional conflicts. These will only intensify within decades because climate change and other consequences of the environment global devastation lead to a real decrease (...) of resources. These resources enable not only development but also an elementary reproduction of the essential preconditions of life. The current model of development has substantially contributed to the intensification of unequal accessibility to resources and existing conflicts have thus heightened and new ones have emerged. Water as an essential resource will cause new conflicts. Growing population, expansion of deserts and a sea level rise then increase conflicts for the land. Heat waves occur more often which strengthens conflicts for land suitable for human life, meaning that inhabitable areas are spreading. Therefore there is a need to re-evaluate the character and hierarchy of resources and their accessibility, and also concepts of development. The existing development of humankind has been done at the expense of others in many cases and mainly at the expense of the environment. The current situation raises a question of climate justice from both historical and systematic viewpoints. It opens a need to reformulate the concept of human rights from the perspective of their essential environmental preconditions and to define the status of environmental migrants. (shrink)

This paper briefly presents the historical and philosophical link between Enlightenment philosophy and the emergence of Postmodern philosophy, i.e., the transition from modernity to postmodernity. While identifying and recognizing the “difference” and the sharp contrast, I will concentrate on showing the “continuity” between the two philosophies. This paper shows that postmodernism can be understood as ultra-modernism in at least two dimensions 1) in opting for a particular critical methodology and 2) in the intensification of subjectivity. This enactment of deconstructive criticism, (...) skepticism, relativism, and subjectivism has generated a cultural condition that suspects and distrusts every knowledge and truth claim. As a result, the matters which are related to our shared communal concerns are becoming ambiguous. (shrink)

In the context of Ukraine’s membership in the WTO, the functioning of a free trade area with the EU, the opportunity for agricultural producers to obtain a larger share of the value added is primarily linked to the intensification of trade in domestic livestock products and their processing products. However, their production is one of the high-risk areas and requires a set of measures aimed at ensuring proper quality. Without effective solution of the problem of quality of livestock products it (...) is impossible to ensure its competitiveness in the world market, to guarantee the rational nutrition of the population of the country, the availability of the necessary components for the vital activity of the human body. The aim of the research is to determine the socio-economic factors for ensuring the quality of livestock products in Ukraine. The scientific and specific research methods were used to solve the tasks set in the work: the historical method; abstraction method; method of comparative analysis; system-structural method. The main producer of livestock products in Ukraine are households. They do not have the capabilities to implement technologies of keeping, feeding, veterinary services, programs prerequisites for guaranteeing the safety of products, adherence to the HACCP principles. In Ukraine, real technical, economic and organizational-economic prerequisites for ensuring the safety and quality of livestock products are created only in the poultry meat sector. During 2015-2017, the trends in production of almost all types of livestock products except poultry and honey were identified. One of the reasons for this situation was, firstly, decreasing in capital investment in the livestock sector, and secondly, the low profitability of production of livestock products in the context of accelerated growth in prices for resources. It is proved that insignificant market (price) incentives should be supplemented with instruments of state assistance to improve the quality parameters of products on the basis of specialized enterprises. The necessity of state support for the production of livestock products based on small and medium-sized enterprises is substantiated. This will effectively combine the processes of increasing the production of livestock products with the environmental friendliness of production and steady improvement of quality. It is shown that the low quality of certain livestock products in Ukraine is caused by insufficient living standards of the population and low incomes of the majority of households, which cause them to consume low quality products. It is determined that the problem of guaranteeing the quality of livestock products in Ukraine has deep roots cause due to the influence of socio-economic factors. Therefore, a comprehensive approach is needed to solve it, which is not limited to improving the efficiency of the state control system and successfully harmonizing of the Ukrainian technical regulation system with the European one. The problem of low quality and the danger of livestock production requires a systematic approach for its solution, which is not limited, in particular, by measures to improve the system of state control and ensure approximation of the domestic technical regulation system to the European one. In Ukraine, major high-quality animal products are economically inaccessible to a large part of households. The projected increase in safety parameters and a certain improvement in the quality of livestock products as a result of the implementation of regulations adopted in 2014-2017, will necessarily lead to an increase in its value, and therefore may lead to a decrease in market demand and even greater inaccessibility of these products to people. All this can only aggravate the situation with guaranteeing the food security of the country, forming the prerequisites for increasing the intellectual capacity of the nation. (shrink)

The Shadow of God in the Philosopher’s Garden. The Parc de La Villette in Paris in the context of the philosophy of chôra I Bernard Tschumi’s project of the Parc de La Villette could have won the competition and was implemented thanks to the political atmosphere that accompanied the victory of the left-wing candidate in the French presidential elections in 1981. François Mitterand’s revision of the political programme and the replacement of radical reforms with the construction of prestigious architectural objects (...) and urban assumptions in the French capital gave Tschumi a unique opportunity to realise ideas that polemicised with traditional forms of social life, questioned the basic principles of architecture and included architectural work in the philosophical disputes over the issues of metaphysics. Tschumi’s theoretical assumptions put forward during the design of the Parc de La Villette highlighted the questions of conflict between the main components of the project and suggested that the intensification of differences was analogous to Jacques Derrida’s creation of the concept of différance. It was this philosopher who in a special commentary to Derrida’s project also introduced the concept of maintenant, which aimed at demonstrating that the architect’s polemical inclinations remain in a hidden balance with his inclinations to affirmation of architectural principles. During the discussion between Derrida and Peter Eisenman, who was to take part in the design of the Parisian park, the concept of the chôra was also put forward, which in the course of the debate led to an additional confusion of architectural and philosophical problems. II In the period from the Antiquity to the Renaissance, the dialogue Timaeus was the most frequently commented work of Plato. At present, the most frequently discussed is the issue of the chôra included in it, which aroused fascination among philosophers, researchers of rhetoric, religion, feminism, but also architecture. The work on the chôra also influenced the development of the interpretation of the Parc de La Villette, among which the topics related to the beginning and the change were highlighted. In early uses of the word chôra in Greek, as in Homer’s 18th Book of Iliad, it meant both dancing and a place to dance. On this occasion, it can be seen that it is not possible to determine which phenomenon took precedence in the creation of the name. It cannot be denied, however, that the word concerned a specific movement, as if circular and returning to an indefinable beginning. Despite gaining more and more general meanings, the word chôra has retained its connection with the dance of people on the threshing floor, the dance of bees (choros meliton) or the dance of stars (choros astron). In Timaeus, the chôra is a space filled with movement with an effect similar to shaking the sieve to husk the grain: it separates similar elements from the dissimilar ones. The juxtaposition of the Parc de La Villette and the chôra already at this stage leads to the suggestion that the park was treated by the architect as a place of dynamic changes leading to the establishment of new social solutions. In his statements, the architect confirmed that the park was to be a space of new politics and ethics. The book by Julia Kristeva La Révolution du langage poétique contributed to the spread of the belief that works of art can play a role as factors of political revolution. In this work, the author put forward the thesis that the chôra is a kind of space, the character of which has a destructive influence on attempts to conclude language games. The chôra gives beginning to words, but at the same time, by leaving a trace of this beginning it forces us to renew their meanings. The chôra understood in this way, turns out to be an irremovable beginning, to which one has to return all the time. Kristeva found manifestations of the chôra’s activity in avant-garde French poetry, to which she attributed the role of a mediator between criticism of metaphysics and aspirations for social change. The chôra, violating the language, introduces some voids into it, as if traces of the abyss, which direct the consciousness towards understanding the necessity of political changes. The Parc de La Villette was to pursue similar objectives in the city space. In his essays, Tschumi considered the problems of creating spaces that would give rise to a radical democracy. The proposed rebellious spaces should have the characteristics of a void, in which contradictory forces would occur as forms of pure activity. The means of achieving this goal was to concentrate contradictions and make them visible. The Parc de La Villette was supposed to collect differences as indelible and at the same time by showing them it was supposed to raise awareness of the social world as a conglomerate of differences. Saturation of the space of the park with subversive values results from the character of this space suppressed in the consciousness, as well as from the social diversity which has not been taken into account so far. The main contradictions contained in space relate to the division that exists between its presentation as a mental problem and a sensual one. The park was the deliberate creation of a place that transcends such a division and creates a separate space for negotiation between architectural theories and its practical applications. The purpose of the park was to become a place of future events, which would not hide their conflicting character coming from diversity of both space and society. The method of composition usually aimed at achieving a harmonious whole has been replaced by Tschumi with a system of juxtaposition of non-coherent elements or those resulting from variations and transformations. Tschumi did not seek direct influence on politics in the Parc de La Villette, but made room for thinking about the possibilities of the future. He introduced problems rather than showed solutions to them. The task of the park was to put the principles of architecture into a kind of vibration that would inspire users to participate in the new community. III Tschumi believes that the quality of architecture depends on the theoretical factor it contains. Such a view led to the creation of architecture that would achieve visibility and comprehensibility only after its interpretation. On his way to creating such an architecture he took on a purely philosophical reflection on the basic building block of architecture, which is space. In 1975, he wrote an essay entitled Questions of Space, in which he included several dozen questions about the nature of space. The questions he formulated could be regarded as analogous to the situation in the philosophy of the time, in which the interest in questioning the most obvious forms of understanding the world and intellectual categories increased. The research on space is an area common to many fields of natural sciences, humanities and artistic creation, but it also deals with other problems, such as issues of experience. The concept of space-time continuum proposed by Hermann Minkowski drew attention to the identity of time and space with the events taking place. Probably regardless of the postulates of physicists commenting on Albert Einstein’s discoveries, also in philosophy it increased the importance of the concept of the event which became dominant in Martin Heidegger’s latest work Contributions of Philosophy: Of the event. Furthermore, Tschumi’s reflections on space entered into relation with the problem of experience, which aroused the interest of a group of French philosophers trying to assimilate Georges Bataille’s concept of “inner experience”. Both Tschumi and Derrida referred to Bataille because his views could be used not only to modify the concept of the subject, but also to change the understanding of what constitutes the area of architecture. The discussion on experience has led to the recognition that the subject is not sovereign, but actually a form of what is on their outside. Such insights make it possible to treat the area of the Parc de La Villette as existing mainly when it is organised by its users. The decisive features of the park are its assumptions, according to which it is a variety of active void that leads to agreeing new social relations with it. The park does not force to participate in already existing moral or political communities, but tries to move into an unknown future in which the scope of free functioning of individuals will be increased. Doubts about the principles of functioning of the individual self and its discovery as a whole composed of non-coherent parts, as well as its dependence on its own depth full of disordered forces, influenced the understanding of architecture as a set of contradictions whose source is a fundamental void anticipating the empty phenomenal space. The use of this phenomenal void in architecture, as well as the rejection of the whole and unity, had a specific political purpose and drew its inspiration from political analyses. In the Parc de La Villette, metaphysics and politics were brought closer together because the philosophy of void was used to create new conditions for community action. It can be argued that the source of this philosophy was the perception of errors in existing societies dependent on the shortcomings of traditional metaphysics. Spacing (espacement) was one of the key terms in Derrida’s philosophy, which was also combined with the concepts of différance and chôra. The study of the nature of space, especially its transition from the level of pure possibility to the level of sensual phenomenon, also contributes to understanding how well designed space can have an impact on its audience. This explanation is based on Tschumi’s assumption that the space of the Parc de La Villette contradicts the integrating approaches and instead exposes contradictions, but it does so in a way that combines incompatible properties into a single piece of architecture. The specificity of such integration is similar to the invention of a musical phrase, which is an ideological message: moral and political. Such a thesis may raise doubts, however, if both the clearly adopted assumptions and those deduced from the work allow for their logically ordered presentation then to a limited extent it may be assumed that the work has achieved a connection between a specific philosophy of space and its practical application. Derrida combined the problem of spatiality with the problem of transcendental imagination in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, who in the first version of Critique of Pure Reason assumed that pure imagination precedes the appearance of time and space, even in their transcendental forms. The imagination in such a situation can be described as a factor activating time and space, which indicates what function is played by movement in this activity. This leads us to recognize that the ultra originary source of pure forms of sensual intuition is movement, which in early Greek philosophy was identified with void and its lack of resistance to phenomena occurring in it. Derrida’s philosophy in search of a certain super-transcendental source of time and space pointed to différance which, like void or the chôra, does not have material features or even any other form of being. Différance is the primary cause of the disruption of motionlessness and the introduction of activity into motionless time and space, thus its activity can be described as spacing (espacement). Derrida’s discoveries in this respect are not entirely original, because Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel already pointed out when examining the present that it is primarily a differential relation (differente Beziehung), which, being seemingly neutral, influences the present with supernatural force and makes it unidentifiable with itself. Differente Beziehung must similarly influence the originary space, negating its initial character by multiplying its divisions and expanding its boundaries. Différance acts by revealing contradictions wherever there is apparent undifferentiation. Tschumi, composing the Parc de La Villette as a variety of void and a set of incompatible layers, followed the rules of différance or the chôra: he made void visible together with its saturation with contradictions. If space can be considered to be the result of the activity of difference, such activity has a certain regularity, which influences the behaviour of its observers. Differences or contradictions fall into a certain rhythm, which can be considered a manifestation of transcendent order. The problem is that what can be considered the source of such order, namely the logos or God, is partly disorder and error. According to descriptions contained in Timaeus, the world is a combination of forces that drive to order with forces of erroneous necessity that resounds in every order and forces it to return to disorder. Derrida denied the possibility of understanding différance as a theological value, even if it were a negative or apophatic theology, but no categorical denial could be perfect. The assumption that différance or the chôra are not endowed with any substance properties cannot deny their activity, and thus a certain force. Already since Democritus, philosophy has multiplied the names of such a force and the contradictory variety of its manifestations, never forgetting also the necessity for reason to withdraw from the possibility of giving its correct characteristics. Such a withdrawal may be interpreted as an expression of respect and, in certain situations, as a cult of the force that precedes reasonableness. The Parc de La Villette, which is an artistic divagation about the contradictions and forces behind them, can be considered as a place of their sublimation, and therefore as a variation of the temple of what differs from order and disorder. IV In the texts that presented the theoretical assumptions of the Parc de La Villette, Tschumi used a large number of terms that contradicted not only the traditional principles of composing architecture, but also negated the rules of social order and the foundations of Western metaphysics. Tschumi’s statements, which are a continuation of his leftist political fascinations from the May 1968 revolution, as well as his interest in the philosophy of French poststructuralism and his collaboration with Derrida, prove that terms such as “disruption”, “dissociation”, “disfunction”, “disjunction” and “dispersion” not only referred to architectural problems but also applied to political criticism and the deepest foundations of thinking itself. His collaboration with Derrida manifested itself primarily in the publication La Case Vide: La Villette 1985, in which the architect’s design drawings and texts explaining his concepts related to the Parc de La Villette were accompanied by an extensive essay by Derrida, which included theoretical problems taken up by Tschumi in a philosophical context. Architectural and philosophical issues were also combined during seven discussion meetings organised by Eisenman, invited by Tschumi to collaborate on the design of the Parc de La Villette. Eisenman, who, like Tschumi, invited Derrida to participate in the design of the park and also led to the publication of Chora L Works: Jacques Derrida and Peter Eisenman, in which his ideas were confronted with Derrida’s philosophical text. In this case, Derrida’s essay was not a direct commentary on the architect’s concepts, but rather a reflection on the question of the chôra presented by Plato in Timaeus. During the discussion and in his essay, Derrida pointed out that the chôra is a component of the created world, yet it does not belong to it, but precedes it. The originality of the chôra is so radical that she also precedes all the factors of creating the world, including ideas and the Demiurge. Thus athesis appeared in the metaphysics of the West that the chôra is a form of active abyss, in relation to which all beings are secondary, both those perfect (as ideas or God) and those created, such as the world, things, people or language. This leads to the conclusion that the chôra does not exist, because all existence is a derivative of the chôra. Nor could the chôra be described, since it is a form of developing a space that is preceded by a lack of space characteristic of the chôra. Derrida intended the chôra to be an instance with an exceptional degree of transcendentalism, an anti-metaphysical instance, but also an a-theological one. However, this attempt failed, both in the field of secular philosophy and in the field of theology. Derrida’s characteristics of the chôra to strengthen its transcendentalism and negation of metaphysics had to be expressed in a language that immediately produces new concepts and a new metaphysics that reproduces the categories of the beginning, the origin or the foundation known from earlier philosophical traditions. All forms of criticism of metaphysics are also inspired by negative, apophatic and mystical theology. The undermining of many concepts of permanent meaning and the introduction of new concepts of unstable meaning, characteristic of the philosophy of deconstruction, had many features of originality, but it was directed towards problems whose solutions repeat, with the use of new vocabulary, the findings known in culture since Democritus. Thus, if apophatic philosophy can be regarded as deconstruction avant la lettre, then deconstruction itself in its late versions began to take on the features of a new religion. The exchange of inspiration between theology and deconstruction was manifested in a series of scientific conferences and publications in which Derrida’s philosophical concepts were interpreted within the scope of religious thought. Theological threads began to be found in such concepts of deconstruction as différance or the chôra, while at the same time Derrida himself undertook in his philosophy to study problems such as the Other (L’Autre) or the Impossible (Impossible), which belonged to newer theological traditions. As a consequence of the new problems, the deconstruction became closer to the features of a new religion. Philosophy, at least from Kant’s time, has tried to create a system that would take over from religion the tasks of setting moral and political goals. Similarly, Derrida has directed his interest towards the problems of democracy and ethics, which would enable their renewal. Attempts to create a new religion (cleared of old metaphors), a new community or a new democracy bring problems and threats which may be no less troublesome than the previous systems. All promises of freedom carry with them threats, the greater the more they strive for perfection. The renewal of existential orders, sometimes carried out by means of violent changes, is a certain repetitive feature of human cultures. Deep changes, however, do not protect against the return of both old gods and old demons. Tschumi and Derrida were shaped in their youth by the atmosphere of leftist rebellion against the moral and political limitations of ossified communities and the imperfections of democracy. The ethical theme distinguishes many of their works, including the Parc de La Villette. The opposition to the metaphysical traditions of philosophy and architecture contained in this park was prompted by specific political situations and resulted from bringing political issues to the level of philosophical considerations. Achievements made at the level of pure concepts were then subject to elevation, to a kind of sacralization, which made them religious concepts. The deconstruction reached for the status of the new religion especially when it found its followers and began to generate moral obligations. In the new situation, terms such as the chôra, l’Autre or the Impossible were absolutized and in relation to them a cult and attitude of adoration emerged. The Parc de La Villtette then gained new post-secular meanings, which allow it to be assigned the function of a Temple of Otherness (L’Autre) and Impossible. V In the traditional sense, a work of art creates an illustration of the outside world, or of a certain text or doctrine. Sometimes it is considered that such an illustration is not literal, but is an interpretation of what is visible, or an interpretation of a certain literary or ideological message. It can also be assumed that a work of art creates its own visual world, a separate story or a separate philosophical statement. Parc de La Villette represents the last of these possibilities: it is a philosophical statement that develops the premises derived from poststructuralist philosophies and the philosophy of deconstruction. The uniqueness of its being status, however, is that it does so not only at the level of the theoretical assumptions, but also through its functioning as an active philosophical work. This means that a park is a happening philosophy. Its activity, however, does not refer only to the present tense, but is also an attempt to penetrate the future, all otherness and impossibility. This kind of activity assumes that the work, in a sense, does not yet fully exist, but is also still produced in the processes of its interpretation. The theoretical foundations of the park included texts by Tschumi, in which he questioned traditional ways of creating a work of architecture, postulating in return the use of a long series of negations, which were comparable to the crisis of metaphysics characteristic of contemporary philosophy. It is therefore no coincidence that the publication containing Tschumi’s theoretical text on Parc de La Villette was accompanied by an essay by Derrida developing some of the architect’s concepts. The next step in integrating philosophy into the process of park design was a series of discussions between Eisenman and Derrida, who completely moved the creation of the park into the world of thoughts, without accentuating the need for their realization in the material reality. The main topic of these discussions was the problem of the chôra, which was taken up by later commentators and used to interpret the park as a work in which the philosophy of the beginning is manifested relating to issues of politics, morality and religion. The park was therefore interpreted as a space of invention within the scope of creating new rules of functioning of the community and democracy. Thinking about the political future may, however, exceed the horizon of ordinary expectations. Although philosophical thought is always connected with contemporary problems and metaphysics sometimes intertwines with current politics, yet at the same time the customs of philosophy also include crossing horizons and thinking about absolute otherness and impossibility. Initially, the chôra, différance, absolute otherness (tout autre) and the Impossible were concepts of pure philosophy of atheistic character, but with the further development of the discussion, more and more theological motifs began to emerge. One of the reasons for this phenomenon was the fact that radical negations of all being, which were contemplated in contemporary philosophy (by Heidegger and Derrida, among others), had previously been manifested in negative and apophatic theologies (by Master Eckhart, among others).Also the category of the “Other”, taken from Emmanuel Levinas, was clearly connected with the thought about God. A further reason for connecting the chôra with the theological thought was the interest in the philosophy of deconstruction expressed by some theologians. John Caputo in particular managed to persuade Derrida to participate in discussions on the current status of religion. In the late period of Derrida’s writing, further statements on religious topics appeared. All these reasons led to posing a question about the identity of the chôra and God. Although there were no satisfactory conclusions on this issue, the discussion was also important to create an interpretation of the park as a place of worship. The chôra, representing, according to Plato, the preoriginal emptiness is the place of every beginning, but it turns out that it is not neutral to the being created in it. The chôra deposits itself in every being as an irremovable beginning that interferes with its stability. The chôra, therefore, forces us into a palintropical movement, but it also turns out to be a pure compulsion, an erring necessity and a fundamental force from which, in the human perception, motifs useful to the individual and to the community are extracted. All definitions of this force, including its anthropomorphisation, are formulated in such a way that they allow for building private and collective morality upon them. Such definitions are changed depending on variable political situations. It is difficult to determine whether in the processes of changes in the formulation of “God’s names” any essential value is retained, which is not subject to change. The current definitions of the chôra (God?), which can be found, for example, in the philosophy of Caputo, stress that she is a combination of various and contradictory forces. This characteristic inherits much of Plato’s concept, reminds us of Master Eckhart’s views on Gottheit and, at the same time, is not unfamiliar to Tschumi, whose essays were an apologia of contradictions. The current concept of chôra, transferred into the sphere of politics, is the praise of social diversity and the protection of the difference from the forces of order. In the Parc de La Villette, the future community and democracy were elevated as a system of safe existence of individuals in all their singularity. The park is a temple of a future community in which individual beings have nothing in common. (shrink)

The discussions of conatus – force, tendency, effort, and striving – in early modern metaphysics have roots in Aristotle’s understanding of life as an internal experience of living force. This paper examines the ways that Spinoza’s conatus is consonant with Aristotle on effort. By tracking effort from his psychology and ethics to aesthetics, I show there is a conatus at the heart of the activity of the ψυχή that involves an intensification of power in a way which anticipates many of (...) the central insights of early modern and 20th century European philosophy. The first section outlines how Aristotle’s developmental conception of the soul as geometrically ordered lays the foundation for his understanding of effort. The developmental series of powers of the soul are analogous to the series of shapes in mathematics. The second section links the striving of the soul to the gradual acquisition of virtues as a directed activity unifying multiplicity. The third examines the paradigm of self-awareness that Aristotelian effort involves. In the final section I show how ancient Greek theories of music were founded on the experience of striving. The “nature” of music is defined by Aristoxenus, and Theophrastus, in relation to the passion and intentionality of the soul. The geometrical order, as a synthesis of elements in geometry, music, or ethics, is a generative process in which past elements are retained and reintegrated in later stages of development. It requires effort to think geometrically, and the progress of knowledge itself is an integral aspect of all effort. Effort is the lived and self-aware cause which, moving step by step in an orderly and deliberate way, grows and advances upon itself. For both Spinoza and Aristotle, effort is the immanent intelligence which accomplishes what is in the purview of its understanding. Thus, will, in this conception of effort, is not something we already possess innately, but emerges gradually by an effort aimed at improvement. (shrink)

Propaganda is one of the most apparent avenues of ideological struggle. Amidst the battlefield in the social consciousness, the purpose of this study is to forward revolutionary ideology through intensification of revolutionary propaganda, specifically the pamphlet. It is a crucial step for revolutionaries in the aim to forward their methods of propaganda writing to overcome the illness of stereotypical propaganda writing as described by Mao Zedong. Stereotypical propaganda writing in the practice of progressive propaganda leads to a genesis of a (...) manufactured language characterized by the alienation of the masses from the language of revolutionaries and the alienation of revolutionary-propagandists from the practical experience of the masses. To overcome stereotypical propaganda writing, revolutionary propagandists must have a semiotic framework and a dialectical-materialist understanding of their relationship as Author-propagandists with the Reader-masses. By incorporating modest authorial-intentionalism from E.D. Hirsch and the Model-Reader theory of Umberto Eco into textual relationships, the role and the purpose of the sign as a medium in communicating ideologies can be established. In the process, it poses an alternative against the prevalent post-structuralist view of semantic autonomy and reader-response theory in the field of literary criticism. This paper also uses V.N. Voloshinov’s linguistic theory as the framework for semantico-pragmatic linguistic relations and social intercourse as the material base of the sign. (shrink)

Beginning with the role of the Sex Pistols’s “God Save the Queen” in Lee Edelman and J. Jack Halberstam’s debates about queer death and failure, I follow a musical motive from the Pistols track to its reappearance in Atari Teenage Riot’s 1995 “Delete Yourself .” In this song, as in much of ATR’s work from the 1990s, overlapping queer and Afro-diasporic aesthetics condense around the idea of death or “bare life.” ATR’s musical strategies treat this death as a form of (...) de-intensification and divestment— not, as in Edelman or the Pistols, as a form of negation . I will show that ATR’s musical recontextualization of the Pistols’s riff mirrors the political recontextualization of queerness and queer death from negation to disinvestment. Pushing this misprision or sticky interface between cyberpunk, queer, and Afro-diasporic musical aesthetics, I use ATR’s music to consider how queer death might work as a political response to neoliberal demands to invest in “normal” life. I first discuss the traditional concept of death as negation in both the Sex Pistols song "God Save the Queen," and in Lee Edelman and Jack Halberstam’s formulations. I then argue that Atari Teenage Riot's song “Delete Yourself” describes a neoliberal, biopolitical concept of death, death as carefully administered divestment. Finally, I use Deleuze and Guattari’s discussion of drugs, and Ronald Bogue’s Deleuzian reading of death metal to identify and explain how “MIDIjunkies” and “Into the Death” complicate the biopolitical/neoliberal management of death by reworking traditional black/queer critical aesthet- ics. In these songs, ATR undermine biopolitical neoliberalism’s demand to invest in and intensify regular “normal” life: rather than treating death as a nadir of intensity, they intensify it–that is, they go into the death. This strategy of going “into the death” is one possible queer necropolitical response to neoliberalism. (shrink)

The twentieth century saw what could be described as a parting of the ways between humans and other species of animal in many parts of the world. Increasing urbanization and the intensification of farming resulted in restricted opportunities to interact directly with other animals, particularly freeroaming animals in their natural habitats. At the same time, changes in technology led to greatly increased opportunities to come into contact with animals indirectly through their representation in media such as film, television, and the (...) internet. This extra stage of mediation between actual animals in the world and a human population’s experience of them is extremely important, because representations necessarily are partial. Among the forces that potentially influence representations are powerful commercial forces. They pressure for increased intensive confinement of animals, increased human use of habitats, larger catches of animals in the wild, and numerous other ways of increasing the utility drawn from animals. At the same time, these forces are resisted in a variety of directions by those working for animal welfare, rights, . (shrink)

With the further growth of the world population and the further intensification of the processes of interaction between countries and increasing movements of the masses of people, the role of Political Demography becomes more and more important. Issues of global ageing, migration, low fertility in developed countries (or very high fertility in some African countries), high mortality in many developing states (including deaths from AIDS); rapid change in the ethnic composition in Europe and in several other regions and many other (...) pressing issues are in the focus of this discipline. Some of these problems are analyzed in this yearbook. However, among those issues, the issue of global ageing becomes more and more pressing every year. It is sufficient to take into account the point that within two forthcoming decades a rapid global increase in the number of retirement-age persons will lead to its doubling within this fairly small historical period. The concerns about population ageing apply to both developed and many developing countries and it has turned into a global issue. In the next decades the population ageing is likely to become one of the most important processes determining the future society characteristics and directions of technological development. (shrink)

"Biopolitics" has become a popular concept for interpreting the COVID-19 pandemic, yet the term is often used vaguely, as a buzzword, and therefore loses its specificity and relevance. This article systematically explains what the biopolitical lens offers for analyzing and normatively criticizing the politics of the coronavirus. I argue that biopolitics are politics of differentiated vulnerability that are intrinsic to capitalist modernity. The situation resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic is, therefore, less of a state of exception than it might appear; (...) COVID-19 is a continuation and intensification of the capitalist biopolitics of differentiated vulnerability. In order to critically evaluate this situation, the article proposes the concept of "democratic biopolitics" and shows how it can be used, among others, for a queer critique of the differentiated vulnerabilities that are produced by the coronavirus and its capitalist governance. In contrast to widespread interpretations of democratic biopolitics that focus on collective care in communities, this article highlights the role of the state and of the redistribution of political power and economic resources as key for biopolitical democratization. (shrink)

Dans l’article présent j’essaie de mettre en perspective quelques-uns des enjeux saillants de la crise sanitaire de Covid-19, notamment sa dimension biopolitique en face des défis bioéthiques. En partant, donc, d’une problématique singulière, celle de la priorisation des patients dans l’accès aux soins, notamment aux soins intensifs, qui permettent d’approfondir la réflexion concernant le traitement des vies humaines à l’articulation d’une préoccupation pour la vie biologique à l’échelle d’une population (sauver des vies) et d’une attention d’ordre éthique au vécu de (...) la maladie, par les soignants, les patients ou par leurs proches, en particulier lorsque les ressources médicales manquent pour faire face aux demandes de soins. (shrink)

Digitalization and the emergence of the Internet have resulted in escalating access to information and communication. Given the circumstances that soaring access to information amounts to the intensification of misinformation and disinformation, a set of critical skills to navigate and critically assess the information is necessary. This paper outlines the significance of these skills, and provides a perspective on metaliteracy as a supplement to media and information literacy, and argues that the ability to conceptualize, access, comprehend, analyze, and use information (...) is crucial in achieving inclusive, pluralistic, and participatory knowledge societies. (shrink)

The article regards the age peculiarities of the development of personality’s self-consciousness in youth. -/- The conducted theoretical analysis and empirical research contribute to the definition of the following features of the formation of personality self-consciousness in youth: -/- – strengthening the integrative tendency in this process, which leads to an increase in the level of cognitive complexity, differentiation, integrity, and hierarchy of the “Self-image”, as well as the emergence of a holistic, integrated “I”; -/- – the ability of self-awareness (...) as the highest form of self-knowledge, due to the higher level of development of intelligence and the individuals thinking; -/- – increase of the level of awareness of the personality of their own experiences, self-attitude, and selfesteem, which contributes to the growth of interest in his/her “I”; -/- – actualization of the process of development of personal and social self-identity (self-determination) of youth; -/- – intensification of formation of the system of value orientations as a psychological basis for the development of personality’s self-consciousness; -/- – an ability to make informed decisions in various spheres of life (social, professional, personal, etc.), which is the evidence of becoming a socially mature person; -/- – psychological mechanisms for the development of the youth’s self-consciousness is self-reflection, identification, and separation; -/- – a pivotal object of self-reflection is the relationship with significant others and their own life position; the object of identification presents socially valuable qualities of others, which promotes the assimilation of social norms; due to separation of the acquired norms of behavior, value orientations and motives become individualized. -/- The identified features are important for the psychological and pedagogical theory and practice. (shrink)

Nietzsche has been associated with naturalism due to his arguments that morality, religion, metaphysics, and consciousness are products of natural biological organisms and ultimately natural phenomena. The subject and its mental life are only comprehensible in relation to natural desires, drives, impulses, and instincts. I argue that such typical natu-ralizing tendencies do not exhaust Nietzsche’s project, since they occur in the context of his critique of “nature” and metaphysical, speculative, and scientific naturalisms. Nie-tzsche challenges otherworldly projections of this-worldly beings, as (...) his naturalistic in-terpreters claim, but further the idolization of immanent worldly natural phenomena, in-cluding science itself. “Nature” is an idealization of natural organisms and environments in which its construction, projection, and interpretation is forgotten. Nietzsche strategical-ly uses naturalistic scientific strategies of explanation and demystification, while demys-tifying science, positivism, and naturalism for the sake of life. These do not provide either certainties or foundations for knowledge or life. Naturalism would be anti-natural if it denies of multiplicity and conflict of the forces of life, bracketing the natural and his-torical conditions of existence, and the interpretive and perspectival character of life and knowledge. The nexus of nature and history in Nietzsche is better clarified through his portrayal of the feeling of life and its intensification, attenuation, and transformation in relation to the forces and conditions of life, which encompass processes of socialization and interpretive and artistic individuation in the context of a life. (shrink)

Modern scientific communication traditionally uses visual narratives, such as comics, for education, presentation of scientific achievements to a mass audience, and as an object of research. The article offers a three-level characterization of the interaction of comic culture and science in a diachronic aspect. Attention is focused not only on the chronological stages of these intersections, the expression of the specifics of the interaction is offered against the background of scientific and public discussions that accompany the comics–science dialogue to this (...) day. Within the framework of the first stage (the appearance and distribution of popular science and educational comics), the characteristics of comics content necessary for the different genesis are highlighted: documentary storytelling, educational practices of learning through drawing, active cooperation with well-known companies and institutions, informativeness and empathic involvement of the young reader in a heroico-romantic narrative of scientific discoveries and mastering nature. With the intensification of interdisciplinary approaches (the second stage), comics are increasingly involved in presenting scientific results within the most diverse fields. Comics-based research is becoming an interdisciplinary method and a widespread practical area with the corresponding formation of scientific tools (applied comics, data comics), forms of interdisciplinary interaction (graphic medicine, ethnography, narrative geography, urban comics, comics journalism, etc.), and scientific publications (“The Comics Grid: Journal of Comics Scholarship”, “Sequentials”). The national format of comics-based research is presented on the example of Ukrainian comics projects (historical, feminist comics). In the genesis of development, Comics Studies have gone from a field of research to disciplinary definitions. In the creation of the metadiscourse of the scientific direction (the third stage), the authors focused on scientific discussions, the formation of academic directions and approaches, and markers of disciplinary self-identification. Emphasis is placed on the unique phenomenon of the simultaneous concordance of various stages of the dialogue between comics and science, on the prolonged replication of successful inventions into modern experience, and the active testing of known narratives at new levels of a scientific presentation. (shrink)

Twenty-one units of school E-books subjecting in Arts and Culture in total has been released nationwide, which must be consented by Indonesia’s Body of National Standard of Education (Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan) – the appointed organization to certify Indonesia’s educational features. The graphic instruments applied on cover designs, of which emphasis is merely on technical aspects, requires further examination. Such condition becomes the basis of this study in order to identify, describe and illustrate the implementation of cover designing school E-books (...) subjecting in Arts and Culture through: (1) proficient instructional media’s perspective, (2) visual communication design’s perspective, (3) visual semiotics’ perspective, and (4) end users’ perspective. Additionally, it also qualifies the cover designs. Pertaining qualitative research toward the entire 21 school E-books subjecting in Arts and Culture, the data gathering process involves three sets of instrument:comprehensive reading on visual marks and their relevance with the books’ concepts as cited by C.S. Peirce, corroborative approach toward specialists on both instructional media and visual communication designs, and collective line on end users’ responds. Conclusively, it is found out that: (1) instructional media consultants agree on the significance of all covers, while visual communication designers pronounce that twelve of them are worth it, (2) all covers meet the books’ concepts’ relevance semiotically, (3) students as end-users have positive responds toward all covers, and (4) 12 out of 21 sets of cover design qualify after fulfilling all criteria obliged by this study. Therefore, it recommends: (1) optimal application of visual marks in cover designing process by utilizing e-book features, (2) mature procedure in selecting cover designer(s) to better represent the concept of each book, and (3) intensification on selecting E-book cover designs. The Body of National Standard of Education needs to assess not only technical instruments applied, but also multimedia studies and visual communication designing theories. Further, it is expected to involve both the expertise of visual communication designers and view of the students as targeted end-users in future evaluation process. (shrink)

Anthropological problems are among the eternal problems of philosophy. This issue is especially actualized at critical moments in the development of society. This is the period humanity is going through today. The revival of anthropocentric types of research, finding new ways and a holistic approach to human research proves the relevance of this study. Humanity is once again experiencing a paradigm shift in world history. The first quarter of the XXI century showed itself as an intensification of globalization processes, which (...) in turn led to multiple ups and downs of cultural and social life. The idea of a polycentric, multipolar world remained only in the mode of a categorical imperative. The coming form of human existence, if it takes place, should not only restore to people the meaning lost during the industrial civilization, but also avoid the costs of a dangerous alliance of information technology and biotechnology. In the context of the next threat of total war and the threat of a split in the world, an appeal to comparative philosophy should contribute to the final approval of such a worldview, which is based on the value of human life, brotherhood and spiritual unity of all people. The modern, global world is characterized by the inevitable interpenetration of cultures, the erasure of the boundaries of cultural areas. The article provides a comparative analysis of modern philosophical and anthropological concepts. Speaking as an approach and method, philosophical comparative studies continue its development in philosophical and anthropological knowledge, where it becomes one of the methodological directions. The article analyzes the modern anthropological concepts of the West, which have found their reflection in the concept of mental causality by D. Kim and in the concept of "homo compensator" by O. Marquard. And also carried out a philosophical analysis of the philosophical and anthropological concepts of the East, which are reflected in the works of the Chinese philosopher F. Yulan, in Japanese existentialism N. Kitaro and in the concept of "hoodie" M. Iqbal. (shrink)

Nietzsche has been associated with naturalism due to his arguments that morality, religion, metaphysics, and consciousness are products of natural biological organisms and ultimately natural phenomena. The subject and its mental life are only comprehensible in relation to natural desires, drives, impulses, and instincts. I argue that such typical naturalizing tendencies do not exhaust Nietzsche’s project, since they occur in the context of his critique of “nature” and metaphysical, speculative, and scientific naturalisms. Nietzsche challenges otherworldly projections of this-worldly beings, as (...) his naturalistic interpreters claim, but further the idolization of immanent worldly natural phenomena, including science itself. “Nature” is an idealization of natural organisms and environments in which its construction, projection, and interpretation is forgotten. Nietzsche strategically uses naturalistic scientific strategies of explanation and demystification, while demystifying science, positivism, and naturalism for the sake of life. These do not provide either certainties or foundations for knowledge or life. Naturalism would be anti-natural if it denies of multiplicity and conflict of the forces of life, bracketing the natural and historical conditions of existence, and the interpretive and perspectival character of life and knowledge. The nexus of nature and history in Nietzsche is better clarified through his portrayal of the feeling of life and its intensification, attenuation, and transformation in relation to the forces andconditions of life, which encompass processes of socialization and interpretive and artistic individuation in the context of a life. (shrink)

The collective monograph «Determinants of Innovation and Investment Development of Multisectoral Entrepreneurship, Tourism and Hospitality Industry» is devoted to the 20th anniversary of the Educational and Scientific Institute of Economics and Law of Cherkasy Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University and is a continuation of the research tradition on the development of entrepreneurship, innovation, finance, competition, accounting and auditing problems, tourism, hotel and restaurant business. The results of the scientific research presented in the collective monograph show the achievements of the representatives of (...) various scientific schools, allow analyzing the experience gained and, considering current economic and political realities, contribute to the scientific substantiation of the prospects for the development of entrepreneurship, tourism industry, hotel and restaurant economy, enrich the intellectual potential of higher schools. The topics of sections and subsections identify the problem issues of innovation, investment and information technology in entrepreneurship, consider the competitive environment in the field of entrepreneurship, investigate the financial-economic and social problems, various directions of tourism industry development, declared by the World Economic Forum jointly with the World Tourism Organization (UN WTO). Particular attention is paid to the development of new trends in the hotel and restaurant business. A common task for scientists, educators, and employers in the conditions of international environmental instability is the formation and dissemination of new knowledge to achieve ambitious goals concerning the entrepreneurship development of tourism, hotel and restaurant business. The proposed discussion of current issues, experience and recommendation exchange will contribute to problem solving, research intensifying in the specified areas of activity. An important component of the modern economics is entrepreneurship; and the intensification of entrepreneurial activity should ensure overcoming of economic crises and their social and economic consequences, and determine the dynamic progress of a society and future welfare of people. It is entrepreneurship that is considered in many economically developed countries as a defining condition for a social and economic prosperity. Entrepreneurial activity involves all branches of economy including industrial, humanitarian and service areas. Therefore, it is necessary to study the key factors for the development of entrepreneurial activity in Ukraine. The current problems of entrepreneurship, tourism, hotel and restaurant business are extensively investigated by both domestic and foreign scholars. A number of researches focuses on these problems. Without diminishing the importance of their contribution to science, the need for further research and improvement should be noted. Therefore, in the monograph, special attention is paid to the state support of business structures, the regulation mechanisms of entrepreneurship, tourism, hotel and restaurant business, social sphere and interaction of market and state institutions, etc. The research was carried out using the developed scientifically substantiated methodological approaches based on the scientific developments of leading foreign and domestic scientists, which allowed proposing the specific directions of entrepreneurship development in the fields of economy, tourism, hotel and restaurant business. The unique nature of the monograph is not only its scientific significance, but also its practical application; since the substantiated positions, measures, proposals for the further transformation of economic processes in Ukraine and in the world have practical value. (shrink)

In the history of statehood, separatism is a natural phenomenon rather than something unusual. Separatism is mostly perceived as a group’s seeking to separate one part of the territory of a given country from the rest in order to create a new state organism (secessionism) or to unify within one country lands inhabited by people that form a single ethnocultural community (irredentism). Sometimes the idea of separatism serves as a negotiating strategy for a regional group to get from the state (...) authorities benefits that are minor in comparison to territorial separation, e.g., the governance of a regional community within the framework of territorial autonomy, or better conditions for a region’s integration with the rest of the country. It is often the case, especially during a long-lasting intensification of a regional conflict, that separatism becomes the ideological legitimization for the outbreak and continuance of armed conflict, while the conflict itself turns into a way of life for at least some of its initiators and participants. Postcolonial Africa has been and will be experiencing conflicts of a separatist nature. One example of separatism in Africa that is extremely complex and interesting to the researcher in such problems is the conflict that has taken place since 1983 in the Senegalese region of Casamance. (shrink)

Dans les années 1997–2002, les Comores, un des plus petits et un des plus jeunes pays d’Afrique, ont été la scène d’un processus de la désagrégation de l’État, qui consistait non seulement en la désintégration effective du pouvoir central dans une partie considérable du territoire de l’archipel, mais également en la sécession des deux îles et l’émergence sur l’une d’elles d’un quasi-État qui, suite au concours de nombreuses circonstances, parvint à mener une existence autonome durant une période de cinq ans. (...) D’après un point de vue rencontré fréquemment, c’est une situation économique précaire qui mena à la crise de l’État aux Comores ainsi qu’à l’intensification des tendances séparatistes dans ce pays. En réalité, le problème de l’effondrement de l’État comorien est bien plus complexe et des prémisses historiques, politiques, sociales et économiques, aussi bien que des facteurs liés à l’environnement y ont contribué. (shrink)