The Article addresses itself to immigration law governing the admission and expulsion of aliens, exploring the gap between the "plenary power" doctrine––the notion that Congress and the executive branch have broad and often exclusive authority over immigration decisions––and the actual practice of many federal courts in the immigration field. Federal courts, the author argues, often apply two distinct sets of constitutional norms in immigration cases, one set drawn from immigration law proper and applied directly to constitutional cases, and a second, (...) "phantom norm" set, borrowed from mainstream public law and applied in the interpretation of immigration statutes. The result is an immigration law regime in which the plenary power doctrine has been undermined, but not reversed, through statutory interpretation. The Article explores the reasons for the application of "phantom norms" to immigration statutes and the problems created by that practice, ultimately recommending a direct reassessment of plenary power as a constitutional doctrine. In so doing, the Article serves not only as an examination of the interpretive dynamics peculiar to immigration law but also as an exemplary study of a general problem of legal process––the relationship between statutory interpretation and constitutional law. (shrink)

In 2008 the authors held Involving Interface, a lively interdisciplinary event focusing on issues of biological, sociocultural, and technological interfacing (see Acknowledgments). Inspired by discussions at this event, in this article, we further discuss the value of input from neuroscience for developing robots and machine interfaces, and the value of philosophy, the humanities, and the arts for identifying persistent links between human interfacing and broader ethical concerns. The importance of ongoing interdisciplinary debate and public communication on scientific and technical advances (...) is also highlighted. Throughout, the authors explore the implications of the extended mind hypothesis for notions of moral accountability and robotics. (shrink)

This paper raises a slightly uncomfortable question: are some delusional subjects responsible for their delusions? This question is uncomfortable because we typically think that the answer is pretty clearly just ‘no’. However, we also accept that self-deception is paradigmatically intentional behavior for which the self-deceiver is prima facie blameworthy. Thus, if there is overlap between self-deception and delusion, this will put pressure on our initial answer. This paper argues that there is indeed such overlap by offering a novel philosophical account (...) of self-deception. The account offered is independently plausible and avoids the main problems that plague other views. It also yields the result that some delusional subjects are self-deceived. The conclusion is not, however, that those subjects are blameworthy. Rather, a distinction is made between blameworthiness and ‘attributability’. States or actions can be significantly attributable to a subject—in the sense that they are expressions of their wills—without it being the case that the subject is blameworthy, if the subject has an appropriate excuse. Understanding delusions within this framework of responsibility and excuses not only illuminates the ways in which the processes of delusional belief formation and maintenance are continuous with ‘ordinary’ processes of belief formation and maintenance, it also provides a way of understanding the innocence of the delusional subject that does not involve the denial of agency. (shrink)

This paper provides new tools for philosophical argument analysis and fresh empirical foundations for ‘critical’ ordinary language philosophy. Language comprehension routinely involves stereotypical inferences with contextual defeaters. J.L. Austin’s Sense and Sensibilia first mooted the idea that contextually inappropriate stereotypical inferences from verbal case-descriptions drive some philosophical paradoxes; these engender philosophical problems that can be resolved by exposing the underlying fallacies. We build on psycholinguistic research on salience effects to explain when and why even perfectly competent speakers cannot help making (...) stereotypical inferences which are contextually inappropriate. We analyse a classical paradox about perception, suggest it relies on contextually inappropriate stereotypical inferences from appearance-verbs, and show that the conditions we identified as leading to contextually inappropriate stereotypical inferences are met in formulations of the paradox. Three experiments use a forced-choice plausibility-ranking task to document the predicted inappropriate inferences, in English, German, and Japanese. The cross-linguistic study allows us to assess the wider relevance of the proposed analysis. Our findings open up new perspectives for ‘evidential’ experimental philosophy. (shrink)

Throughout the biological and biomedical sciences there is a growing need for, prescriptive ‘minimum information’ (MI) checklists specifying the key information to include when reporting experimental results are beginning to find favor with experimentalists, analysts, publishers and funders alike. Such checklists aim to ensure that methods, data, analyses and results are described to a level sufficient to support the unambiguous interpretation, sophisticated search, reanalysis and experimental corroboration and reuse of data sets, facilitating the extraction of maximum value from data sets (...) them. However, such ‘minimum information’ MI checklists are usually developed independently by groups working within representatives of particular biologically- or technologically-delineated domains. Consequently, an overview of the full range of checklists can be difficult to establish without intensive searching, and even tracking thetheir individual evolution of single checklists may be a non-trivial exercise. Checklists are also inevitably partially redundant when measured one against another, and where they overlap is far from straightforward. Furthermore, conflicts in scope and arbitrary decisions on wording and sub-structuring make integration difficult. This presents inhibit their use in combination. Overall, these issues present significant difficulties for the users of checklists, especially those in areas such as systems biology, who routinely combine information from multiple biological domains and technology platforms. To address all of the above, we present MIBBI (Minimum Information for Biological and Biomedical Investigations); a web-based communal resource for such checklists, designed to act as a ‘one-stop shop’ for those exploring the range of extant checklist projects, and to foster collaborative, integrative development and ultimately promote gradual integration of checklists. (shrink)

The essay discusses the religious and ethical message of Shusaku Endo’s Silence. Briefly focusing first on the plot of the novel, the article proceeds to discuss the moral dilemma that is the core of the novel and asks whether the dilemma is symmetrical or incommensurable. Next, the essay analyzes the dilemma from the point of view of Max Scheler’s theory of the tragic. Finally, to highlight Rodrigues’s tragic situation, it discusses the notion of the hiddenness of God.

Exactly how do the sign/symbol/token systems of endo- and exo-biosemiosis differ from those of cognitive semiosis? Do the biological messages that integrate metabolism have conceptual meaning? Semantic information has two subsets: Descriptive and Prescriptive. Prescriptive information instructs or directly produces nontrivial function. In cognitive semiosis, prescriptive information requires anticipation and “choice with intent” at bona fide decision nodes. Prescriptive information either tells us what choices to make, or it is a recordation of wise choices already made. Symbol systems allow (...) recordation of deliberate choices and the transmission of linear digital prescriptive information. Formal symbol selection can be instantiated into physicality using physical symbol vehicles (tokens). Material symbol systems (MSS) formally assign representational meaning to physical objects. Even verbal semiosis instantiates meaning into physical sound waves using an MSS. Formal function can also be incorporated into physicality through the use of dynamically-inert (dynamically-incoherent or -decoupled) configurable switch-settings in conceptual circuits. This paper examines the degree to which biosemiosis conforms to the essential formal criteria of prescriptive semiosis and cybernetic management. (shrink)

En décadas recientes se ha considerado que una formulación adecuada del autoconocimiento (AC) debería ser consistente con la tesis del externalismo (E). Michael McKinsey es uno de los personajes que ha enfatizado con mayor ahínco que la conjunción de ambas posturas es inconsistente. En este trabajo defiendo la idea de que las objeciones presentadas por McKinsey no afectan de manera importante la formulación davidsoniana de la autoridad de la primera persona (AC3) en conjunción con (E); señalo, además, que si no (...) pudiera hacerse una reconstrucción à la Davidson de (AC3) desde la postura de McKinsey sería en virtud de las diferencias metodológicas, semánticas, epistemológicas y ontológicas entre ambos autores, y no debido a que esta reconstrucción en sí misma sea incompatible con el externalismo. (shrink)

U ovom tekstu želim reüi nešto više o povezanosti ovih kognitivnih aspekata znanja i razumijevanja sa načinom na koji se tretira struktura objekta znanja u konstituiranju znanja i razumijevanja, odnosno identifikacije egzo-sistema i njihove endo-reprezentacije, unutar tri tipa racionalne konstrukcije: u klasičnom / ontološkom, u analitičkom / semantičkom i sistemskom / računarskom tipu identifikacije i reprezentacije.

OBJETIVO Com essa unidade, o objetivo é apresentar o funcionamento do sistema endócrino e o controle que ele exerce sobre os processos reprodutivos. Logo, o estudante com-preenderá que os processos endócrinos de um organismo não podem estar dissociados do que ocorre com o restante do organismo nem das alterações do entorno. Por essa razão, o sistema endócrino e o sistema nervoso se comunicam entre si, formando em seu conjunto o sistema neuroendócrino. Sendo assim, o intuito desse trabalho é descrever as (...) funções dos órgãos endó-crinos mais importantes relacionados a reprodução, assim como o papel dos principais hormônios produzidos em cada um desses. INTRODUÇÃO Os processos reprodutivos requerem uma estreita coordenação entre diferentes ór-gãos do aparelho reprodutivo, além de estarem acompanhados por mudanças metabólicas que permitem a adaptação do animal aos requerimentos de cada etapa dos processos que nele realizam-se. A reprodução deve ser capaz de responder ou ajustar-se as condições externas, como a época do ano, a disponibilidade de nutrientes, além da presença ou au-sência de animais do sexo oposto. Essa coordenação e adaptação são alcançados graças a comunicação endócrina entre diversas células e órgãos. HIPOTÁLAMO O hipotálamo é um órgão central do sistema neuroendócrino. Está constituído por uma região do sistema nervoso central estrategicamente localizado para receber informa-ção de todos os órgãos dos sentidos; direta ou indiretamente recebe projeções provenien-tes da retina, dos bulbos olfatórios primários e secundários, o ouvido, a pele e os órgãos internos. Ademais, o hipotálamo possui receptores hormonais, receptores para substân-cias como a glicose e os ácidos graxos, barorreceptores para registrar a pressão sanguínea, e os termo-receptores para a temperatura corporal. Pode-se afirmar que o hipotálamo conhece o que está acontecendo dentro e fora do organismo, e consequentemente encontra-se em uma posição específica para tomar decisões transcendentais na vida do animal. Além disso, o hipotálamo regula funções vitais como a fome, a sede e o sono. Também é um órgão encarregado de regular uma função que é essencial para a sobrevivência de qualquer espécie que nada mais é do que a reprodução e a perpetuação da espécie. Apesar de sua grande importância, o hipotálamo representa uma pequena porcen-tagem de massa encefálica. É constituído por núcleos que são grupamentos de neurônios especializados. A maioria dos núcleos são bilaterais, situados um de cada lado do tercer ventrículo que é uma cavidade pequena que contém líquido cerebrospinal que ocupa o centro do hipotálamo. Em alguns casos os neurônios estão mais dispersos, ao qual em lugar de se denominar núcleos se alcunha de áreas hipotalâmicas (figura 1). Continua... (shrink)