Cosmological inflation is widely considered an integral and empirically successful component of contemporary cosmology. It was originally motivated by its solution of certain so-called fine-tuning problems of the hot big bang model, particularly what are known as the horizon problem and the flatness problem. Although the physics behind these problems is clear enough, the nature of the problems depends on the sense in which the hot big bang model is fine-tuned and how the alleged fine-tuning is problematic. Without (...) clear explications of these, it remains unclear precisely what problems inflationary theory is meant to be solving and whether it does in fact solve them. I analyze the structure of these problems and consider various interpretations that may substantiate the alleged fine-tuning. On the basis of this analysis I argue that at present there is no unproblematic interpretation available for which it can be said that inflation solves the big bang model’s alleged fine-tuning problems. (shrink)

Readers familiar with the workhorse of cosmology, the hot big bang model, may think that cosmology raises little of interest about time. As cosmological models are just relativistic spacetimes, time is understood just as it is in relativity theory, and all cosmology adds is a few bells and whistles such as inflation and the big bang and no more. The aim of this chapter is to show that this opinion is not completely right...and may well be dead wrong. (...) In our survey, we show how the hot big bang model invites deep questions about the nature of time, how inflationary cosmology has led to interesting new perspectives on time, and how cosmological speculation continues to entertain dramatically different models of time altogether. Together these issues indicate that the philosopher interested in the nature of time would do well to know a little about modern cosmology. (shrink)

I investigate the role of stability in cosmology through two episodes from the recent history of cosmology: Einstein’s static universe and Eddington’s demonstration of its instability, and the flatness problem of the hot big bang model and its claimed solution by inflationary theory. These episodes illustrate differing reactions to instability in cosmological models, both positive ones and negative ones. To provide some context to these reactions, I also situate them in relation to perspectives on stability from dynamical systems theory (...) and its epistemology. This reveals, for example, an insistence on stability as an extreme position in relation to the spectrum of physical systems which exhibit degrees of stability and fragility, one which has a pragmatic rationale, but not any deeper one. (shrink)

Our examination of universal origins and fine-tuning will begin with a discussion of infl ationary scenarios grafted onto Big Bang cosmology and the proof that all infl ationary spacetimes are past-incomplete. After diverting into a lengthy critical examination of the “different physics” offered by quantum cosmologists at the past-boundary of the universe, we will proceed to dissect the inadequacies of infl ationary explanations and string-theoretic constructs in the context of three cosmological models that have received much attention: the Steinhardt-Turok (...) cyclic ekpyrotic model (which does not invoke inflation), the Gasperini-Veneziano pre-Big Bang infl ationary model, and the inflationary string landscape model advanced by Susskind, Polchinski, Bousso, and Linde. We will argue that none of these highly speculative string cosmologies removes the necessity of a beginning to the process of universe generation, and we will emphasize the implications of this fact. Then, since the inflationary “mechanism” only really addresses the fi ne-tuning of the initial conditions of the universe and not the conditions embodied in its finely tuned laws and constants, we will analyze the adequacy of the string multiverse in its three versions (cyclic ekpyrotic, pre-Big Bang, and landscape) for explaining the nomological structure and values of these precisely tuned life-compatible universal parameters. When all is said and done, it will be clear that transcendent intelligent agency is not just the only causally suffi cient and therefore metaphysically sound explanation for universal origins and fine-tuning, but it is also much more parsimonious, elegant, and resonant with meaning than all of the ad hoc machinations of multiverse cosmology. (shrink)

In the introduction I argue that the basic element (or primitive) for constructing the physical universe is "displacement from a prior level", and the basic structure is "a sequence of such displacements" (summarized as postulates 1 and 2). The displacements are then defined as one-dimensional objects with a direction (postulate 3). The relations between these displacements are stated in postulate 4. In section 2 we discuss basic consequences of the postulates, and in section 3 we use the postulates to derive (...) a (3+1)-dimensional structure, interpreted as ordinary space and time. We then derive further properties of space --- isotropy, homogeneity, and a rapid early expansion (i.e. inflation). Time, comporting with experience, is shown to be a one-dimensional stream --- with a direction. In section 4 we associate energy with the displacements, and find that the same factors that construct ordinary space (and make it isotropic and homogeneous) also smear the locations of entities/particles across that space --- thereby providing a mechanism/explanation for that iconic and enigmatic aspect of quantum mechanics. We also determine that there must be a continual, uniformly-distributed stream of (non-zero-point) energy coming into the system that constructs new space (i.e. dark energy). The streaming natures of both time and dark energy are shown to have the same basic cause: the processes that input dark energy into the system, and that construct time, are themselves independent of time --- and so they are continual processes. Further consequences follow from the model, including an explanation for why the presence of energy affects space and time, and why quantum vacuum energy is an exception to this rule (i.e. does not gravitate) --- thereby eliminating the cosmological constant problem. A key benefit of the model is that it liberates us from always having to think about the construction of the universe in terms of spatio-temporal relations and evolution (e.g. the big bang model), which is problematic because presumably (and as we will indeed see) space and time are products of the fundamental construction process, not things that govern it. (shrink)

ABSTRACTIn the late 1970s the big bang model of cosmology was widely accepted and interpreted as implying the universe had a beginning. At the end of that decade William Lane Craig revived an argument for God known as the Kalam Cosmological Argument based on this scientific consensus. Furthermore, he linked the big bang to the supposed biblical concept of creation ex nihilo found in Genesis. I shall critique Craig's position as expressed in a more recent update and argue (...) that contemporary cosmology no longer understands the big bang as the ultimate beginning, seriously undermining the KCA. I will further contend that book of Genesis should not be understood as describing creation ex nihilo anyway. (shrink)

The Mystery of Existence: Why Does the Universe Exist? -/- Introduction -/- The question of why the universe exists is one of the deepest and most profound mysteries of human thought. It challenges both scientific and philosophical understanding, raising fundamental questions about reality, time, and causality. If the universe had a beginning, what caused it? If it has always existed, how can something be infinite? Even if we accept a scientific explanation such as the Big Bang, we are left (...) wondering: why is there something rather than nothing? -/- Throughout history, different disciplines—science, philosophy, and theology—have attempted to answer this question. Some argue that existence is the result of natural laws, others propose that it is an inexplicable brute fact, while some believe that a higher intelligence is responsible. This essay explores these perspectives to examine the enigma of existence itself. -/- Scientific Perspectives: The Origin of the Universe -/- Modern cosmology provides a well-supported theory of how the universe evolved. The Big Bang Theory states that approximately 13.8 billion years ago, the universe began as an extremely hot and dense point, rapidly expanding and cooling over time. This model explains the structure of the cosmos, including galaxies, stars, and planets. However, it does not explain why the Big Bang happened or what—if anything—existed before it. -/- The Quantum Fluctuation Hypothesis -/- One idea proposed by physicists is that the universe could have emerged from quantum fluctuations. In quantum mechanics, empty space is not truly “empty”; it is filled with energy that can generate temporary particles. Some scientists, such as Stephen Hawking and Lawrence Krauss, have suggested that the universe might have arisen spontaneously due to quantum effects. -/- However, this explanation does not address why quantum laws exist in the first place. Even if the universe came from a quantum fluctuation, the question remains: why do these physical laws exist at all? -/- The Multiverse Hypothesis -/- Another possible explanation is the multiverse theory—the idea that our universe is just one of many. In this view, countless universes exist, each governed by different physical laws. Some might be lifeless, while others could be similar to ours. -/- The multiverse could explain why our universe seems “fine-tuned” for life—because among infinite universes, at least one would inevitably support complex beings like us. However, this raises an even deeper question: why does the multiverse itself exist? Does it require a deeper underlying principle, or is it simply an unexplainable fact? -/- Philosophical Dilemmas: Can Existence Be Explained? -/- Philosophy has long grappled with the mystery of existence. The ancient Greek philosopher Parmenides argued that “nothing” cannot truly exist—therefore, something must always have existed. This suggests that existence is eternal and does not require an explanation. -/- However, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a 17th-century philosopher and mathematician, posed a crucial question: -/- “Why is there something rather than nothing?” -/- Leibniz proposed the Principle of Sufficient Reason, which states that everything must have an explanation—even the existence of the universe. He suggested that if the universe exists, it must have a necessary cause that exists by its own nature. But what could this necessary cause be? -/- One possibility is that existence is simply a brute fact—it exists without needing an explanation. But this answer is unsatisfying for many philosophers, as it does not provide a deeper understanding of reality. -/- The Role of Consciousness and the Observer -/- Another fascinating idea comes from quantum mechanics, which suggests that observation influences reality. The famous double-slit experiment demonstrates that light and particles behave differently depending on whether they are observed. Some interpretations propose that consciousness plays a fundamental role in shaping the universe. -/- Philosophical idealism, held by thinkers like George Berkeley, argues that reality is mental rather than material. In this view, existence itself might be linked to an observer—perhaps an ultimate consciousness that gives rise to reality. This aligns with some interpretations of quantum mechanics that suggest the universe requires an observer to “collapse” into a definite state. -/- But if consciousness is necessary for existence, then what is the nature of this observer? Is it human consciousness, or something far greater? -/- Theological and Metaphysical Explanations -/- Many religious and metaphysical traditions attempt to explain the existence of the universe through the concept of a divine creator. In this view, God or an ultimate intelligence is the source of all existence. -/- This idea aligns with the notion of necessary existence—the idea that something must exist by its very nature and does not require an external cause. If God exists necessarily, then God could be the ultimate answer to why anything exists at all. -/- However, this raises another question: why does God exist? If God is eternal and self-existent, why is that the case? Some theologians argue that God is the only being whose existence is necessary, while everything else is contingent. But this idea, while conceptually powerful, remains beyond scientific verification. -/- Conclusion: The Limits of Human Understanding -/- The mystery of existence remains one of the greatest unanswered questions. Science explains how the universe functions and possibly how it began, but not why it exists at all. Philosophy challenges our assumptions and explores deep logical possibilities, yet it struggles to provide a definitive answer. Theology and metaphysics offer explanations based on divine intelligence, but these require a leap of faith. -/- Perhaps human cognition is simply not equipped to grasp the ultimate reason for existence. Or perhaps, as our understanding of physics, consciousness, and metaphysics deepens, we may one day come closer to an answer. Until then, the question “Why is there something rather than nothing?” remains an open and profound mystery—one that continues to inspire scientific, philosophical, and spiritual inquiry. -/- . (shrink)

We develop and apply a multi-dimensional account of explanatory depth towards a comparative analysis of inflationary and bouncing paradigms in primordial cosmology. Our analysis builds on earlier work due to Azhar and Loeb (2021) that establishes initial conditions fine-tuning as a dimension of explanatory depth relevant to debates in contemporary cosmology. We propose dynamical fine-tuning and autonomy as two further dimensions of depth in the context of problems with instability and trans-Planckian modes that afflict bouncing (...) and inflationary approaches respectively. In the context of the latter issue, we argue that the recently formulated trans-Planckian censorship conjecture leads to a trade-off for inflationary models between dynamical fine-tuning and autonomy. We conclude with the suggestion that explanatory preference with regard to the different dimensions of depth is best understood in terms of differing attitudes towards heuristics for future model building. (shrink)

In considering relations between science and theology, the discussion of the Big Bang model plays a significant role. Amongst the sources of this model there are not only scientific achievements of recent decades taken as objective knowledge as seen in modern methodology, but also many non-scientific factors. The latter is connected with the quite obvious fact that the authors, as well as the recipients of the Model, are people who are guided in their activity - including obtaining their rational (...) knowledge - by non-rational motives. Those motives appear on the one hand in the very process of creation of the Model. Different scientific theories as well as unverified hypotheses are being joined in one "picture" called The Standard Model. It seems that it is being done on the grounds of various factors that lie outside the field of science. Among them there are the different convictions of the persons constructing this view of the world. However, those convictions, commonly shared by the authors and recipients of the Model, are not based on the rational criterion of scientific knowledge. On the other hand, the Big Bang model may be interpreted in opposite ways by its recipients. The influences of religious and other beliefs are so essential, that they may lead to extremely different conclusions though based on the same ground. It is demonstrated that, due to the epistemological status of cosmology, such a situation is inevitable, and no final verdict with regard to the idea of the cause of the world can be reached. (shrink)

The existence of big bang relic neutrinos—exact analogues of the big bang relic photons comprising the cosmic microwave background radiation—is a basic prediction of standard cosmology. The standard big bang theory predicts the existence of 1087 neutrinos per flavour in the visible universe. This is an enormous abundance unrivalled by any other known form of matter, falling second only to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) photon. Yet, unlike the CMB photon which boasts its first (serendipitous) detection in (...) the 1960s and which has since been observed and its properties measured to a high degree of accuracy in a series of airborne/satellite and ground based experiments, the relic neutrino continues to be elusive in the laboratory. The chief reason for this is of course the feebleness of the weak interaction. At present, the observational evidence for their existence rests entirely on cosmological measurements, such as the light elemental abundances, anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background, and the large-scale matter power spectrum. In this paper we argue that Direct Detection of relic neutrino background is indeed impossible by any means, because of two chief reasons: (a) there was no such thing of cosmic singularity, hence the hot big bang/primeval atom model was based on false premises (quantum birth assumption); (b) the neutrino existence itself is not unquestionable, in particular if we consider a realism view of vector potential, A, in classical electrodynamics. (shrink)

Cosmologists take the $\Lambda$CDM model to be a permanent contribution to our knowledge of the universe, based on the success of precision cosmology. Consistent, independent determinations of the parameters in this model encourage physicists to take it seriously. This stance incurs an obligation to resolve any discrepancies by reanalyzing measurements or adding further complexity. Recent observations in cosmology indicate a tension between “local” and “global” determinations of the Hubble constant. Here I argue that this tension illustrates one of the benefits (...) of taking the model seriously and consider the challenges to making a case for the permanence of $\Lambda$CDM. (shrink)

This paper introduces CODES (Chirality of Dynamic Emergent Systems), a unifying theoretical framework that reconciles general relativity and quantum mechanics through structured resonance. By redefining fundamental assumptions about dark matter, dark energy, and singularities, CODES proposes a falsifiable, predictive model that aligns with observed cosmological structures while offering testable insights into emergent phenomena. Key Contributions • Resolution of General Relativity & Quantum Mechanics Paradox CODES introduces structured intelligence fields that reconcile relativistic and quantum-scale physics by incorporating oscillatory chiral dynamics. • (...) Reformulation of Dark Energy & Dark Matter Instead of treating dark energy and dark matter as separate entities, CODES reinterprets them as emergent resonance effects, aligning with observed cosmic structure formation. • Predictive Framework for Large-Scale Structures The model explains periodic redshift distributions, baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), and gravitational field fluctuations in a mathematically consistent manner. • Resonance-Driven Model of Cosmic Evolution By replacing singularities with structured phase transitions, CODES provides an alternative to singular Big Bang models, proposing an oscillatory, non-singular origin of space-time and matter. By integrating mathematics, quantum field theory, wavelet analysis, and cosmology, CODES challenges conventional paradigms and offers a structured resonance approach as an alternative explanatory framework. This model provides both theoretical coherence and experimental testability, making it a candidate for further empirical validation. Version Note V6 includes empirical test results from prime number distributions, fMRI patterns, DNA resonance, and large-scale galaxy clustering using continuous wavelet transforms (CWT). Structured wavelet analysis conducted with GPT-4o and Perplexity R1 further supports the model’s predictive capabilities. Discussion & Next Steps This work invites peer review, critique, and further empirical testing from researchers in physics, cosmology, AI, and applied mathematics. Future research will focus on refining the mathematical formalism and exploring experimental validation in wavelet-based cosmological mapping. (shrink)

When this article was first planned, writing was going to be exclusively about two things - the origin of life and human evolution. But it turned out to be out of the question for the author to restrict himself to these biological and anthropological topics. A proper understanding of them required answering questions like “What is the nature of the universe – the home of life – and how did it originate?”, “How can time travel be removed from fantasy and (...) science fiction, to be made scientific and practical?”, and “How can the proposed young age of genus Homo be made to actually be reasonable – when simply stating it would be solid ground for instant rejection and dismissal?” The result is that the article also talks about subjects like Artificial Intelligence, General Relativity, and cosmology. -/- From where did life originate? God? Evolution? Panspermia? If the tendency of humans and scientists to regard undiscovered science as pseudoscience can be overcome, Einstein gave another alternative to consider when he introduced General Relativity. Time isn’t linear – progressing in a straight line from past to present to future. That assumption ignores Relativity which states that space AND TIME are curved. Where did life and the genetic code come from? Can the answer build AI? -/- The first question can be answered by the section of this article titled SETI, Evolution, and Time which says life (possibly multicellular and intelligent) and the genetic code came from humans acquiring knowledge of these things over the centuries, then applying that knowledge – via terraforming, accumulation of raw materials like amino acids and nucleic acids, genetic engineering - to a time in the past when life didn’t exist. From that origin, life evolved through innumerable mutations and adaptations, with humans once again acquiring knowledge of it in cyclic (nonlinear) time. -/- The second question is answered by saying artificial intelligence (AI) as the product of life is only half of the equation. The other half refers to Relativity’s curved space-time and violation of the notion that time always travels from past to future. We have always lived in an artificially intelligent, non-probabilistic universe where everything in time and space is connected into one thing by quantum entanglement – making the brain and genes products of binary-digit activity or artificial intelligence (life is not merely dependent on biology’s “lock and key” mechanisms but also possesses AI). -/- The earliest documented representative of the genus Homo is Homo habilis, which evolved around 2.8 million years ago. Scientists used to believe there was a straight line from H. habilis to us, Homo sapiens. This article will use the “advanced” waves loved by Physics Nobel laureate Richard Feynman, view the history of science through the lens of Conic Sections applied to Relativity’s curved space-time, and incorporate the necessity of so-called imaginary time * – popularized by Prof. Stephen Hawking. While the evolutionary proposals are more in agreement with this early straight line than with modern theories, Albert Einstein’s General Relativity is used to transform the straight line into a curved line, ultimately concluding that Homo habilis (H. habilis) originated only (and unbelievably, as far as today’s science and technology is concerned) ~250,000 years ago. Other branches and dead ends of Homo – e.g. Neanderthals – are the result of mutations and adaptations, with the resultant modifications to anatomy and physiology. The surprisingly young age of H. habilis allows nearly 200,000 years for habilis, or one of its descendants, to reach Australia … if this country’s indigenous Aboriginal population did, as claimed, reach this “island continent” 60,000 years ago. -/- * The ultraviolet catastrophe, also called the Rayleigh–Jeans catastrophe, is a failure of classical physics to predict observed phenomena: it can be shown that a blackbody - a hypothetical perfect absorber and radiator of energy - would release an infinite amount of energy, contradicting the principles of conservation of energy and indicating that a new model for the behaviour of blackbodies was needed. At the start of the 20th century, physicist Max Planck derived the correct solution by making some strange (for the time) assumptions. In particular, Planck assumed that electromagnetic radiation can only be emitted or absorbed in discrete packets, called quanta. Albert Einstein postulated that Planck's quanta were real physical particles (what we now call photons), not just a mathematical fiction. From there, Einstein developed his explanation of the photoelectric effect (when quanta or photons of light shine on certain metals, electrons are released and can form an electric current). So it appears entirely possible that another supposed mathematical trickery (imaginary time and the y-axis of Wick rotation) will find practical application in the future. -/- The article includes mathematical references to cosmology (spoiler alert – you’ll read about things like Vector-Tensor-Scalar Geometry, topology, the “eternal present”, Einstein’s Unified Field, the inverse-square law, and there being no Big Bang and no multiverse - but there will also be no equations). -/- The other subheadings in this essay are – -/- NONLINEAR TIME AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (about a 2009 electrical engineering experiment at America’s Yale University, and cosmic wormholes) -/- BITS AND TOPOLOGY (base-2 maths aka Binary digiTS, Mobius strips, and figure-8 Klein bottles) -/- WICK ROTATION, CAUSALITY, AND UNITING TIME (do past, present and future co-exist in an “eternal present”?) -/- DIGITAL BRAIN, DIGITAL UNIVERSE (if the brain and the universe are ultimately composed of binary digits, we'll someday be able to do the same things with the brain and universe that we now do with computers) -/- PROPOSAL: HUMAN AND ANIMAL INSTINCTS ARE THE RESULT OF THE UNIVERSE BEING UNIFIED BY BINARY DIGITS (AND TOPOLOGY) (If everything in the universe is ultimately composed of electronic BITS, then the universe must possess Artificial Intelligence - some prefer the term Cosmic Consciousness) -/- INFORMATION THEORY CONQUERS A RED GIANT (preserving Earth by keeping the Sun near today’s level of activity forever). 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This work attempts to respond to Tomas Aquinas' Cosmological Argument in a way that combines Set Theory with the idea of the ‘Book of Change’. The study defines the ith Cause Set on which to operate on, which leads to the ontological commitment of austerity that the ‘First Cause's Compromise with emergence’ cannot be avoided. It is argued in the present paper that the concept that ‘emergence only consists of Synchronic Emergence and Diachronic Emergence’ should be extended to a broader (...) notion of emergence, which is made up of the two discussed elements and a third one ‘No-Boundary Emergence’ (beyond the time dimension). The article defines the concept of No-Boundary Emergence, proves why it is a type of emergence that differs from the traditional two types, and asserts that it underlies the bottom layer of the cosmos. This study describes the common feature of all emergence as communication protocols between layers. The assemblage of all emergences behaves similar to a distributed system that cannot be restricted by Gödel's theorem. The paper provides evidence (in Big Bang Cosmology, Conformal Cyclic Cosmology, Superstring Theory, Quantum Gravity) for this point of view, and notes that emergence (in the context of No-Boundary Emergence) is not only a simple scientific theory but also a progressive scientific research programme that can spontaneously grow from scientific theory based on Platonism at the expense of a degenerating shift to the ontological commitment of austerity. This paper proposes an improved model of Schrödinger Cat that provides a new explanation for quantum measurement and argues that there must be a forbidden zone of thought experiments. The study also introduces the implications of ancient Chinese thoughts (namely, the ‘Book of Change’ and Confucius). The paper comes to the conclusion that emergence (crossing the gap between ‘being’ and ‘nothing’, while ignoring the forbidden zone of thought experiments) relieves ‘cosmological insufficiency’ in the sense of Neo-Aristotelism. (shrink)

Abstract -/- This paper introduces CODES (Chirality of Dynamic Emergent Systems), a unifying theoretical framework that reconciles general relativity and quantum mechanics through structured resonance. By redefining fundamental assumptions about dark matter, dark energy, and singularities, CODES proposes a falsifiable, predictive model that aligns with observed cosmological structures while offering testable insights into emergent phenomena. -/- Key Contributions -/- • Resolution of General Relativity & Quantum Mechanics Paradox -/- CODES introduces structured intelligence fields that reconcile relativistic and quantum-scale physics by (...) incorporating oscillatory chiral dynamics. -/- • Reformulation of Dark Energy & Dark Matter -/- Instead of treating dark energy and dark matter as separate entities, CODES reinterprets them as emergent resonance effects, aligning with observed cosmic structure formation. -/- • Predictive Framework for Large-Scale Structures -/- The model explains periodic redshift distributions, baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), and gravitational field fluctuations in a mathematically consistent manner. -/- • Resonance-Driven Model of Cosmic Evolution -/- By replacing singularities with structured phase transitions, CODES provides an alternative to singular Big Bang models, proposing an oscillatory, non-singular origin of space-time and matter. -/- By integrating mathematics, quantum field theory, wavelet analysis, and cosmology, CODES challenges conventional paradigms and offers a structured resonance approach as an alternative explanatory framework. This model provides both theoretical coherence and experimental testability, making it a candidate for further empirical validation. -/- Version Note -/- V6 includes empirical test results from prime number distributions, fMRI patterns, DNA resonance, and large-scale galaxy clustering using continuous wavelet transforms (CWT). Structured wavelet analysis conducted with GPT-4o and Perplexity R1 further supports the model’s predictive capabilities. -/- Discussion & Next Steps -/- This work invites peer review, critique, and further empirical testing from researchers in physics, cosmology, AI, and applied mathematics. Future research will focus on refining the mathematical formalism and exploring experimental validation in wavelet-based cosmological mapping. (shrink)

The fields of application of general relativity (GR) and quantum field theory (QFT) are different, so most situations require the use of only one of the two theories. The overlaps occur in regions of extremely small size and high mass, such as the black hole or the early universe (immediately after the Big Bang). This conflict is supposed to be solved only by unifying gravity with the other three interactions, to integrate GR and QFT into one theory. At the (...) cosmological level, the standard cosmological model contains Einstein's theory of gravity as part of the "hard core". Dark matter, dark energy, and inflation were added to the theory in response to observations. None of these ancillary hypotheses have yet been confirmed. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34318.72008. (shrink)

According to the standard interpretation of Einstein’s field equations, gravity consists of mass-energy curving spacetime, and an additional physical force or entity—denoted by Λ (the ‘cosmological constant’)—is responsible for the Universe’s metric-expansion. Although General Relativity’s direct predictions have been systematically confirmed, the dominant cosmological model thought to follow from it—the ΛCDM (Lambda cold dark matter) model of the Universe’s history and composition—faces considerable challenges, including various observational anomalies and experimental failures to detect dark matter, dark energy, or inflation-field candidates. This (...) paper shows that Einstein’s Equivalence Principle entails two possible physical interpretations of General Relativity’s field equations. Although the field equations facially appear to support the standard interpretation—that gravity consists of mass-energy curving spacetime—the field equations can be equivalently understood as holding that gravitational effects instead result from mass-energy accelerating the metric-expansion of a second-order spacetime fabric superimposed upon an absolute, first-order Euclidean space, resulting in the observational appearance of spacetime curvature. This alternative interpretation of relativity is shown to be empirically equivalent to the standard interpretation of relativity, albeit with a changing value for Λ (which is similar to how Λ is understood in the conception of Λ as ‘quintessence’, but in this case takes Λ to be gravity). The reconceptualization is then shown to potentially resolve major observational anomalies for the ΛCDM model, including recent observations conflicting with ΛCDM predictions, as well as failures to directly detect dark matter, dark energy, and inflation field/particle candidates. (shrink)

Abstract -/- This paper introduces CODES (Chirality of Dynamic Emergent Systems), a unifying theoretical framework that reconciles general relativity and quantum mechanics through structured resonance. By redefining fundamental assumptions about dark matter, dark energy, and singularities, CODES proposes a falsifiable, predictive model that aligns with observed cosmological structures while offering testable insights into emergent phenomena. -/- Key Contributions -/- • Resolution of General Relativity & Quantum Mechanics Paradox -/- CODES introduces structured intelligence fields that reconcile relativistic and quantum-scale physics by (...) incorporating oscillatory chiral dynamics. -/- • Reformulation of Dark Energy & Dark Matter -/- Instead of treating dark energy and dark matter as separate entities, CODES reinterprets them as emergent resonance effects, aligning with observed cosmic structure formation. -/- • Predictive Framework for Large-Scale Structures -/- The model explains periodic redshift distributions, baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), and gravitational field fluctuations in a mathematically consistent manner. -/- • Resonance-Driven Model of Cosmic Evolution -/- By replacing singularities with structured phase transitions, CODES provides an alternative to singular Big Bang models, proposing an oscillatory, non-singular origin of space-time and matter. -/- By integrating mathematics, quantum field theory, wavelet analysis, and cosmology, CODES challenges conventional paradigms and offers a structured resonance approach as an alternative explanatory framework. This model provides both theoretical coherence and experimental testability, making it a candidate for further empirical validation. -/- Version Note -/- V2 includes empirical test results from prime number distributions, fMRI patterns, DNA resonance, and large-scale galaxy clustering using continuous wavelet transforms (CWT). Structured wavelet analysis conducted with GPT-4o and Perplexity R1 further supports the model’s predictive capabilities. -/- Discussion & Next Steps -/- This work invites peer review, critique, and further empirical testing from researchers in physics, cosmology, AI, and applied mathematics. Future research will focus on refining the mathematical formalism and exploring experimental validation in wavelet-based cosmological mapping. (shrink)

In order to show the relevance of the Presocratic thinkers, certain achievements are sometimes presented as anticipations of some discoveries made by contemporary science. Anaxagoras’ explanation for the origin of the world in particular has been compared to the Big Bang theory by some scholars. The purpose of this article is to show why this theory is very different from Anaxagoras’ view of the origin of the world. For Anaxagoras, the world does not start from a tiny expanding particle. (...) Rather, already before the beginning of the cosmos, there is a totality filled by a primordial mixture. The world emerges in it as a kind of dilating bubble. The cosmos grows by means of a whirl which absorbs the exterior mixture, deconstructing it to give origin to the different things that we know. This vortex is a unique explanation for multiple phenomena, not only helping to understand the origin of the world but also the present cosmos, which is in continuous expansion, since cosmogenesis has not been interrupted. (shrink)

Quentin Smith argues that if God exists, He had a duty to ensure life's existence; and He couldn't rationally have done so and made a big bang unless a counter-factual like "If God had made a big bang, there would have been life," was true pre-creation. But such counter-factuals are not true pre-creation. I argue that God could have made a big bang without irrationality; and that He could have ensured life without making big bangs non-random. Further, (...) a proper understanding of the truth-conditions of counter-factuals like the one above lets them have determinate truth-values pre-creation. But the explanation of how the above counter-factual can be true pre-creation is more complicated than that offered by William Lane Craig. (shrink)

Scientific inquiry takes onward course from the point where previous scientists had reached. But philosophical analysis initiates from scratch. Philosophy questions everything and chooses starting point for itself after having ruled out all the unsubstantiated and doubtful elements of the topic under study. Secondly, known realities must make sense. If a theory is officially 'counterintuitive', then either it is mere fiction or at the most; a distorted form of truth. This book's analysis is based on the philosophical principle that knowledge (...) is empirical and does not arise magically in absence of observational grounds. With philosophical approach, it was doubtful to accept that Georges Lemaître already knew Hubble's law in year 1927 that was yet to be found by Edwin Hubble in year 1929. Therefore this book started with denial of the claim that Lemaître already knew this law. But analysis of section I.III forced author to look the matter from original source and it came to surface that Lemaître knew this law in year 1927. But contrary to mainstream claim, Lemaître had not derived that law from general relativity (GR) equations rather had deduced from a method given by Hubble himself. Whereas whole case of the Big Bang Theory rests on misleading claim that Lemaître had derived this law solely from GR equations. The basis of this claim happened to be a manipulated translation (1931) of Lemaître's original 1927 article. People regard Big Bang Theory as truth because authoritative sources deceived them by presenting a manipulated translation in year 1931. This book is a philosophical analysis of original papers of Alexander Friedmann (1922), Georges Lemaître (1927), Edwin Hubble (1929) and Albert Einstein (1917) thus covers actual roots and origins of the Big Bang Model. In this book, only the core elements of the Big Bang Model i.e. 'Expansion of Universe' and 'CMBR' are covered. It has been sufficiently shown that 'expansion' is an illusion whereas CMBR is a proof that we live in a non-expanding infinite universe. If these two core elements of the standard Big Bang Model are precisely refuted then there is nothing crucial left with the standard model. For readers of this book at least, Big Bang Theory shall become a story of past mistakes. Author is not an authoritative source on science topics therefore readers must download all the above mentioned original papers and check all the points outlined in this book from relevant original papers. Unlike reading from an authoritative source that makes readers relaxed and careless but enables authorities to deceive them in worst way possible, this book requires readers to remain alert on all the points discussed in the book and verify everything from original sources whose links are given at the end of this description and also provided in footnotes section of the book. This book is not a judgment of the topic rather it is like a case presented by an advocate while readers are the judges. Readers are required to apply their own critical judgment to conclude the matter by themselves. After carefully reading this book, readers will also start taking 'authoritative sources' with due care and it will become difficult for the 'authorities' to deceive them again. (shrink)

We give an apparently new possible explanation for why there might be something rather than nothing—the weakest assumptions coupled with a kind of perspectivalism. Within a Fragmentalist interpretation of quantum mechanics (each quantum mechanics system forms a fragment), McTaggart’s A-series of time has this kind of perspectivalism. We then use the A-series and the B-series to differentiate between how far in the past the big bang was vs. how much earlier than now the big bang was. In one (...) example model, the former goes to infinity while the latter stays finite. This implies the number of quantum interactions per unit 4-volume goes up to infinity as we approach the big bang from the present epoch. (shrink)

This article aims to show the emergence of Pre-Socratic Natural Philosophy using the cosmological Big-Bang analogy, where from a certain moment in time and space a universe appears, first in its "inflationary" moment and, soon, in constant expansion. In the case of natural philosophy, it arose with Thales at a certain moment in space and time. It also had its “inflationary” period marked by a large number of philoso-phers and a profound change in the understanding of nature. This period (...) lasted for about 5 generations until philosophy entered its paradigmatic period with Plato and Aristotle. How was the Natural Philosophy Big Bang (NPBB) possible? What were the main factors that made this possible? The text discusses these aspects, and for the author, the main factor must be sought in the internal dynamics of Greek thought and not in external causes, such as the exchange with Babylonians and Egyptians or the economic dynamics. -/- To explain the NPBB, I use the hypothesis of linguistic relativism, meaning that “lan-guage shapes the mind”, in the same line that Bruno Snell used in his 1956 book. That is, the development of the Greek language would be the preponderant factor to explain the dynamics that led to the NPBB. We believe that this hypothesis (currently criti-cized for being excessively deterministic) is justified when applied to the aforemen-tioned situation and can be summarized as follows: “An extraordinary situation re-quires an equally extraordinary explanation”. A set of historical occurrences justifies the application of the strong version of the concept of linguistic relativism, something that today would be difficult to occur. -/- The text synthesizes the main milestones of linguistic relativism, goes through the description of the turn of the oralist society to a society based on writing, which rad-ically changes the way knowledge is stored, in addition to enabling its critical evalua-tion, one of the foundations of philosophy and science. Several authors who are al-ready classics follow a similar line without, however, clearly adopting the author's position. These are the cases of Burnet, Havelock, and Ong. The text also shows some details of the linguistic evolution of Greek and its origins in the oralist mythical tradi-tion. -/- The main conclusion is that linguistic relativism in its strong version is an adequate method to deal with NPBB situation. -/- . (shrink)

The focus in the literature on scientific explanation has shifted in recent years towards model-based approaches. In recent work, Alisa Bokulich has argued that idealization has a central role to play in explanation. Bokulich claims that certain highly-idealized, structural models can be explanatory, even though they are not considered explanatory by causal, mechanistic, or covering law accounts of explanation. This paper focuses on Bokulich’s account in order to make the more general claim that there are problems with maintaining (...) that a structural criterion can capture the way that highly-idealized models explain. This paper examines Bokulich’s claim that the structural model explanation of quantum wavefunction scarring, featuring semiclassical mechanics, is deeper than the explanation provided by the local quantum model. The challenge for Bokulich is to show that the semiclassical model answers a wider range of w-questions, as this is her method of assessing structural information. I look at two reasonable approaches employing w-questions, and I argue that neither approach is ultimately satisfactory. Because structural similarity has preferences for more fundamental models, I argue that the local quantum model provides explanations that at least as deep as the semiclassical ones. The criterion either wrongly identifies all models as explanatory, or prefers models from fundamental theory. Either way, it cannot capture the way that highly-idealized models explain. (shrink)

This is one of the best popular cosmology books ever written and Guth is now (2016) a top physics Professor at MIT. He tells the extremely complex story of inflation and related areas of particle physics in such an absorbing style that it reads like a detective novel-in fact, it is a detective novel-how he and others found out how the universe started! The interweaving of his personal story and that of many colleagues along with their photos and many wonderfully (...) clear diagrams allows just the right amount of relaxation from the intensity of the physics. In places the style reminds one of Watson´s famous book ``The Double Helix``. He tells how his work on magnetic monopoles and spontaneous symmetry breaking led to the discovery of the inflationary theory of the very early universe (ca. 10 to minus 35 seconds!). -/- Along the way you will learn many gems that should stay with you a long time such as: the observed universe(e.g., everything the Hubble telescope etc. can see out to ca. 15 billion light years when the universe began) is likely just a vanishingly tiny part of the entire inhomogeneous universe which is about 10 to the 23rd times larger; the big bang probably took place simultaneously and homogeneously in our observed universe; there probably have been and will continue to be an infinite number of big bangs in an infinite number of universes for an infinite time; when a bang happens, everything(space, time, all the elements) from the previous universe are destroyed; the stretching of space can happen at speeds much greater than the speed of light; our entire observed universe lies in a single bubble out of an endless number so there may be trillions of trillions just in our own entire(pocket) universe(and there may be an endless number of such); none of these infinite number of universes interact-i.e., we can never find out anything about the others; each universe started with its own big bang and will eventually collapse to create a new big bang; all this implies that the whole universe is fractal in nature and thus infinitely regresses to ever more universes(which can lead one to thinking of it as a giant hologram); disagreements between the endless(hundreds at least) variations of inflation are sometimes due to lack of awareness that different definitions of time are being used; some theories suggest that there was a first big bang but we can never find out what happened before it; nevertheless it appears increasingly plausible that there was no beginning but rather an eternal cycle of the destruction and creation, each being the beginning of spacetime for that universe; to start a universe you need about 25g of matter in a 10 to minus 26cm diameter sphere with a false vacuum and a singularity(white hole). -/- He deliberately spends little time on the endless variants of inflation such as chaotic, expanded and supernatural inflation or on dark matter´, supersymmetry and string theory, though they were well known at the time as you can find by reading other books such as Michio Kaku´s `Hyperspace` (see my review) and countless others. Of course much has happened since this book appeared but it still serves as an excellent background volume so cheap now it’s free for the cost of mailing. -/- Those wishing a comprehensive up to date framework for human behavior from the modern two systems view may consult my book ‘The Logical Structure of Philosophy, Psychology, Mind and Language in Ludwig Wittgenstein and John Searle’ 2nd ed (2019). Those interested in more of my writings may see ‘Talking Monkeys--Philosophy, Psychology, Science, Religion and Politics on a Doomed Planet--Articles and Reviews 2006-2019 3rd ed (2019), The Logical Structure of Human Behavior (2019), and Suicidal Utopian Delusions in the 21st Century 4th ed (2019). (shrink)

Guth provided a persuasive rationale for inflationary cosmology based on its ability to solve fine-tuning problems of big bang cosmology. Yet one of the most important consequences of inflation was only widely recognized a few years later: inflation provides a mechanism for generating small departures from uniformity, needed to seed formation of subsequent structures, by “freezing out” vacuum fluctuations to form classical density perturbations. This paper recounts the historical development of this aspect of inflation and puts it in context (...) of the development of ideas on structure formation in relativistic cosmology, before turning to the comparison between inflation and a competing account of structure formation based on topological defects. One aim is to assess in what sense inflation is empirically tested through its account of the formation of structure, in light of persistent debates among cosmologists regarding whether inflation is “falsifiable.”. (shrink)

In recent years, apparently the Big Bang as described by the Lambda CDM-Standard Model Cosmology has become widely accepted by majority of physics and cosmology communities. Even some people have concluded that it has no serious alternative in horizon. Is that true? First, as we argued elsewhere, Big Bang story relies on singularity. In other words, when we are able to describe the observed data without invoking singularity, then Big Bang model is no longer required. Therefore, here (...) we explore a few alternative stories other than Big Bang story, which most cosmologists believe it is the nearest to Biblical account of creation. We would argue that re-reading of Genesis 1:2 will lead us to another viable story, albeit the alternative has not been developed rigorously as LCDM theories. We also briefly discuss a fluid Maxwell equations of Prof. Tsutomu Kambe based on vortex sound theory. (shrink)

While there has been much work on cosmological arguments, novel objections will be presented against the modern day rendition of the Kalām cosmological argument as standardly articulated by William Lane Craig. The conclusion is reached that this cosmological argument and several of its variants do not lead us to believe that there is inevitably a supernatural cause to the universe. Moreover, a conditional argument for atheism will be presented in light of the Big Bang Theory.

A few remarkable examples of alternative cosmological theories are shown, ranging from a compilation of variations on the Standard Model (inhomogeneous universe, Cold Big Bang, varying physical constants or gravity law, zero-active mass, Milne cosmology, cyclical models), through the more distant quasi-steady-state cosmology, plasma cosmology, or universe models as a hypersphere such as the Dynamic Universe, to the most exotic cases including static models with non-cosmological redshifts of galaxies. -/- Most cosmologists do not usually work within the framework of (...) alternative cosmologies very different from the standard one because they feel that these are not at present as competitive as the standard model. It is true that they are not so developed, but that is because cosmologists do not work on them. This vicious circle is to a great extent due to a sociological phenomenon known as the "snowball effect", in which resources are distributed to the most successful theory at a given time; the effect acts as a potential in a field that attracts cosmologists, causing funds, research positions, prestige, telescope time, publication in top journals, citations, conferences, and other resources to be dedicated almost exclusively to standard cosmology. (shrink)

We argue the thesis that if (1) a physical process is mathematically representable by a Cauchy sequence; and (2) we accept that there can be no infinite processes, i.e., nothing corresponding to infinite sequences, in natural phenomena; then (a) in the absence of an extraneous, evidence-based, proof of `closure' which determines the behaviour of the physical process in the limit as corresponding to a `Cauchy' limit; (b) the physical process must tend to a discontinuity (singularity) which has not been reflected (...) in the Cauchy sequence that seeks to describe the behaviour of the physical process. We support our thesis by mathematical models of the putative behaviours of (i) a virus cluster; (ii) an elastic string; and (iii) a Universe that recycles from Big Bang to Ultimate Implosion, in which parity and local time reversal violation, and the existence of `dark energy' in a multiverse, need not violate Einstein's equations and quantum theory. We suggest that the barriers to modelling such processes in a mathematical language that seeks unambiguous communication are illusory; they merely reflect an attempt to ask of the language chosen for such representation more than it is designed to deliver. (shrink)

The Fundamental Sequence of Reality: Awareness as the First Cause Abstract The nature of reality has long been debated in philosophy, physics, and cosmology. The dominant paradigm suggests that physical reality emerged through energy interactions following the Big Bang. However, this paper proposes a fundamental shift in perspective: that awareness is the first cause of existence, preceding time, action, energy, and matter. This model aligns with modern quantum mechanics, neuroscience, and ancient metaphysical thought, providing a framework that unifies scientific (...) and philosophical inquiries. This paper explores how awareness initiates creation, the role of time as a coordination system rather than a force, the activation of energy as a response to directed motion, and the emergence of physical reality as the final effect. 1. Introduction The current scientific model postulates that the universe began with a singularity—an infinitely dense state that expanded to form all matter and energy. However, this theory does not explain what existed before the singularity or what caused it to activate. Additionally, the problem of consciousness remains unresolved in science, with competing theories about whether it is emergent or fundamental. This paper presents a new model where awareness exists as the first cause, setting the foundation for all subsequent phenomena. 2. Awareness as the First Cause 2.1 Defining Awareness as a Pre-Physical Reality Awareness, in this model, is not an emergent property of matter but an intrinsic state of existence. This idea is supported by: Orchestrated Objective Reduction (Orch-OR) Theory (Penrose & Hameroff, 2014): It suggests that consciousness exists in a quantum superposition before neural activity occurs, meaning it is fundamental rather than a byproduct of brain processes. The Observer Effect in Quantum Mechanics: The Double-Slit Experiment demonstrates that particles behave as waves until observed, implying that awareness plays a role in the formation of reality (Wheeler, 1983). Philosophical Idealism: Thinkers like Kant, Berkeley, and Chalmers have suggested that perception structures reality rather than reality existing independently. 2.2 Awareness Preceding Physical Existence Since awareness exists independently of time and space, it does not require a cause. The fundamental realization of awareness results in self-questioning, which initiates the unfolding of structured existence. 3. Time as a Coordination System, Not a Primary Force 3.1 Julian Barbour’s “End of Time” Hypothesis Barbour (1999) argues that time is not fundamental but is an emergent property of change. This aligns with: Einstein’s relativity, which shows that time is relative and can be influenced by motion and gravity. Quantum mechanics, which demonstrates that quantum events do not require a linear passage of time. 3.2 Time as a Measurement, Not a Cause This model suggests that time exists to coordinate the unfolding of awareness into structured phenomena, not as a force that causes motion. 4. Energy Release as a Reaction, Not a Primary Cause 4.1 Feynman’s Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) Feynman (1985) demonstrated that energy exists in a probability state until an interaction forces it into action. This means: Energy is not a first principle; it is activated through directed action. The vacuum state of the universe holds dormant energy that is only triggered when conditions allow it. 4.2 The Activation of Energy Energy is released only when awareness initiates action. Without awareness directing the process, energy remains in an unmanifested state. 5. Physical Reality as the Last Step 5.1 The Holographic Principle Physicists such as Gerard ‘t Hooft and Leonard Susskind propose that the universe is a projection of lower-dimensional information. This means: Matter is not fundamental; it emerges as a consequence of deeper, pre-physical structures. Awareness shapes reality at a fundamental level before material existence. 5.2 Consciousness & Quantum Gravity Penrose suggests that wave function collapse is influenced by gravitational effects, implying a connection between consciousness and spacetime itself. 6. Addressing Contradictory Theories 6.1 The Standard Big Bang Model The Big Bang assumes energy was the first principle, but it does not explain why energy became active. This model fixes that issue by proposing that awareness initiates energy release. 6.2 The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics The Copenhagen Interpretation states that wave function collapse occurs when observed but does not define the observer. This model proposes that awareness is the ultimate observer, explaining why quantum states collapse into defined reality. 7. Implications for Science & Human Understanding This model unifies: Quantum Mechanics & Consciousness: Awareness as a fundamental principle aligns with quantum observation. Physics & Philosophy: Idealism meets empirical research in a coherent framework. Cosmology & Metaphysics: The origin of the universe is explained beyond materialist assumptions. 8. Conclusion By placing awareness as the first cause, we create a framework that bridges science, philosophy, and quantum mechanics. This model explains the missing elements in modern physics and provides a foundation for future exploration. 9. References Barbour, J. (1999). The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Physics. Bohr, N. (1928). "The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory." Nature. Chalmers, D. J. (1995). "Facing up to the problem of consciousness." Journal of Consciousness Studies. Einstein, A. (1915). "General Theory of Relativity." Feynman, R. P. (1985). QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Guth, A. H. (1981). "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems." Physical Review D. Penrose, R. & Hameroff, S. (2014). "Consciousness in the universe: A review of the ‘Orch OR’ theory." Physics of Life Reviews. Susskind, L. (1995). "The World as a Hologram." Journal of Mathematical Physics. Wheeler, J. A. (1983). "Law without law." Quantum Theory and Measurement. (shrink)

The current cosmological models are built based on general relativity. The solutions of the specific equations, Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker, allow to model the evolution of the universe starting from the Big Bang. Some of the parameters of the universe have been established by observations. Based on these, and other observational data, the models can be tested. Predictions include the initial abundance of chemical elements formed in a period of nucleosynthesis during the Big Bang period, the subsequent structure of the universe, (...) cosmic background radiation, and so on. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23725.64485. (shrink)

If you have enjoyed any of the 7 (seven) other books I have published over 20 years, including literally thousands of pages of mathematical and topological concepts, Python programs and conceptually expanding papers, please consider buying this book for $20.00 on google play books. -/- Introduction: -/- Though the following pages provide extensive exposition and dedicated descriptions of the phenomenological velocity formulas, theory and mystery, I thought it appropriate to write this introduction as a partial explanation for what phenomenal velocity (...) is, and describe, briefly its theory and applications. Phenomenological Velocity is a method for solving for something that ought cancel out with itself, but there are specific implicit forms for this thing that, “ought cancel out with itself,” namely the Lorentz coefficient ought cancel out with itself when applied to the height of a cone derived from the difference between the circumferences of two circles applied to the Pythagorean Theorem, or, more generally, the height implied by application of the Pythagorean theorem to the difference between two arc lengths’ equaling a third arc length. These difference equations are essential to conceptualizing differentiation, and in these further chapters, I demonstrate that the phenomenological velocity is, indeed the conditional derivative in the chapter, “Conditional Integral of Phenomenological Velocity.” The phenomenological velocity algebraic solution to the velocity within the Lorentz coefficient when applied to the height function in such a way that it ought cancel out with itself is both constructive mathematics and it employs the concept of, “bracketing,” - first introduced by Edmund Husserl in his writings on the phenomenological reduction. Phenomenological Velocity’s algebraic solution from the difference between two arc lengths applied to the Pythagorean Theorem to solve for a theoretical height (which is a projected distance in space), employs bracketing, because we, “set aside,” the existence of an undefined solution, namely due to the presence of necessitated complex analytical forms by the architecture of the equation, or the “mathetecture,” of the algebraic form. -/- With respect to theology, the phenomenological velocity is somehow symbolic of the creation itself; symbolic of creation due to the fact that we find the canceling out of the Lorentz coefficient as, “impotent,” non-existent or non-effecting to the mathetecture of the height function. However, via the modus-ponens work around to phenomenological velocity, which in itself does not require the complex field, but embeds implied complex field solutions to the equation while maintaining logical consistency, we find existence from non-existence. This is directly linguistically applicable to the concept of the big-bang, the resurrection of Yeshua the Messiah, and opens analogies for us to draw relationships between the, “fall,” of Adam and Eve as the generation of error, or the introduction of paradox, as we see the phallus representing paradox topologically. -/- The phenomenological velocity is a gestalt concept, relevant to cosmology, because we find that it is the perfect language-form for discussing dark matter. It does, however, require the reader to re-conceive or re-frame rather, some of the fundamental aspects of assumed physical reality like time, experience, solidity of dark matter, etc. We find the hidden dimension of phenomenological velocity to have been an overlooked aspect of mathematical physics by the researchers of Bell’s theorem and undoubtedly a host of other theorems. Thus, raising awareness about the real existence and necessitated reality of phenomenological velocity is in no way an endeavor deserving further procrastination by the scientific community, for doing so would be intellectually dishonest and further the propagation of incomplete or misleading theories on reality. -/- This work details how the Lorentz coefficient, when applied to the height of a cone in such a way as to cancel out with itself, permits the velocity variable to have a solution to it anyway, even though it ought cancel out with itself. This mathe-tecture, so to speak has consequences for complex analysis, and pave the way for, "transcendental relativity," building an adaptive framework for consciousness and physical reality. (shrink)

This paper deals with the philosophical issues of the notion of nothingness and pre-inflationary stage of the universe in physical cosmology. We presuppose that, in addition to cosmological limits, there may be both anthropic and computational limits for our ability to understand and replicate the conditions before the Big Bang. That is, the very notion of nothingness and pre-Big Bang state may be conceptually, but not computationally grasped.

It has been known for long time that the cosmic sound wave was there since the early epoch of the Universe. Signatures of its existence are abound. However, such a sound wave model of cosmology is rarely developed fully into a complete framework. This paper can be considered as our second attempt towards such a complete description of the Universe based on soliton wave solution of cosmological KdV equation. Then we advance further this KdV equation by virtue of Cellular Automaton (...) method to solve the PDEs. We submit wholeheartedly Robert Kurucz’s hypothesis that Big Bang should be replaced with a finite cellular automaton universe with no expansion. Nonetheless, we are fully aware that our model is far from being complete, but it appears the proposed cellular automaton model of the Universe is very close in spirit to what Konrad Zuse envisaged long time ago. It is our hope that the new proposed method can be verified with observation data. But we admit that our model is still in its infancy, more researches are needed to fill all the missing details. (shrink)

Many physicists have thought that absolute time became otiose with the introduction of Special Relativity. William Lane Craig disagrees. Craig argues that although relativity is empirically adequate within a domain of application, relativity is literally false and should be supplanted by a Neo-Lorentzian alternative that allows for absolute time. Meanwhile, Craig and co-author James Sinclair have argued that physical cosmology supports the conclusion that physical reality began to exist at a finite time in the past. However, on their view, the (...) beginning of physical reality requires the objective passage of absolute time, so that the beginning of physical reality stands or falls with Craig's Neo-Lorentzian metaphysics. Here, I raise doubts about whether, given Craig's NeoLorentzian metaphysics, physical cosmology could adequately support a beginning of physical reality within the finite past. Craig and Sinclair's conception of the beginning of the universe requires a past boundary to the universe. A past boundary to the universe cannot be directly observed and so must be inferred from the observed matter-energy distribution in conjunction with auxilary hypotheses drawn from a substantive physical theory. Craig's brand of Neo Lorentzianism has not been sufficiently well specified so as to infer either that there is a past boundary or that the boundary is located in the finite past. Consequently, Neo Lorentzianism implicitly introduces a form of skepticism that removes the ability that we might have otherwise had to infer a beginning of the universe. Furthermore, in analyzing traditional big bang models, I develop criteria that Neo-Lorentzians should deploy in thinking about the direction and duration of time in cosmological models generally. For my last task, I apply the same criteria to bounce cosmologies and show that Craig and Sinclair have been wrong to interpret bounce cosmologies as including a beginning of physical reality. (shrink)

In this chapter I will discuss Karl Popper’s notion of metaphysical research programmes (MRPs) and apply it to contemporary cosmology. While Popper was extremely critical of Big Bang cosmology, his work on MRPs provides a potentially fruitful way of understanding the discipline in a different light. I will suggest that while cosmology does fail to meet the criteria Popper sets for a mature science, the standard model of cosmology (also known as ΛCDM) could be seen as an example of (...) a MRP. I will examine the Cosmological Principle as well as the dark matter hypothesis as prospective parts of this MRP. Finally, I will go beyond Popper’s own views and evaluate ΛCDM and its main rival, Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), with the help of two methodological tools: the correspondence principle as formally explicated by E. K. Voishvillo, and Ilkka Niiniluoto’s measures of truthlikeness. The conclusion I will draw from this is that MOND is a viable and in some respects superior alternative to ΛCDM. (shrink)

This cosmological model considers our observable universe as part of an expanding volume, produced by an explosion inside a black hole, while other, similar, expanding volumes exist beyond our observation. Such expanding volumes emerge into the space beyond them, initially appearing there as white holes. Then, over time as they continue to expand, their matter meets up, creating contracting volumes of space that eventually form hypermassive black holes — ones containing more mass than is in the observable universe. When a (...) tipping point is reached, such as a critical mass, these hypermassive black holes explode producing new expanding volumes. Considered at a suitably large scale, this model can be consistent with the perfect cosmological principle. This model is distinct from existing cyclical models as it has multiple explosions (big bangs) spatially spread out across the universe. It is consistent with Smoller and Temple’s Shockwave Cosmology Inside a Black Hole, which integrates shockwave cosmology with general relativity to produce a universe essentially like the one we observe, including cosmological redshift and a cosmic microwave background. (shrink)

The claim defended in the paper is that the mechanistic account of explanation can easily embrace idealization in big-scale brain simulations, and that only causally relevant detail should be present in explanatory models. The claim is illustrated with two methodologically different models: Blue Brain, used for particular simulations of the cortical column in hybrid models, and Eliasmith’s SPAUN model that is both biologically realistic and able to explain eight different tasks. By drawing on the mechanistic theory of computational explanation, (...) I argue that large-scale simulations require that the explanandum phenomenon is identified; otherwise, the explanatory value of such explanations is difficult to establish, and testing the model empirically by comparing its behavior with the explanandum remains practically impossible. The completeness of the explanation, and hence of the explanatory value of the explanatory model, is to be assessed vis-à-vis the explanandum phenomenon, which is not to be conflated with raw observational data and may be idealized. I argue that idealizations, which include building models of a single phenomenon displayed by multi-functional mechanisms, lumping together multiple factors in a single causal variable, simplifying the causal structure of the mechanisms, and multi-model integration, are indispensable for complex systems such as brains; otherwise, the model may be as complex as the explanandum phenomenon, which would make it prone to so-called Bonini paradox. I conclude by enumerating dimensions of empirical validation of explanatory models according to new mechanism, which are given in a form of a “checklist” for a modeler. (shrink)

There are extensive discussions of the 5D AdS metric that arises naturally from a metric that accounts for the A-series, the B-series, and x^a; black holes, including their information, entropy, temperature, energy, and energy density; the Big Bang; the finitude of singularities here; inflation; AdS/CFT and dS; symmetry groups of this theory of gravity not including and including those of the standard model, with evaluations of how integrated and how plausible they are; how the theory of quantum gravity here (...) gives general relativity in one limit and quantum mechanics in another limit; and much more. -/- Of particular interest is the physics based argument for the continuation of awareness after death, which starts on about page 196 and spans several pages. (shrink)

-/- The Universal Law of Balance in Nature and Its Application to Cosmology -/- The universe, in all its vastness and complexity, follows fundamental principles that govern its formation, structure, and evolution. If the universal law of balance in nature, as formulated by Angelito Malicse, is truly a fundamental law, then it must apply to all physical systems—including cosmology. The cosmos operates through a delicate interplay of opposing forces, equilibrium states, and self-regulating processes. From the expansion of the universe to (...) the formation of galaxies, black holes, and even the quantum realm, we can see how the universe upholds a balance that sustains its existence. -/- The Big Bang and Cosmic Expansion: A Balanced Beginning -/- The Big Bang theory explains that the universe originated from an infinitely dense singularity and has been expanding ever since. This expansion is governed by finely tuned physical constants. If the rate of expansion had been slightly faster, matter would have dispersed too quickly for galaxies to form. If it had been slightly slower, gravitational collapse would have occurred early on. -/- This fine-tuning suggests a natural equilibrium that enables the formation of structured systems rather than chaos or premature collapse. It aligns with the universal law of balance, where natural forces regulate themselves to sustain stability and existence. The very fabric of the universe appears to have been designed to operate within a delicate range, ensuring its continued evolution. -/- Cosmic Inflation and Homeostasis in the Universe -/- During the first moments after the Big Bang, the universe underwent a brief but intense period of cosmic inflation, expanding exponentially faster than the speed of light. This process ensured that energy and matter were evenly distributed, leading to a homogeneous and isotropic universe on large scales. -/- This phenomenon mirrors biological homeostasis, where a system self-regulates to maintain stability. Just as a living organism adjusts internal conditions to sustain life, the universe adjusted its own expansion to ensure long-term structural balance. This aligns with the universal law of balance, demonstrating that even at the largest scale, self-regulation ensures stability. -/- Gravitational Balance in Galactic Formation -/- Galaxies and planetary systems form due to the interplay of gravitational attraction and rotational forces. Gravity pulls matter together, while angular momentum prevents collapse. This balance creates stable systems where stars, planets, and entire galaxies can persist for billions of years. -/- If gravitational forces were too strong, matter would collapse into dense objects too quickly. If too weak, galaxies would never form, and the universe would remain an empty void. This self-sustaining balance echoes the way decision-making works in human societies—where opposing forces (such as economic, social, and political pressures) must be weighed to maintain stability. The universe, much like human systems, thrives through equilibrium. -/- Dark Matter and Dark Energy: Opposing Forces in Equilibrium -/- Approximately 95% of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy, two mysterious components that shape cosmic evolution. Dark matter provides the gravitational glue that holds galaxies together, preventing them from flying apart. Dark energy, on the other hand, drives the accelerated expansion of space. -/- These two forces act in opposition, yet their interaction maintains the overall stability of the universe. If dark energy were too dominant, galaxies would tear apart. If dark matter were too dominant, the universe would collapse under its own gravity. This cosmic balance reflects the universal law of balance, where opposing forces must coexist in equilibrium to sustain existence. -/- Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Entropy: Order Within Disorder -/- The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy (disorder) increases over time. Left unchecked, the universe should become a chaotic, unstructured mess. Yet, within this increasing disorder, we see localized structures of order—galaxies, stars, planets, and even life itself. -/- This paradox suggests that while entropy governs the overall system, temporary balance allows complex structures to emerge and persist. Just as societal stability emerges from balancing chaos and order, the cosmos generates structure despite the drive toward disorder. This principle aligns with the universal law of balance, where even in a seemingly random environment, natural forces work to create structured, stable systems. -/- Black Holes and Information Balance -/- Black holes, some of the most extreme objects in the universe, consume matter and energy, seemingly erasing all information about what falls into them. However, modern physics suggests that information is not truly lost—it is preserved in some form, whether encoded on the event horizon (as suggested by the holographic principle) or through quantum processes. -/- This concept aligns with the universal law of balance because it suggests that even in the most extreme environments, information follows a conservation principle. Just as human actions have consequences that persist in various forms, the universe ensures that no energy or information truly disappears, maintaining a deeper cosmic equilibrium. -/- Quantum Cosmology: Balance at the Smallest Scales -/- At the smallest scales of reality, quantum mechanics governs the behavior of particles, where superposition and uncertainty play fundamental roles. In the early universe, quantum fluctuations helped seed the formation of galaxies. -/- These fluctuations demonstrate a balance between uncertainty and structure. Just as human decisions arise from multiple possibilities but follow natural constraints, the universe’s structure emerges from quantum uncertainty within governing physical laws. This suggests that even at the quantum level, the universe operates under a principle of balance. -/- Multiverse Theories and the Balance of Possibilities -/- Some theories suggest that our universe is just one of many in a multiverse, each with different physical laws. If this is true, then our universe may simply be one of the few that has achieved the right balance of forces to sustain structure and life. -/- This supports the idea that cosmic selection could function similarly to natural selection—only universes with stable laws of physics persist. This aligns with the universal law of balance, where systems that maintain equilibrium continue to exist, while those that fail to achieve balance dissolve into nonexistence. -/- Conclusion: A Universe Governed by Balance -/- From the grand scale of cosmic expansion to the microscopic realm of quantum fluctuations, the universe appears to follow the universal law of balance in nature. Every major phenomenon—whether it be the interplay of gravity and expansion, the self-regulation of galaxies, or the emergence of structured systems within entropy—reflects the principle that equilibrium is essential for existence. -/- If this law is truly fundamental, then it not only governs the universe but also human behavior, decision-making, and societal structures. The same balance that sustains galaxies and black holes also shapes civilizations, economies, and individual consciousness. -/- By understanding this universal principle, we can apply it to solve real-world problems. If leaders, scientists, and educators incorporate the law of balance into governance, economics, and education, it could lead to a more stable, sustainable, and just society—just as it has sustained the universe for billions of years. -/- . (shrink)

I defend an account of explanatory depth according to which explanations in the non-fundamental sciences can be deeper than explanations in fundamental physics.

This paper is a critical review of *Big Bang Cosmology* by Quentin Smith and William Lane Craig. (The book is a collection of previously published papers; most are concerned, in one way or another, with kalam cosmological arguments for the existence of God.).

In this paper, I outline a heuristic for thinking about the relation between explanation and understanding that can be used to capture various levels of “intimacy”, between them. I argue that the level of complexity in the structure of explanation is inversely proportional to the level of intimacy between explanation and understanding, i.e. the more complexity the less intimacy. I further argue that the level of complexity in the structure of explanation also affects the explanatory depth in a (...) similar way to intimacy between explanation and understanding, i.e. the less complexity the greater explanatory depth and vice versa. (shrink)

The first two thirds or so of this book is a thorough, severe, and at times somewhat difficult, philosophical analysis and critique of atheistic naturalistic answers to “What caused the Big Bang?” Most contemporary astrophysicists accept one of the following non-theistic accounts of the origin of the Big Bang: Steady State, Plasma, Oscillationist, Big Fizz, Big Divide, Quantum Observership, Big Accident, Atheistic Anthropic, and Plenitude cosmologies. The last third or so of the book develops a highly plausible theistic (...) process cosmology which includes creation ex nihilo. This book critically explores answers to the big question, What produced our universe around fifteen billion years ago in a Big Bang? It defends and revises Process Theology and develops contemporary arguments for God's existence based on the universe's life-supporting order and contingent existence. (shrink)

Look! Up in the bookshelf! Is it science? Is it science-fiction? No, it's Super Science: strange visitor from the future who can be everywhere in the universe and everywhen in time, can change the world in a single bound and who - disguised as a mild mannered author - fights for truth, justice and the super-scientific way. -/- Though I put a lot of hard work into this book, I can't take all the credit. I believe that the whole universe (...) - everything on Earth and in space plus everything in the past, present, and future - is entangled and unified. Everybody is part of this unity, so anybody could have written the ideas in this book. It turned out to be me simply because I've got intense curiosity about the book's contents, enough persistence and imagination to combine science with topics like religion and philosophy, and enough spare time to assemble all the pre-existing pieces in space and time (my contribution to the book is like putting together the pieces of a big jigsaw puzzle). -/- This book, with its vast collection of scientific fact and study results, presents some fascinating theories and is an expansive journey through my research. The topic will appeal to the science-minded reader who is open to speculating on how conditions may evolve in the future, perhaps questioning the very foundations of our place in the universe. This book is not written as a single story but is a collection of 9 articles written in the first half of 2022. Each chapter of this book is presented as a research paper. There's the abstract, the introduction, the keywords, the body of the work divided into sections, and a reference section. Though this might turn some readers off, I'm a member of ResearchGate, a community of researchers. So it isn't surprising that I've presented this book this way. Each article is meant to be self-contained and well explained in plain English. As a result, some explanations appear in several of the articles. -/- Please be patient when you encounter jargon and mathematics - I've tried to keep these to a minimum but they're bound to put in an appearance in a book that's largely about science (and I have compiled an enormous amount of intricate research for this project, hopefully impressing with the organization). Quotes from a range of scientists and icons in the industry should add further fascination to the descriptions, inspiring the reader into more of an openness to speculating on the distant future. There's a lot to absorb here but understanding the future . . . It Don't Come Easy (just ask Ringo Starr who once dreamed he was an alien living on another planet in the future. -/- Contents -/- Special Relativity's Consequences For General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics And Quantum Gravity (Can Science And The Paranormal Coexist?) -/- Intergalactic Travel and Riemann Hypothesis - featuring Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Higgs Boson, Higgs Field, Electroweak Interaction, No Big Bang, Other Dimensions, Plus Other Physics and Mathematics -/- New Perspectives On Life, Death, Cancer and Covid-19 Arising From An Artificially Intelligent, Non-probabilistic Universe -/- Unipositional Interpretation Of Quantum Mechanics Means Entanglement Occurring Simultaneously With Gravitational Slingshots Reduces Problems Associated With Spaceflight -/- Unipositional Interpretation Of Quantum Mechanics Explains Time Dilation, Updates Cosmology -/- WHERE DID EVERYTHING COME FROM – Combining Science, Mathematics, Computers, Religion, Philosophy, Relativity, Quantum Physics, Darwinism, and a Podcast to Reach One Person’s Plausible Ideas -/- Thoughts on Artificial Intelligence and the Origin of Life Resulting from General Relativity, with Neo-Darwinist Reference to Human Evolution and Mathematical Reference to Cosmology -/- Planet 9 and Black Hole Versus Relativity’s Precession and Dark Matter -/- THE WORLD’S REAL-LIFE EXPERIMENTS WITH COVID-19 AND PHYSICS ALTER SOCIETY AND GLOBAL ECONOMICS . (shrink)

Revista Cunoașterea Științifică este o publicație trimestrială din domeniile științei și filosofiei, și domenii conexe de studiu și practică. -/- Cuprins: -/- EDITORIALS / EDITORIALE -/- Nicolae Sfetcu Apărarea împotriva atacurilor cibernetice avansate Defense Against Advanced Cyber Attacks -/- Nicolae Sfetcu Ce este inteligența? What is intelligence? -/- Nicolae Sfetcu De la instinctele primitive la cunoașterea avansată: evoluția inteligenței umane From Primitive Instincts to Advanced Cognition: The Evolution of Human Intelligence -/- Nicolae Sfetcu Falsificabilitatea lui Imre Lakatos în contextul programelor (...) științifice de cercetare The Falsifiability of Imre Lakatos in the Context of the Scientific Research Programs -/- NATURAL SCIENCE / ȘTIINȚE NATURALE -/- Nicolae Sfetcu Cosmological Tests Based on General Relativity for Gravity Teste cosmologice bazate pe relativitatea generală pentru gravitație -/- Ștefan-Daniel Florea Integrarea tehnologiei moderne în gestionarea riscului seismic Integrating modern technology into seismic risk management -/- Nicolae Sfetcu Epistemology of Loop Quantum Gravity in the Context of Canonical Quantum Gravity Epistemologia gravitației cuantice în buclă în contextul gravitației cuantice canonice -/- Valentin Ionescu Constante universale, energia vidului și creșterea în timp a găurilor negre în Modelul Big Bangului Rece Universal constants, vacuum energy and the growth of black holes over time in the Cold Big Bang Model -/- Nicolae Sfetcu Discovery of Astatine by Horia Hulubei Descoperirea astatinului de Horia Hulubei -/- Lucian Ștefan Cozma, Cosmin Vasile Țenu, Daniela Georgiana Golea Proiectul Romteleghid între legendă și realitate istorică The Romteleghid project between legend and historical reality -/- Lucian Ștefan Cozma, Daniela Georgiana Golea, Cosmin Vasile Țenu Amestec de combustibil ieftin și ecologic destinat arderii catalitice în cazanele termoenergetice și motoarele de ardere internă, o soluție pentru Europa Inexpensive and environmentally friendly fuel blend for catalytic combustion in power boilers and internal combustion engines - a solution for Europe -/- Nicolae Sfetcu The Evolution of Human Intelligence Throughout a Person's Life - A Lifelong Journey Evoluția inteligenței umane de-a lungul vieții unei persoane - O călătorie pe tot parcursul vieții -/- Lucian Ștefan Cozma, Daniela Georgiana Golea, Cosmin Vasile Țenu Utilizarea bremsstrahlung inversat în obținerea fuziunii nucleare controlate The use of inverted bremsstrahlung in achieving controlled nuclear fusion -/- Adrian Klein Can Extended Human Genome Explain Personality Structures? Poate genomul uman extins să explice structurile personalității? -/- Lucian Ștefan Cozma, Daniela Georgiana Golea Potențiala contribuție a inginerului și inventatorului român George „Gogu” Constantinescu în edificarea Castelului Peleș prin elaborarea teoriei moderne a betonului armat The potential contribution of the Romanian engineer and inventor George "Gogu" Constantinescu in the construction of Peleș Castle by developing the modern theory of reinforced concrete -/- Ioan Vasile Buiu, Bogdan Boreschievici Un submarin pierdut în istorie A Submarine Lost in History -/- SOCIAL SCIENCE / ȘTIINȚE SOCIALE -/- Dan D. Farcaș Câteva opinii privind etnogeneza românilor (2) Some opinions regarding the ethnogenesis of the Romanians (2) -/- Aliona Rozovel UTA Găgăuzia de jure parte integrantă și inalienabilă a Republicii Moldova, de facto tinde spre separatism UTA Gagauzia, de jure an integral and inalienable part of the Republic of Moldova, de facto tends towards separatism -/- Nicolae Sfetcu Provocări și tendințe în războiul electronic – Războiul asimetric Challenges and Trends in Electronic Warfare – Asymmetric Warfare -/- Mădălina Miron Putinjugend: The Pro-Kremlin Youth Movement Nashi Putinjugend: Mișcarea de tineret pro-Kremlin Nashi -/- Alexandru Ș. Bologa; Ana-Maria Grămescu Tropaeum Augusti (France) and Tropaeum Traiani (Romania): A Comparative Study Tropaeum Augusti (Franța) și Tropaeum Traiani (România): Un studiu comparativ -/- Mark C. Lukács Campanii de publicitate inovatoare pentru instituții culturale: Explorarea oportunităților și cadrului de parteneriat public-privat Innovative Advertising Campaigns for Cultural Institutions: Exploring Public-Private Partnership Opportunities and Framework -/- Ana-Maria Perța Information sabotage in the context of the communist regime. Case study on communist informers Sabotajul informațional în contextul regimului comunist. Studiu de caz despre informatorii comuniști -/- Manuela Vasilica Tunca, Alina Mihaela Frățică Dragomir, Raluca Mihaela Rădulescu The Implementation and Benefits of Telework in Various Sectors: Reality or Rhetoric? Implementarea și beneficiile telemuncii în diverse sectoare: realitate sau retorică? -/- Alba Iulia Catrinel Popescu, Laura Ungureanu Un personaj istoric controversat al anilor de cumpănă 1940: generalul de corp de armată Aurel Aldea A Controversial Historical Figure of the 1940s: Army Corps General Aurel Aldea -/- FORMAL SCIENCE / ȘTIINȚE FORMALE -/- Constantin Pomparău Ce este ipoteza Riemann și de ce nu poate fi demonstrată What is the Riemann hypothesis and why it cannot be proved -/- Ana Denisa Cutean, Iulia Denisa Moga Contabilitatea activelor de infrastructură Accounting for infrastructure assets -/- Iulia Denisa Moga Tehnica abordării prin cost: evaluarea construcțiilor The technique of the cost approach: construction evaluation -/- Nicolae Sfetcu Apărarea împotriva atacurilor cibernetice prin învățarea automată Defending Against Cyber Attacks Through Machine Learning -/- Dumitru Mazilu Despre unele prevederi canonice și civile privind gestionarea actuala a bunurilor bisericești parohiale About some canonical and civil provisions regarding the current management of parish church assets -/- Alina Mihaela Frătică-Dragomir The Concept of Electronic Pensioner in Some Countries Versus Romania Conceptul de pensionar electronic în unele țări versus România -/- Andreea Teodora Iacob Phasing the COVID-19 Pandemic in Romania. Analysis Based on Social Distancing Measures Etapizarea pandemiei de COVID-19 în România. Analiza bazată pe măsurile de distanțare socială -/- Bogdan Boreschievici Castele în Spania Castles in Spain -/- PHILOSOPHY / FILOSOFIE -/- Nicolae Sfetcu The Republic of Plato: A Philosophical Odyssey Republica lui Platon: o odisee filosofică -/- Tănase Tiberiu, Ovidiu Boureanu Intelligence–ul ca domeniu al cunoașterii Intelligence as a Field of Knowledge -/- Dumitru Mazîlu Dezvoltarea subsecventă a termenului de canon în primele secole creștine The subsequent development of the term canon in the early Christian centuries -/- Valentin Ionescu S-ar putea să nu existe infinitul, decât în nostalgia noastră după starea originară, pierdută, din Grădina Edenului Infinity may not exist except in our nostalgia for our original state, lost Garden of Eden -/- ISSN 2971 – 9070 ISSN-L 2821 – 8086, DOI: 10.58679/CS19653. (shrink)

I will discuss the relationship between physicalism and classical Big Bang Cosmology, and argue that the physicalist must hold to the notion that the Universe came into being out of literal nonbeing with no cause, if this person is to hold to classical Big Bang Cosmology. If my argument is sound, then it entails that a physicalist must do this in order to be consistent with Big Bang cosmology, or either give up physicalism. Theism, on the other (...) hand, does not require that it is possible that being can arise from nonbeing. One may then argue that theism is to be prefered over physicalism, since it is arguably simpler in its assumptions on this question. This may therefore be of interest to Natural (a)Theology. (shrink)

Recent years have seen increasing interest in interventionist analyses of metaphysical explanation. One area where interventionism traditionally shines, is in providing an account of explanatory depth; the sense in which explanation comes in degrees. However, the literature on metaphysical explanation has left the notion of depth almost entirely unexplored. In this paper I shall attempt to rectify this oversight by motivating an interventionist analysis of metaphysical explanatory depth (MED), in terms of the range of interventions (...) under which a metaphysically explanatory generalization remains invariant. After elucidating the notion through a toy-example, I demonstrate the important work which MED can perform in characterizing debate within contemporary metaphysics. Focusing upon rival approaches to explaining the identity and distinctness of concrete objects, I argue that the progress achieved in this debate can be characterized in terms of increasing explanatory depth. Having made an initial case for the utility of MED, I then turn this analysis to the metaphysics of explanation itself. By adopting an interventionist framework with respect to MED, I will show that we can assess the depth of competing theories of explanation. This application has two interesting results: first, it suggests that an interventionist analysis of explanation provides deeper explanations of the connection between explanans and explanandum than rival accounts; and second, it suggests that explanations provided by interventionism become deeper still, if one accepts that this methodology ranges over metaphysical, as well as causal, instances. (shrink)

The beginning of the world seems to be a subject of investigations of contemporary sciences on the one hand, and a part of the religious truth on the other. Technical and scientific progress is conductive to constructing new models of the world and inspires modifications or rejection of existing ones. The aim of the first part of this paper is to show some problems, among others methodological, theoretical and interpretational, that arise on account of current scientific theories. Certain basic features (...) of so-called scientific world view are pointed out. In the second part, the fundamental essence of the religious and theological truth of the creation is investigated. On the grounds of discussed issues, a possibility to achieve a kind of synthesis of both, scientific and religious world views is considered in the third part. It is suggested that general outlook on life could be a proper base for such a synthesis. However this solution proves to be unsatisfying, because of mosaic, incoherent character of an outlook of life. The task to construct more cohesive view of the world remains open. In the paper, few lines for further investigation are drawn. (shrink)