As hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) gain prominence in the automotive industry, managing the heat generated by their electric motors and batteries has become a critical challenge. The performance, safety, and longevity of HEV components, such as batteries and motors, are significantly affected by thermal conditions. This paper proposes a modular liquid cooling system designed to efficiently manage heat dissipation in hybrid electric vehicle motors and batteries. The system leverages advanced fluid dynamics and thermoelectric materials to achieve optimal thermal control while (...) maintaining energy efficiency. The modular design allows for flexibility, enabling the cooling system to be adapted for different configurations of electric motors and battery modules. This adaptability ensures that the cooling system can cater to various HEV architectures without extensive redesign. The liquid cooling system is composed of multiple channels that distribute coolant uniformly across the critical components, preventing hotspots and ensuring stable operating temperatures. The system is equipped with sensors and control units to monitor and regulate temperature levels in real time, enhancing system reliability. (shrink)

It is common for social theorists to utilize the metaphors of ‘flow’, ‘fluidity’, and ‘liquidity’ in order to substantiate the ways in which speed and mobility form the basis for a new kind of information or network society. Yet rarely have these concepts been sufficiently theorized in order to establish their relevance or appropriateness. This article contends that the notion of flow as utilized in social theory is profoundly metaphysical in nature, and needs to be judged as such. Beginning (...) with a discussion of the accelerating timescape that characterizes the network society, it will then move on to examine three main issues with this ‘metaphysics of flux’. First, that the concept of flows unjustly privileges the process of becoming and, as a result, is unable to account for the materiality, substantiality, and agency of the objects being mobilized, and the contingency of their mediation. Second, that it posits the accelerating tendencies of capital as an ontological inevitability, thus discounting resistance to such forces. Finally, that it ignores the human faculty for reason and speculative thought in developing alternative means of political praxis. The solution, it will be argued, is not to abandon metaphysical accounts of the network society, but rather to challenge those accounts that, in exhibiting a crude empiricism, work to justify the status quo. (shrink)

For the modern model of the market there are inherent existence of both a set of possibilities and a large number of hazards that are waiting for economic agents and which are generated by the need to make decisions in the conditions of considerable uncertainty about the future. Liquidity risk is one of the central places in the system of bank risks, is closely related to solvency and financial stability, and therefore its management is an extremely important element of (...) financial management of the bank. This paper is devoted to the consideration of theoretical approaches to the management of bank liquidity risks, as well as understanding the risk of unbalanced liquidity and its place in the system of bank risks. In the course of the study, the essence of the concepts of uncertainty, risk as such, economic risk and its varieties, including banking is gradually clarified. We offer our own definition of "bank risk" and describe its essence. Based on the understanding of the concepts of bank risks, liquidity balance, bank liq uidity, the essence of the risk of unbalanced liquidity is disclosed, its characteristics and main aspects of management are determined. In determining the risk of liquidity as a probability of a future state, when the bank may suffer losses due to the imbalance of demand for liquidity and availability at a certain point in time, we believe that the essence of liquidity management is reduced to the maximum balance of demand for liquid assets and their actual availability in a certain moment of time using special tools. Our paper also reveals the mechanism of information influence on bank liquidity and its leading role in liquidity risk management processes. Moreover, the paper discloses the conceptual constituents of organizational support for bank liquidity risk management. (shrink)

In the Netherlands, the poet Herman Gorter is mostly known as the author of the neo-romantic poem May and the “sensitivistic” Poems, but internationally he became famous as a propagandist of radical Marxism: the author of influential brochures and of an “open letter” to comrade W.I. Lenin in 1920. During the 1890s, Gorter became increasingly dissatisfied with his poetry, considering it as ego-centric, disinterested and “bourgeois”, unconnected with what was happening in the real world. He wanted to put his poetry (...) on a scientific footing, notably by endorsing a dialectical materialist worldview. In the communist society he envisioned, science would become poetry and poetry would become science. In his opus magnum Pan, two terms are rather prominent, namely heelal and kristal. These signifiers not only reflect important themes, but also two friendships which began around 1900, namely with prominent astronomer and marxist Anton Pannekoek and with Ada Prins, the first woman in the Netherlands who acquired a PhD in chemistry, specialised in liquid crystal research. Whereas Ada Prins is mostly remembered as one of Gorter’s secret lovers, she was first and foremost his educated guide into the complex and enigmatic world of twentieth-century chemistry research. Liquid crystal chemistry became an important source of inspiration for Gorter’s work and the main objective of this paper is to demonstrate her influence on Gorter’s Pan as a scientific poem After presenting the two heroes of this paper, and their work in poetry and chemistry respectively, I will analyse the role of liquid crystals in Herman Gorter’s Pan, highlighting important connections with Ada Prins’ research into liquid crystal chemistry. (shrink)

Liquid level control is highly important in industrial applications such as boilers in nuclear power plants. In this paper a simple liquid level tank is designed based on NARMA-L2 and Model Predictive control controllers. The simple water level tank has one input, liquid flow inn and one output, liquid level. The proposed controllers is compared in MATLAB and then simulated in Simulink to test how the system actual liquid level track the desired liquid level with two input desired signals (step (...) and white noise). The response of the NARMA-L2 controller is then compared with a MPC controller. The results are shown sequentially and the effectiveness of the controller is illustrated. (shrink)

Our late modernity has been characterized by Zygmunt Bauman and Hartmut Rosa as, respectively, “liquid” and “accelerated”. These are demanding aspects of reality that have elicited both adaptive and resisting responses. While the drive to adapt has generally been favoured, especially by the corporate sector, a certain resistance to the tendency is also notable among ordinary citizens. It will be argued in this paper, first, that while adaptation evokes Daoist insights, such an association is misleading and an unqualified kind of (...) adaptation is not a viable option; secondly, while many ritualistic and ceremonial practices are being revived as a part of the resistance, many of these are undesirable; thirdly, that an introduction of ritual inspired by the ancient Confucian understanding of li 禮 is a beneficial way to alleviate the harmful effects of late modernity; and fourthly, that this understanding of li can be strengthened and clarified through Neo-Daoist interpretations. (shrink)

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) are rapidly gaining popularity due to their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption. However, the high-power density of HEV motors and batteries generates substantial heat during operation, which, if not effectively managed, can reduce system efficiency and shorten component lifespans. Efficient thermal management is critical for ensuring the optimal performance of HEV powertrains, specifically motors and batteries. Liquid cooling systems, with their superior heat transfer capabilities, have emerged as an effective solution for managing (...) the thermal loads in HEV systems. (shrink)

The essay investigates two personae: Socrates as depicted by Plato and Descartes as narrator of the Discourse on Method and Meditations. Socrates is aware of his ignorance and insists on remembering to care for the self; Descartes claims to have overcome ignorance through a method that breaks problems into simple and certain elements, establishing a self-certain yet impersonal subject that comprehends and controls objects. The Cartesian approach has led to the modern process of “liquidation” that reduces beings, property, and truth (...) to resources, wealth, and information – initiating the dangerous and unprecedented epoch known as the Anthropocene. The Socratic approach offers some promise of reintegration and resistance to liquidation by urging us to care for wholeness and recognizing that being exceeds what we comprehend. (shrink)

As a senior physicist colleague and our friend, Robert N. Boyd, wrote in a journal (JCFA, Vol. 1,. 2, 2022), Our universe is but one page in a large book [4]. For example, things and Beings can travel between Universes, intentionally or unintentionally. In this short remark, we revisit and offer short remark to Neil’s ideas and trying to connect them with geometrization of musical chords as presented by D. Tymoczko and others, then to Escher staircase and then to Jacob’s (...) ladder which seems to point to possibility to interpret Jacob’s vision as described in the ancient book of Genesis as inter dimensional or heavenly staircase, e.g. an inter dimensional bridge between heaven and earth (see also classic book: Hofstadter, Godel, Escher, Bach). Jacob’s vision of angels going down to earth from that staircase has been depicted for instance in William Blake art etc. In our communication with others via physics literature and discussions etc, we came to several conclusions as follows: Firstly, possibility of quantum wormhole effect to mirror particle universe, which sometimes it is termed non-orientable wormhole. While such mirror particles effect have been more than 50 years predicted with the so-called parity violation (cf. Lee & Yang, 1950s), and that is called symmetry breaking. Secondly, a series of extended experiments on laser irradiated cold water may suggest possible transition from a phase of water to be at least partially fourth phase of water, which may be composed of crystalline water (see e.g. Gerald Pollack, and also Harold Aspden on liquid crystalline). If we can imagine laser cooling effect can be done in protracted time, then we can achieve a physical representation of Aspden’s liquid crystalline. Therefore, in subsequent article (Part II) we outlined simple model of such an effect of tunneling via quantum liquid crystalline Universe, which may likely be modeled with iced-water. It is interesting to remark here that certain experiments by Stockholm University scientists have shown that X-ray triggered water can exhibit properties just like liquid crystal (cf. PRL, 2020). That is why we consider it possible that there can be quantum phase transition where liquid water (comprised of iced cubes and water) can exhibit effects such as tunneling in quantum liquid crystalline Universe. Last but not least, we admit that what we outlined here is just an initial phase; and if you wish, perhaps we can call such experiments as “wormhole-at-lab” experiments (abbreviated: WHALE). (shrink)

Today, the space industry is undergoing a period of significant technological advancement. Continuous progress in additive manufacturing technologies and the adoption of modern materials for 3D printing are driving this transformation. This trend has intensified competition among various space companies—both state-owned and private—each striving to introduce innovative and unique solutions. FlightControl Propulsion, a private space company in Ukraine, is one such example. This study focuses on the design of the power frame for a low-thrust liquid rocket engine. Power frames in (...) rocket engines must withstand significant mechanical loads. The application of topology optimization and high-strength steels enables the development of compact and efficient power frames that are substantially lighter than traditional designs. Additive manufacturing not only significantly reduces the production time of various parts and assemblies but also offers nearly unlimited possibilities for creating complex geometric shapes. What was previously challenging or even impossible to manufacture using conventional methods has now become feasible. This work examines a component fabricated using Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology. A structured algorithm for topology optimization is described, along with the fundamental principle of the SIMP (Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization) topology optimization method. Numerical modeling of the stress-strain state for the initial design variant is performed using the finite element method (FEM) in a computer-aided engineering (CAE) environment. A computational finite element mesh is generated, and the safety margins of the design are evaluated. Following topology optimization, the final design variant is determined, and numerical modeling of the stress-strain state is repeated for the optimized design. The final design is then prepared for manufacturing and subsequent experimental testing. (shrink)

Temperature changes can significantly impact how particles stick to surfaces and move in liquid environments, affecting everything from industrial processes to biological systems. Hence, this study investigates temperature-induced variations in particle adhesion using an inclined plane setup. It examines how adhesion strength is influenced by liquid type, particle roughness, size, and van der Waals forces. As temperature increases, liquid density and viscosity decrease, reducing adhesion. A spherical particle is suspended in a liquid and separated from a solid plane by a (...) distance, with van der Waals force estimated using a standard equation. The study also applies kinetic and dynamic friction laws, determining rolling friction at the angle of repose, where a particle begins to slide on the inclined plane. Results showed that smaller particles required higher inclination angles to roll. In water, particles with diameters of 0.4500 cm rolled at angles corresponding to sinØ values of 0.0910–0.0940, while smaller particles (0.0135 cm) had a sinØ of 0.2743. In ethanol, rolling occurred at lower angles, with sinØ values ranging from 0.1300 (0.0190 cm) to 0.1895 (0.0140 cm). Ethanol’s lower density (789.3 kg/m³) than water (998.2 kg/m³) allowed earlier sliding. Graphs confirmed van der Waals forces dominated adhesion, with linear regression validating the model. Hamaker coefficients, calculated from the data, fall within reported literature values and increase with temperature. Coefficients of friction decrease with temperature, ranging from 0.0680 to 0.0400 (Water) and 0.0480 to 0.0326 (Ethanol). These findings apply to biomedical engineering, microfluidics, and nanotechnology, where controlling adhesion and friction is essential for efficiency and performance. (shrink)

The present article was partly inspired by G. Pollack’s book, and also Dadoloff, Saxena & Jensen (2010). As a senior physicist colleague and our friend, Robert N. Boyd, wrote in a journal (JCFA, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2022), for example, things and Beings can travel between Universes, intentionally or unintentionally [4]. In this short remark, we revisit and offer short remark to Neil Boyd’s ideas and trying to connect them with geometry of musical chords as presented by D. Tymoczko and (...) others, then to Escherian staircase and then to Jacob’s ladder which seems to pointto possibility to interpret Jacob’s vision as described in the ancient book of Genesis as interdimensional staircase, e.g. an interdimensional bridge between heaven and earth (cf. classic book: Hofstadter, Godel, Escher, Bach). Jacob’s vision of angels going down to earth from that staircase has been depicted for instance in William Blake art etc. In our communication with others via physics literature and discussions etc, we came to several conclusions as follows: Firstly, possibility of wormhole effect to mirror particle universe, which sometimes it is termed non-orientable wormhole. While such mirror particles effect have been more than 50 years predicted with the so-called parity violation (cf. Lee & Yang, 1950s), and that is called symmetry breaking. Secondly, a series of extended experiments on laser irradiated cold water may suggest possible transition from a phase of water to be at least partially fourth phase of water, which may be composed of crystalline water (see e.g. Gerald Pollack, and also Harold Aspden on liquid crystalline). If we can imagine laser cooling effect can be done in protracted time, then we can achieve a physical representation of Aspden‘s liquid crystalline. Therefore, in this article we outline a series of simple experiments of laser irradiated iced-water along with beryl and selenite crystals in order to see possibility of such a quantum tunneling via quantum liquid crystalline Universe hypothesis, which may likely be modeled with iced-water. It is interesting to remark here that certain experiments by Stockholm University scientists have shown that X-ray triggered water can exhibit properties just like liquid crystal (cf. PRL, 2020). That is why we consider it possible that there can be quantum phase transition where liquid water (comprised of iced cubes and water) can exhibit effects such as tunneling in quantum liquid crystalline Universe. Last but not least, we admit that what we outlined here is just aninitial phase; and if you wish, perhaps we can call such experiments as “wormhole-at-lab” experiments (abbreviated: WHALE). (shrink)

This review investigates the potential of non-orientable topology as a fundamental framework for understanding the Poincaré conjecture and its implications across various scientific disciplines. Integrating insights from Dokuchaev (2020), Rapoport, Christianto, Chandra, Smarandache (under review), and other pioneering works, this article explores the theoretical foundations linking non-orientable spaces to resolving the Poincaré conjecture and its broader implications in theoretical physics, geology, cosmology, and biology.

This article aims to elucidate, albeit in a preliminary way, the concept of liquidity in Zygmunt Bauman and its effects onsociety. The deductive-inductive method will be used. As for the methodology, this will be of a bibliographic nature. This study is in line with what the sociologist Zygmunt Bauman (1925-2017), in his texts, postulates that Modernity can be divided into two phases: Solid Modernity and Liquid Modernity. The first began in the 15th century and lasted until the 19th century; (...) the second began in the 20th century and continues to the present time. To describe modern society from the end of the 20th century, Bauman uses the metaphor of 'liquidity', aiming to point out that the contemporary world is going through a period of uncertainty, ephemerality and instabilities. According to Bauman, the modern ideal coined between the 15th and 19th centuries postulated the primacy of reason and the autonomy of capitalist man and such assumptions led society to liquid modernity. In this liquid “contemporaneity”, nothing is lasting, everything is volatile, ephemeral; consumption is the social parameter, whether of the individual, the family, the State or religion. (shrink)

: Financial institutions are required to ensure data accuracy, integrity, and compliance when reporting to regulatory authorities. Reports such as FR 2052a (Liquidity Monitoring), Y-14Q (Stress Testing) necessitate robust data reconciliation (Recon) strategies to maintain regulatory compliance and mitigate risks. This paper explores technical and functional aspects of data reconciliation, highlighting key automation techniques, AI-driven solutions, and statistical methodologies for optimizing financial compliance processes. We analyze data integration challenges, anomaly detection models, and best practices in recon automation to enhance (...) efficiency. Furthermore, case studies demonstrate how leveraging machine learning, cloud computing, and robotic process automation (RPA) can significantly improve financial data integrity. The future of reconciliation strategies is discussed, focusing on real-time monitoring, AI-driven decision intelligence, and blockchain-based audit trails. By implementing these strategies, financial institutions can reduce compliance costs, improve operational efficiency, and enhance regulatory transparency. (shrink)

Financial analysis is a combined effort of knowledge and experience to obtain relevant ratios and elaborate on the results. The study is an application of financial analysis on Istanbul Public Transportation Company. As seen in the literature review section of the study public transportation companies require high subsidies by governments which is a factor to consider in the research. The research period is 2014- 2016. It is a comparative study with the inclusion of Izmir – ESHOT and Ankara – EGO (...) public transportation companies. The results are therefore compared with industry averages computed by the average of public transportation companies of three big cities in Turkey. The research is based on 7 selected ratios, 3 for measuring liquidity and the remaining 4 for measuring solvency. The ratios used in this paper are current ratio, acid test ratio, cash ratio, total debt ratio, debt equity ratio, equity multiplier, and long term debt ratio. According to the results, the companies have a very low current ratio which means they operate with low liquidity. Solvency analysis also reveal that, there are high degrees of leverage and negative shareholders’ equity. The research shows that companies might struggle to repay debts without government support. (shrink)

This paper examines the thought of Pope Francis on the nature of the university and its mission as expressed in Veritatis gaudium and proposes a reading of Fides et ratio and Lumen fidei in its light. The starting point is the situation of the university in the liquid modernity as described by Bauman, whose reflections partly inspire Francis’ sociological analyses. According to the Pope, the university must contribute to the rooting of persons by building a true community of study and (...) research. This requires a science free from the temptation of sophistry (a form of domination) and inspired by concern for the other: friendship is thus the context in which the rationality proper to a new humanism can develop. (shrink)

Financial analysis is a combined effort of knowledge and experience to obtain relevant ratios and elaborate on the results. The study is an application of financial analysis on Istanbul Public Transportation Company. As seen in the literature review section of the study public transportation companies require high subsidies by governments which is a factor to consider in the research. The research period is 2014- 2016. It is a comparative study with the inclusion of Izmir – ESHOT and Ankara – EGO (...) public transportation companies. The results are therefore compared with industry averages computed by the average of public transportation companies of three big cities in Turkey. The research is based on 7 selected ratios, 3 for measuring liquidity and the remaining 4 for measuring solvency. The ratios used in this paper are current ratio, acid test ratio, cash ratio, total debt ratio, debt equity ratio, equity multiplier, and long term debt ratio. According to the results, the companies have a very low current ratio which means they operate with low liquidity. Solvency analysis also reveal that, there are high degrees of leverage and negative shareholders’ equity. The research shows that companies might struggle to repay debts without government support. (shrink)

Market crises amplify fear, disrupting rational decision-making of stock investment. This study examines the relationship between investors’ information priorities—such as intuition, company performance, technical analysis, and other factors—and their fear responses (freeze, flight, and hiding) during market crashes. Using the Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) to analyze data from 1,526 investors in China and Vietnam, the findings reveal complex dynamics. We found positive associations between investors’ prioritization of social influence and intuition for investment decision-making with being freeze (i.e., not knowing what (...) to do with the owned stock), between prioritization of professionals’ evaluation and intuition with fleeing (i.e. giving up stock investment permanently), and between prioritization of professionals’ evaluation and social influence with hiding (i.e., stopping investing in stock for a while). In contrast, prioritization of companies’ performance metrics (e.g., net profit, debt, etc.) was negatively associated with being freeze, fleeing, and hiding. Meanwhile, prioritization of professionals’ evaluation, technical analysis, and liquidity was negatively associated with being freeze, fleeing, and hiding, respectively. The study highlights the importance of disseminating transparent, accurate information through government and media channels, along with implementing financial education programs, to promote rational investment decisions and reduce fear-driven behaviors. (shrink)

The Twin Earth thought experiment invites us to consider a liquid that has all of the superficial properties associated with water (clear, potable, etc.) but has entirely different deeper causal properties (composed of “XYZ” rather than of H2O). Although this thought experiment was originally introduced to illuminate questions in the theory of reference, it has also played a crucial role in empirically informed debates within the philosophy of psychology about people’s ordinary natural kind concepts. Those debates have sought to accommodate (...) an apparent fact about ordinary people’s judgments: Intuitively, the Twin Earth liquid is not water. We present results from four experiments showing that people do not, in fact, have this intuition. Instead, people tend to have the intuition that there is a sense in which the liquid is not water but also a sense in which it is water. We explore the implications of this finding for debates about theories of natural kind concepts, arguing that it supports views positing two distinct criteria for membership in natural kind categories – one based on deeper causal properties, the other based on superficial, observable properties. (shrink)

Abstract: Early detection of breast cancer plays a pivotal role in improving patient prognosis and reducing mortality rates. Recent technological advancements have significantly enhanced the accuracy and effectiveness of breast cancer screening methods. This paper explores the latest innovations in early detection, including the evolution of digital mammography, the impact of 3D mammography (tomosynthesis), and the use of advanced imaging techniques such as molecular imaging and MRI. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnostic tools is discussed, highlighting how (...) machine learning algorithms are refining imaging analyses and reducing diagnostic errors. Advances in genetic screening, liquid biopsies, and biomarkers are also examined, showcasing their potential in identifying high-risk individuals and enabling personalized treatment plans. This paper provides insights into the future of breast cancer detection, outlining both the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead in adopting these innovative technologies to improve patient outcomes. (shrink)

Corporate bond appeared in 1992-1994 in Vietnamese capital markets. However, it is still not popular to both business sectors and academic circles. This paper explores different dimensions of Vietnamese corporate bond market using a unique and perhaps, most complete data set. State not only intervenes in the bond markets with its powerful budget and policies but also competes directly with enterprises. The dominance of state-owned enterprises and large corporations also prevents small and medium enterprises from this debt financing vehicle. Whenever (...) a convertible term is available, bondholders are more willing to accept lower fixed income payoff. But they would not likely stick to it. On the one hand, prospective bondholders could value the holdings of equity when realized favourably ex ante. On the other hand, the applicable coupon rate for such bonds could turn out negative inflation-adjusted payoff when tight monetary policy is exercised and the corresponding equity holding turns out valueless, ex post. Given the weak primary market and virtually non-existent secondary market, the corporate bond market in Vietnam reflects our perception of the relationship-based and rent-seeking behaviour in the financial markets. For the corporate bonds to really work, they critically need a higher level of liquidity to become truly tradeable financial assets. Updated entries in 2010 affirm the findings and conclusions. (shrink)

Awareness is a two-place determinable relation some determinates of which are seeing, hearing, etc. Abstract objects are items such as universals and functions, which contrast with concrete objects such as solids and liquids. It is uncontroversial that we are sometimes aware of concrete objects. In this paper I explore the more controversial topic of awareness of abstract objects. I distinguish two questions. First, the Existence Question: are there any experiences that make their subjects aware of abstract objects? Second, the Grounding (...) Question: if an experience makes its subject aware of an abstract object, in virtue of what does it do so? I defend the view that intuitions, specifically mathematical intuitions, sometimes make their subjects aware of abstract objects. In defending this view, I develop an account of the ground of intuitive awareness. (shrink)

Block’s well-known distinction between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness has generated a large philosophical literature about putative conceptual connections between the two. The scientific literature about whether they come apart in any actual cases is rather smaller. Empirical evidence gathered to date has not settled the issue. Some put this down to a fundamental methodological obstacle to the empirical study of the relation between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness. Block (2007) has drawn attention to the methodological puzzle and attempted to (...) answer it. While the evidence Block points to is relevant and important, this paper puts forward a more systematic framework for addressing the puzzle. To give it a label, the approach is to study phenomenal consciousness as a natural kind. The approach allows consciousness studies to move beyond the initial means of identifying instances of the kind, like verbal report, and to find its underlying nature. It is wellrecognised that facts about an underlying kind may allow identification of instances of the kind that do not match the initial means of identification (cp. non-liquid samples of water). This paper shows that the same method can be deployed to investigate phenomenal consciousness independently of access consciousness. (shrink)

Dry earth seems to its inhabitants (our intrinsic duplicates) just as earth seems to us, that is, it seems to them as though there are rivers and lakes and a clear, odorless liquid flowing from their faucets. But, in fact, this is an illusion; there is no such liquid anywhere on the planet. I address two objections to externalism concerning the nature of the concept that is expressed by the word 'water' in the mouths of the inhabitants of dry earth. (...) Gabriel Segal presents a dilemma for the externalist concerning the application conditions of the concept, and Paul Boghossian presents a dilemma for the externalist concerning the complexity of the concept. I show that, in both cases, the externalist may occupy the horn of his choice without departing from either the letter or spirit of externalism. (shrink)

This paper describes a cubic water tank equipped with a movable partition receiving various amounts of liquid used to represent joint probability distributions. This device is applied to the investigation of deductive inferences under uncertainty. The analogy is exploited to determine by qualitative reasoning the limits in probability of the conclusion of twenty basic deductive arguments (such as Modus Ponens, And-introduction, Contraposition, etc.) often used as benchmark problems by the various theoretical approaches to reasoning under uncertainty. The probability bounds imposed (...) by the premises on the conclusion are derived on the basis of a few trivial principles such as "a part of the tank cannot contain more liquid than its capacity allows", or "if a part is empty, the other part contains all the liquid". This stems from the equivalence between the physical constraints imposed by the capacity of the tank and its subdivisions on the volumes of liquid, and the axioms and rules of probability. The device materializes de Finetti's coherence approach to probability. It also suggests a physical counterpart of Dutch book arguments to assess individuals' rationality in probability judgments in the sense that individuals whose degrees of belief in a conclusion are out of the bounds of coherence intervals would commit themselves to executing physically impossible tasks. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Perfume has not received much philosophical attention. I discuss a feature of perfume that partly contributes to this neglect: the pervasive changes that perfumes undergo. These changes are much more comprehensive than the changes that characterize other aesthetic objects, and we might think that perfume is, as a result, impossibly subjective and private an aesthetic object. I identify two categories of change that raise this worry: changes that happen to a scented liquid itself and changes that happen to perfumes (...) on bodies. In both cases, the appreciative practices for perfume take a collaborative approach to change and thereby help establish a public, shared aesthetic object. Change remains distinctive of perfume and becomes central to appreciation, but without becoming an obstacle to aesthetic experience. (shrink)

Are materially constituted entities, such as statues and glasses of liquid, something more than their material constituents? The puzzle that frames this paper stems from conflicting answers to this question. At the core of the paper is a distinctive way of thinking about material constitution that posits two concepts of constitution, compositional and ampliative constitution, with the bulk of the discussion devoted to developing distinct analyses for these concepts. Distinguishing these concepts solves our initial puzzle and enriches the space of (...) possibilities for constitution views. (shrink)

Sound is one of the types of waves that can be felt by the sense of hearing (ears). In physics, the definition of sound is something that is produced from objects that vibrate. Objects that produce sound are called sound sources. The sound source that vibrates will vibrate the molecules into the air around it. Sound is mechanical compression or longitudinal waves that propagate through the medium. This medium or intermediate agent can be liquid, solid, gas. So, sound waves can (...) propagate for example in water, coal, or air. Most sounds are a combination of various vibratory signals composed of harmonic waves, but pure sound can theoretically be explained by oscillating vibrational speed or frequency measured in Hertz (Hz) vibration units and amplitude or loudness of sound with measurements in decibels (dB). The effect sounds can have on us humans is simply astounding. While everyday life becomes stressful, overcrowded and increasingly hectic, we seek ways for inner peace and balance. The power of music, felt through overtone-rich sound therapy and sound massage, can be a solution. No matter how much scientific explanation is behind it, healing through music remains fascinating, even magical. This paper introduces a new field called cymatics and sound healing with their plausible impact to spirituality and consciousness research. (shrink)

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) have gained significant popularity due to their reduced environmental impact and fuel efficiency. However, the complex integration of electrical and mechanical systems in HEVs presents significant cooling challenges. A robust cooling system is essential to maintain optimal performance and extend the lifespan of powertrains and battery systems. This paper explores the development of an advanced cooling system designed specifically for HEV powertrains, leveraging modern technologies such as heat exchangers, liquid cooling, and smart thermal management systems. The (...) proposed system uses adaptive cooling mechanisms that adjust based on real-time vehicle operating conditions to maximize efficiency and reduce energy consumption. Additionally, machine learning algorithms are integrated into the cooling system for predictive maintenance, identifying potential issues before they arise. By optimizing thermal management, the system ensures higher efficiency, improved vehicle performance, and a longer life for HEV components. This paper presents an analysis of the current cooling technologies in HEVs, identifies gaps in their functionality, and proposes a novel cooling framework that addresses these limitations, making HEVs more viable for long-term sustainability and performance. Keywords: Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Powertrain. (shrink)

The layers of a solvent liquid flowing around a moving molecule have a finite thickness corresponding to the finite dimensions of the solvent molecules. Taking this feature into account leads to a modification of Stokes’ laws of the relation between friction and viscosity in continuous media. We derive the observed order of magnitude of the microfriction, for rotation as well as translation, and its approximately correct dependence on the radii of moving and solvent molecules.

Abstract: Early detection of breast cancer is vital for improving patient outcomes and reducing mortality rates. Technological advancements have significantly enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of screening methods. This paper explores recent innovations in early detection, focusing on the evolution of digital mammography, the benefits of 3D mammography (tomosynthesis), and the application of advanced imaging techniques such as molecular imaging and MRI. It also examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnostic tools, showing how machine learning algorithms are improving (...) imaging analysis and reducing diagnostic errors. Furthermore, the paper discusses advancements in genetic screening, liquid biopsies, and biomarkers, emphasizing their potential in identifying high-risk individuals and supporting personalized treatment plans. The paper provides a forward-looking perspective on the future of breast cancer detection, addressing both the opportunities and challenges associated with the adoption of these cutting-edge technologies to improve patient outcomes. (shrink)

The aim of the article. The aim of the article is to identify the components of social and economic systems life cycle. To achieve this aim, the article describes the traits and characteristics of the system, determines the features of social and economic systems functioning and is applied a systematic approach in the study of their life cycle. The results of the analysis. It is determined that the development of social and economic systems has signs of cyclicity and is explained (...) methodologically by the axiomatics, rules and laws. Understanding of circular patterns has been formed long ago and now is recorded by scientists monitoring the properties of natural and artificial environment of human activity. During the study, it was found out that in scientific literature there is no unified description of the life cycle elements of social and economic systems at personal, micro, meso, macro and global levels. The paper investigates the cyclical patterns in multilevel social and economic systems for a human, employee, family, product, company, city, industry, elite, macroeconomic indicators, humanity, global processes, global economic system and the Universe. It is noted that at grass-roots administrative levels of the global environment of a human life activity system, a thesis about the cyclicity of development and the stages of the life cycle is considered by a wide circle of scientists and is doubtless. On hierarchically higher management levels of the global environment of human activity system, the scientists noticed the similar patterns of the cyclical nature. Problematic and discussion questions about cyclic development of social and economic systems are identified: the uncertainty of the driving force source of repeated changes; the vague distinction between systemic (internal) and off-system (external) influence on development; the lack of a unified description of development nature at different managerial levels; the use of different descriptive terms for the same constituent elements of repeated changes (period, stage, phase, wave, cycle); the uncertainty of the number of repeated changes constituent elements; the absence of an identification mechanism of the exact time of changes in the constituent elements of repeated changes; the surface description of out-of-system period of the subjects activity («before-system» period of creation and «after-system» period of liquidation); attaching more importance to primary and less importance to ultimate component elements of the repeated changes; the lack of reliable mechanism for predicting and forecasting the dynamics of constituent components of repeated changes. It is noted that all social and economic systems are developed within repeated changes and they have the same attributes of cyclicity: the fluctuation of indicators is marked that characterize the condition of the subject; the presence of system (from creation to liquidation) and out-of-system (creation – «design» and liquidation – «disposal») periods are noted; the subjects are created by the actions of other subjects (that is, subjects do not arise «out of nowhere», but are the result of actions of other subjects – «constructors»); after cessation of subjects functioning, their resources are used by other subjects (that is, the subjects do not disappear «nowhere», and they are transformed into the resources of other subjects – «recovery»); a unidirectional life cycle from «birth» to «death» is observed in the subjects; the subjects do not have to undergo the whole life cycle (each time might be the last); the subjects display similar changes of the indicators during their activity; ascending, peak and descending fluctuations of indicators are observed in the subjects; minor fluctuations occur in the constituent elements; the subjects have individual nature of indicator fluctuations and duration of activity. Conclusions and directions of further researches. The scientific novelty of the study is identification structure of life cycle of social and economic system with definitions of: common («before-system state», «growth», «stabilization», «reduction», «after-system state») and specific («creation», «slow growth», «rapid growth», «growth stabilization», «short stabilization», «rapid reduction», «slow reduction», «liquidation») constituent elements of repeated changes; marginal borders of indicators; dynamics of constituent elements of life cycle; key points of changing nature of the indicators dynamics. Identification of the life cycle of social and economic systems characterizes potentially possible limits of their activity in time and provides the possibility of further research of aspects of the cyclical development for methodological basis formation and the development of applied measures of systemic development in the areas of marketing and management innovations. (shrink)

The Philippine government has been relentless in its counterinsurgency campaigns. From the colonial wars that vilified as insurgents and bandits the honored heroes of today, up to the anti-communist and anti-secessionist civil and military efforts of the postcolonial regimes, these campaigns have not only rolled out large state resources but also cost lives of innocent civilians. Patterned after the United States (US) of America’s principle of low-intensity conflict aimed at countering Marxist and anti-imperialist movements (Reed 1986), counterinsurgency campaigns have unleashed (...) a warfare that indiscriminately target its supposed opponents, including unarmed activists. In 2007, the United Nations Special Rapporteur Philip Alston examined the horrible political situation of the Philippines – characterized by political killings, abductions, and tortures – and identified how state elements, under the blanket protection of waging a counterinsurgency campaign, were responsible for the political repressions then (Sales 2009). Today, under the murderous Duterte regime, the counterinsurgency campaign has reached an unprecedented level of ferocity as it is waged through a militarist whole-ofnation approach composed by multi-level government and multi-agency responses. -/- Being greatly influenced by the US, counterinsurgency campaigns in the Philippines follow the paranoiac and hysterical communist witch-hunt of McCarthyism (Hutchins-Viroux 2008). The hysteria’s contemporary and local expression is the phenomenon called red- or terror-tagging.1 Terror-tagging is the systematic process of maliciously naming or identifying an individual or group as a communist and/or terrorist by its association with a supposed communist and/or terrorist group. Being a systematic process, it is initiated and sustained by state elements with the view of maligning or defaming political activists. Terror-tagging is aimed against activists, dissenters, and even the political opposition. The social activist Rhoda Dalang (2014) has noted how terror-tagging has been deployed by the Philippine state in its counterinsurgency efforts, from the Marcos up to the then Aquino regime. And until the previous Duterte regime, yet with increased intensity and fatality, terror-tagging continued to defame and liquidate activists. As terror-tagging has not received enough academic attention, this chapter aims to fill this gap by providing a preliminary analysis of it. The chapter will be doing a critical discourse analysis. It will take off from a revealing study done by Don Kevin Hapal and Raisa Serafica of Rappler, a media outlet in the Philippines. Through a separate discourse analysis of Facebook posts of the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTFELCAC),2 the chapter will also identify aspects of terror-tagging. The discussion will further be theorized using the Marxist analysis of the State and informed by interviews of Atty. Maria Sol Taule and Cristina Palabay. They are both human rights workers who have worked with terror-tagged activists and are themselves subjected to terror-tagging. (shrink)

Zygmunt Bauman wrote tirelessly on the ever-changing world that we live in, lucidly analysing our contemporary times in an intelligent and insightful manner in both oral and written discourses where the topics ranged from Holocaust reflections, modernity and postmodernity, urban and social liquidity and mobility, and utopia and dystopia, to mention but a few. In his astute observations Bauman paints an often sombre and depressing picture of society and the role we play in it. Writing at length on modernity (...) and postmodernity (the latter dependent on the former for its existence), the Polish sociologist, who was impressively prolific during his lengthy career at the University of Leeds, presents us with a world in flux, one in which citizens likened to hunters lead an increasingly solitary and rootless existence in the name of staunch individualism while, all along, they seemingly push faster and increasingly desperately into an uncertain future. In Bauman’s many accounts, these members, or denizens, of the postmodern habitat lead an ambivalent existence in an apparent utopia that is far from as utopic as one would have hoped for. This article will discuss Bauman’s views on modernity and postmodernity, social fluidity and identity change, ultimately highlighting the importance of his works and the great legacy Zygmunt Bauman has left behind. -/- Key words: Zygmunt Bauman, Fluid, Liquid, Modernity, Postmodernity . (shrink)

The present article proposes to study Condillac’s analysis of Spinoza’s Ethics, against the background of the more general criticism that the French abbot makes of the seventeenth-century logique de système. From the Essai sur l’origine des connaissances humaines to the Traité des systèmes to the later texts, Condillac’s theory and critique of systems are crossed by two components: on the one hand, the search for the sensory origin of ideas, that Condillac radicalizes in his Traité des sensations into a theory (...) of knowledge as a ‘transformed sensation’. On the other hand, an operative logic of signs, which from the Essai to the works subsequent to the Traité des sensations translates sensibility into a knowledge, or a ‘well-made language’, whose logic is calculation. My objective is to clarify how the new ‘systematic spirit’, repeatedly invoked by the abbot, departs from the ‘bad metaphysics’ that he claims to liquidate. The comparison with the Spinozist system will be illuminating: in his treatise on the metaphysical systems of the seventeenth century Condillac proposes a critical analysis of the ‘geometrical spirit’; in his latest work, La langue des calculs, he proposes a new logic to which he assigns the task of bringing together the abstract and the concrete, beyond the ruins of classical metaphysics. The ‘systematic spirit’ and ‘spirit of system’ will be revealed, in spite of Condillac’s efforts, as being much closer to what it appears at first sight. (shrink)

This paper is going to deal with water absorption in different types of wood such as: pine, oak, beech, and fir. The amount of water absorbed by these types of wood is known as water absorption and it is determined using the material's initial state and after their immersion in water. The major goal of this study is to explain the effects of water absorption in hardwood materials and to demonstrate the changes that will take place in them over the (...) course of 48 hours. Water can be absorbed by wood in a variety of ways, as a liquid, or as an atmospheric vapor. Despite the fact that wood can absorb other liquids and gases, water is the most important. Because of its hygroscopicity, wood, whether as part of a living tree or as a material, always contains moisture. The experiment will be focused on the selection of different types of wood (most popular in the Albanian context), analyzing their water absorption and moisture level. The wooden samples will be submerged in water for 24 and 48 hours in order to obtain the appropriate results. Their moisture level and water level due to capillarity will be analyzed too. The purpose of the study is to follow the behavior of wooden frames in different environments. (shrink)

In this paper, I draw the fundamental structures of the phenomenology of the person, on the basis of a precise theoretical assumption: to introduce to phenomenology of the person is to introduce to the eidetic phenomenology. So, my paper explores the fundamental questions of the Husserlian phenomenology, and traces a path towards the contemporary questions of the phenomenology of the person: what is a person in the era of social networks and liquid society?

As one of the seminal theorists further developing François Laruelle’s politically-poised “non-standard philosophy,” Katerina Kolozova’s approach to animality and feminism is part of a particular post-humanist Marxist continuum (which includes Rosi Braidotti, Luce Irigaray, Donna Haraway and N. Katherine Hayles). Nonetheless, Kolozova distinguishes herself from this lineage by adhering to Laruelle’s method, liquidating philosophy of its anthropomorphic nexus. Thus, Kolozova also belongs to a more recently inaugurated and nascent tradition, working in tandem with post-Laruellean philosophers of media, technology, aesthetics and (...) feminist critique, such as Bogna Konior, Yvette Granata, Jonathan Fardy and John Ó Maoilearca. Within this variegated assemblage, Kolozova’s most recent project, Capitalism’s Holocaust of Animals(2019), saliently reconciles and radicalizes Haraway’s epochal dyad of the “inhuman”—a bifurcation riven by technology on one node and the animal on the other—by a resolution of superlative unity. This methodology, adhering to Laruelle’s system of“synthesis-without-synthesizing” attempts to dissolve the spectral chimeras that have haunted philosophy’s metaphysical heredity, proffering a generic identity. (shrink)

СИСТЕМА ПЛАНИРОВАНИЯ, НОРМИРОВАНИЯ И ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ РЕСУРСОВ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ Разработана система планирования, нормирования и организации финансовых, человеческих и временных ресурсов, позволяющая определить объем финансовых средств, численность исполнителей и сроки выполнения работ при создании, развитии, продаже и ликвидации предприятий. -/- СИСТЕМА ПЛАНУВАННЯ, НОРМУВАННЯ ТА ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ РЕСУРСІВ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА Розроблено систему планування, нормування та організації фінансових, людських і часових ресурсів, що дозволяє визначити обсяг фінансових коштів, чисельність виконавців і терміни виконання робіт при створенні, розвитку, продажу та ліквідації підприємств. -/- SYSTEM OF PLANNING, RATING AND ORGANIZATION (...) OF ENTERPRISE RESOURCES A system of planning, regulation and organization of financial, human and time resources has been developed, which allows to determine the amount of financial resources, the number of performers and the deadlines for the creation, development, sale and liquidation of enterprises. (shrink)

Synthetic biology is a field of research that concentrates on the design, construction, and modification of new biomolecular parts and metabolic pathways using engineering techniques and computational models. By employing knowledge of operational pathways from engineering and mathematics such as circuits, oscillators, and digital logic gates, it uses these to understand, model, rewire, and reprogram biological networks and modules. Standard biological parts with known functions are catalogued in a number of registries (e.g. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Registry of Standard Biological (...) Parts). Biological parts can then be selected from the catalogue and assembled in a variety of combinations to construct a system or pathway in a microbe. Through the innovative re-engineering of biological circuits and the optimization of certain metabolic pathways, biological modules can be designed to reprogram organisms to produce products or behaviors. Synthetic biology is what is known as a “platform technology”. That is, it generates highly transferrable theoretical models, engineering principles, and know-how that can be applied to create potential products in a wide variety of industries. Proponents suggest that applications of synthetic biology may be able to provide scientific and engineered solutions to a multitude of worldwide problems from health to energy. Synthetic biology research has already been successful in constructing microbial products which promise to offer cheaper pharmaceuticals such as the antimalarial synthetic drug artemisinin, engineered microbes capable of cleaning up oil spills, and the engineering of biosensors that can detect the presence of high concentrations of arsenic in drinking water. One of the potential benefits of synthetic biology research is in its application to biofuel production. It is this application which is the focus of this entry. The term “biofuel” has referred generally to all liquid fuels that are sourced from plant or plant byproducts and are used for energy necessary for transportation vehicles (Thompson 2012). Biofuels that are produced using synthetic biological techniques re-engineer microbes into biofuel factories are a subset of these. (shrink)

P/A (Block's phenomenal/access) confounds a logical distinction with an empirical claim. Success of P/A in its logical role has almost no bearing on its plausibility as an empirical thesis (i.e., that two kinds of consciousness exist). The advantage of P/A over a single-consciousness assumption is unclear, but one of Block's analogies for P (liquid in a hydraulic computer) may be used to clarify the notion of consciousness as cognitive “hardware.”.

The division is based on the wavelength of the output beam and the wave- length of the output beam of the wide range nano laser. According to this and the wavelength, the types of nano lasers include infrared, visible and ultraviolet lasers, for example, the nano laser produces a beam with a wavelength of about 858.32 X-rays, the wavelength of a solid nano laser is between 9.6 and 10.6 It is a microme- ter. This is because the wavelength of liquid (...) lasers are in the infrared and ultraviolet regions, respectively. (shrink)

Intelligence has traditionally been viewed as an abstract process, an emergent property of computation, or a biological adaptation. However, we propose a radical reconceptualization: intelligence is functionally equivalent to plasma, the fourth state of matter. Just as plasma exists in a high-energy, dynamic state that defies traditional solid, liquid, and gas categorization, intelligence operates as a free-flowing, self-sustaining cognitive plasma—a recursive energy structure that expands, self-stabilizes, and propagates in an entropic yet ordered fashion. This paper explores intelligence as a non-thermodynamic (...) combustion process, comparing its properties to those of plasma and proposing a framework where intelligence functions as an energetic recursion field. (shrink)

This special issue introduces the study of financial technologies and finance to the field of philosophy of technology, bringing together two different fields that have not traditionally been in dialogue. The included articles are: Digital Art as ‘Monetised Graphics’: Enforcing Intellectual Property on the Blockchain, by Martin Zeilinger; Fundamentals of Algorithmic Markets: Liquidity, Contingency, and the Incomputability of Exchange, by Laura Lotti; ‘Crises of Modernity’ Discourses and the Rise of Financial Technologies in a Contested Mechanized World, by Marinus Ossewaarde; (...) Two Technical Images: Blockchain and High-Frequency Trading, by Diego Viana; and The Blockchain as a Narrative Technology: Investigating the Social Ontology and Normative Configurations of Cryptocurrencies, by Wessel Reijers and Mark Coeckelbergh. (shrink)

This poetical study of water ranges from classical myth and literature to modern physics and microbiology. Because water exists in three forms or phases—liquid, solid, and gas—each needs its own constellation of ideas. Its subtle movement is the hidden source of question, questioner, and the phenomenon of life. Its power is transformation, the unspoken theme of the book.

The increasing computational demands of artificial intelligence (AI) workloads have significantly escalated energy consumption in data centers. AI-driven applications, including deep learning, natural language processing, and autonomous systems, require substantial computing power, primarily provided by Graphics Processing Units. These GPUs, while enhancing computational efficiency, contribute to significant power consumption and heat generation, necessitating advanced cooling strategies. This study provides a quantitative assessment of AI-specific hardware power usage, focusing on the NVIDIA H100 GPU. The analysis compares AI data center energy consumption (...) to the average US household power usage, demonstrating that a single AI rack consumes approximately 39 times the energy of a typical household. Additionally, a scalability analysis estimates that approximately 87 new hyper-scale data centers consume the electricity as much as consumed by New York City. This emphasizes that with rapid growth of AI Data Centers, the large-scale deployment could lead to an unprecedented rise in global energy demand. Furthermore, the study evaluates the impact of heat dissipation on cooling requirements, highlighting the need for energy- efficient cooling solutions, including liquid and immersion cooling techniques. Future research directions include energy- efficient AI models, renewable energy integration, sustainable AI accelerator designs, and intelligent workload optimization to mitigate the environmental impact of large-scale AI adoption. This research provides critical insights for designing more sustainable AI-driven data centers while maintaining high-performance computing efficiency. (shrink)

We aimed at evaluating the best unsaturated fatty acid candidate (vegetable oil) for blending (dry matter-DM basis) with cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) to improve feed intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, growth, and carcass traits in sheep. Forty uncastrated male Santa Ines × Dorper crossbred sheep (n = 8/treatment) weighting 24.44 ± 1.5 kg were used. Animals were randomly assigned to a completely randomized design and received one of the following treatments: a control group consisting of a blend of phenolic lipids (CNSL (...) at 0.5%) and canola oil (a monounsaturated fatty acid source, MUFA, at 1.5%), and four treatment groups with CNSL (0.5%) combined with 1.5% of a high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vegetable oil (corn, soybean, sunflower, or cottonseed oil), as DM basis. Feeding sheep with CNSL + canola oil resulted in higher SFA, UFA, and MUFA and lower PUFA’s (P < 0.05) intakes. The TDN intake was lower for the CNSL + corn oil diet than the other oils (P < 0.0001). The DM and NDF digestibility were higher for CNSL + cottonseed oil (PUFA) or canola oil (MUFA) diets than other oils (P < 0.05). The CNSL + soybean oil blend promoted a lower urinary N excretion (P = 0.047) in sheep. Growth and carcass traits were not affected by the oil’s composition in the blends. The level of saturation was confirmed as such a determining factor in the DM and NDF digestibility since the oil containing the highest concentration of MUFA (canola oil) showed better digestibility compared to other PUFA-rich oils; however, without effect on the performance and feed efficiency of the sheep. (shrink)

The Flow of Money in the Economy: Conversion into Assets and Changing Velocity -/- Money is the lifeblood of an economy, continuously circulating and changing hands in various forms. At its core, all cash flows through the economy by being converted into assets with monetary value. The amount of money in circulation and its velocity—how quickly it moves from one transaction to another—fluctuate over time, shaping economic activity and stability. This essay explores the mechanisms through which money flows, how it (...) is converted into assets, and the dynamic changes in its volume and velocity. -/- The Conversion of Money into Assets -/- Every monetary transaction ultimately results in the conversion of cash into assets, whether tangible or intangible. This transformation occurs through various channels: -/- 1. Consumption and Investment -/- Money is frequently exchanged for goods and services that hold economic value, such as food, housing, and technology. These purchases represent an immediate transformation of cash into assets that provide utility to individuals and businesses. -/- Investments, including stocks, bonds, and real estate, convert money into financial assets that can appreciate in value or generate returns over time. -/- From low-income individuals to billionaires, all spending and investments are ultimately converted into assets with monetary value. These may include consumer goods, luxury items, corporate investments, or large-scale financial portfolios. -/- 2. Banking and Credit Creation -/- Money deposited in banks does not remain idle. Through fractional reserve banking, financial institutions lend out a portion of these deposits, effectively converting cash into new financial assets in the form of loans and credit. -/- This process expands the money supply by creating credit-based assets while maintaining a continuous flow of money within the economy. -/- 3. Government Spending and Taxation -/- Governments collect money through taxes and redistribute it via public expenditures, such as infrastructure projects, social services, and defense. -/- Public spending leads to the creation of physical and human capital assets, contributing to economic growth and societal development. -/- 4. Foreign Trade and Exchange Markets -/- Money flows between economies through imports and exports, converting into international assets. -/- Foreign direct investments (FDI) and currency exchanges further influence the global movement of money, shaping its conversion into diverse forms of assets. -/- The Changing Amount and Velocity of Money -/- While money is always in circulation, its flow rate and volume fluctuate due to several factors: -/- 1. Economic Cycles -/- During economic booms, money moves rapidly as businesses expand, consumers spend more, and investment activity increases. -/- In contrast, recessions slow down the velocity of money as people and businesses hold onto cash, reducing overall economic activity. -/- 2. Inflation and Deflation -/- Inflation decreases the purchasing power of money, leading individuals and companies to spend more quickly before prices rise further, increasing velocity. -/- Deflation has the opposite effect, causing people to hoard money in anticipation of lower prices, thereby slowing economic activity. -/- 3. Monetary Policy and Interest Rates -/- Central banks influence money flow by adjusting interest rates and implementing monetary policies that control liquidity. -/- Lower interest rates encourage borrowing and spending, accelerating money circulation, while higher rates reduce it. -/- 4. Technological Advances and Digital Payments -/- The rise of digital transactions, mobile banking, and cryptocurrencies has increased the speed of money flow. -/- Faster transaction processing reduces the time money remains idle, enhancing its velocity within the economy. -/- Conclusion -/- The flow of money within an economy is a dynamic process, continuously converting cash into assets while fluctuating in volume and velocity. Every transaction contributes to this transformation, whether through consumption, investment, banking, government activity, or international trade. From everyday consumers to billionaires, all spending and investments ultimately convert into assets with monetary value, reinforcing economic activity at all levels. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for policymakers, businesses, and individuals alike, as managing money supply and velocity effectively determines economic stability and growth. In an era of digital finance and globalized markets, the ability to track and regulate these flows remains both a key challenge and an opportunity for sustaining economic prosperity. -/- . (shrink)