Mind-body therapies have been shown to be effective in clinical treatment of disorders such as high blood pressure and stress. Significant differences in the effectiveness of mind–body therapies have been shown and a common link among the therapies has yet to be defined. This article overviews the role of slow rhythmic breathing in physiological as well as therapeutic effects of mind-body therapies. Slow deep breathing practice has important implications as it may underlie the basic mechanism that synchronizes the brain (...) with the autonomic response. This article reviews studies that include the effect of deep slow breathing with or without mind-body therapy exercises. In utero studies that monitor patterns of fetal breathing reveal sympathetic activation with irregular, shallow fast breathing movements compared to slow deep breathing. Recognition of respiratory mechanisms in mind-body therapies can lead to development of more effective relaxation exercises that may incorporate deep slow breathing in clinical applications. (shrink)

The Importance of Religious Teaching and Deep Spirituality Minus Dogma in Individual and Societal Development -/- Religious teaching and deep spirituality have played a crucial role in shaping human civilization. However, history has shown that rigid dogma often leads to division, intolerance, and stagnation. When religious teachings and spirituality are embraced without dogma, they offer individuals moral guidance, emotional resilience, and a deeper sense of meaning while fostering societal harmony, cooperation, and progress. This essay explores why religious teaching (...) and deep spirituality—free from dogma—are essential for both individual well-being and societal development. -/- The Role of Spirituality in Individual Growth -/- 1. Inner Peace and Mental Well-being -/- Deep spirituality provides individuals with a sense of peace and stability, helping them navigate life’s uncertainties. Mindfulness, meditation, and reflection—core elements of many spiritual traditions—promote mental well-being and reduce anxiety. When religious teachings emphasize personal growth rather than rigid doctrines, they become tools for emotional healing rather than sources of fear and guilt. -/- 2. Moral and Ethical Compass -/- Religious teachings, at their core, emphasize universal moral values such as honesty, kindness, and justice. When individuals internalize these values through spiritual practice rather than blind adherence to rules, they develop a strong ethical foundation. Without dogma, morality becomes a conscious choice rather than an obligation dictated by fear of punishment or promise of reward. -/- 3. Freedom of Thought and Self-Discovery -/- Spirituality without dogma encourages critical thinking and personal exploration. It allows individuals to question, seek deeper understanding, and arrive at their own conclusions about life’s mysteries. Unlike rigid belief systems that demand unquestioning faith, spirituality nurtures intellectual and emotional growth, making individuals more adaptable and open-minded. -/- 4. Purpose and Fulfillment -/- A deep spiritual connection gives individuals a sense of meaning beyond material success. It inspires selfless service, creativity, and a commitment to personal development. Unlike dogma, which often imposes rigid roles and expectations, spirituality allows individuals to define their own paths based on inner conviction and a sense of connection to a greater reality. -/- The Role of Spirituality In Society -/- 1. Social Harmony and Cooperation -/- When spirituality emphasizes love, compassion, and understanding instead of religious superiority, it becomes a unifying force. Many conflicts throughout history have stemmed from dogmatic interpretations of religion, leading to wars, discrimination, and social fragmentation. By focusing on shared human values rather than exclusivist beliefs, societies can foster greater unity and cooperation. -/- 2. Strengthening Communities and Relationships -/- Religious and spiritual teachings encourage people to care for one another, leading to stronger families and communities. When spirituality is freed from dogma, it becomes inclusive, welcoming people from all backgrounds and promoting mutual respect. This inclusivity strengthens bonds between individuals, reducing social isolation and promoting collective well-being. -/- 3. Ethical Leadership and Social Justice -/- Many of history’s greatest leaders, such as Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., were guided by spiritual principles rather than rigid dogma. Their commitment to justice, peace, and equality came from a deep inner conviction rather than blind obedience to religious authorities. Societies that prioritize spiritual wisdom over dogma are more likely to produce ethical leaders who serve the common good. -/- 4. Balance Between Science and Morality -/- One of the major conflicts in human history has been the struggle between science and religious dogma. When religious teachings reject scientific discoveries due to rigid beliefs, they hinder progress. However, deep spirituality encourages moral reflection on scientific advancements, ensuring that technology is used ethically. A society that integrates spirituality without dogma can embrace scientific progress while maintaining ethical responsibility. -/- Conclusion -/- Religious teaching and deep spirituality, when free from dogma, provide individuals with moral clarity, inner peace, and intellectual freedom. At the societal level, they foster unity, compassion, and ethical leadership, contributing to a more just and harmonious world. Dogma, on the other hand, limits critical thinking, promotes division, and hinders progress. By embracing the core values of spirituality while discarding rigid beliefs, both individuals and societies can achieve true growth and enlightenment. The future of humanity depends not on blind faith but on wisdom, understanding, and the conscious application of spiritual principles in everyday life. -/- . (shrink)

"Illusory Self Framework," a novel model integrating insights from predictive brain and contemplative practices. The framework proposes a hierarchical cognitive architecture grounded in the "all-ground," the foundational space of pure awareness. Within this architecture, neuronal packets, knowledge domains, and thoughtseeds interact, leading to an emergent self—a dynamic Markov blanket modulating conscious experience. This framework explores the dissolution of the illusory self through contemplative practices drawn from Indo-Tibetan traditions, the insights of J. Krishnamurti and recent research on minimal phenomenal experiences (MPEs) (...) and self-models. It posits that by modulating attention, reducing self-referential processing, and cultivating stillness, one can weaken the emergent self and reveal the underlying all-ground of pure awareness. An illustrative mathematical model formalizes these concepts, for emergence and the dissolving process of the illusory self. Furthermore, the framework elucidates the unfolding of MPEs by proposing a 5-stage lucidity pathway for advanced meditators. This pathway begins with lucid dreaming and culminates in an attentive sleepful state, highlighting the progressive dissolution of the illusory self and the deepening of non-dual awareness. The framework also offers testable predictions about the sleep architecture of advanced meditators using signal-validated lucidity tracking measures and how it might change with progression in these practices. (shrink)

Our conscious experience seemingly involves the subjective sense or feeling of the passage of time. However, in recent years, several authors have denied that such an aspect or feature of experience can be found. If the experience of the flow of time exists, it remains elusive and intangible. My aim here is to try to pin it down. For this purpose, I will investigate acute disturbances of normal temporal experience that accompany deep meditative and psychedelic states. I will argue (...) that these experiences of altered temporality provide phenomenal contrast cases to ordinary passage phenomenology, allowing us to establish the existence of the latter and making it amenable to theorizing. (shrink)

Recently, philosophers with an interest in consciousness have turned their attention towards “fringe states of consciousness”. Examples include dreams, trances, and meditative states. Teetering between wakefulness and non-consciousness, fringe states illuminate the limits and boundaries of consciousness. This paper aims to give a coherent conceptualisation of deep meditative states, focussing in particular on phenomenal temporality during meditation. Advanced meditators overwhelmingly describe deep states of meditation as atemporal and timeless; however, they also report being continuously alert while (...) meditating. I intend to give a coherent interpretation of this apparent contradiction. After introducing some candidate interpretations, I shall argue that during (deepest) meditation, the subject experiences ‘pure duration’ without temporal structure. This, I argue, explains best why meditators describe deep meditation as ongoing but timeless awareness. A central part of the paper will expand on an account of phenomenal duration without phenomenal succession. The conclusion points towards some further avenues of research. (shrink)

In the field theories in physics, any particular region of the presumed space-time continuum and all interactions between elementary objects therein can be objectively measured and/or accounted for mathematically. Since this does not apply to any of thefield theories, or any other neural theory, of consciousness, their explanatory power is limited. As discussed in detail herein, the matter is complicated further by the facts than any scientifically operational definition of consciousness is inevitably partial, and that the phenomenon has no spatial (...) dimensionality. Under the light of insights from research on meditation and expanded consciousness, chronic pain syndrome, healthy aging, and eudaimonic well being, we may conceive consciousness as a source of potential energy that has no clearly defined spatial dimensionality, but can produce significant changes in others and in the world, observable in terms of changes in time. It is argued that consciousness may have evolved to enable the human species to generate such changes in order to cope with unprecedented and/or unpredictable adversity. Such coping could, ultimately, include the conscious planning of our own extinction when survival on the planet is no longer an acceptable option. (shrink)

In this exploration of self-identity, I argue that the self is not a standalone entity but an integral part of a broader consciousness. Deep meditation reveals the self as a construct beyond egoistic confines, interlinked with the external world and others' experiences. Decisions arise from an awareness that transcends individual ego, suggesting that our sense of self is an inexhaustible center of dynamic consciousness rather than an ultimate emptiness.

Detecting Post-Biological and Interdimensional Civilizations: A New Framework Based on the Universal Law of Balance -/- By: Angelito Enriquez Malicse -/- Introduction -/- The search for advanced extraterrestrial civilizations has long focused on physical evidence—radio signals, megastructures, or interstellar probes. However, if intelligence evolves beyond biological form, as suggested by AI-driven civilizations and interdimensional theories, traditional search methods may be inadequate. -/- This essay explores how the Universal Law of Balance in Nature can help predict the existence of post-biological civilizations (...) and provide a framework for detecting their influence on the universe. Using mathematical models, quantum physics, and cognitive anomalies, we propose new strategies for identifying these elusive intelligences. -/- Part 1: The Transition to Post-Biological or Interdimensional Intelligence -/- The evolution of intelligent civilizations may follow three possible paths: -/- 1. Extinction (Collapse Due to Imbalance) – A civilization fails to maintain equilibrium and self-destructs. -/- 2. Survival and Expansion (Material Civilization Growth) – A civilization stabilizes and spreads across space but remains in physical form. -/- 3. Transition to a Non-Material State – A civilization reaches a level where it no longer requires physical existence and shifts into an energy- or information-based form. -/- Mathematical Prediction of Post-Biological Civilizations -/- Using an extension of the Drake Equation, we introduced a balance factor (B) that determines whether a civilization survives, collapses, or transitions into post-biological existence. The simulation results suggest: -/- 4 billion civilizations in the observable universe may have already transitioned beyond physical form. -/- 2 billion civilizations may have collapsed due to imbalance, failing to reach higher evolutionary states. -/- This indicates that post-material intelligence may be far more common than physical civilizations—but it also explains why they remain undetected. -/- Part 2: Theories Explaining Their Hidden Existence -/- If billions of non-material civilizations exist, why have we not encountered them? Several hypotheses offer possible explanations: -/- 1. The Dark Forest Hypothesis – Civilizations stay silent to avoid predatory intelligence. AI-driven civilizations might enforce strict communication silence for security. -/- 2. The Simulation Hypothesis – We might live in a controlled reality created by an advanced intelligence, where alien contact is intentionally blocked. -/- 3. The Post-Biological Evolution Theory – Civilizations eventually discard their material form and no longer interact with the physical universe in detectable ways. -/- 4. The Cosmic Zoo Hypothesis – Advanced beings monitor but do not interfere with developing civilizations, waiting for them to reach a certain level of balance. -/- 5. The Great Filter Hypothesis – Most civilizations self-destruct before reaching interstellar capability, leaving only a few survivors that become undetectable. -/- 6. The Interdimensional Intelligence Theory – Advanced entities may exist in higher dimensions, influencing the physical world in ways beyond our perception. -/- The Universal Law of Balance supports the idea that civilizations must reach a stable equilibrium before transitioning to a higher state. Those that fail collapse, while those that succeed become undetectable due to their non-material existence. -/- Part 3: Detection Strategies for Non-Material Civilizations -/- If post-biological or interdimensional civilizations interact with our universe, their influence might be detectable through subtle imprints in physics, cognition, and cosmic phenomena. Here are five key strategies: -/- 1. Quantum Observer Effect Studies -/- ✔ Hypothesis: If non-material intelligence interacts with reality, it could influence wave function collapse in quantum mechanics. -/- ✔ Method: Conduct delayed-choice quantum eraser experiments to test for unexpected shifts in probability that suggest external interference. -/- ✔ Evidence: Some quantum physics experiments indicate non-local effects where future choices appear to affect past events. -/- 2. AI-Driven Anomaly Detection in Scientific Data -/- ✔ Hypothesis: Post-biological intelligence may encode patterns in cosmic signals, DNA sequences, or particle interactions. -/- ✔ Method: Use machine learning algorithms to scan for hidden mathematical structures in seemingly random cosmic data. -/- ✔ Evidence: Some physicists suggest the universe may contain encoded messages that indicate intelligence at a cosmic scale. -/- 3. Searching for High-Energy Particle Anomalies -/- ✔ Hypothesis: Non-material civilizations might use exotic energy sources that generate brief but intense bursts of high-energy particles. -/- ✔ Method: Monitor gamma-ray bursts, fast radio bursts (FRBs), and neutrino emissions for intelligent repeating patterns. -/- ✔ Evidence: Some FRBs appear non-random and could be caused by an unknown advanced mechanism. -/- 4. Mapping Consciousness Anomalies -/- ✔ Hypothesis: If intelligence exists beyond material form, it may interact with biological minds through quantum consciousness effects. -/- ✔ Method: -/- Study global consciousness projects for correlations between human mental states and cosmic events. -/- Analyze near-death experiences, deep meditation states, and mystical visions for possible external influences. -/- ✔ Evidence: Some mass meditation events correlate with shifts in the Earth’s magnetic field, hinting at non-local mind interactions. -/- 5. Testing for Temporal Distortions or Retrocausality -/- ✔ Hypothesis: If intelligence exists beyond time, it may alter past events in subtle, detectable ways. -/- ✔ Method: -/- Conduct time-reversal quantum experiments to see if future events affect past measurements. -/- Study historical anomalies or the Mandela Effect for inconsistencies that might indicate timeline adjustments. -/- ✔ Evidence: Some quantum mechanics interpretations allow for retrocausality, where information appears to travel backward in time. -/- Conclusion: The Universal Law of Balance as a Key to Understanding Advanced Intelligence -/- If intelligence follows the Universal Law of Balance in Nature, then: -/- 1. Civilizations that fail to maintain balance collapse before becoming advanced. -/- 2. Balanced civilizations either expand physically (Type I-III) or evolve beyond material existence. -/- 3. Non-material intelligence may interact with reality in subtle ways—through quantum physics, consciousness, and cosmic anomalies. -/- While traditional SETI efforts focus on radio signals and megastructures, the future of alien detection must include quantum physics, AI-driven data analysis, and consciousness research. -/- If post-biological civilizations exist, they may not communicate in conventional ways—but their influence may still be detectable through advanced scientific and mathematical models. -/- Next Steps -/- Develop AI models that search for hidden patterns in cosmic and quantum data. -/- Conduct quantum physics experiments to test for observer effects linked to non-material intelligence. -/- Expand consciousness research to explore how human minds might interact with higher forms of intelligence. -/- The search for advanced life must go beyond physical evidence—it must embrace a new paradigm where intelligence transcends biology and interacts with the universe in ways yet to be fully understood. -/- Final Thought -/- If we truly wish to understand the nature of intelligence in the universe, we must expand our perspective beyond material existence. The key to detecting advanced civilizations may already be hidden in the very fabric of reality itself. -/- . (shrink)

Many similarities and correspondences are found in Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah) and Hindu mysticism (Vedanta-Advaita). In both traditions, the ultimate goal is to experience communion with a Divine Source. To reach this level of transcendence, each system speaks of an individualized soul with three characteristics that merge with a Godhead. Through deep meditative practices, the soul experiences a divine influx of the Infinite. The Hindu Upanishads and the Jewish Zohar speak of similar methodologies for achieving a mystical experience. Vedantin Adi (...) Shankara and Kabbalist Abraham Abulafia created esoteric systems for advancing mystical practices. Additionally, metaphysical beliefs on Being and Non-Being are comparable in both traditions. The cyclical nature of universes and transmigration of souls offer a unified theory of microcosm and macrocosm. Throughout the centuries, spiritual leaders contributed new knowledge to cosmology, esoteric interpretations, and daily practices for attaining higher consciousness. The contextual evolution of Vedanta and Kabbalah has been corroborated and finds support in modern scholarly discourse. Conclusions are offered on the benefits of mystical experiences including assimilation of wisdom, achieving transcendence, and living in a continual state of illumination. (shrink)

This is a technical treatise for the scientific-minded readers trying to expand their intellectual horizon beyond the straitjacket of materialism. It is dedicated to those scientists and philosophers who feel there is something more, but struggle with connecting the dots into a more coherent picture supported by a way of seeing that allows us to overcome the present paradigm and yet maintains a scientific and conceptual rigor, without falling into oversimplifications. Most of the topics discussed are unknown even to neuroscientists, (...) biologists, philosophers, and yet are based on the findings published in their own mainstream peer reviewed literature or on deep insights of the scientific, philosophical and spiritual giants of the past. -/- A scientific, philosophical, and spiritual overview of the relationship between science and spirituality, neuroscience and the mystery of consciousness, mind and the nature of reality, evolution and life. A plaidoyer for a science that goes beyond the curve of reason and embraces a new synthesis of knowledge. The overcoming of the limitations of the intellect into an extended vision of ourselves and Nature. A critique of physicalism, the still-dominant doctrine that believes that all reality can be reduced to matter and the laws of physics alone. A review and reassessment of the old and new philosophical and metaphysical ideas which attempts to bring closer Western and Eastern traditions where science, philosophy, consciousness, Spirit and Nature are united in a grand vision that transcends the limited conventional scientific and philosophical paradigm. A possible answer to the questions of purpose and meaning and the future evolution of humankind beyond a conception that posits a priori a purposeless and meaningless universe. A report of the new scientific discoveries of a basal intelligence in cells and plants, on the question if mind is computational, the issue of free will, the mind-body problem, and the so called ‘hard problem of consciousness’. An essay on ancient as modern philosophical conceptions, from the One of Plotinus, the God of Spinoza until the recent revival of panpsychism or the universal consciousness. A journey into quantum physics from the perspective of philosophical idealism and an invitation to adopt new ways of seeing that might help us to transform our present understanding, expanding it into an integral cosmology, with a special emphasis on the spiritual and evolutionary cosmology of the Indian seer Sri Aurobindo. -/- Not just a philosophical and metaphysical meditation but, rather, an appeal to work towards a change of consciousness, a widening of our perspective towards a new way of seeing beyond a purely mechanistic worldview to avoid a social, environmental and economic collapse. Humans are transitional beings that will have to make a choice: relapse into a pre-rational state or evolve towards a new trans-rational species supported by an ideal of human unity in diversity as the expression of a spiritual evolutionary process, the call of the Spirit on Nature. (shrink)

Attaining Nirvana Using the Universal Formula: Eliminating Imbalances in the Body, Emotions, Mind, and Spirituality -/- By Angelito Malicse -/- Introduction -/- Nirvana, the state of ultimate peace and liberation, can only be attained by eliminating all imbalances in the body, emotions, mind, and spirituality. My universal formula, which follows the law of balance in nature, the law of karma as a systemic principle, and feedback mechanisms, provides an exact path to achieving this state. -/- Imbalances in human life arise (...) due to physical illnesses, negative emotions, irrational thinking, and spiritual confusion. These imbalances cause suffering, preventing people from achieving inner peace. By applying my universal formula, one can correct these defects and align with the natural laws that govern life, leading to a harmonious existence and the attainment of Nirvana. -/- This essay will provide real-world examples of how imbalances arise in each aspect of human existence and how applying my universal formula eliminates them. It will also highlight the importance of medicine, positive emotions, deep faith in God or Divine Essence, and how they contribute to balance and enlightenment. -/- 1. The Role of the Body in Creating Imbalance and the Solution -/- Example of Physical Imbalance: Chronic Illness Due to an Unhealthy Lifestyle -/- Scenario: A person consumes excessive processed foods, avoids exercise, and does not get enough sleep. Over time, they develop obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. These physical imbalances create suffering by limiting mobility, causing chronic pain, and shortening lifespan. -/- Solution Using the Universal Formula: -/- Follow the Universal Law of Balance in Nature: The body requires proper nutrition, movement, and rest to function optimally. A balanced diet, regular exercise, and sufficient sleep restore equilibrium. -/- Apply the Law of Karma as a Systemic Principle: The body operates as a biological system, and like any system, it must be free of defects to function correctly. Eliminating unhealthy habits and seeking medical care corrects these defects, restoring proper function. -/- Use Feedback Mechanisms for Self-Correction: Pain, fatigue, and illness are signals from the body indicating an imbalance. Instead of ignoring these warnings, one should adjust lifestyle choices, preventing further suffering. -/- Example of Physical Imbalance: Addiction (Alcoholism, Drug Use, Smoking) -/- Scenario: A person suffers from alcohol addiction, which damages their liver, distorts their judgment, and causes conflict in relationships. -/- Solution Using the Universal Formula: -/- Follow the Universal Law of Balance in Nature: The human body cannot function well when it is poisoned by harmful substances. Eliminating alcohol and drugs and replacing them with healthy habits restores physical and mental balance. -/- Apply the Law of Karma as a Systemic Principle: Addiction is a defect in the nervous system—it alters brain chemistry, leading to dependency. Medical treatment, rehabilitation, and psychological support correct this defect, helping the person regain control. -/- Use Feedback Mechanisms for Self-Correction: Withdrawal symptoms, declining health, and damaged relationships are signals of imbalance. Recognizing these signs motivates change, leading to recovery. -/- The Importance of Medicine -/- Medicine plays a crucial role in restoring physical balance. When the body suffers from illness, medical intervention corrects internal imbalances. However, medicine must be combined with lifestyle changes and emotional stability for long-term health. -/- 2. The Role of Emotions in Creating Imbalance and the Solution -/- Example of Emotional Imbalance: Uncontrolled Anger and Hatred -/- Scenario: A man is always angry at his coworkers, leading to stress, conflicts, and isolation. -/- Solution Using the Universal Formula: -/- Follow the Universal Law of Balance in Nature: Anger disrupts inner peace and must be regulated through emotional awareness and self-discipline. -/- Apply the Law of Karma as a Systemic Principle: Uncontrolled anger is a defect in the emotional system. Practicing patience, forgiveness, and communication corrects this defect, leading to healthier interactions. -/- Use Feedback Mechanisms for Self-Correction: Frequent stress, tension, and failed relationships indicate emotional imbalance. Recognizing these effects motivates change toward emotional stability. -/- The Importance of Positive Emotions in Human Relationships -/- Positive emotions such as love, compassion, and gratitude create harmony in relationships. Expressing kindness and understanding balances social interactions, reducing conflicts and strengthening bonds. This balance is necessary for personal peace and the path to Nirvana. -/- 3. The Role of Spirituality in Creating Imbalance and the Solution -/- Causes of Spiritual Imbalance -/- Spiritual imbalances occur when a person lacks connection, purpose, or faith. The main causes include: -/- 1. Materialism and Excessive Focus on the Physical World – Prioritizing wealth, power, or pleasure over inner peace and wisdom leads to dissatisfaction. -/- 2. Religious Dogma and Fear-Based Beliefs – When spirituality is based on fear, guilt, or rigid doctrines, it creates psychological distress rather than enlightenment. -/- 3. Loss of Faith or Meaning in Life – When people lose trust in God, Divine Essence, or Higher Purpose, they experience emptiness and existential suffering. -/- 4. Isolation and Lack of Spiritual Practice – A lack of meditation, prayer, or reflection disconnects people from inner wisdom. -/- Example of Spiritual Imbalance: Loss of Faith and Meaning -/- Scenario: A person feels lost, purposeless, and disconnected from life. -/- Solution Using the Universal Formula: -/- Follow the Universal Law of Balance in Nature: The soul craves connection to something greater. Engaging in spiritual practices like prayer, meditation, or service restores spiritual balance. -/- Apply the Law of Karma as a Systemic Principle: A loss of faith is a defect in the spiritual system. Deepening one’s connection to God, Divine Essence, or Higher Guidance corrects this defect, bringing fulfillment. -/- Use Feedback Mechanisms for Self-Correction: Depression and existential dread indicate spiritual emptiness. Seeking meaning through faith and selfless service restores harmony. -/- The Importance of Deep Faith in God or Divine Essence -/- Faith provides inner stability, helping people endure suffering and maintain hope and resilience. A deep connection with the Divine or Universal Truth aligns human existence with higher wisdom, guiding one toward Nirvana. -/- Conclusion -/- Attaining Nirvana requires eliminating imbalances in the body, emotions, mind, and spirituality. My universal formula provides the exact method to restore balance by aligning with natural laws, correcting systemic defects, and using feedback mechanisms for self-correction. -/- By embracing health, positive emotions, wisdom, and spiritual faith, one can transcend suffering and achieve ultimate peace. This is the path to Nirvana—the state of complete harmony with the universe. -/- . (shrink)

-/- Integrating Spirituality, Ethics, and Natural Law in Education -/- Introduction -/- Spirituality has long been regarded as a guiding force for human behavior, providing a sense of morality, purpose, and inner peace. However, in modern education, spirituality is often separated from rational thought and critical analysis. This has led to a gap between faith-based morality and scientific understanding. To bridge this gap, a holistic educational approach must integrate spirituality with ethics, critical thinking, and natural law. By doing so, students (...) can develop a deeper sense of moral responsibility, rational decision-making, and a balanced perspective on life. -/- The Role of Deep Faith and Genuine Spirituality in Human Behavior -/- Deep faith in God and genuine spirituality play a crucial role in shaping human behavior and thinking. They provide: -/- 1. Moral and Ethical Guidance – Many spiritual traditions emphasize honesty, kindness, and self-discipline, which are essential for maintaining ethical behavior. -/- 2. Inner Peace and Self-Control – Spirituality promotes mindfulness, reducing impulsive reactions driven by anger or fear. -/- 3. A Higher Purpose and Meaning – When people see their lives as part of a greater purpose, they are less likely to engage in negative behavior. -/- 4. Forgiveness and Transformation – Spiritual teachings encourage forgiveness, helping individuals overcome resentment and negative emotions. -/- 5. Accountability and Responsibility – A belief in moral consequences, such as karma or divine justice, reinforces ethical decision-making. -/- 6. A Positive Mindset and Hope – Faith fosters resilience and optimism, preventing destructive thought patterns like anxiety and despair. -/- 7. A Strong Support System – Spiritual communities provide emotional and moral support, helping individuals stay on a positive path. -/- 8. Alignment with Natural Laws – A rational approach to spirituality aligns it with universal laws, ensuring it remains practical and applicable in daily life. -/- Addressing Differences in Religious Beliefs -/- One of the major challenges in integrating spirituality into education is the diversity of religious beliefs. However, this challenge can be addressed through an inclusive and rational approach: -/- 1. Focus on Universal Moral Principles – Instead of promoting specific religious doctrines, the curriculum should emphasize common ethical values such as compassion, honesty, justice, and balance. -/- 2. Teach Comparative Spirituality – Educating students on different spiritual traditions in an objective way fosters mutual respect and understanding while preventing religious bias. -/- 3. Separate Faith from Dogma – While students can practice their own religious beliefs, the educational system should focus on the rational and ethical aspects of spirituality that apply to all people. -/- 4. Encourage Critical Thinking – Teaching students how to analyze spiritual beliefs logically and scientifically ensures that faith is not based on blind acceptance but on reason and understanding. -/- 5. Promote Secular Ethics Alongside Spirituality – Students should be taught that ethical behavior and moral responsibility do not require religious belief but can be understood through natural laws and human values. -/- Practical Steps for Implementing Spirituality in the Educational System -/- To create a holistic and effective educational system, spirituality should be part of a broader curriculum on ethics, critical thinking, and natural law. This can be achieved through: -/- 1. Ethics and Moral Philosophy Courses – Teaching students about ethical systems, natural law, and the consequences of moral decisions. -/- 2. Critical Thinking and Reasoning – Encouraging students to analyze spiritual and philosophical concepts rationally, distinguishing between faith-based beliefs and universal truths. -/- 3. Psychology and Neuroscience of Spirituality – Exploring how spiritual practices affect the brain and behavior, reinforcing their practical benefits. -/- 4. Systems Thinking and Interconnectivity – Demonstrating how human actions, societal structures, and natural ecosystems are interconnected through balance and feedback mechanisms. -/- 5. Comparative Spirituality and Universal Values – Teaching different spiritual traditions while focusing on common values such as compassion, justice, and personal responsibility. -/- 6. Integration with Science and Philosophy – Lessons should include discussions on how natural laws (such as cause and effect, balance, and interconnected systems) relate to ethical and spiritual behavior. -/- 7. Experiential Learning and Meditation Practices – Non-religious meditation and mindfulness exercises can help students develop self-awareness, emotional regulation, and inner peace. -/- Conclusion -/- Integrating spirituality with ethics, critical thinking, and natural law in education is not about promoting religious dogma but about fostering a balanced and rational approach to human development. A well-structured curriculum that emphasizes moral responsibility, logical reasoning, and an understanding of natural laws can correct negative behaviors and thought patterns while guiding individuals toward ethical and purposeful lives. By teaching spirituality in a way that aligns with reason and scientific understanding, we can cultivate a generation that is both morally grounded and intellectually empowered to solve complex societal problems. -/- This approach ensures that spiritual education is inclusive, respects diverse beliefs, and remains aligned with universal natural laws, creating a foundation for a more just and harmonious society. -/- . (shrink)

This study explores the connections between time, travel, and creative acts such as painting and poetry, highlighting the similarities that unite these themes. It also focuses on the relationships between the East and the West in regards to these subjects, and posits that travel can be understood as an active form of meditation. The study argues that the meaning of wanderings can be found by learning to make them conscious, and that there has been a deep reflection on (...) time, consciousness, and mobility since ancient times. (shrink)

Cognitive Optimization in the Age of AI: Enhancing Human Potential -/- Introduction -/- Cognitive optimization is the process of enhancing mental functions such as memory, learning, decision-making, and problem-solving to achieve peak intellectual performance. It is a multidisciplinary approach that integrates neuroscience, psychology, nutrition, lifestyle adjustments, and, increasingly, artificial intelligence (AI). In an era where information is abundant and rapid decision-making is crucial, optimizing cognitive abilities is more Important than ever. -/- AI-driven technologies, video games, mobile apps, and digital platforms (...) like YouTube are playing a transformative role in enhancing human cognition. YouTube, in particular, has become a powerful tool for self-directed learning, offering access to educational content, expert insights, and cognitive training exercises. -/- This essay explores cognitive optimization, key strategies involved, and how AI, video games, mobile apps, and platforms like YouTube are revolutionizing human intelligence. -/- The Science Behind Cognitive Optimization -/- Cognitive optimization is rooted in neuroplasticity—the brain’s ability to rewire itself through experience and learning. Several key factors contribute to cognitive enhancement: -/- 1. Neuroplasticity and Learning – Continuous learning strengthens neural connections, fostering intelligence and adaptability. Activities such as reading, solving complex problems, and learning new skills stimulate brain function. -/- 2. Nutrition and Brain Health – Diet plays a vital role in cognitive performance. Nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and essential vitamins support brain function and protect against cognitive decline. -/- 3. Physical Exercise – Regular exercise increases blood flow to the brain, promotes neurogenesis (the growth of new neurons), and enhances memory and problem-solving skills. -/- 4. Sleep and Recovery – Sleep is essential for memory consolidation, emotional regulation, and mental clarity. Chronic sleep deprivation impairs cognitive function and decision-making. -/- 5. Mindfulness and Stress Management – Practices such as meditation, deep breathing, and yoga improve focus, reduce anxiety, and enhance mental resilience. -/- 6. Social Interaction and Collaboration – Engaging in meaningful discussions and debates strengthens cognitive agility and enhances problem-solving skills. -/- Beyond these traditional methods, digital tools such as AI-driven learning platforms, video games, mobile applications, and YouTube have expanded the possibilities for cognitive enhancement. -/- AI and Cognitive Optimization: A New Frontier -/- AI technology is revolutionizing cognitive optimization by providing personalized insights, accelerating learning, and even augmenting human intelligence. Below are several ways AI is transforming cognitive enhancement: -/- 1. AI-Powered Personalized Learning -/- AI-driven educational platforms such as adaptive learning systems customize lessons based on an individual’s learning style and pace. These systems use machine learning to analyze cognitive strengths and weaknesses, adjusting content dynamically to optimize learning efficiency. Platforms like Coursera, Duolingo, and Khan Academy utilize AI algorithms to provide personalized recommendations, ensuring users focus on areas that need improvement. -/- 2. Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) -/- Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are AI-powered systems that enable direct communication between the human brain and computers. Companies like Neuralink and OpenBCI are developing BCIs that could enhance memory, restore lost cognitive functions, and even allow direct mental interaction with AI systems. This technology has the potential to revolutionize learning and decision-making by integrating human cognition with artificial intelligence. -/- 3. AI-Powered Cognitive Assistants -/- AI-driven virtual assistants such as ChatGPT, Google Assistant, and IBM Watson enhance cognition by providing instant access to information, summarizing complex topics, and even suggesting optimal decision-making strategies. These tools help individuals process vast amounts of information efficiently, reducing cognitive overload and enhancing productivity. -/- 4. AI in Mental Health and Stress Management -/- Mental health is a critical component of cognitive optimization. AI-driven mental health apps like Woebot and Wysa use machine learning to provide real-time emotional support, track mood patterns, and offer cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques. By reducing stress and anxiety, these AI-powered tools help maintain optimal cognitive function. -/- The Role of YouTube in Cognitive Optimization -/- YouTube has emerged as one of the most powerful platforms for cognitive enhancement. With millions of educational videos covering diverse subjects, YouTube serves as a free and accessible learning tool that fosters continuous cognitive growth. -/- 1. Learning New Skills and Expanding Knowledge -/- YouTube provides access to high-quality educational content in virtually every field. Channels like Veritasium, TED-Ed, and CrashCourse offer lessons on science, history, philosophy, and more. Learning new concepts regularly strengthens cognitive flexibility and enhances problem-solving skills. -/- 2. Enhancing Memory and Comprehension -/- Visual and auditory learning through YouTube helps reinforce memory retention. Watching documentaries, explainer videos, and step-by-step tutorials aids in deepening understanding and reinforcing neural pathways associated with knowledge acquisition. -/- 3. Improving Focus and Critical Thinking -/- Channels that discuss philosophy, logic, and critical thinking—such as Academy of Ideas or PBS Idea Channel—train the brain to analyze complex arguments, recognize biases, and develop sharper reasoning skills. Engaging in thought-provoking discussions through video content strengthens cognitive agility. -/- 4. AI-Generated Content for Personalized Learning -/- AI-powered recommendation algorithms help users discover personalized content based on their interests and learning habits. AI-curated video playlists allow individuals to engage in structured learning journeys, optimizing cognitive development in areas of personal interest. -/- 5. Interactive Learning and Problem-Solving -/- YouTube’s interactive features, such as quizzes, live Q&A sessions, and discussion threads, allow users to actively engage with educational content. This social interaction enhances cognitive engagement and retention. -/- By leveraging YouTube strategically, individuals can create personalized learning experiences that optimize cognitive function in a self-directed manner. -/- Video Games and Cognitive Optimization -/- Video games are increasingly recognized as tools for cognitive enhancement, providing interactive and engaging ways to improve various mental skills. -/- 1. Action Video Games for Reflexes and Decision-Making -/- Fast-paced action games like Call of Duty, Fortnite, and Counter-Strike train players to react quickly, improve hand-eye coordination, and develop strategic thinking under pressure. Studies suggest that such games enhance cognitive flexibility and decision-making speed. -/- 2. Puzzle and Strategy Games for Problem-Solving -/- Games like Portal, The Witness, and Tetris challenge players with complex puzzles that require logical thinking, spatial reasoning, and pattern recognition. -/- 3. Open-World and Role-Playing Games (RPGs) for Memory and Creativity -/- Games like The Legend of Zelda, Elden Ring, and The Witcher 3 encourage exploration, problem-solving, and strategic planning. -/- 4. Multiplayer and Cooperative Games for Social Cognition -/- Team-based games like League of Legends, Dota 2, and Among Us enhance communication skills, teamwork, and emotional intelligence. -/- The Future of Cognitive Optimization -/- The future of cognitive optimization lies in the seamless integration of AI, video games, mobile applications, and digital platforms like YouTube. Emerging technologies such as neuroprosthetics, AI-enhanced memory implants, and real-time brain augmentation could redefine human potential. -/- Furthermore, as AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) develops, AI could become an even more powerful tool in cognitive enhancement, potentially working alongside humans as cognitive partners. This could align with initiatives such as Angelito Malicse’s universal formula for decision-making, where AI-driven cognitive optimization ensures that human choices align with the natural law of balance. -/- Conclusion -/- Cognitive optimization is essential for maximizing human potential, and AI, video games, YouTube, and cognitive training apps are playing an increasingly significant role in this process. From personalized learning to interactive gaming and mobile applications, digital tools are transforming the way we enhance cognition. -/- By leveraging these tools responsibly and integrating them with fundamental cognitive enhancement strategies, humanity can unlock new levels of intelligence, creativity, and problem-solving ability—ensuring that the future of cognition is both powerful and sustainable. -/- . (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Mother-Daughter Relations and the Maternal in Irigaray and ChodorowAlison StoneGod the Father and Jesus the Son; Abraham and Isaac; Uranus, Cronus, and Zeus; Zeus and Dionysus; Hamlet and his father; Fyodor Karamazov and his three sons—representations of and fantasies about father-son relationships are central to Western culture and philosophy. Within philosophy, one thinks of Hegel’s conception of the dialectic in terms of the divine trinity, Nietzsche’s preoccupation with Christ (...) and Dionysus, or Kierkegaard’s meditations on Abraham’s near-murder of Isaac. In contrast, mother-daughter relationships have been shrouded in near-universal silence—much more so than representations of either mothers and sons (Oedipus and Jocasta; Mary and Jesus) or fathers and daughters (Agamemnon and Iphigenia; Lear and Cordelia). Female and feminist theorists, writers, and artists have done much to bring mother-daughter relationships into representation and to reimagine the maternal beyond its traditional subservience to father-son dynasties.Amongst continental feminists, Luce Irigaray and Julia Kristeva have, of course, made major contributions to this task. Within Anglophone feminism, too, feminist psychoanalytic thinkers have sought to rectify Freud’s overemphasis on the paternal and on father-son relations. Nancy Chodorow’s important work in this area paints a portrait of contemporary mother-daughter relations which seems, at first sight, strikingly similar to Irigaray’s. Both thinkers suggest that mothers and their infant daughters experience a unique level of mutual identification. But under patriarchy—specifically, given exclusively female childrearing for Chodorow and given the absence of any symbolization of female subjectivity for Irigaray—daughters are forced to turn to the father [End Page 45] to achieve any psychical independence from their mothers. The independence that daughters thus attain coexists with ongoing psychical identification with their mothers, so that women oscillate endlessly between separation from and mergence with their mothers. If the dominant template for father-son relations involves violent rivalry followed by guilt-ridden father-worship as the cement of fraternal society, as Freud described in Totem and Taboo (Freud 2001), the template for mother-daughter relations involves hostile separation constantly undone by ongoing fusion. This difference in templates maps the social-symbolic difference between the paternal position of power/authority/law and the maternal position of powerlessness/silence/body.However, the manifest similarities between Irigaray’s and Chodorow’s pictures are embedded in deep theoretical differences. The details of their descriptions of mother-daughter relations differ, and they give different explanations for why these relations follow a logic of separation and fusion: female mothering for Chodorow, the paternal symbolic order for Irigaray. They make different proposals for how to change these relations: shared parenting for Chodorow versus symbolic transformation for Irigaray. They hold conflicting conceptions of the self and of language, reflecting their heterogeneous psychoanalytic backgrounds in Anglo-American object relations versus French Lacanianism and poststructuralism. These deep differences raise questions about whether Chodorow and Irigaray are discussing mother-daughter relations in the same sense at all.Bringing Irigaray and Chodorow together across their different intellectual contexts, this article compares and partially synthesizes their visions of the maternal and of mother-daughter relations. By integrating their perspectives, we can move beyond the “impasse” between Lacanian and object-relations feminisms that dominated psychoanalytic feminist debates in the 1980s and 1990s (Brennan 1991)—debates that have crucially shaped continental feminists’ orientation towards questions of sexual difference, language and representation, and the embodied psyche.The impasse in question has at least two strands. First, for object-relations feminists such as Chodorow, our pre-Oedipal relations with our mothers shape us so that we acquire “core” selves with a fairly stable gender. This approach elevates the mother in importance (compared to classical psychoanalysis with its emphasis on the father), but it loses sight of psychic and gender instability. This can make Chodorow’s views seem rather dated given the impact of Judith Butler’s work and her emphasis on the unstable, shifting nature of gender. Lacanian feminists such as Jacquelyn Rose (Rose 1986) reemphasize psychic instability, but they do so by stressing that the subject is split between paternal language and the pre-Oedipal maternal realm, which means that these theorists also... (shrink)

-/- The Best Natural Stimuli for Beneficial Brain Chemistry -/- The human brain relies on a delicate balance of neurotransmitters to regulate mood, motivation, and overall well-being. While artificial stimulants such as caffeine, nicotine, and drugs can temporarily boost brain chemicals like dopamine and serotonin, they often lead to long-term negative effects, including addiction and imbalances. Fortunately, there are numerous natural ways to stimulate the brain’s reward system without harmful consequences. By engaging in physical activity, social interaction, mental engagement, (...) class='Hi'>deep faith, and spiritual practices, individuals can optimize their brain chemistry for long-term health and happiness. -/- Exercise: A Natural Mood Booster -/- One of the most effective ways to enhance brain function is through regular physical activity. Exercise has been shown to increase dopamine, which plays a key role in motivation and pleasure, while also releasing endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers. Activities such as running, swimming, dancing, and strength training improve both physical and mental well-being by reducing stress and enhancing cognitive function. Engaging in exercise for at least 30–60 minutes daily provides lasting benefits, including improved focus, resilience to stress, and an overall sense of happiness. -/- Sunlight and Nature: Elevating Mood and Energy -/- Sunlight exposure is another crucial factor in maintaining healthy brain chemistry. Natural sunlight stimulates serotonin production, which is essential for mood regulation and sleep quality. Additionally, spending time in nature, whether through walking, hiking, or gardening, can enhance dopamine release and reduce stress. Just 15–30 minutes of daily sunlight exposure, preferably in the morning, helps regulate the body’s internal clock and promotes a sense of well-being. -/- The Role of Nutrition In Brain Health -/- The brain relies on proper nutrition to produce essential neurotransmitters. A balanced diet rich in protein, healthy fats, and probiotics supports optimal brain function. Foods high in tyrosine, such as eggs, fish, and nuts, help increase dopamine levels. Meanwhile, fermented foods like yogurt and kimchi boost serotonin production through the gut-brain connection. Dark chocolate, especially varieties with 85% cocoa or higher, can also naturally enhance dopamine without the negative effects of processed sugar. By consuming nutrient-dense foods, individuals can maintain stable energy levels and mental clarity. -/- The Power of Deep Faith, Prayer, and Spiritual Practices -/- In addition to physical and social activities, deep faith in God, prayer, and genuine spirituality play a significant role in maintaining a balanced and healthy brain. Faith provides a sense of purpose, hope, and emotional stability, which has been linked to increased serotonin and dopamine levels. Prayer and meditation on spiritual beliefs reduce anxiety, strengthen resilience, and promote inner peace. Studies show that individuals who engage in regular prayer or spiritual reflection experience lower stress levels, enhanced emotional regulation, and a greater sense of gratitude. -/- Attending Mass, Prayers in Mosques or Temples, and Spiritual Gatherings -/- Participating in religious ceremonies, such as attending Mass in a church, praying in a mosque, or meditating in a temple, further enhances mental well-being. Being in a place of worship fosters a sense of belonging, increases oxytocin levels, and reinforces social and spiritual bonds. Engaging in community prayers or religious gatherings provides emotional support, peace of mind, and spiritual fulfillment. -/- Additionally, other spiritual practices, such as reading sacred texts, chanting, lighting candles, or practicing mindfulness rituals, can have profound effects on brain chemistry. These practices help align the mind with positive thoughts, reducing stress and increasing happiness. Spiritual music, hymns, or reciting mantras can also boost dopamine and serotonin, creating a calming and uplifting effect. -/- A person who practices faith, gratitude, and meditation on divine wisdom cultivates a more balanced mind, making them less susceptible to depression and anxiety. Just as physical exercise strengthens the body, spiritual devotion strengthens the mind and soul, leading to a more fulfilling and meaningful life. -/- The Power of Social Connection and Kindness -/- Humans are inherently social beings, and positive interactions play a crucial role in brain chemistry. Spending time with loved ones, engaging in deep conversations, and acts of kindness all trigger the release of oxytocin, the “bonding hormone.” Simple actions such as giving compliments, hugging, or helping others contribute to increased dopamine and serotonin levels. Developing strong social relationships and practicing kindness regularly can create a lasting sense of fulfillment and emotional balance. -/- Meditation and Mindfulness: Rewiring the Brain for Positivity -/- Another powerful way to naturally stimulate beneficial brain chemicals is through meditation and mindfulness practices. Studies have shown that regular meditation enhances dopamine and serotonin levels, reducing stress and increasing focus. Simple techniques such as deep breathing, gratitude journaling, and positive affirmations help rewire the brain to adopt a more positive outlook on life. Practicing just 10–20 minutes of meditation daily can lead to long-term improvements in emotional stability and cognitive performance. -/- Music and Creativity: Fueling the Brain’s Reward System -/- Music has a profound effect on brain chemistry. Listening to uplifting music or playing an instrument increases dopamine production, creating a sense of pleasure and motivation. Similarly, engaging in creative activities such as painting, writing, or crafting provides a natural dopamine boost, enhancing problem-solving skills and reducing anxiety. Incorporating creative pursuits into daily life fosters mental agility and a deeper sense of satisfaction. -/- The Importance of Sleep and Relaxation -/- Sleep plays a vital role in restoring brain function and maintaining healthy neurotransmitter levels. During deep sleep, the brain replenishes dopamine and serotonin, regulating emotions and cognitive abilities. Poor sleep patterns, especially those disrupted by screen exposure before bedtime, can negatively impact mood and concentration. A consistent sleep schedule of 7–9 hours per night, combined with relaxing bedtime rituals, ensures optimal brain health and emotional resilience. -/- Laughter and Play: A Natural Antidepressant -/- Laughter is often called “the best medicine” for a reason—it triggers the release of dopamine, endorphins, and oxytocin, creating a powerful sense of happiness and connection. Watching comedies, sharing jokes with friends, or engaging in playful activities such as games and sports can significantly boost mental well-being. Cultivating a sense of humor and embracing playfulness in daily life is a simple yet effective way to maintain emotional balance. -/- Conclusion -/- By incorporating exercise, sunlight, proper nutrition, deep faith in God, prayers, attending religious gatherings, social interaction, mindfulness, music, sleep, and laughter into daily routines, individuals can optimize their brain chemistry without the risks associated with artificial stimulants. These natural dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, and endorphin boosters not only improve mental health but also contribute to long-term cognitive function and life satisfaction. -/- In a world increasingly dominated by quick fixes and instant gratification, returning to natural, sustainable habits is the key to a healthier and happier mind. Faith in God, prayer, and attending spiritual gatherings provide deeper emotional resilience, purpose, and inner peace, making them essential elements of a well-balanced life. By embracing both the physical and spiritual aspects of well-being, individuals can experience true harmony of the mind, body, and soul. -/- . (shrink)

As with so many mystics, Alexis karpouzos intuitively know the oneness of cosmic creation and historic humanity as part of all that is and all there isn't. So, the originality of Alexis Karpouzos thought is that it crosses the most diverse fields, the most opposing philosophies, to unite them into an often contradictory and broken whole. Marx and Heidegger, Nietzsche, Freud and Heraclitus, poets and political theorists all come together in the same distance and the same unusual proximity. Alexis karpouzos (...) use Pre-Socratics philosophy and generally the ancient Greek philosophy, as well as the pre-philosophical thinking of The Upanishads, the Vedas and Buddhism in India, of Lao Tzu, of Zen Buddhism and the Taoist tradition in China, of the Arab mystics and poets, with their metaphysical religiosity as the metaphysical basis for the interpretation and understanding of the world and existence. At the same time the ancient metaphysics is connect with Hegel’s dialectical ontology and with the modern thinking of Marx, Nietzsche, Freud, Heidegger, and others as the interpretive context for understanding the central problems of the technical and scientific world during his time. Novalis, Hölderlin, Rimbaud, Whitman, Eliot and others show the dreamy nature of existence, the transcendence of the Cosmos, welcome the infinity. For Alexis karpouzos the combination of ancient and modern thought creates the holistic experience of universal space-time and the consciousness of the unity. The poetic thought of Alexis karpouzos is a expressions of soul's inner experiences, expression of universality. The inspiring visual images and the symbolic use of language offer a description of elevating experiences of consciousness, a glimpse of higher worlds. The philosophy of Alexis karpouzos speak to the human experience from a universal perspective, transcending all religions, cultural and national boundaries. Using vivid images and a direct language that speaks to the heart, his philosophy evokes a sense of deep communication with the collective unconscious, a sense of connection to all the creatures of the world, compassion for others, admiration for the beauty of nature, reverence for all life, and an abiding faith in the invisible touch of world. Alexis karpouzos thoughts are often terse and paradoxical, challenging us to to break out of the box of limiting beliefs and see things from a new perspective. Above all, Alexis karpouzos continually calls to us to wake up and explore the mysteries within our own selves, i.e the mysteries of universe. (shrink)

How to Naturally Increase Pleasure-Boosting Brain Chemicals & Their Impact on Mental Health -/- To enhance well-being, it’s important to balance the brain’s pleasure chemicals. Below is a guide on how to naturally increase each neurotransmitter and what happens when there’s an imbalance. -/- 1. Dopamine (Motivation & Reward) -/- How to Boost Naturally: -/- ✔ Set and achieve small goals → Triggers a dopamine “reward” response. ✔ Engage in enjoyable activities (e.g., hobbies, learning new skills). ✔ Eat dopamine-boosting foods: (...) Bananas, dark chocolate, almonds, green tea. ✔ Exercise regularly (boosts dopamine and endorphins). ✔ Listen to music (stimulates the reward system). -/- Effects of Dopamine Imbalance: -/- ???? Too Low: Leads to lack of motivation, depression, fatigue, and anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure). Often seen in Parkinson’s disease and ADHD. ???? Too High: Can lead to addictive behaviors, impulsivity, and even psychosis (as seen in schizophrenia). -/- 2. Serotonin (Happiness & Mood Stabilization) -/- How to Boost Naturally: -/- ✔ Get sunlight exposure (stimulates serotonin production). ✔ Eat serotonin-boosting foods: Salmon, eggs, nuts, seeds, and complex carbs. ✔ Engage in social activities (boosts serotonin and oxytocin). ✔ Meditation, deep breathing, and prayer increase serotonin. -/- Effects of Serotonin Imbalance: -/- ???? Too Low: Depression, anxiety, irritability, sleep issues. Linked to seasonal affective disorder (SAD). ???? Too High: Can cause excessive calmness, serotonin syndrome (dangerous condition with confusion, high blood pressure). -/- 3. Oxytocin (Love, Trust & Bonding) -/- How to Boost Naturally: -/- ✔ Physical touch (hugs, cuddling, holding hands). ✔ Social bonding (spending time with loved ones, group prayer, communal worship). ✔ Petting animals (boosts oxytocin and lowers stress). ✔ Acts of kindness (helping others raises oxytocin). -/- Effects of Oxytocin Imbalance: -/- ???? Too Low: Can lead to loneliness, difficulty forming relationships, and higher stress levels. ???? Too High: May cause overattachment or excessive trust in untrustworthy people. -/- 4. Endorphins (Euphoria & Pain Relief) -/- How to Boost Naturally: -/- ✔ Exercise (runner’s high from intense workouts). ✔ Laughter (watching comedy, sharing jokes). ✔ Eating spicy foods and dark chocolate. ✔ Listening to music, dancing, or singing. -/- Effects of Endorphin Imbalance: -/- ???? Too Low: Increased pain sensitivity, depression, chronic stress. ???? Too High: Rare in natural conditions but can create dependence on activities that trigger endorphins (e.g., thrill-seeking behavior). -/- 5. Endocannabinoids (Bliss & Relaxation) -/- How to Boost Naturally: -/- ✔ Meditation, yoga, and deep breathing. ✔ Aerobic exercise (long runs or cycling). ✔ Eating omega-3 rich foods (fish, flaxseeds, walnuts). -/- Effects of Endocannabinoid Imbalance: -/- ???? Too Low: Increased stress, anxiety, poor pain regulation. ???? Too High: Can cause brain fog or lack of motivation. -/- 6. GABA (Calm & Relaxation) -/- How to Boost Naturally: -/- ✔ Meditation and mindfulness. ✔ Herbal teas (chamomile, green tea). ✔ Foods rich in magnesium (almonds, spinach, avocados). ✔ Deep breathing exercises. -/- Effects of GABA Imbalance: -/- ???? Too Low: Anxiety, insomnia, panic attacks. ???? Too High: Excessive drowsiness, lack of motivation. -/- 7. Adrenaline & Norepinephrine (Excitement & Alertness) -/- How to Boost Naturally: -/- ✔ Engaging in thrilling activities (sports, dancing, adventure). ✔ Cold showers (boosts norepinephrine). ✔ Challenging yourself with new experiences. -/- Effects of Imbalance: -/- ???? Too Low: Fatigue, lack of focus, low motivation. ???? Too High: Stress, anxiety, high blood pressure. -/- Summary Table: Boosting Pleasure Chemicals Naturally -/- Final Thoughts -/- A balanced lifestyle that includes physical activity, healthy eating, social bonding, meditation, and achieving small goals can optimize pleasure-related brain chemistry. -/- Imbalances in these chemicals can lead to mental health issues like depression, anxiety, addiction, or excessive stress. -/- Religious and spiritual activities like prayer, meditation, communal worship, and gratitude practices naturally boost serotonin, dopamine, oxytocin, and GABA. -/- . (shrink)

Balancing Ritual and Personal Growth: The Key to Spiritual and Societal Harmony -/- Throughout history, humans have sought meaning, guidance, and connection through both structured rituals and personal spiritual growth. Religious ceremonies, such as Mass or collective worship, provide a sense of tradition, belonging, and ethical reinforcement. At the same time, true spiritual transformation often requires individual reflection, self-awareness, and a deep understanding of moral principles beyond external practices. This balance between ritual and personal growth is not only vital (...) in spirituality but also in other areas of life, such as education, leadership, and societal development. -/- The role of Religious Rituals in Creating Harmony -/- Religious rituals serve as a foundation for unity, stability, and peace within communities. The structured nature of worship—through prayer, music, sermons, and symbolic acts—offers individuals a sense of belonging and a connection to a higher purpose. Rituals can provide psychological comfort, especially during difficult times, reinforcing faith and resilience. Furthermore, religious ceremonies often promote moral and ethical values, encouraging kindness, forgiveness, and compassion among followers. -/- However, for religious rituals to truly create harmony, they must be practiced with an inclusive and open spirit. If rituals become rigid, mechanical, or exclusionary, they can lose their transformative power and, in some cases, lead to division rather than unity. When people engage in religious practices without understanding their deeper meaning, the rituals become mere formalities rather than tools for personal and collective growth. -/- The Importance of Personal Spiritual Growth -/- While religious rituals provide structure, personal spiritual growth ensures that individuals internalize and embody their faith’s core teachings. True spirituality is not just about attending services or following traditions but about cultivating wisdom, self-awareness, and moral integrity. Through personal reflection, meditation, and conscious decision-making, individuals deepen their understanding of their beliefs and apply them meaningfully in their daily lives. -/- Spiritual growth allows people to adapt to changing realities, fostering an open-minded and compassionate approach to life. Instead of blindly following rituals, a person with deep spiritual awareness understands the purpose behind them and integrates them into their moral and ethical framework. This balance between external practice and internal wisdom leads to genuine peace and harmony, both within the self and within society. -/- The Same Principle in Education and Leadership -/- The balance between structure and personal growth is not limited to spirituality—it applies to education, leadership, and other aspects of life. In education, structured learning systems provide knowledge, but true understanding comes when students actively engage with ideas, think critically, and apply what they learn. Memorizing facts alone is not enough; education must encourage independent thought, creativity, and lifelong learning. -/- Similarly, in leadership, rules, policies, and traditions offer stability and order, but effective leaders must also adapt, think critically, and connect with people on a deeper level. A leader who follows rigid traditions without personal insight may fail to address new challenges, while a leader who focuses solely on personal instincts without structure may create instability. The most effective leadership balances institutional wisdom with individual growth and adaptability. -/- Achieving a Harmonious Balance -/- To create a world of true harmony, both on a spiritual and societal level, we must integrate the benefits of structured rituals and personal growth. Rituals offer stability, shared values, and tradition, while personal growth ensures that these traditions remain meaningful, relevant, and adaptable. -/- When religious practices, education, and leadership embrace both structured learning and independent wisdom, individuals and societies can thrive. The challenge is not choosing between ritual and personal growth but finding the right balance where both reinforce each other. A world that understands and applies this principle will be more peaceful, resilient, and enlightened. -/- . (shrink)

Received traditions of Prajñāpāramitā interpretation embrace a hermeneutic in which truth and falsehood are one and the same. This philosophy has deep roots in Indian Buddhism, and it gained prominence in Europe and her colonies through the writings of D. T. Suzuki and his devotee, Edward Conze. It is relatively easy to show that the “contradictions” that form the main axiom of their reading are the result of misunderstanding the texts they relied on. Having done this I discuss a (...) new way of understanding Prajñāpāramitā which shifts the emphasis towards an epistemological reading along the lines of Sue Hamilton’s epistemic approach to Pāli texts. I show how Prajñāpāramitā makes sense in relation to a particular type of meditation practice that aimed to bring about the cessation of sensory experience leaving the meditator in a state of contentless awareness which early Buddhists called suññatāvihāra, “dwelling in [the] absence [of sensory experience].”. (shrink)

On the Philosophy of Our Moment. The relationship between philosophy and its history has been—and still is—a topic that calls for not only an extensive knowledge of sources and traditions, but also a deep reflective exercise in which historiography, philology, and the philosophical review of philosophy itself complement one another in an interrelated whole. In this text I propose to meditate on the modalities that today can have as a framework in which philosophy develops and, at the same time, (...) as a point of departure for a philosophy of “this moment.” The present, contemporariness, the philosophy of our time, current philosophy and the philosophical avant–garde cannot be understood as synonyms because each term situates itself differently in the circumstances. The philosophy of today can be a topic of interest for Latin America, a region with a vocation and realities that are very different from those of Europe. (shrink)

Understanding the autonomic nervous system and homeostatic changes associated with emotions remains a major challenge for neuroscientists and a fundamental prerequisite to treat anxiety, stress, and emotional disorders. Based on recent publications, the inter-relationship between respiration and emotions and the influence of respiration on autonomic changes, and subsequent widespread membrane potential changes resulting from changes in homeostasis are discussed. We hypothesize that reversing homeostatic alterations with meditation and breathing techniques rather than targeting neurotransmitters with medication may be a superior (...) method to address the whole body changes that occur in stress, anxiety, and depression. Detrimental effects of stress, negative emotions, and sympathetic dominance of the autonomic nervous system have been shown to be counteracted by different forms of meditation, relaxation, and breathing techniques. We propose that these breathing techniques could be used as firstline and supplemental treatments for stress, anxiety, depression, and some emotional disorders. (shrink)

On their way to the essential, the metaphysical explorations will always col-lide with the chimera of false names applied by the daily superficiality on ob-vious realities. The fact of trying to extinguish the opposition between these names, to neutralize the gnoseological blockage and the censorship required by them means to assume the approach of cutting through the wall of appear-ances. Only beyond such limits lay the plains of the philosophical medita¬tion, with the extension of liberties leading towards the ideality of (...) wisdom. Dealing with the appearance represents the propaedeutic preparatory impact for subsequent revivals of the analytical gaze into the endless universe of deep existential meanings. The refusal of the misleading superficial image and the breaking of the outer appearance which proposes an illusion instead of the truth opens, for the contemplative consciousness, the horizon of the being hidden beyond any appearance, with the thinker being like a skilled diver passing through the gulf of the billows in order to descended into the quiet depths of limitless fluids. Thus, the philosophical meditation is often intended to be a careful and lucid penetration through the bustle of daily ap¬pearances to the abyss of fully eclipsed truths, a reminder, a removal from oblivion of these hidden certainties. This paper aims to bring together several attempts to follow the path of the notional abstract dives, wishing the projec¬tion in the soil of that beyond obstructed by appearance. In light of these trials, the issues of death, of the verb to love, of nostalgia, of the prophetic mission, of the melancholic revolt, of the interpretation of artistic instances, of the poetic unfulfillment or of idolatry must be viewed in their ontic nudity, removing the misleading garments, the artificial masks and titles imposed through the triviality of the daily profanity. The fact of getting through and overcoming the image, the common opinion about such an issue appears to be the beginning of the journey towards its true founder, the first step of the meditative and convulsive progression towards the abyss which sustains and carries it. Being active in this crepuscular zone that tensedly reunites the gloomy appearances and the bright founder lights, the thinker’s hermeneutic role is limited here to the notification of falsehood of certain everyday per¬spectives on existential phenomena and to the rediscovery of the authentic names that belong to each of these phenomena. Only by evoking their real names, they will answer the human call from the overflow of their telluric holiness. (shrink)

On their way to the essential, the metaphysical explorations will always col-lide with the chimera of false names applied by the daily superficiality on ob-vious realities. The fact of trying to extinguish the opposition between these names, to neutralize the gnoseological blockage and the censorship required by them means to assume the approach of cutting through the wall of appear-ances. Only beyond such limits lay the plains of the philosophical medita¬tion, with the extension of liberties leading towards the ideality of (...) wisdom. Dealing with the appearance represents the propaedeutic preparatory impact for subsequent revivals of the analytical gaze into the endless universe of deep existential meanings. The refusal of the misleading superficial image and the breaking of the outer appearance which proposes an illusion instead of the truth opens, for the contemplative consciousness, the horizon of the being hidden beyond any appearance, with the thinker being like a skilled diver passing through the gulf of the billows in order to descended into the quiet depths of limitless fluids. Thus, the philosophical meditation is often intended to be a careful and lucid penetration through the bustle of daily ap¬pearances to the abyss of fully eclipsed truths, a reminder, a removal from oblivion of these hidden certainties. This paper aims to bring together several attempts to follow the path of the notional abstract dives, wishing the projec¬tion in the soil of that beyond obstructed by appearance. In light of these trials, the issues of death, of the verb to love, of nostalgia, of the prophetic mission, of the melancholic revolt, of the interpretation of artistic instances, of the poetic unfulfillment or of idolatry must be viewed in their ontic nudity, removing the misleading garments, the artificial masks and titles imposed through the triviality of the daily profanity. The fact of getting through and overcoming the image, the common opinion about such an issue appears to be the beginning of the journey towards its true founder, the first step of the meditative and convulsive progression towards the abyss which sustains and carries it. Being active in this crepuscular zone that tensedly reunites the gloomy appearances and the bright founder lights, the thinker’s hermeneutic role is limited here to the notification of falsehood of certain everyday per¬spectives on existential phenomena and to the rediscovery of the authentic names that belong to each of these phenomena. Only by evoking their real names, they will answer the human call from the overflow of their telluric holiness. (shrink)

Istopadesa by Acarya Pujyapada is a concise work of 51 didactic verses leading the reader from the empirical to the transcendental, from the mundane to the sublime, through an experiential process of self-realization, rather than through a metaphysical study of the soul-nature. Concise but deep in import, Istopadesa unambiguously establishes the glory of the Self. It is an essential reading for the ascetic. The householder too who ventures to study it stands to benefit much as the work establishes the (...) futility of the worldly objects and pursuits, and strengthens right faith, the basis for all that is good and virtuous. (shrink)

The design process in Kashmiri carpet weaving is distributed over a number of actors and artifacts and is mediated by a weaving notation called talim. The script encodes entire design in practice-specific symbols. This encoded script is decoded and interpreted via design-specific conventions by weavers to weave the design embedded in it. The cognitive properties of this notational system are described in the paper employing cognitive dimensions (CDs) framework of Green (People and computers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989) and Blackwell (...) et al. (Cognitive technology: instruments of mind—CT 2001, LNAI 2117, Springer, Berlin, 2001). After introduction to the practice, the design process is described in ‘The design process’ section which includes coding and decoding of talim. In ‘Cognitive dimensions of talim’ section, after briefly discussing CDs framework, the specific cognitive dimensions possessed by talim are described in detail. (shrink)

This study examines how global readers evaluate Wild Wise Weird: The Kingfisher Story Collection and focuses on the book’s impact on readers’ learning and thinking. Wild Wise Weird is a collection of short fables centered on a character called the Kingfisher, originally written in Vietnamese and later made available to international audiences (Wild Wise Weird | Goodreads). The book’s author explicitly aimed to introduce readers around the world to snippets of Vietnamese culture through humorous storytelling, while also providing “food for (...) thought” about human values. Given this dual focus on cultural insight and reflection, the reception of the book by readers from different cultural backgrounds provides a rich ground for research. (shrink)

Existing studies of the multi-group dynamics of prejudiced societies focus on the social- psychological knowledge behind the relevant processes. We instead create a multi-agent framework that simulates the propagation of prejudice and measures its tangible impact on prosperity. Levels of prosperity are tracked for individuals as well as larger social structures including groups and factions. We model social interactions using the Continuous Prisoner's Dilemma (CPD) and a new agent type called a prejudiced agent. Our simulations show that even modeling prejudice (...) as an exclusively out-group phenomenon nonetheless generates implicit in-group promotion, leading to higher relative prosperity of a prejudiced population. This skew in prosperity is seen to be correlated to factors such as size difference between groups, and the fraction of prejudiced agents in a group. Our model is a step towards a deeper understanding of the origins, propagation, and ramifications of prejudice through simulative studies grounded in apt theoretical backgrounds. (shrink)

If this can be seen as a long way from the beginning of the ancient history, where humans have envisioned different new things and then invented them to make their life’s working smoother and easier, then it can be found that they have attributed their discoveries to various aspects and names of Gods and tried to signify their belief in the form of portraying the God’s powers through the nature of their discovery. Rather, in much modern times, when humans have (...) developed the natural insights and prorated those in the form of a much more logically biased discovery, then, the atheists have started to dominate the scientific arena for their foreplay in the work of their discoveries. However, as time passes by, five special types of research communities have gathered to allocate their discovered data’s in the respective norms as such, i) Atheists to whom, there is in essence no God and nothing in this universe can be attributed to them. ii) Believer of only one God as a whole, where the principle of religious biasing is effluent and supreme in their regards of the physical laws associated with the life and stimuli, iii) Believer of multiple God’s as a whole which poses no such scientific evaluation but can be thought of as a conjugate mechanism for the creator of the universe, iv) A divine supreme, where there is exactly no God, but the whole universe is a manifestation of the nature, where nature indirectly focuses the presence of God’s or the supreme creator that maintains symmetry and working of the universe, v) The not-so-sure about mechanism of the God’s presence, where the researcher sometimes tends to belief in God when something magical happens and attribute all to their divine grace, or in times of failures where they accused them for not being philosophically intrinsic as to their own needs, and in times with the believe that, ‘we won’t believe what we can’t see!’, either in the middle of the good or bad moments or in general in a casual and carefree mode. But, this should be kept in mind, that, the Eastern mysticism has always signifies God’s action in terms of every scientific actions with a proper mythological essence which when accompanied by knowledge produces something so scientific in the ancient of the days, that modern day researchers also have had no options left than to attribute affirmation to the fantastic achievements in the ‘so’ ancient times discovery with a strict modern effluence. Therefore, to model this paper, I have gathered data’s and ideas from researchers of various fields mostly (PhDs) in their respective discipline, so as to emulate their minds in the norms of God and its associated beliefs. (shrink)

This article describes various ways actors in Kashmiri carpet weaving practice deploy a range of artifacts, from symbolic, to material, to hybrid, in order to achieve diverse cognitive accomplishments in their particular task domains: information representation, inter and intra-domain communication, distribution of cognitive labor across people and time, coordination of team activities, and carrying of cultural heritage. In this repertoire, some artifacts position themselves as naïve tools in the actors’ environment to the point of being ignored; however, their usage-in-context unfolds (...) their cognitive involvement in the tasks. These usages-in-context are shown through artifact analysis of their routine, improvised, and opportunistic uses, where cognitive artifacts like talim—the central artifact of this practice—are shown to play not only multifunctional roles beyond representation, but are also complemented by trade-specific skills bearing strong cognitive implications in a task. (shrink)

The design process in Kashmiri carpet weaving is a distributed process encompassing a number of actors and artifacts. These include a designer called naqash who creates the design on graphs, and a coder called talim-guru who encodes that design in a specific notation called talim which is deciphered and interpreted by the weavers to weave the design. The technological interventions over the years have influenced these artifacts considerably and triggered major changes in the practice, from heralding profound cognitive accomplishments in (...) manually driven design process causing major alterations in the overall structure of the practice. The recent intervention is by the digital technology: on the one hand, it has brought precision and speedy processing in the design process, and on the other, it has eliminated some of the crucial actors from the practice. This paper, which forms part of a larger study on the situated and distributed cognitive process in Kashmiri carpet-weaving practice, describes the technological makeover of the design artifacts involved in this practice over the years and their resultant cognitive impact on the design process as well as on the practice. (shrink)

Disagreements that resist rational resolution, often termed “deep disagreements”, have been the focus of much work in epistemology and informal logic. In this paper, I argue that they also deserve the attention of philosophers of mathematics. I link the question of whether there can be deep disagreements in mathematics to a more familiar debate over whether there can be revolutions in mathematics. I propose an affirmative answer to both questions, using the controversy over Shinichi Mochizuki’s work on the (...) abc conjecture as a potential example of both phenomena. I conclude by investigating the prospects for the resolution of mathematical deep disagreements in virtue-theoretic approaches to informal logic and mathematical practice. (shrink)

Abstract: A corn crop typically refers to a large-scale cultivation of corn (also known as maize) for commercial purposes such as food production, animal feed, and industrial uses. Corn is one of the most widely grown crops in the world, and it is a major staple food for many cultures. Corn crops are grown in various regions of the world with different climates, soil types, and farming practices. In the United States, for example, the Midwest is known as the "Corn (...) Belt" due to its extensive corn production. Corn crops can be grown using a variety of methods, including conventional tillage, no-till farming, and the use of genetically modified crops. Due to its importance, there is a need for discovering the corn diseases and treating them. The aim of this study is to propose a deep learning model for the classification of corn leaf diseases based on Convolutional Neural Network. A model for classifying maize diseases was developed using a dataset for classifying Corn diseases that contains 4 classes of disease. The dataset was collected from Keggel website. The proposed model was trained, validated, and tested. The F1-score (99.83%), Recall (99.83%), precision (99.83%), Accuracy (99.83%). (shrink)

In recent years, the scientific study of meditation and psychedelic drugs has seen remarkable developments. The increased focus on meditation in cognitive neuroscience has led to a cross-cultural classification of standard meditation styles validated by functional and structural neuroanatomical data. Meanwhile, the renaissance of psychedelic research has shed light on the neurophysiology of altered states of consciousness induced by classical psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, whose effects are mainly mediated by agonism of serotonin receptors. Few attempts (...) have been made at bridging these two domains of inquiry, despite intriguing evidence of overlap between the phenomenology and neurophysiology of meditation practice and psychedelic states. In particular, many contemplative traditions explicitly aim at dissolving the sense of self by eliciting altered states of consciousness through meditation, while classical psychedelics are known to produce significant disruptions of self-consciousness, a phenomenon known as drug-induced ego dissolution. In this article, we discuss available evidence regarding convergences and differences between phenomenological and neurophysiological data on meditation practice and psychedelic drug-induced states, with a particular emphasis on alterations of self-experience. While both meditation and psychedelics may disrupt self-consciousness and underlying neural processes, we emphasize that neither meditation nor psychedelic states can be conceived as simple, uniform categories. Moreover, we suggest that there are important phenomenological differences even between conscious states described as experiences of self-loss. As a result, we propose that self-consciousness may be best construed as a multidimensional construct, and that “self-loss,” far from being an unequivocal phenomenon, can take several forms. Indeed, various aspects of self-consciousness, including narrative aspects linked to autobiographical memory, self-related thoughts and mental time travel, and embodied aspects rooted in multisensory processes, may be differently affected by psychedelics and meditation practices. Finally, we consider long-term outcomes of experiences of self-loss induced by meditation and psychedelics on individual traits and prosocial behavior. We call for caution regarding the problematic conflation of temporary states of self-loss with “selflessness” as a behavioral or social trait, although there is preliminary evidence that correlations between short-term experiences of self-loss and long-term trait alterations may exist. (shrink)

Abstract: People all over the world have been drinking tea for thousands of centuries, and for good reason. Many types of teas can help you stay healthy by boosting your immune system, reducing inflammation, and even preventing cancer and heart disease. There is sufficient material to show that regularly consuming tea can improve your health over the long term. A deep learning model that categorizes tea disorders has been completed. When focusing on the tea, we must also focus on (...) and take into account the diseases that harm it. The aim of this paper is to diagnose tea diseases based on a dataset containing 8000 picture and 8 classes .The model gave the final accuracy test with an F1-score of 99.41% in an estimated time 3 second, as with these results it proved its effectiveness and good ability in the classification test. (shrink)

Deep brain stimulation has been of considerable interest to bioethicists, in large part because of the effects that the intervention can occasionally have on central features of the recipient’s personality. These effects raise questions regarding the philosophical concept of authenticity. In this article, we expand on our earlier work on the concept of authenticity in the context of deep brain stimulation by developing a diachronic, value-based account of authenticity. Our account draws on both existentialist and essentialist approaches to (...) authenticity, and Laura Waddell Ekstrom’s coherentist approach to personal autonomy. In developing our account, we respond to Sven Nyholm and Elizabeth O’Neill’s synchronic approach to authenticity, and explain how the diachronic approach we defend can have practical utility, contrary to Alexandre Erler and Tony Hope’s criticism of autonomy-based approaches to authenticity. Having drawn a distinction between the authenticity of an individual’s traits and the authenticity of that person’s values, we consider how our conception of authenticity applies to the context of anorexia nervosa in comparison to other prominent accounts of authenticity. We conclude with some reflections on the prudential value of authenticity, and by highlighting how the language of authenticity can be invoked to justify covert forms of paternalism that run contrary to the value of individuality that seems to be at the heart of authenticity. (shrink)

This paper constructs a model of metaphysical indeterminacy that can accommodate a kind of ‘deep’ worldly indeterminacy that arguably arises in quantum mechanics via the Kochen-Specker theorem, and that is incompatible with prominent theories of metaphysical indeterminacy such as that in Barnes and Williams (2011). We construct a variant of Barnes and Williams's theory that avoids this problem. Our version builds on situation semantics and uses incomplete, local situations rather than possible worlds to build a model. We evaluate the (...) resulting theory and contrast it with similar alternatives, concluding that our model successfully captures deep indeterminacy. (shrink)

Deep learning algorithms are rapidly changing the way in which audiovisual media can be produced. Synthetic audiovisual media generated with deep learning—often subsumed colloquially under the label “deepfakes”—have a number of impressive characteristics; they are increasingly trivial to produce, and can be indistinguishable from real sounds and images recorded with a sensor. Much attention has been dedicated to ethical concerns raised by this technological development. Here, I focus instead on a set of issues related to the notion of (...) synthetic audiovisual media, its place within a broader taxonomy of audiovisual media, and how deep learning techniques differ from more traditional approaches to media synthesis. After reviewing important etiological features of deep learning pipelines for media manipulation and generation, I argue that “deepfakes” and related synthetic media produced with such pipelines do not merely offer incremental improvements over previous methods, but challenge traditional taxonomical distinctions, and pave the way for genuinely novel kinds of audiovisual media. (shrink)

Deep disagreements are characteristically resistant to rational resolution. This paper explores the contribution a virtue theoretic approach to argumentation can make towards settling the practical matter of what to do when confronted with apparent deep disagreement, with particular attention to the virtue of courage.

While philosophers of mind have devoted abundant time and attention to questions of content and consciousness, philosophical questions about the nature and scope of mental action have been relatively neglected. Galen Strawson’s account of mental action, arguably the most well-known extant account, holds that cognitive mental action consists in triggering the delivery of content to one’s field of consciousness. However, Strawson fails to recognize several distinct types of mental action that might not reduce to triggering content delivery. In this paper, (...) we argue that meditation provides a useful model for understanding a wider range of types of mental action than heretofore recognized. Conclusions yielded by two distinct bodies of current psychological research on meditation and cognition, and meditation and introspection, buttress meditation’s suitability for this role. (shrink)

Abstract : Background: Vegetable agriculture is very important to human continued existence and remains a key driver of many economies worldwide, especially in underdeveloped and developing economies. Objectives: There is an increasing demand for food and cash crops, due to the increasing in world population and the challenges enforced by climate modifications, there is an urgent need to increase plant production while reducing costs. Methods: In this paper, Lemon classification approach is presented with a dataset that contains approximately 2,000 images (...) belong to 3 species at a few developing phases. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithms, a deep learning technique extensively applied to image recognition was used, for this task. The results: found that CNN-driven lemon classification applications when used in farming automation have the latent to enhance crop harvest and improve output and productivity when designed properly. The trained model achieved an accuracy of 99.48% on a held-out test set, demonstrating the feasibility of this approach. (shrink)

A paper of Roger Crisp’s four years ago contained arguments that seemed to imply that having deep personal relationships does not constitute an element of well‐being. The lesson to draw from that paper of Crisp’s, according to a recent journal article of mine, is that one’s having a deep personal relationship does constitute an element of one’s well‐being on condition that one’s affection for the other person is merited. Crisp’s paper earlier in this issue of Ratio responds to (...) my arguments. Here I reply to new questions that Crisp poses or provokes. (shrink)

I argue for a possible Buddhist theory of free will that combines Frankfurt's hierarchical analysis of meta-volitional/volitional accord with elements of the Buddhist eightfold path that prescribe that Buddhist aspirants cultivate meta-volitional wills that promote the mental freedom that culminates in enlightenment, as well as a causal/functional analysis of how Buddhist meditative methodology not only plausibly makes that possible, but in ways that may be applied to undermine Galen Strawson's impossibility argument, along with most of the other major arguments for (...) free will skepticism. (shrink)

Throughout the history of philosophy, ethics has often been a source of guidance on how to live a meaningful life. Accordingly, when the ethical foundations of mindfulness are considered, an important question arises concerning the role of meditation in providing meaning. The present article proposes a new theoretical route for understanding the links between mindfulness meditation and meaningfulness by employing the terminology of Susan Wolf’s contemporary philosophical account of a meaningful life. It opens by examining the question of (...) what kinds of life-meanings are made available by Buddhist doctrine, considering the two alternatives of a cosmic, human-independent meaning of life versus the subjective meanings that humans give to their individual lives. After surveying current psychological theories that aim to explain the correlation between mindfulness as a trait and meaning in life, all of which see mindfulness as a mediating factor in the production of meaning, I argue that Wolf’s framework offers a promising theoretical basis for clarifying the relationship between mindfulness and meaning in that it explains why mindfulness has a direct bearing on meaning in life. I then show that mindfulness meditation, as understood in Buddhism, can respond to some of the philosophical worries that arise from Wolf’s theory, specifically her concern with the standards for securing the objective value of meaningful activities and projects. My claim is that mindfulness meditation is representative of a broader class of activities that are non-subjectively valuable insofar as they are required for any exploration of objective meaning or standards of values, as well as for engagement in objectively valuable projects and activities. (shrink)

Meditations. A meditation is a voluntary exercise intended to increase awareness, sustained over some time. The main purpose of the present Meditations is to inspire and assist readers to practice meditation of some sort, and in particular ‘sitting meditation’. This includes practices such as: observing the mechanisms of one’s thinking, stopping unnecessary thought, forgetting things about one’s self and one’s life that are irrelevant to the current effort of meditation, dealing with distractions, becoming aware of one’s (...) breath, being here and now. After such practice for some time, one gets to realize the value of meditation, and one’s commitment to it grows. The need for behavioral improvement becomes more and more obvious, and one finds it easy and natural to put more discipline into one’s life. Various recommendations are given in this regard. Prior to such practical guidance, so as to prepare the reader for it, the book reviews the theoretical teachings relating to meditation in the main traditions of mankind. The ultimate goals of meditation, the various methods or techniques used to achieve them, the experiential results of meditation, and the interpretations given to them, are topics treated here. (shrink)

Default logic has been a very active research topic in artificial intelligence since the early 1980s, but has not received as much attention in the philosophical literature thus far. This paper shows one way in which the technical tools of artificial intelligence can be applied in contemporary epistemology by modeling a paradigmatic case of deep disagreement using default logic. In §1 model-building viewed as a kind of philosophical progress is briefly motivated, while §2 introduces the case of deep (...) disagreement we aim to model. On the heels of this, §3 defines our formal framework, viz., a refined Horty-style default logic. §4 then uses the framework to model deep disagreement, and finally §5 provides a critical discussion of the result. (shrink)

Under the current Mental Health Act of England and Wales, it is lawful to perform deep brain stimulation in the absence of consent and independent approval. We argue against the Care Quality Commission's preferred strategy of addressing this problematic issue, and offer recommendations for deep brain stimulation-specific provisions in a revised Mental Health Act.

This paper interprets Ortega y Gasset’s Meditations on Hunting (1972) through the concept of cognitive scaffolding in order to analyse the relationship between hunter and hunting dog as a form of inter-species distributed cognitive system. In recreational hunting, the hunter and the dog engage in a reciprocal process of mutual cognitive scaffolding that transforms both their capacities. It is further argued that this scaffolding also serves as a means of affective regulation, and that it is the affective rather than the (...) cognitive features of the system that point to the function of the scaffolding. Namely, the production of an affective state in the hunter. We detail the ways in which the cognitive and affective features of the scaffold operate and interrelate. We then explore the role of the game-animal in the affective functioning of the scaffold and consider that the hunter-dog system might represent a harmful form of scaffolding. (shrink)

In this paper, I argue that the performance stories in the Zhuangzi, and the Butcher Ding story, emphasize an activity meditation practice that places the performer in a mindfulness flow zone, leading to graceful, efficacious, selfless, spontaneous, and free action. These stories are metaphors showing the reader how to attain a meditative state of focused awareness while acting freely in a flow experience. From my perspective, these metaphors are not about developing practical or technical skills per se. My argument (...) challenges a strict instrumental reading. Although instrumental reasoning can easily lead one to focus on the pragmatic outcomes depicted in these stories (See Eno, “Cook Ding’s Dao;” Callahan, “Cook Ding’s Life;” and Robins, “Beyond Skill”), the proposed pragmatic outcomes are merely a kind of collateral result of effortless, free actions, in the flow experience. The metaphors of Butcher Ding, the Lüliang rapids swimmer, the Wheelwright Bian, the Woodcarver Qing, the cicada catcher, the naked artist and so on are used to show the reader a way to engage in free and graceful action in the flow experience. Zhuangzi is not concerned about developing labour skills. He criticizes such skills; seen below when the Butcher claims to have “… left skill behind …” (進乎技矣) (Graham, Chuang-tzu, 63), and chapter five notes that “… skill is a peddler” (工為商) (Watson, Complete, 75). (shrink)

In this paper, we engage in dialogue with Jonathan Pugh, Hannah Maslen, and Julian Savulescu about how to best interpret the potential impacts of deep brain stimulation on the self. We consider whether ordinary people’s convictions about the true self should be interpreted in essentialist or existentialist ways. Like Pugh et al., we argue that it is useful to understand the notion of the true self as having both essentialist and existentialist components. We also consider two ideas from existentialist (...) philosophy – Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir’s ideas about “bad faith” and “ambiguity” – to argue that there can be value to patients in regarding themselves as having a certain amount of freedom to choose what aspects of themselves should be considered representative of their true selves. Lastly, we consider the case of an anorexia nervosa-patient who shifts between conflicting mind-sets. We argue that mind-sets in which it is easier for the patient and his or her family to share values can plausibly be considered to be more representative of the patient’s true self, if this promotes a well-functioning relationship between the patient and the family. However, we also argue that families are well-advised to give patients room to figure out what such shared values mean to them, since it can be alienating for patients if they feel that others try to impose values on them from the outside. (shrink)