This chapter compares simple predicates of personal taste (PPTs) such as tasty and beautiful with their complex counterparts (eg tastes good, looks beautiful). I argue that the former differ from the latter along two dimensions. Firstly, simple PPTs are individual-level predicates, whereas complex ones are stage-level. Secondly, covert Experiencer arguments of simple PPTs obligatorily receive a generic interpretation; by contrast, the covert Experiencer of a complex PPT can receive a generic, bound variable or referential interpretation. I provide an analysis of (...) these facts based on a novel proposal about the licensing of individual-level predicates (the ‘Licensing Condition on ILPs’). This condition states that all covert pronominal arguments of an individual-level predicate must be bound by the generic operator. Finally, I show that generic construal of the Experiencer is a necessary condition for faultless disagreement. This is evidence in favour of treatments of subjective meaning that appeal to genericity, and against relativism about PPTs. (shrink)

Karl Pearson is the leading figure of XX century statistics. He and his co-workers crafted the core of the theory, methods and language of frequentist or classical statistics – the prevalent inductive logic of contemporary science. However, before working in statistics, K. Pearson had other interests in life, namely, in this order, philosophy, physics, and biological heredity. Key concepts of his philosophical and epistemological system of anti-Spinozism (a form of transcendental idealism) are carried over to his subsequent works (...) on the logic of scientific discovery. This article’s main goal is to analyze K. Pearson early philosophical and theological ideas and to investigate how the same ideas came to influence contemporary science, either directly or indirectly – by the use of variant theories, methods and dialects of statistics, corresponding to variant statistical inference procedures and their specific belief calculi. (shrink)

Standard statistical measures of strength of association, although pioneered by Pearson deliberately to be acausal, nowadays are routinely used to measure causal efficacy. But their acausal origins have left them ill suited to this latter purpose. I distinguish between two different conceptions of causal efficacy, and argue that: 1) Both conceptions can be useful 2) The statistical measures only attempt to capture the first of them 3) They are not fully successful even at this 4) An alternative definition more (...) squarely based on causal thinking not only captures the second conception, it can also capture the first one better too. (shrink)

In this paper, I will provide an interpretation of Foucauldian theoretical understanding on natures of power from sovereign power to biopolitics. In order to give further depth and texture to what he means by biopolitics, I will attempt to connect biopolitics with his earlier work Discipline and Punish. The term ‘biopolitics’ was actually mentioned by Foucault on the last chapter of his History of Sexuality Volume 1: An Introduction, where he also claimed it as a technology of power linked to (...) biopower. Foucault wrote that the highest function of biopolitics is not to kill, but to invest life through and through in the machineries of production. If that is the case, then, biopolitics aims to ensure the longevity, health, and wellness of the social bodies. However, if biopolitics is the politics that safeguard life, how come that the innumerable individuals are situated in dire condition? To answer this question, the work of Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt will be used to understand further the nature of biopolitics and its effects in the social terrain specially in the contemporary society. (shrink)

Despite the financial support that is provided to informal small businesses by the South African government, small businesses struggle to grow. This paper sought to learn the effect of seed funding that is provided by the government on the growth of the informal businesses and the ensuing challenges faced by these businesses. Utilising the quantitative approach, questionnaires were administered to 60 entrepreneurs who received seed funding from the Cape Winelands district municipality. The data was analysed using version 25 of the (...) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Besides, lack of finance due to limited access to financial intermediaries and insufficiency of the seed funds, the results point to instability of businesses, limited access to business space, crime, lack of infrastructure, marketing, coaching and mentoring, business management skills and transport as challenges reported by the respondents. A recommendation is for the government to provide flexible policies that allow them to customise the support that they provide to businesses. (shrink)

The replication crisis has caused researchers to distinguish between exact replications, which duplicate all aspects of a study that could potentially affect the results, and direct replications, which duplicate only those aspects of the study that are thought to be theoretically essential to reproduce the original effect. The replication crisis has also prompted researchers to think more carefully about the possibility of making Type I errors when rejecting null hypotheses. In this context, the present article considers the utility of two (...) types of Type I error probability: the Neyman–Pearson long run Type I error rate and the Fisherian sample-specific Type I error probability. It is argued that the Neyman–Pearson Type I error rate is inapplicable in social science because it refers to a long run of exact replications, and social science deals with irreversible units that make exact replications impossible. Instead, the Fisherian sample-specific Type I error probability is recommended as a more meaningful way to conceptualize false positive results in social science because it can be applied to each sample-specific decision about rejecting the same substantive null hypothesis in a series of direct replications. It is concluded that the replication crisis may be partly due to researchers’ unrealistic expectations about replicability based on their consideration of the Neyman–Pearson Type I error rate across a long run of exact replications. (shrink)

The image of a copy of Praxiteles’ Aphrodite—nude but demurely shielding her pubic region—which adorns the dust cover of Pearson’s superb monograph, Aristotle on Desire</i>), suggests to the casual book buyer that the volume encased therein will explain Aristotle’s thoughts about sexual desire—perhaps as a central part or the paradigm case of his general theory of desire. But the goddess likes being tricky: Aristotle has very little to say about sexual desire (at best it is a subcategory of <i>epithumia</i>, (...) set alongside the desires for eating and drinking and reduced to tactile stimulation), and it is not immediately apparent that he possesses a general theory or account of desire. No doubt, Aristotle discusses many aspects of <i>orexis</i> (Aristotle’s general term for desire) in relationship to human action, in his consideration of the rhetorical manipulation of the emotions, and in his examination of animate motion. But as Pearson notes, neither in Aristotle’s catalog of writings nor in his surviving works is there an Aristotelian <i>peri orexeôs</i>. Pearson’s monograph, which is the “distant descendant” of a Ph.D. completed at Cambridge in 2004, thus is an exercise in detective work which combs through Aristotle’s discussions of desire throughout the corpus (albeit with focus on the ethical treatises, the <i>Rhetoric</i>, and <i>De Anima</i>) in order to reconstruct what a general theory of desire would look like for Aristotle. Pearson does a masterful job at drawing together into a coherent whole many of Aristotle’s scattered remarks about the different aspects of desire and provides a model for textual analysis of philosophically abstruse passages. Along the way, he overturns a number of scholarly orthodoxies (for instance, that Aristotle’s account of <i>thumos</i> retains elements of Platonic <i>thumos</i> or “spiritedness” or that <i>thumos</i> has a unique relationship to the <i>kalon</i> or what is fine) and situates Aristotle’s theory amidst contemporary philosophers of desire such as Thomas Nagle, Thomas Scanlon, and G.F. Schuler. The result is a landmark work of scholarship that scholars working on Aristotle’s moral psychology will need to engage and argue with. Whether the work warrants the adornment of Aphrodite is a question to which I will return in my conclusion. (shrink)

Clive Walter Ingram Pearson was an Australian Existentialist and Religious Studies philosopher who spent his entire profesional career in the University of Auckland Philosophy Department. He was an idiosyncratic teacher and thinker who had a major influence on several contemporary ANZAC philosophers, as well as many hundreds of his students. This article is a tribute to him.

Fisher criticised the Neyman-Pearson approach to hypothesis testing by arguing that it relies on the assumption of “repeated sampling from the same population.” The present article considers the responses to this criticism provided by Pearson and Neyman. Pearson interpreted alpha levels in relation to imaginary replications of the original test. This interpretation is appropriate when test users are sure that their replications will be equivalent to one another. However, by definition, scientific researchers do not possess sufficient knowledge (...) about the relevant and irrelevant aspects of their tests and populations to be sure that their replications will be equivalent to one another. Pearson also interpreted the alpha level as a personal rule that guides researchers’ behavior during hypothesis testing. However, this interpretation fails to acknowledge that the same researcher may use different alpha levels in different testing situations. Addressing this problem, Neyman proposed that the average alpha level adopted by a particular researcher can be viewed as an indicator of that researcher’s typical Type I error rate. Researchers’ average alpha levels may be informative from a metascientific perspective. However, they are not useful from a scientific perspective. Scientists are more concerned with the error rates of specific tests of specific hypotheses, rather than the error rates of their colleagues. It is concluded that neither Neyman nor Pearson adequately rebutted Fisher’s “repeated sampling” criticism. Fisher’s significance testing approach is briefly considered as an alternative to the Neyman-Pearson approach. (shrink)

A common view of how-possibly explanations in biology treats them as explanatorily incomplete. In addition to this interpretation of how-possibly explanation, I argue that there is another interpretation, one which features what I term “explanatory strategies.” This strategy-centered interpretation of how-possibly explanation centers on there being a different explanatory context within which how-possibly explanations are offered. I contend that, in conditions where this strategy context is recognized, how-possibly explanations can be understood as complete explanations. I defend this alternative interpretation by (...) analyzing the explanatory value of simple physical models the nineteenth century developmental biologist Wilhelm His constructed for animal development. (shrink)

Gelman and Loken (2013, 2014) proposed that when researchers base their statistical analyses on the idiosyncratic characteristics of a specific sample (e.g., a nonlinear transformation of a variable because it is skewed), they open up alternative analysis paths in potential replications of their study that are based on different samples (i.e., no transformation of the variable because it is not skewed). These alternative analysis paths count as additional (multiple) tests and, consequently, they increase the probability of making a Type I (...) error during hypothesis testing. The present article considers this forking paths problem and evaluates four potential solutions that might be used in psychology and other fields: (a) adjusting the prespecified alpha level, (b) preregistration, (c) sensitivity analyses, and (d) abandoning the Neyman-Pearson approach. It is concluded that although preregistration and sensitivity analyses are effective solutions to p-hacking, they are ineffective against result-neutral forking paths, such as those caused by transforming data. Conversely, although adjusting the alpha level cannot address p-hacking, it can be effective for result-neutral forking paths. Finally, abandoning the Neyman-Pearson approach represents a further solution to the forking paths problem. (shrink)

Burton Dreben taught a generation of scholars the value of closely attending to the recent philosophical past. But the few papers he authored do little to capture his philosophical voice. In this article, I turn instead to an unpublished transcript of Dreben in conversation with his contemporaries. In addition to yielding insights into a transitional period in W.V. Quine’s and Donald Davidson’s thought, I argue that this document showcases Dreben in his element, revealing the way that he shaped the views (...) of key analytic philosophers. More broadly, I argue that by writing conversationalists like Dreben into our histories we can capture the collaborative nature of philosophy. (shrink)

Arrival offers a useful thought experiment in the philosophy of mind and language. Assessing human linguists' interpretive efforts to understand the alien heptapod form of life in both the movie and the novella from which it was adapted (Ted Chiang’s “Story of Your Life”) teach us how our understanding of selfhood shapes our conception of agency. Arrival’s reflexive commentary on the cinematic experience is also an argument for the value of learning to communicate in cinematic language.

The ethics of immigration is currently marked by a division between realists and idealists. The idealists generally focus on formulating morally ideal immigration policies. The realists, however, tend to dismiss these ideals as far-fetched and infeasible. In contrast to the idealists, the realists seek to resolve pressing practical issues relating to immigration, principally by advancing what they consider to be actionable policy recommendations. In this article, I take issue with this conception of realism. I begin by surveying the way in (...) which it exemplifies what certain political theorists have recently called ‘problem-solving’ realism – a species of realism which they reject as incoherent. These theorists demonstrate that what counts as a ‘feasible’ solution is far harder to establish than most problem-solving realists would have us believe. Applying this general critique to the specific domain of immigration ethics turns out to radically undermine the notion of realism that prevails in this sphere of applied ethics. I conclude that we should therefore revise our conception of what constitutes a genuinely realist approach to the problem of immigration. (shrink)

Recently, the term ‘aphantasia’ has become current in scientific and public discourse to denote the absence of mental imagery. However, new terms for aphantasia or its subgroups have recently been proposed, e.g. ‘dysikonesia’ or ‘anauralia’, which complicates the literature, research communication and understanding for the general public. Before further terms emerge, we advocate the consistent use of the term ‘aphantasia’ as it can be used flexibly and precisely, and is already widely known in the scientific community and among the general (...) public. (shrink)

The two books reviewed here are different efforts to embrace the vast subject called “social thought.” The second edition of The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought, edited by William Outhwaite with Alain Touraine, contains numerous updates; yet it also has some disadvantages compared to the first edition. Social Thought: From the Enlightenment to the Present, edited by Alan Sica, is a bold but controversial attempt at gathering in one anthology as many social thinkers as possible.

There are two motivations commonly ascribed to historical actors for taking up statistics: to reduce complicated data to a mean value (e.g., Quetelet), and to take account of diversity (e.g., Galton). Different motivations will, it is assumed, lead to different methodological decisions in the practice of the statistical sciences. Karl Pearson and W. F. R. Weldon are generally seen as following directly in Galton’s footsteps. I argue for two related theses in light of this standard interpretation, based on a (...) reading of several sources in which Weldon, independently of Pearson, reflects on his own motivations. First, while Pearson does approach statistics from this "Galtonian" perspective, he is, consistent with his positivist philosophy of science, utilizing statistics to simplify the highly variable data of biology. Weldon, on the other hand, is brought to statistics by a rich empiricism and a desire to preserve the diversity of biological data. Secondly, we have here a counterexample to the claim that divergence in motivation will lead to a corresponding separation in methodology. Pearson and Weldon, despite embracing biometry for different reasons, settled on precisely the same set of statistical tools for the investigation of evolution. (shrink)

INTRODUÇÃO A maioria dos alimentos que os bovinos de corte e leite consomem são os alimentos volumosos (forragens, gramíneas ou leguminosas) que é um alimento que possui teor de fibra detergente neutra (FDN) ≥ 25% da matéria seca (MS), ou teor de fibra ≥ 18% da MS. Por possuir grande quantidade de fibra em sua composição é um alimento que possui menor concentração de proteínas, carboidratos não estruturais (CNE) e lipídios. Para que um animal possa manter-se com alimentação volumosa, é (...) necessário a ingestão de grande quantidade desse material. Quando os bovinos recebem apenas forragens, não conseguem ingerir o suficiente para obter a energia, proteínas, minerais e vitaminas necessárias para converter os nutrientes em produtos (carne, leite etc.). Assim, faz-se necessário a inclusão de uma fonte alimentar concentrada em nutrientes na dieta dos bovinos. O alimento concentrado é aquele que contém menor teor de FDN < 25% ou teor de fibra bruta (FB) < 18%. Logo, pelo baixo teor de fibras é um alimento rico em energia e/ou proteínas. Divide-se em concentrados proteicos, os que possuem um teor de proteína bruta (PB) > 20% da MS e em concentrados energéticos, os que possuem < 20% de PB da MS. Para suprir todas as necessidades de mantença, crescimento, reprodução e produção, os bovinos devem receber alimentos suficientes e que forneçam a quantidade necessária dos nutrientes exigidos pelos animais em função da aptidão, estado fisiológico, categoria etc. Nutrientes fornecidos pela dieta (kg/dia) = necessidades dos bovinos (kg/dia) A formulação de rações consiste em combinar, nas quantidades necessárias, os alimentos que serão oferecidos para suprir as necessidades diárias do animal. Uma ração balanceada é aquela que fornece ao animal as proporções e quantidades corretas de todos os nutrientes necessários por um período de 24 horas. Às vezes, o criador possui controle total sobre os tipos e proporções de vários alimentos que compõem a ração. É o caso dos animais em sistema de confinamento, onde se conhece todo e qualquer alimento que o animal ingere e sua respectiva exigência, o que torna a formulação fácil. No entanto, balancear a ração, às vezes, é uma tarefa difícil. Normalmente, os animais em pastejo podem escolher não apenas a quantidade de pasto que consomem, mas também a sua composição. Os animais podem selecionar várias partes da planta e rejeitar outras. Para elaborar um programa alimentar, utilizando os métodos de formulação e balanceamento de rações é necessário, inicialmente, da explanação de alguns conceitos-chave da nutrição e, sem dúvidas, do entendimento e conhecimento das exigências nutricionais dos animais em função da idade, da raça, do estado fisiológico etc., além da composição bromatológica dos alimentos disponíveis para os animais. Sendo assim, a finalidade desse trabalho, em suma, é a explanação de conceitos-chave da nutrição, bem como da elaboração de tabelas dos requerimentos nutricionais diários dos animais, além da elaboração, alicerçado pela literatura disponível, da composição bromatológica dos alimentos, em especial do conteúdo proteico e energético dos mesmos. Por fim, conhecendo a composição dos alimentos e as exigências dos animais de acordo com a categoria, é realizado o balanço para saber, finalmente, se os alimentos suprem os requisitos dos animais e, se não atender os requerimentos, seja necessária uma adição suplementar para suprir todos os requerimentos para que os animais possam se manter e produzir, sempre visando uma elaboração alimentar econômica e viável tanto para os grandes pecuaristas quanto aos pequenos criadores. 1. GENERALIDADES 1.1 Balanceamento de rações Consiste na preparação de alimentos suficientemente nutritivos que cumpram com os requerimentos proteicos, energéticos, vitamínicos e minerais dos animais. Sendo assim, nos deparamos com alguns questionamentos, dentre eles a importância do balanceamento. Quando uma ração não está equilibrada há um excesso e/ou deficiência de determinados nutrientes. Alguns desequilíbrios possuem consequências drásticas e se não forem corrigidos podem causar até a morte do animal (por exemplo, um desequilíbrio de Ca próximo ao parto pode causar a febre do leite e morte do animal se não for tratado imediatamente). Alguns sintomas observados no animal podem auxiliar na identificação dos desequilíbrios, principalmente sintomas relacionados à carência de vitaminas e minerais. No entanto, outros desequilíbrios são difíceis de identificar, uma vez que resultam de algum grau de perda de desempenho. Os bovinos não têm um desempenho tão bom quanto seu potencial genético permitiria quando há algum desequilíbrio na ração. Os desequilíbrios tendem a afetar os animais com alto potencial genético. Nem todos os desequilíbrios alimentares possuem consequências devastadoras, mas todo desequilíbrio nutricional é economicamente inaceitável, uma vez que produz uma perda de produção e perda de nutrientes que poderiam ser utilizados efetivamente pelos animais para suas funções básicas. 1.2 Consumo de MS Matéria seca é a razão do alimento desprovido de umidade. Por exemplo, quando corta-se o capim e expõe-se o mesmo ao sol, irá murchar e logo sua cor mudará de verde para um café ou amarelo escuro em consequência da maior perda de água presente na composição. Quanto mais exposta ao calor mais seca a forragem ficará e esse conteúdo é o que se denomina de matéria seca. Por exemplo, quando o grão de milho perde toda água contida nele sua matéria seca é de 88%, aproximadamente. Cada pasto possui uma porcentagem diferente de umidade e varia em função da idade. Logo, podemos concluir que pastagens jovens possuem mais suculência (maior quantidade de água) e os pastos mais velhos possuem menor suculência, fazendo com que os bovinos prefiram ingerir os pastos mais jovens por possuírem melhor palatabilidade e degustação ao animal. A B Em A podemos observar um pasto velho com uma característica mais seca, ou seja, com uma menor quantidade de água. Por outo lado, em B podemos observar um pasto mais jovem, com maior porcentagem de água em sua composição. Agora, vamos conhecer o consumo de MS pelos bovinos. Na teoria, e recomendável, para cada 100 kg de peso vivo (PV), o bovino deve consumir o equivalente de MS entre 1,8 e 3,5 kg, ou seja, é o mesmo que dizer de 1,8 a 3,5% do PV. Esses valores nos indicam que um animal jovem consome menor matéria seca e vice-versa, e animais adultos consomem maior quantidade de MS. O consumo de MS varia em função do peso do animal, do estado fisiológico e da porcentagem de digestibilidade do alimento, por exemplo, bovinos de até 600 kg podem consumir até 10,5 kg/dia de MS sob um pasto com digestibilidade de 80%. Como regra geral, para saber com que ponto de escala se considera 1,8 e 3,5% usa-se: Para: Vaca em produção leiteira = 3,2% (vaca com 500 kg, 3,2% equivale a 16 kg de MS/dia) Vaca adulta e grande = 3,3 ou 3,4% Novilhas (os) com 300 kg = 2,8% (2,8% de 300 kg equivale a 8,4 kg de MS/dia) Exemplos: Uma bezerra pesa 120 kg. Qual a quantidade de MS que ela deverá consumir? 120 kg bezerra ----------- 100% (correspondente) X kg de MS ------------- 2,7%¹ ¹ - a maioria das pastagens possuem essa porcentagem de MS Pelos cálculos vamos obter: "X=" "120 x 2,7" /"100" "= 3,24 kg de MS" Sendo assim, a bezerra deverá consumir 3,24 kg de MS/dia. Temos uma umidade média de 80% o que indica que o restante é de material seco. 3,24 kg ------------- 20% correspondente X -------------- 80% umidade "X=" "3,24 x 80" /"20" "= 12,96 kg de água" Agora água + material seco: 3,24 kg de MS + 12,96 kg de água = 16,2 kg de forragem verde para a bezerra de 120 kg de PV. As forragens nunca se encontram em forma de material seco e sim de material verde, indicando-nos a presença de água entre 65 e 85% de sua composição. Mas, como conhecer com exatidão a umidade ou a presença de água de um produto? Para se conhecer com exatidão o teor de umidade de um determinado alimento, pode-se seguir os seguintes passos: 1. Separar 1 kg de forragem 2. Pôr no sol ou em um forno para desidratar até que esteja seco o bastante como para moer 3. Pesar e o peso que diminuiu será o conteúdo de água que continha Exemplo: 1000 g de forragem verde ---------- 100% 200 g de forragem seca ---------- X% X = "200 x 100" /"1000" "= 20%" Logo, a matéria seca é 20% e o conteúdo de água é de 100% - 20% = 80%. O esquema abaixo representa a secagem anterior, seja por sol ou em forno. 1.3 Necessidades de água Resumidamente, a água é necessária para o metabolismo, para a produção (leite e carne) e para as necessidades ambientais. A água é o nutriente que as vacas de leite requerem em maior quantidade. A água é um nutriente primordial na manutenção da produção leiteira e cárnea dos bovinos. A produção de leite, por exemplo, reduzirá no mesmo dia em que a água não estiver disponível para as vacas. Muitas vezes, a água é considerada aparte dos outros nutrientes como as proteínas, no entanto, é um nutriente de suma importância para a produção pecuária; pode-se administrar poucas quantidades de alimentos aos animais, mas se faltar água em excesso os animais padecem rapidamente. Os alimentos possuem quantidades variáveis de água (umidade) em sua composição, uma gramínea verde inteira no solo pode conter de 80 a 85% de água e, portanto, conter apenas de 15 a 20% de MS. Em contrapartida, o teor de água da maioria dos alimentos concentrados é de 10%, ou seja, 90% é de MS. Embora a quantidade de água na dieta possa variar consideravelmente, normalmente é pouco significativo, já que os animais devem regular o consumo de água por conta própria, ou seja, o acesso à água de boa qualidade deverá ser de livre escolha dos animais. Entretanto, quando grandes quantidades de alimentos úmidos forem oferecidas (como polpa de beterraba ou grãos de cevada) a ingestão de energia, proteínas, minerais e vitaminas encontradas na MS da ração pode ser reduzida. Para administrar água para os bovinos deve ter em conta que: A quantidade de água para a manutenção do metabolismo está descrita na tabela 1. Tabela 1: água utilizada no metabolismo Para cada kg de MS rústica 2,5 litros Para cada kg de MS suculenta 2 litros Para cada litro de leite 4 litros Para cada kg de carne 1 litro Os principais fatores que limitam a ingestão de água são: A ingestão de MS Produção de leite A temperatura ambiente Ingestão de sódio Na Como citado supra, a temperatura é um dos fatores que influenciam na ingestão de água. Logo, sob clima quente, os animais estabulados devem receber +15% de água dos valores mencionados, os animais sob pastejo devem receber +20%. Sob clima frio, os animais estabulados devem ingerir +10% e os sob pastejo +15%. De forma geral, uma vaca em lactação deverá ingerir de 3,5 a 5,5 litros de água por kg de MS. Por exemplo, uma vaca que produz 10 kg de leite e come 12 kg de MS consumirá 12 x 4,5 = 54 kg ou litros de água/dia. Para bovinos de corte, por exemplo, considerando um animal de dois anos em condições de manejo adequado, o consumo deverá ser de 45 litros/animal/dia ou de 8 a 9 litros/100 kg de PV. 2. REQUERIMENTOS NUTRICIONAIS DOS BOVINOS Antes de explanar os requerimentos nutricionais dos bovinos em produção, faz-se necessário a explanação de alguns conceitos importantes: 2.1 Proteína e energia A proteína é o componente mais importante para o tecido animal e se encontra em concentração no tecido muscular. É essencial para o crescimento e a quantidade requerida vai diminuindo à medida que o animal se desenvolve. O corpo necessita de proteínas para a manutenção e renovação dos tecidos. Também é requerida para a realização de funções produtivas tais como a gestação e a lactação. As rações para os bovinos deverão conter a seguinte concentração de proteína: Tabela 2: porcentagem de proteína em rações para bovinos Etapa produtiva % de proteína na ração Bezerros (as) até os 4 meses 18 – 19% Bezerros (as) em crescimento 4-12 meses 17 – 18% Novilhos (as) em engorda 12-20 meses 14 – 17% Novilhas gestantes (+ de 16 meses) 19 – 20% Vacas gestantes 20% Vacas em produção leiteira 16 – 17% Reprodutores (adultos) 14 – 15% Fonte: adaptação de TEIXEIRA, 1997 e BERCHIELLI et al., 2006. A energia é o componente que o animal necessita para a realização de algumas funções, tais como a movimentação, metabolismo, temperatura corporal, respiração, produção, reprodução, crescimento e muitas outras. O valor energético pode ser expressado de duas formas, em nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), mais conhecido no Brasil e em unidades de amido (UA). O NDT é o sistema que calcula a energia total (proteína digestível, fibra crua digestível, extrato não-nitrogenado digestível e gordura digestível), mas levando em consideração as perdas de energia pela digestão do alimento no animal. É notório que os alimentos ricos em fibra crua necessitarão de um maior trabalho digestivo, logo, o gasto energético será maior. Por sua vez, a medida de energia líquida é conhecida como unidades de amido. 2.1.1 Fontes de energia e proteína na ração Os carboidratos fibrosos (CF), presentes nos volumosos, têm baixo teor de energia, mas são necessários para manter a ruminação, a produção de saliva e o pH ruminal para a atividade bacteriana normal. Os carboidratos não fibrosos (CFN) também são nutrientes importantes porque são fontes importantes de energia. Portanto, uma boa porção deve conter os dois. No entanto, a proporção ideal de cada tipo de carboidrato mudará dependendo do nível de produção. Com o aumento da produção de leite, a vaca necessita de mais energia e, portanto, mais concentrada na ração. As fontes de energia e proteína são críticas na formulação de uma boa mistura A porção da proteína bruta na ração que está na forma de nitrogênio não proteico (NNP) é a principal fonte de nitrogênio para o crescimento bacteriano. A deficiência de NNP pode reduzir o crescimento de bactérias e o fornecimento de aminoácidos bacterianos à vaca. O excesso de NNP na ração não é apenas um desperdício, porque não é utilizado pelas bactérias, mas também pode ser tóxico e é necessária energia para desintoxicá-lo e eliminá-lo na urina. Uma porção da proteína bruta na ração também pode ser necessária na forma de proteína resistente à degradação microbiana no rúmen. Vacas de alta produção requerem proteínas resistentes à degradação por bactérias para fornecer aminoácidos adicionais (além daqueles que podem fornecer proteína bacteriana) para absorção no intestino delgado. Assim, em boa parte, tanto a quantidade de proteína quanto a natureza da proteína devem ser cuidadosamente controladas. 2.2 Requerimentos nutricionais dos bovinos de corte. 3. COMPOSIÇÃO DOS ALIMENTOS PARA OS BOVINOS Os alimentos usados na alimentação de bovinos, como de demais espécies de interesse zootécnico, são classificados de acordo com o teor de fibra bruta e de outros nutrientes. Sendo assim, podemos dizer que basicamente são classificados em: 1) Alimentos volumosos: possuem baixo teor energético em sua composição, decorrente do alto teor em fibra ou em água. Possuem menos de 60% de NDT e/ou mais de 18% de fibra bruta (FB) na MS e englobam as forrageiras secas e grosseiras (fenos e palhas), pastagens cultivadas, pastos nativos, forrageiras verdes e silagens. São os de menor custo na propriedade. Para os bovinos os mais utilizados estão as pastagens naturais ou cultivadas (braquiárias e panicuns), capineiras (capim-elefante), silagens (capim, milho, sorgo etc.), cana-de-açúcar e o bagaço de cana hidrolisado. Entre os menos utilizados estão o milheto, feno de gramíneas, silagem de girassol, palhadas de culturas etc. 2) Alimentos concentrados: em função do baixo teor de FB (< 18%), são alimentos com alto teor energético, com mais de 60% de NDT e podem ser divididos em: a) Concentrados energéticos: aqueles com menos de 20% de PB em sua composição, 25% de FDN (fibra em detergente neutro) e em torno de 18% de FB. São exemplos de alimentos concentrados energéticos o milho, sorgo, trigo, aveia, cevada, frutas, nozes e algumas raízes (mandioca, batata etc.). b) Concentrados proteicos: alimentos com mais de 20% de PB, 50% de FDN e 60% de NDT. Como exemplo temos os farelos de soja, de amendoim, de girassol, de algodão, glúten de milho e alguns subprodutos de origem animal como a farinha de peixe, de sangue, de carne e ossos etc. Ainda assim, existem os suplementos minerais e vitamínicos e os aditivos que entram em pequenas quantidades nas rações e são antibióticos, corantes, probióticos, antioxidantes etc. Dentro da nutrição e da alimentação animal, podem ocorrer variações nas composições bromatológicas dos alimentos em função de alguns fatores, tais como as cultivares (variedades) como a planta de sorgo que apresenta variedades com e sem tanino, o armazenamento como as misturas minerais expostas ao sol podem sofrer alterações pelas reações químicas, as condições do solo, teor de água e condições de processamento. Por fim, para a formulação de dietas equilibradas, deve-se fazer uma análise, sempre que possível e viável, dos alimentos que serão utilizados no balanceamento. Sendo assim, as dietas se apresentarão o mais próximo possível das necessidades dos animais e refletirão em desempenhos satisfatórios. A tabela 14, trata da composição de alguns alimentos comumente usados na alimentação dos bovinos de corte e leite e que servirá de base para a posterior formulação de dietas para os mesmos. Após a análise bromatológica dos principais valores dos alimentos para a formulação de rações, faz-se necessário o conhecimento das quantidades dos ingredientes na dieta dos bovinos. Para tanto, a tabela 15 traz os principais alimentos e a quantidade recomendável de cada um sobre a dieta e/ou a ração total dos animais. Tabela 15: níveis recomendados dos principais ingredientes para rações de bovinos INGREDIENTE NÍVEL DE USO Milho grãos Até 70% Farelo de soja 30 a 40% Sorgo grãos Substituto 100% do milho Farelo de trigo 10 a 40% Farelo arroz desengordurado 10 a 30% Farelo amendoim 30 a 40% Farelo de algodão 30 a 40% Torta de girassol 30 a 40% Torta de colza Até 20% Torta de linhaça 5 a 10% Torta de mamona 5 a 10% Torta de gergelim 30 a 40% Farinha de peixe Até 10% Farinha de sangue 1,5 kg Polpa cítrica 20% Caroço de algodão 25% Farinha de penas 0,5 kg Farinha carne e ossos 1,5 kg Farelo de arroz 15% Soja grãos 25% Farelo de girassol 30% Gorduras 5% Resíduos de padaria 20% Grãos de destilaria 60% Grãos de cervejaria 30% Melaços 20% Subprodutos do trigo 30% Feijão 25% Glúten de milho 10% Ureia 1% Casca de algodão 40% Casca de arroz 15% Cama de galinha 15% Fontes: TEIXEIRA, A. S., 1997 e TEIXEIRA, J. C., 1997. 4. SELEÇÃO ECONÔMICA DE INGREDIENTES PARA RAÇÕES Uma das preocupações dos técnicos em nutrição animal é a minimização do custo das fórmulas de rações. Existem alguns métodos utilizados para minimizar os custos, dentre eles o método com auxílio do computador para cálculo de fórmulas e o método do valor nutricional parcial, isto é, o método onde os alimentos são selecionados de acordo com seus custos por kg em relação a outros ingredientes básicos da ração. 4.1 Uso do computador Através de programas específicos, os computadores selecionam os ingredientes com relação ao custo, construindo e fornecendo a ração mais barata dentro da finalidade de minimização do custo. Para que seja evitado que a ração escolhida pelo computador (mais barata), seja a pior dentro do aspecto nutricional, deve-se tomar as seguintes medidas: Estabelecer um controle de limite máximo para os ingredientes selecionados de forma econômica, para evitar que os mesmos ultrapassem os limites recomendados pelas técnicas nutricionais. Estabelecer nesse controle um limite mínimo para os ingredientes, que não foram selecionados, mas que a pesquisa aconselha serem incluídos à ração. Mesmo essas medidas sendo tomadas, a resposta final provém dos animais através de provas biológicas, como a conversão alimentar, custo para produzir 1 kg de carne etc. 4.2 Valor nutricional parcial Esse método é baseado em alguns critérios, dos quais: Existência de dois ingredientes padrões como o milho e a soja, que servirão de base na determinação do custo de 1 kg de proteína e de 1 Mcal de energia metabolizável, de energia digestível, de energia líquida (energia produtiva) ou 1 kg de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). No nosso caso, como constituem a base de 60 a 80% das rações, os ingredientes aconselháveis para servirem de padrões são o milho, o farelo de soja ou o farelo de algodão. Este método também parte da premissa de que, quando se compra 1 kg de milho por um dado preço Vm, na verdade está se comprando 93 g de proteína e 3,52 Mcal de ED. Quando se compra 1 kg de farelo de soja por um preço Vs, está se comprando 450 g de proteína e 3,21 Mcal de ED. Alicerçados por esses dados e no fato de que proteína e energia não possuem cotação comercial, pode-se determinar os valores relativos de 1 kg de proteína (a) e de 1 Mcal de ED (b) através das equações: Equação do milho: 0,093 + 3,52 a = Vm Equação da soja: 0,450 + 3,21 b = Vs Para que se obtenha o valor nutricional parcial, multiplica-se a composição de proteína do ingrediente a ser selecionado de forma econômica pelo custo relativo de 1 kg de proteína, procedendo-se da mesma forma para a energia e somando-se os dois é obtido o valor nutricional parcial que era esperado. Pode-se incluir, também, o valor da composição mineral e vitamínica do ingrediente cotado a preço comercial desses nutrientes. Pode-se, portanto, calcular o valor nutritivo parcial levando-se em consideração mais nutrientes, como os minerais, como é o caso do Ca e P. Para tanto, deve-se tomar, como padrões, para calcular o custo de 1 kg de Ca e de 1 kg de P, isto é, o calcário calcítico e o fosfato bicálcico, respectivamente. 4.3 Relação valor nutricional parcial/preço comercial Através da divisão do valor nutritivo parcial encontrado nos cálculos pelo preço comercial do ingrediente é obtida a relação (R) valor nutritivo parcial/preço comercial de ingredientes. Alicerçados por essa premissa, podemos obter as seguintes conclusões: R = 0 o ingrediente incluído na fórmula, não reduz e nem aumenta os custos; R > 1 o ingrediente incluído na fórmula reduz o custo da ração. Ela será maior quanto maior for a relação; R < 1 a inclusão do ingrediente à fórmula aumenta o custo e será maior quanto menor for o valor da relação. 4.4 Seleção econômica do farelo de trigo Vamos selecionar o farelo de trigo que possui 16% de PB e 2,77 Mcal de ED e custa R$ 1,80 (dados de jan. 2021). O farelo de soja custa R$ 2,85 o kg e contém 45% de PB e 3,21% Mcal de ED. O milho, por sua vez, custa R$ 0,71 o kg e contém 9,3% de PB e cerca de 3,52 Mcal de ED. Para calcular o custo relativo de 1 kg de PB e de 1 Mcal de ED, usa-se os dados do milho e do farelo de soja, montando-se o seguinte sistema de equação: Equação do milho: 0,093x + 3,52y = 0,71 Equação do farelo de soja: 0,450x + 3,21y = 2,85 Resolvendo esse sistema, obtemos: x = R$ 6,00/kg de proteína y = R$ 0,04/Mcal de ED Para calcular o valor nutritivo parcial do farelo de trigo, juntamos os dados do FT com os resultados obtidos da resolução supra, assim obtemos: Valor nutritivo parcial = 0,16 x 6,00 + 2,77 x 0,04 = 1,06 Cálculo da relação valor nutritivo parcial e preço comercial, obtemos: R = "1,06" /"1,80" = 0,59 Com base no valor da relação supra 0,59, podemos dizer que em cada real pago pelo farelo de trigo será pago 0,59 centavos de real em valor nutritivo parcial em relação ao milho e ao farelo de soja tomados como padrões. Portanto, quando se incluir o farelo de trigo na ração ocorrerá o aumento do custo da mesma. Também, no caso do valor nutritivo parcial, são realizadas as mesmas restrições de controle para o uso de computadores, com o objetivo de que a ração mais econômica não seja a pior com relação a disponibilidade e carga nutricional. 5. MÉTODOS DE FORMULAÇÃO DE RAÇÕES Para a formulação de dietas para os bovinos, é necessário o conhecimento de alguns conceitos para a tomada de decisões quanto a dieta dos animais. Um dos passos-chave para a tomada de decisões é o conhecimento dos alimentos que irão compor a mistura de concentrados. A quantidade de proteína é o primeiro nutriente a ser calculado e computado, visando a determinação do nível de proteína desejável na mistura dos concentrados (tabela 2). As regras de manuseio descritas a seguir podem auxiliar na tomada de decisões para formulação de rações. Quando as vacas leiteiras recebem um alimento com elevado teor proteico, tal como as farinhas de origem animal, os farelos como o de soja, girassol etc. ou as pastagens consorciadas, os concentrados deverão ter 10% de proteína digestível (PD) ou 13% de PB; Para a suplementação da mistura diária dos alimentos, tais como o feno de alfafa e silagem de milho, os concentrados deverão conter ao redor de 12% de PD ou, aproximadamente, 16% de PB; Com uma dieta com baixo teor proteico, como baseada em silagem de milho e feno de aveia, os concentrados a serem fornecidos deverão conter, aproximadamente, de 13,5 a 16% de PD, ou seja, de 18 a 21% de PB. Os alimentos disponíveis nem sempre se encaixam nessas três regras citadas. Por exemplo, a proporção do feno de alfafa para a silagem de milho poderá variar muito afetando a necessidade de proteína exigida à adequada suplementação, através dos concentrados. Existem outros fatores que podem influenciar na tomada de decisões. A checagem das entradas e saídas ou consumo-produção pode fornecer meios de ajuste a essas variações. O fornecimento de proteínas em excesso não é prejudicial à saúde do animal, mas também não é aconselhável, dado que os suplementos proteicos são mais caros que os mais pobres em proteínas. Sendo assim, evitar o excesso de consumo de nutrientes torna-se um problema fundamentalmente econômico. Se a diferença de preços entre o suplemento proteico e um alimento energético for pequena, a importância do problema desaparece. 5.1 Procedimentos para o balanceamento de rações a) caracterização dos animais Caracterizar bem os animais a serem alimentados, em termos de categoria, idade, peso vivo, produção estimada (ganho de peso, produção de leite, teor de gordura do leite) etc. b) obtenção das exigências nutricionais Verificar os requerimentos nutricionais dos animais no que tange a energia, proteína bruta, cálcio, fósforo, aminoácidos etc., de acordo com a caracterização do animal, mencionado no item a). c) levantamento e quantificação dos alimentos disponíveis Levantar e quantificar os alimentos que estão disponíveis para o programa alimentar. Nesse momento, faz-se necessário mencionar o preço dos alimentos por kg. d) levantamento da composição bromatológica Relacionar a composição química dos alimentos a serem utilizados. Considerar na relação os nutrientes de maior interesse ou aqueles levantados nas exigências nutricionais. e) Balanceamento da ração Balancear os nutrientes levantados nas tabelas usando qualquer dos métodos descritos no item 5.2. f) ajuste final Ajustar a ração e outros nutrientes, se houver interesse, e verificar se todas as exigências foram atendidas e não haja excessos e se a combinação de alimentos é mais econômica, mediante o custo da ração por kg ou custo da ração por animal por dia. g) programa de alimentação Elaborar um programa para uso dos alimentos ou da ração incluindo as recomendações práticas. 5.2 Métodos usados no balanceamento O balanceamento de rações é a preparação equilibrada de uma porção alimentar onde se misturam vários produtos com o objetivo de suprir a necessidade nutricional dos animais. Existem muitos métodos para o balanceamento de rações, no entanto, vamos discorrer sobre os principais. A finalidade deste tópico é a abordagem dos vários métodos, e seus tratamentos matemáticos, usados no preparo de fórmulas de ração. Vamos preconizar apenas a metodologia matemática do cálculo, sem preocupar-se com a viabilidade das rações calculadas, que constituirão apenas sob exemplos hipotéticos. Todavia, outros exemplos já resolvidos serão dados conforme a viabilidade econômica e nutricional da ração para os bovinos. Após a compreensão e entendimento dos métodos aplicados e explicados nesse trabalho, será tratado a formulação de rações específicas e práticas para a alimentação racional dos bovinos. 5.2.1 Método da tentativa Aqui nenhum esquema é utilizado. O cálculo é feito através de tentativa, aumentando ou diminuindo as quantidades dos alimentos, até que as exigências do animal sejam atendidas. Dentro desse método temos a tentativa e erro e tentativa e técnica da substituição. A técnica das tentativas é trabalhosa e exige alguma experiência do formulador. 1. Como exemplo, será balanceada uma ração para uma vaca leiteira com uma exigência de 1,1 kg de PB e 6,41 NDT. Os alimentos disponíveis e sua composição bromatológica são: Alimentos Nutrientes MS (%) PB (%) NDT (%) Capim Napier 25 1,6 12 Fubá de Milho 88 9,3 80 Farelo de Algodão 90 30,0 63 Farelo de Trigo 89 15,0 63 Baseando-se nas exigências da vaca e na composição dos alimentos disponíveis, calculamos a ração por tentativa, ajustando as quantidades de alimentos até que as exigências sejam supridas. Desse modo, obtemos a dieta balanceada: Alimentos Kg MS (kg) PB (kg) NDT (kg) Capim Napier 25 6,25 0,4 3,0 Fubá de Milho 2,7 2,38 0,25 2,16 Farelo de Algodão 1,0 0,9 0,3 0,63 Farelo de Trigo 1,0 0,89 0,15 0,63 TOTAL 29,7 10,42 1,1 6,42 EXIGÊNCIAS 10,0 1,1 6,41 Transformando as quantidades dos alimentos concentrados para uma mistura percentual, obtemos: Alimentos Consumo/vaca/dia (kg) % Fubá de Milho 2,7 57,4 Farelo de Algodão 1,0 21,3 Farelo de Trigo 1,0 21,3 TOTAL 4,7 100 2. Em uma segunda tentativa, vamos determinar uma ração de 100 kg para um lote de vacas com uma exigência de 18% de PB, os alimentos disponíveis são o milho com 9% de PB e Farinha de Peixe com 53% de PB. (9% de PB = 90 g PB/kg). 1ª tentativa: usando 50% de milho + 50% de farinha de peixe, obtemos: PB da mistura: (90 x 0,5) + (530 x 0,5) = 310 g/kg A mistura acima possui muito mais proteína do que o desejado (180 g/kg). Faz-se necessário o aumento da incorporação do milho (matéria-prima menos proteica) e a diminuição da incorporação da farinha de peixe (matéria-prima mais proteica). Em uma segunda tentativa, obtemos: 2ª tentativa: 90% de milho + 10% de farinha de peixe PB da mistura: (90 x 0,9) + (530 x 0,1) = 134 g/kg A mistura possui menos proteína que o desejado, sendo assim, é necessário aumentar a incorporação da farinha de peixe (mais proteica) e diminuir a de milho (menos proteico), logo obtemos: 3ª tentativa: 79,5% de milho + 20,5% de farinha de peixe, teremos: PB da mistura: (90 x 0,795) + (530 x 0,205) = 180,2 g/kg Por fim, em 100 kg de ração com 18% de PB a mistura deverá ser composta por 79,5% de milho e 20,5% de farinha de peixe. 3. Empregando a técnica da tentativa e substituição para o exemplo supra, vamos obter: Deseja-se encontrar as porcentagens em que milho (9% PB) e farinha de peixe (53% PB) devem ser misturados de forma a obter uma mistura de 100 kg com 18% de PB. (Como sabemos 1% de PB equivale a 10 g PB/kg). 1ª tentativa: 50% milho + 50% farinha de peixe PB da mistura: (90 x 0,5) + (530 x 0,5) = 310 g/kg A mistura possui 310 g de PB/kg, sendo o teor desejado de 180 g, ou seja, teremos que diminuir o teor proteico em 130 g (310 – 180). Para diminuir o teor proteico da mistura é necessário diminuir a % de farinha de peixe e aumentar a % de milho. A % que se retira a farinha de peixe é igual a % de aumento do milho. Desse modo, obtemos o cálculo do fator de substituição: A farinha de peixe possui 530 g PB/kg O milho possui 90 g PB/kg A diferença do teor proteico entre a farinha de peixe e o milho (fator de substituição) = 440 g PB. Dessa forma, partiremos para o cálculo da quantidade a ser substituída, dada por: A substituição de 100% (FP → M) ---------- 440 g PB X ---------- 130 g PB Pelo princípio da regra de três, obtemos: 100 x 130 = 1300/440, então X = 29,5%. Temos que diminuir 29,5% da farinha de peixe e aumentar 29,5% o milho. Cálculo da nova fórmula: Milho = 50 + 29,5 = 79,5% Farinha de peixe = 50 – 29,5 = 20,5% Por fim, a mistura deverá ser composta por 79,5% de milho e 20,5% de farinha de peixe. 4. Deseja-se calcular 100 kg de ração utilizando o farelo de trigo, farinha de carne, fubá de milho e farelo de soja, observando as seguintes condições: PB deve ser igual a 17,89% e EM igual a 2.900 Kcal/kg. A recomendação é usar o farelo de trigo até 20% da ração total; farinha de carne até 10% da ração total; farelo de soja até 40% da ração total; sal 0,8% e pré-mistura de vitaminas e minerais 0,2%. A composição bromatológica dos alimentos mencionados é disposta na tabela: Alimentos PB (%) EM (Kcal/kg) Farelo de trigo 16 1.526 Farinha de carne 50 1.835 Fubá de milho 9 3.416 Farelo de soja 45 2.283 A fórmula para a energia metabolizável é: "EM" ("kcal/kg" )"=" "Quantidade do ingrediente x EM kcal/kg" /"100" " " 1ª tentativa: observando as recomendações citadas, fixa-se as quantidades de farelo de trigo, farinha de carne, fubá de milho e farelo de soja de modo a equilibrar a PB e EM da ração. Assim, tomamos 63 kg de fubá de milho, logo a quantidade do farelo de soja será: Fubá de milho + farelo de soja = 84 kg Farelo de soja = 84 – 63 = 21 kg Composição da ração em 1ª tentativa Alimentos Quantidade (kg) PB (kg) EM (kcal/kg) Farelo de trigo 10 1,6 152,6 Farinha de carne 5 2,5 91,75 Fubá de milho 63 5,67 2152,08 Farelo de soja 21 9,45 479,43 Sal 0,8 Vitaminas e minerais 0,2 TOTAL 100 19,22 2875,86 EXIGÊNCIAS 100 17,89 2900 DÉFICE 24,14 Como houve um défice de 24,14 kcal/kg de energia metabolizável, aumentamos a quantidade de fubá de milho para 66 kg e diminuímos a quantidade de farelo de soja para 18 kg. Sendo assim, faz-se uma nova tentativa com a finalidade do equilíbrio da PB e EM da ração. Composição final da ração Alimentos Quantidade (kg) PB (kg) EM (kcal/kg) Farelo de trigo 10 1,6 152,6 Farinha de carne 5 2,5 91,75 Fubá de milho 66 5,94 2254,56 Farelo de soja 18 8,1 410,94 Sal 0,8 Vitaminas e minerais 0,2 TOTAL 100 18,14 2909,85 EXIGÊNCIAS 100 17,89 2900 Por fim, a ração calculada apresenta 18,14% de PB e 2909,85 kcal/kg de EM o que satisfaz plenamente as exigências nutricionais de proteína e energia metabolizável desejadas. Formulação na prática I: Pelo método da tentativa, descrito supra, formular uma mistura para uma vaca de 450 kg de PV, com uma produção de 15 kg de leite/dia com 4,0% de gordura. 1º passo: Estabelecer as exigências: Para um animal com essas características as exigências estabelecidas são: Exigências de uma vaca de 450 kg de PV em energia, PB, Ca e P Discriminação NDT (kg) PB (g) Ca (g) P (g) Mantença 3,44 403 17 14 Lactação 4,89 1305 40 27 TOTAL 8,33 1708 57 41 2º passo: Alimentos disponíveis e sua composição Os alimentos disponíveis são silagem de milho, capim elefante napier, milho triturado, farelo de soja, farelo de trigo e pedra calcária em pó. É necessário estabelecer a composição bromatológica dos alimentos disponíveis, colocando as porcentagens de NDT, PB, Ca e P. Composição bromatológica dos alimentos disponíveis Alimentos NDT (%) PB (%) Ca (%) P (%) Silagem de milho 18,1 2,2 0,1 0,06 Capim elefante N. 13,4 1,2 0,12 0,07 Milho triturado 80 9,3 0,02 0,33 Farelo de soja 73 45 0,32 0,67 Farelo de trigo 63 16 0,14 1,24 Pedra calcária em pó - - 38 - 3º passo: Ração de volumosos diários A proporção entre volumosos e concentrados depende de alguns fatores entre os quais está a qualidade e a disponibilidade das forragens, o custo dos concentrados, o preço do leite etc. Na prática, recomenda-se as seguintes normas de fornecimento: Limites de alimentos volumosos diários sobre o PV do animal Alimentos Limite aconselhável sobre PV (%) Feno de boa qualidade 2 a 3 Silagem 4 a 6 Raízes e tubérculos 2 a 3 Capim tenro 6 a 8 A associação entre dois ou mais destes volumosos seria feito pelo critério da proporcionalidade. Quando as vacas dispõem de bom pasto, admite-se que os requerimentos de mantença e produção de até 5 kg de leite/dia, sejam supridos por meio do pastoreio. Todavia, faz-se necessário enfatizar que a qualidade das pastagens é variável conforme diversos fatores, sendo os principais a adubação, clima e idade da planta. Para esse cálculo, suponhamos a seguinte ração de volumosos: Silagem de milho ---------- 18 kg Capim elefante ------------- 9 kg 4º passo: Dedução da composição bromatológica dos alimentos volumosos Nutrientes contidos em 18 kg de silagem de milho e 9 kg de capim elefante, exigências totais e défice ou excesso Discriminação NDT (kg) PB (kg) Ca (g) P (g) 18 kg de silagem 3,26 0,396 18 10 9 kg de capim elefante 1,206 0,108 10 6 Total (1) 4,466 0,504 28 16 Exigências totais (2) 8,33 1,708 57 41 Défice (1-2) - 3,864 - 1,204 - 29 - 25 5º passo: Formular a ração dos alimentos concentrados corretivos do défice Como ocorre défice de proteína, torna-se necessária uma dosagem bastante alta de farelo de soja (matéria-prima com maior teor proteico). Quantidade de nutrientes fornecidos por 39 kg de milho triturado, 35 kg de farelo de soja, 25 kg de farelo de trigo e 1 kg de pedra calcária Discriminação NDT (kg) PB (kg) Ca (g) P (g) 39 kg de milho triturado 31,2 3,63 7,8 128,7 35 kg de farelo de soja 25,55 15,75 112 234,5 25 kg de farelo de trigo 15,75 4,0 35 310 1 kg de pedra calcária - - 380 - TOTAL 72,5 23,38 534,8 679,2 Agora, é necessário verificar a quantidade diária que deve ser fornecida. Para tal, é verificado primeiro a quantidade necessária para completar as exigências em energia (NDT). Na fórmula obtém-se através de uma regra de três, a quantidade de mistura que fornece 3,864 kg de NDT: 100 kg de mistura fornece 72,5 kg de NDT X kg fornecerão 3,864 kg que é o défice da ração volumosa, então: 100 ---------- 72,5 X ---------- 3,864 X = 100 x 3,864/72,5 X = 5,33 kg Resta verificar se os 5,33 kg de mistura cobrem o défice de proteína que é de -1,204. Novamente, aplicamos a regra: 100 ---------- 23,38 5,33 --------- X X = 5,33 x 23,38/100 X = 1,246, portanto, satisfaz plenamente o défice da dieta de volumosos fornecida. Deficiência em NDT, PB, Ca e P que são atendidas com 5,3 kg da mistura Discriminação NDT (kg) PB (kg) Ca (g) P (g) Deficiências 3,864 1,204 29 25 5,3 kg de mistura 3,864 1,246 29 36 Diferença 0 0,042 0 +11 Ração completa para a produção de 15 litros de leite/dia/vaca Dieta Ração (kg) Silagem de milho 18 Capim elefante 9 Mistura de concentrados 5,3 Essa mistura satisfaz plenamente os requisitos. O pequeno excesso de proteína seria usado pelo organismo como fonte energética, caso houvesse uma mistura de concentrados. Os níveis de Ca e P mostram-se dentro dos limites aceitáveis. O sal iodado poderá ser fornecido separado e à vontade, ou ser incorporado à ração dos concentrados na base de 0,5%. Formulação na prática II: Deseja-se formular 100 kg de ração balanceada com 14% de PB para novilhos em etapa final de engorda. Depois de formulada e equilibrada faz-se necessário calcular a quantidade necessária para cada animal segundo o PV. Planejamento inicial Alimentos PB (%) % disponível na fazenda Pasto 10 50 Cevada 10 45 Farinha semente de algodão 41 5 1º passo: Calcular a proteína total dos alimentos disponíveis. A – Pasto: 50 kg ---------- 100% do produto disponível X ----------- 10% de proteína X = 50 x 10/100 X = 5 kg de proteína no pasto B – Cevada: 45 ---------- 100% X ---------- 10% X = 45 x 10/100 X = 4,5 kg de proteína C – Farinha de semente de algodão: 5 ---------- 100% X ---------- 41% X = 5 x 41/100 X = 2,05 kg de proteína Somando-se a quantidade total de proteína disponível nos alimentos obtemos: 5 + 4,5 + 2,05 = 11,55 kg de proteína em 100 kg de mistura Isso significa que a mistura possui 11,55% de PB em sua composição. A % desejada é de 14% e a mistura possui 11,55%, ou seja, há um défice de 2,45%. Logo, faz-se necessário a incorporação de um alimento rico em PB, nesse caso, aumentar a quantidade de FSA e diminuir a de cevada. A % de PB da FSA é de 41% e a de cevada é de 10%, logo há uma diferença de 31%, que denominamos de fator de substituição e o transformamos em 0,31. Logo, temos o valor de substituição (0,31) e a quantidade de proteína a ser adicionada, então faz-se necessário a divisão da proteína faltante pelo valor de substituição: 2,45/0,31 = 7,9 A porcentagem a ser substituída é de 7,9%, aproximando para 8%. Logo, devemos diminuir 8% a incorporação da cevada e aumentar 8% a quantidade de FSA. Vejamos o planejamento: Revisando a fórmula inicial e incluindo os novos valores, obtemos: Alimentos Quantidade (kg) Nova quantidade (kg) Proteínas (%) Proteínas aportadas (%) Pasto 50 50 10 5,0 Cevada 45 – 8 = 37 10 3,7 FSA 5 + 8 = 13 41 5,33 TOTAL 100 100 - 14,03 Logo, achamos a porcentagem de proteína desejada na mistura que é de 14%, o que satisfaz plenamente as exigências dos novilhos em engorda a pasto com a suplementação concentrada de cevada e FSA no cocho. Conclui-se, então, que para balancear uma ração de 100 kg com 14% de PB para novilhos em engorda é necessário 50 kg de forragem com 10% de PB, 37 kg de cevada com 10% de PB e 13 kg de farinha de semente de algodão com 41% de PB. 5.2.2 Método do quadrado de Pearson É a técnica mais utilizada para cálculo de rações em função de sua simplicidade. A ração é calculada levando-se em consideração o valor relativo ou percentual de um dado nutriente, que é a proteína. Esse método estabelece as proporções entre dois alimentos, ou entre duas misturas de alimentos, de forma a obter um valor real para a proteína em relação ao teor proteico dos dois alimentos misturados. Para esse método é necessário o conhecimento prévio de alguns conceitos, tais como: Usar de preferência um alimento proteico e outro energético; O teor de proteína escolhido para a mistura deve estar compreendido entre o teor proteico dos alimentos escolhidos; Os dados à esquerda e no centro do quadrado devem estar expressos em porcentagem ou na mesma unidade para a facilitação do cálculo. Se desejarmos, por exemplo, fazer 78 kg de mistura com 14% de PB, para usarmos esse método temos que transformar os 14 kg de PB para % e o resultado será 18% (14 x 100/78); Os dados à esquerda referem-se aos alimentos e ao teor proteico dos mesmos, o dado no centro refere-se ao teor de proteína final da ração, ou seja, ao objetivo do cálculo, os dados à direita se referem as partes em que cada alimento irá compor a ração; A diferença efetuada diagonalmente deverá ser expressa em valor absoluto, isto é, subtraindo o menor valor do maior. Para elucidar melhor esse método vamos calcular exemplos. Cálculo de ração com dois alimentos 1. Deseja-se uma mistura com 18% de PB utilizando-se o fubá de milho 9% de PB e farelo de soja 45% de PB. Para solucionarmos o problema devemos realizar o seguinte: 1º desenhar um quadrado e colocar no seu centro a % de proteína desejada na mistura que é -/- 18%. 2º colocar em cada ângulo do lado esquerdo do quadrado, a % de proteína de cada alimento que irá compor a mistura. Nesse caso, será 9% de PB para o fubá de milho (FM) e 45% de PB para o farelo de soja (FS). FM 9% FS 45% 3º fazer a diferença entre os números, diagonalmente, colocando os resultados nos ângulos do lado direito, em valor real e absoluto, isto é, subtrair os maiores valores dos menores. Assim obtemos a subtração entre 45 – 18 = 27 e 18 – 9 = 9. Dessa forma: FM 9% 27 partes de FM FS 45% 9 partes de FS 4º os resultados são expressos em partes de cada alimento que temos que incluir para compor uma mistura com 18% de PB. Logo, temos que juntar as partes, ou seja, 27 partes do FS e 9 partes do FM, totalizando 36 partes totais. 5º as quantidades de cada alimento devem ser expressas em % do total. Sendo assim, se para 36 partes de mistura tem-se que incluir 27 partes de FM, então, para 100 partes teremos 75 de FM (27 x 100/36). O restante será de FS, ou seja, 25 partes (100 – 75). Pelo princípio da regra de três obtemos esses resultados. Para 100 partes ou 100 kg de mistura, teremos: 36 partes de mistura ---------- 27 partes de FM 100 partes de mistura ---------- X partes X = 100 x 27/36 X = 75 partes ou 75% de FM que, para 100 kg de mistura, corresponde a 75 kg. O restante corresponde ao FS, onde temos: 100 partes de mistura – 75 partes de FM = 25 partes ou 25% de FS que, para 100 kg de mistura, -/- corresponde a 25 kg. -/- Resumindo os resultados em um quadro, teremos: Alimento Kg PB (kg) Cálculo para achar a PB (kg) Fubá de Milho 75 6,75 Se 9% é 100 em x é 75, logo 9 x 75/100 = 6,75 Farelo de soja 25 11,25 Se 45% é 100 em x é 25, logo 45 x 25/100 = 11,25 TOTAL 100 18,0 A quantidade de FM e FS na mistura satisfaz plenamente os requisitos de 18% de PB na mistura. 2. Usando o exercício 2 do item 5.2.1 – Determinar a % em que o milho 9% PB e farinha de peixe 53% PB devem ser misturados de forma a obter uma ração de 100 kg com 18% de PB. M 9% 35 partes de M FP 53% 9 partes de FP Somando as partes de milho e farinha de peixe, obtemos: 35 + 9 = 44 partes totais. Agora calculamos a incorporação dos alimentos, mediante uma regra de três simples: A - Farinha de peixe: 100% da mistura ---------- 44 partes X -------------------- 9 partes X = 100 x 9/44 X = 20,5% de FP ou 20,5 kg. B - Milho: 100% da mistura ---------- 44 partes X -------------------- 35 partes X = 100 x 35/44 X = 79,5% ou kg de milho Ou, de outra forma: 100% – 20,5% da FP = 79,5% ou kg de milho. Verificando os resultados, vamos transformar as % PB de milho e farinha de peixe em g/kg, dessa forma vamos obter 9% PB milho é igual a 90 g PB/kg e 53% PB da farinha de peixe é igual a 530 g PB/kg, obtemos: REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ANDRIGUETTO, J. M. et al. Nutrição Animal–Alimentação Animal Aplicada. São Paulo: Nobel, 3ª edição, v. 2, 1988. ARAÚJO, L. F.; ZANETTI, M. A. (Eds.). Nutrição Animal. 1ª ed. Barueri: Manole, 2019. BERCHIELLI, Telma Teresinha; PIREZ, Alexandre Vaz; OLIVEIRA, Simone Gisele de. Nutrição de ruminantes. FUNEP,, 2006. CAMPOS, J. Tabelas para o cálculo de rações. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 1972. CHEEKE, Peter R. Applied animal nutrition: feeds and feeding. Pearson Prentice Hall;, 2005. GOES, Rafael Henrique de Tonissi et al. Alimentos e alimentação animal. UFGD: Coleção Cadernos Acadêmicos, 2013. GONÇALVES, J. N. Manual do produtor de leite. Viçosa, MG: Aprenda Fácil, 2012. GONÇALVES, L. C.; BORGES, Iran; FERREIRA, Pedro Dias Sales. Alimentação de gado de leite. Belo Horizonte: FEPMVZ, 2009. GONÇALVES, Lúcio Carlos et al. Alimentos para gado de leite. Belo Horizonte: FEPMVZ, 2009. HYND, Philip. Animal Nutrition: From Theory to Practice. CSIRO PUBLISHING, 2019. ISLABAO, Narciso; RUTZ, F. Manual de cálculo de rações. Pelotense, sd, 1978. KRUG, E. E.; FAVRETTO, D.; CAMARGO, S. R. Alimentação do gado leiteiro. Porto Alegre: Cooperativa Central Gaúcha de Leite Ltda, 1985. LANA, R. de P. Sistema Viçosa de formulação de rações. Viçosa: Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2007. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL et al. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle: 2001. National Academies Press, 2001. NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE et al. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 2016. NEIVA, Rogério Santoro. Produção de bovinos leiteiros. Lavras: UFLA, 1998. NEVES, André Luis Alves et al. Tabelas nordestinas de composição de alimentos para bovinos leiteiros. Brasília, DF: Embrapa, 2014., 2014. PEIXOTO, A. M.; MOURA, J. C.; FARIA V. P. Curso de alimentação de bovinos. Piracicaba, SP. FEALQ, 1992. POND, Wilson G. et al. Basic animal nutrition and feeding. John Wiley & Sons, 2004. SALMAN, A. K.; OSMARI, E. K.; DOS SANTOS, M. G. R. Manual prático para formulação de ração para vacas leiteiras. Embrapa Rondônia-Documentos (INFOTECA-E), 2011. SILVESTRE, J. R. A.; VILELA, H. Métodos de balanceamento de rações. EMATER-MG, 1984. TEIXEIRA, A. S. Alimentos e alimentação dos animais. Vol. I, v. 5, 1997. TEIXEIRA, J. C.; TEIXEIRA, LFAC. Alimentação de bovinos leiteiros. FAEPE, Lavras, 1997. VALADARES FILHO, S. de C. et al. Tabelas brasileiras de composição de alimentos para bovinos. UFV, 2006. VALADARES FILHO, S. de C. et al. Tabelas de composição de alimentos e exigências nutricionais para bovinos no Brasil. SIMPÓSIO DE PRODUÇÃO DE GADO DE CORTE, v. 2, p. 291-358, 2001. (shrink)

The idea of ‘reversion’ or ‘atavism’ has a peculiar history. For many authors in the latenineteenth and early-twentieth centuries – including Darwin, Galton, Pearson, Weismann, and Spencer, among others – reversion was one of the central phenomena which a theory of heredity ought to explain. By only a few decades later, however, Fisher and others could look back upon reversion as a historical curiosity, a non-problem, or even an impediment to clear theorizing. I explore various reasons that reversion might (...) have appeared to be a central problem for this first group of figures, focusing on their commitment to a variety of conceptual features of evolutionary theory; discuss why reversion might have then ceased to be an interesting phenomenon; and, finally, close with some more general thoughts about the death of scientific problems. (shrink)

Simple claims with the verb ‘seem’, as well as the specific sensory verbs, ‘look’, ‘sound’, etc., require the speaker to have some relevant kind of perceptual acquaintance (Pearson, 2013; Ninan, 2014). But different forms of these reports differ in their perceptual requirements. For example, the copy raising (CR) report, ‘Tom seems like he’s cooking’ requires the speaker to have seen Tom, while its expletive subject (ES) variant, ‘It seems like Tom is cooking’, does not (Rogers, 1972; Asudeh and Toivonen, (...) 2012). This contrast has led some theorists to hold that the matrix subject in CR constructions is uniformly interpreted as the perceptual source (p-source) (Asudeh and Toivonen, 2012; Rett and Hyams, 2014). Others, based on examples of CR reports that seem not to require perception of the referent of the matrix subject, have taken the p-source interpretation instead to be non-uniform across CR reports (Landau, 2011; Doran, 2015). We reconsider these theoretical approaches to copy raising in light of new experimental work probing the sensitivity of these requirements to the matrix verb, the embedded ‘like’-clause, and the context. While we find some motivation for a non-uniform p-source analysis, it comes from importantly different cases than those others have relied on. Furthermore, our findings cast doubt on the prevalent assumption that the perceptual requirements of CR reports are to be captured solely by the presence or absence of the p-source interpretation. We suggest that the data motivating a non-uniform p-source view are better captured by an alternative approach, which makes use of a more minimal evidential source role, in place of the perceptual source role. We close by considering the relationship between English copy raising and evidential constructions cross-linguistically. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive relationship of peer group influence, teacher-student interaction and indiscipline to students' dropout tendency in evening continuing education programmes. The context of this study is the southern senatorial district of Cross River State, Nigeria. The study adopted a predictive correlational research design, and the sample comprised 554 students randomly selected from 11 centres in the district. This represents 20% of the total population of students. The instrument used for data collection was (...) a questionnaire titled: "Social Indicators and Dropout Tendency Scale" (SIDTS). The researchers collected the data that were analysed using Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple linear regression analyses at the .05 level of significance. The results revealed that peer group influence, teacher-student interaction and level of indiscipline collectively and individually predicted dropout tendency among students in evening continuing education programmes. It was recommended, among others, that the teachers discover diverse ways of making their teaching process lively by devising ways of engaging the students in the learning process by forming discussion groups that will promote healthy peer groups, which will increase their eagerness to come to school. (shrink)

Four experiments investigated the extent to which abstract quantitative information can be conveyed by basic visual features. This was done by asking observers to estimate and discriminate Pearson correlation in graphical representations where the first data dimension of each element was encoded by its horizontal position, and the second by the value of one of its visual features; perceiving correlation then requires combining the information in the two encodings via a common abstract representation. Four visual features were examined: luminance, (...) color, orientation, and size. All were able to support the perception of correlation. Indeed, despite the strikingly different appearances of the associated stimuli, all gave rise to performance that was much the same: just noticeable difference was a linear function of distance from complete correlation, and estimated correlation a logarithmic function of this distance. Performance differed only in regards to the level of noise in the feature, with these values compatible with estimates of channel capacity encountered in classic experiments on absolute perceptual magnitudes. These results suggest that quantitative information can be conveyed by visual features that are abstracted at relatively low levels of visual processing, with little representation of the original sensory property. It is proposed that this is achieved via an abstract parameter space in which the values in each perceptual dimension are normalized to have the same means and variances, with perceived correlation based on the shape of the joint probability density function of the resultant elements. (shrink)

The study determined the influence of innate mathematical characteristics on the number sense competencies of junior high school students in a Philippine public school. The descriptive-correlational research design was used to accomplish the study involving a nonrandom sample of sixty 7th-grade students attending synchronous math sessions. Data obtained from the math-specific Learning Style and Self-Efficacy questionnaires and the modified Number Sense Test (NST) were analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s Chi-Square, and Simple Linear Regression analysis. The research instruments (...) and statistics were all validated and tested for reliability. The analysis revealed that the students are visual learners, had no or slight self-efficacy, and their number sense competency level is poor. They encountered difficulty in all the components and domains of the NST. Moreover, the students’ mathematical self-efficacy is significantly related and may influence their number sense competency level. Building upon the learners’ self-efficacy to further their understanding and skills in number sense is necessary. (shrink)

Background Analysis of aphasic narratives can be a challenge for clinicians. Previous studies have mainly employed measures that categorized speech samples at the word level. They included quantification of the use and misuse of different word classes, presence and absence of narrative contents and errors, paraphasias, and perseverations, as well as morphological structures and errors within a narrative. In other words, a great amount of research has been conducted in the aphasiology literature focusing on micro-linguistic structures of oral narratives. Aspects (...) of macro- linguistic structures, such as the analysis of content information by a speaker, consistency of using cohesive devices to present information within a narrative, and order of presenting information necessary to form a coherent discourse, have not been extensively investigated. The current investigation proposes a clinical analytic system to target three aspects of macro-linguistic structures in narratives among speakers with aphasia. Specifically, (1) the presence of search events (i.e., the mentioning of key events that allow the listener to understand; Capilouto, Wright, &Wagovich, 2006) within a narrative, (2) the sequence of the mentioned events, and (3) the informativeness (i.e., the fulfillment of lexical items that allow the user to understand what the event is detailing) of the event contents, were focused in the proposed framework. Method Ten controls transcripts from were selected from the AphasiaBank (MacWhinney, Fromm, Forbes, & Holland, 2011). Three narrative tasks, including sequential picture description of ‘Refused Umbrella’, procedural narrative of making a ‘Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich’, and telling of ‘Cinderella’ story, were used to establish normative data for the basis of analysis. Specifically, the Search Events (e) and Informative Words (i) used by at least 70% of the speakers were listed for each genre. The sequential order of mentioning the Search Events, i.e., common order of events in 90% of the speakers, (s.total) was determined. Twelve speakers with aphasia (nine fluent and three non-fluent) were recruited and administered the Western Aphasia Battery and Object and Action Naming Battery. Their performance in the above three discourse tasks were orthographically transcribed and analyzed using the following measures: e.total, e.matched with norm, e.missed, e.irrlevant, e.extra, s.total, i.pb&j, i.umbr, i.cind, and i.total. Three samples were randomly chosen to be re-analyzed for inter- and intra-rater reliability. Results Results of an independent t-test suggested significant differences between the fluent and non-fluent subjects in sequential order of Search Events for all genres (s.total) and i.total, suggesting sensitivity of this framework to differentiate between the two fluency groups. Results of Pearson product-moment correlations revealed significant relation between Informative Words and WAB spontaneous speech scores, AQ, as well as OAB scores, for both aphasic groups. The mean value of coefficients for intra-rater reliability (0.992), with significant correlations on e.match, e.miss, and e.extra, was higher than that of inter-rater reliability (0.897). Discussion Based on our preliminary results, this objective framework allowed clinical evaluation of impairment in macro-linguistic structures present in aphasic discourse. Further extension should involve more subjects encompassing a wider range of severity with different types of aphasia. (shrink)

For scatterplots with gaussian distributions of dots, the perception of Pearson correlation r can be described by two simple laws: a linear one for discrimination, and a logarithmic one for perceived magnitude (Rensink & Baldridge, 2010). The underlying perceptual mechanisms, however, remain poorly understood. To cast light on these, four different distributions of datapoints were examined. The first had 100 points with equal variance in both dimensions. Consistent with earlier results, just noticeable difference (JND) was a linear function of (...) the distance away from r = 1, and the magnitude of perceived correlation a logarithmic function of this quantity. In addition, these laws were linked, with the intercept of the JND line being the inverse of the bias in perceived magnitude. Three other conditions were also examined: a dot cloud with 25 points, a horizontal compression of the cloud, and a cloud with a uniform distribution of dots. Performance was found to be similar in all conditions. The generality and form of these laws suggest that what underlies correlation perception is not a geometric structure such as the shape of the dot cloud, but the shape of the probability distribution of the dots, likely inferred via a form of ensemble coding. It is suggested that this reflects the ability of observers to perceive the information entropy in an image, with this quantity used as a proxy for Pearson correlation. (shrink)

We present a rigorous way to evaluate the visual perception of correlation in scatterplots, based on classical psychophysical methods originally developed for simple properties such as brightness. Although scatterplots are graphically complex, the quantity they convey is relatively simple. As such, it may be possible to assess the perception of correlation in a similar way. Scatterplots were each of 5.0 extent, containing 100 points with a bivariate normal distribution. Means were 0.5 of the range of the points, and standard deviations (...) 0.2 of this range. Precision was determined via an adaptive algorithm to find the just noticeable differences (jnds) in correlation, i.e., the difference between two side-by-side scatterplots that could be discriminated 75% of the time. Accuracy was measured by direct estimation, using reference scatterplots with fixed upper and lower values, with a test scatterplot adjusted so that its correlation appeared to be halfway between these. This process was recursively applied to yield several further estimates. Results of the discrimination tests show jnd(r) = k (1/b – r), where r is the Pearson correlation, and parameters 0 < k, b < 1. Integration yields a subjective estimate of correlation g(r) = ln(1 – br) / ln(1– b). The values of b found via discrimination closely match those found via direct estimation. As such, it appears that the perception of correlation in a scatterplot is completely described by two related performance curves, specified by two easily-measured parameters. (shrink)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between cognitive styles of managers working in tourism companies and dynamic capabilities of these companies. Design – The research relies on a quantitative questionnaire. Methodology – To answer the research question, the bivariate (Pearson) correlation was applied. A number of 268 answers from people working in tourism were received. Findings – We found a positive correlation between different dimensions of dynamic capabilities of tourism companies. These capabilities are (...) influenced by managers’ cognitive characteristics. The organizational culture plays a mediating role in the latter relationship. Implications for theory – The paper offers an alternative understanding of dynamic capabilities in tourism and hospitality; the paper also opens new paths for academic research on the impact of cognitive characteristics of managers on the dynamic capabilities of tourism companies. Implications for practitioners – Making accurate psychological portrait of the candidate can predict his/her behavior in certain situation, such as response towards environmental change using dynamic capabilities and when making the necessary changes to the organizational culture. Originality – This study proposes model of influence of a manager’s cognitive style on dynamic capabilities, whereby organizational culture moderates this relationship. (shrink)

This mixed-method research was conducted to determine the levels of challenges, innovations and interventions in the operationalization of summative assessment in Music, Arts, Physical Education, and Health (MAPEH) of public MAPEH secondary school teachers in the Division of Iloilo for the school year 2021-2022. This study also determined whether significant relationship existed among challenges, innovations and interventions. The participants of this study were the 290 randomly selected public secondary school MAPEH teachers determined using the Slovin’s formula. The data- gathering instruments (...) were the researcher-made Challenges, Innovations and Interventions Questionnaires. Focus-Group Discussion was conducted to gather qualitative data for triangulation with the quantitative data gathered. Mean, frequency, percentage, rank and Standard Deviation were used for descriptive data analysis, while ANOVA and Pearson r were used for inferential data analysis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that the level of top 10 challenges in the operationalization of summative assessment in MAPEH is “high”. Also, the level of the top 10 innovations in the operationalization of summative assessment in MAPEH is “high”. Generally, the level of top 10 interventions in the operationalization of summative assessment in MAPEH is “high” except for the top 4 interventions, “helped students with setting priorities in terms of answering summative assessment, written works and performance tasks”, “provided rubrics and performance standards to assist the learner in doing the summative assessment both written works and performance tasks”, “established clear, consistent rule which are direct and simple in the written works and performance tasks to allow learners perform the task with ease”, and “encouraged self- expression in different assessment task’s” which level is “very high”. It was also revealed that the interventions among the levels of challenges encountered by the MAPEH teachers in the operationalization of summative assessment varies significantly and there were varied interventions employed to address the challenges. Also, the interventions among the levels of innovations developed by the MAPEH teachers in the operationalization of summative assessment significantly differed. Interventions vary since there are many available innovations. It was also revealed in the study that significantly positive relationships existed among the level of challenges, innovations as independent variables and interventions as dependent variable in the operationalization of the summative assessments. (shrink)

The new normal education requires learners to be independent in the learning process without face-to-face instruction. This study determined the home-based learning activities in relation to the academic achievement of Grade 6 learners in Plaridel North District, Municipality of Plaridel, Misamis Occidental. The descriptive-correlational design was used in the study. There were 135 students who served as respondents, selected through purposive and convenient sampling techniques. The researcher-made Home-Based Learning Activities Questionnaire was used as a research instrument in determining the learners’ (...) learning activities at home. Documentary analysis was made to determine the learners' academic achievement. Mean, Standard Deviation, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, and Regression Analysis were used as statistical tools in analyzing the data gathered. Results revealed that the respondents had a very high engagement in home-based learning activities, and their academic achievement was generally very satisfactory. The level of engagement in home-based learning activities was highly influential to the learners' academic achievement. The efforts extended for modular distance learning can determine what learners can achieve academically. (shrink)

Memes on the internet are created content to express knowledge, entertain, ridicule, and self-actualize. The purpose of this study was to assess the emotional response to memes and their link to the profile of Filipino teachers-in-training. The descriptive-correlation research method was used in this study. A questionnaire-checklist was utilized to assess the effects of online memes on the emotions of teachers-in-training. The data was treated using frequency counts, percentages, and the average weighted mean. The association between profile and the emotional (...) response to Internet Memes was investigated using Pearson-r (Pearson Product Moment of Correlation) and Chi-square. The outcomes of this study revealed that teachers-in-training are mostly females who concentrate in Enhanced General Education and spend 4-6 hours on social media. Teachers-in-training whose gender is female has a higher emotional response (whether positive or negative) to memes than their counterparts. The number of hours spent on social media has no bearing on the Teachers-in Training emotional responses to memes. Respondents who are specializing in Enhanced General Education have the highest positive emotional response to memes. However, there is no significant connection between negative emotional responses to memes and specialization. (shrink)

In this paper I explore a positivist methodological tradition in early demand theory, as exemplified by several common traits that I draw from the works of V. Pareto, H. L. Moore and H. Schultz. Assuming a current approach to explanation in the social sciences, I will discuss the building of their various explanans, showing that the three authors agreed on two distinctive methodological features: the exclusion of any causal commitment to psychology when explaining individual choice and the mandate to test (...) the truth of demand theory on aggregate data by statistical means. However, I also contend, from an epistemological point of view, that the truth of demand theory was conceived of in three different ways by our authors. Inspired by Poincaré, Pareto assumed that many different theories could account for the same data on individual choice, coming close to a kind of conventionalism -though I prefer to refer to this position as theoreticism. Moore was himself akin to Pearson's approach, which could be named descriptivist insofar as it resolved scientific laws into statistical descriptions of the data. Finally, Schultz tried to reconcile both approaches in an adequationist stance with no success, as we shall see. (shrink)

The study investigated conflict management strategies and secondary school teachers’ job effectiveness in Obubra Local Government Area of Cross River State. Six null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study adopted correlational and factorial research designs. Purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample of 222 teachers from a population of 352 secondary school teachers. Conflict Management Strategies Questionnaire (CMSQ) and Secondary School Teachers’ Job Effectiveness Questionnaire (SSTJEQ) were used respectively, as instruments for data collection. The hypotheses (...) were tested at .05 level of significance using Population t-test, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression analyses. Findings revealed that, teachers’ job effectiveness level in Obubra Local Government Area is significantly high. Findings also revealed that arbitration, dialogue, and effective communication strategies respectively, had a significant relationship with secondary school teachers’ job effectiveness. Smoothing strategy had no significant relationship to secondary school teachers’ job effectiveness. The findings also revealed among others that; the four conflict management strategies (arbitration, dialogue, effective communication and smoothing) had a joint significant influence on secondary school teachers’ job effectiveness. Based on these findings, it was recommended among others that; secondary school principals should not rely totally on one conflict management strategy as the best for all situations, instead they should learn how to use various conflict management strategies, and apply them in any given conflict situation in their schools. (shrink)

This study assessed administrative networking strategies and principals’ supervisory effectiveness in assessing teachers’ notes of lessons, teachers’ instructional delivery, students’ records, and non-academic activities in Cross River State, Nigeria. Three null hypotheses were formulated accordingly to direct the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Census technique was adopted in selecting the entire population of 667 secondary school administrators in Cross River State. The instruments used for data collection were two set of questionnaires designed by the researchers including: Administrative (...) Networking Strategies Questionnaire (ANSQ)”, and “Principals’ Supervisory Effectiveness Questionnaire (PSEQ)” respectively. The reliability of the instruments was established through Cronbach Alpha, and reliability estimates of .89 and .92 were obtained for the two instruments respectively. The null hypotheses were all tested at .05 level of significance using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis with the aid of SPSS v21. Findings from the study revealed that; there is a significant relationship between principals’ effective communication, school-community relationship, and teachers’ involvement in decision-making, with their supervisory effectiveness respectively. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended amongst others that; secondary school principals should endeavour to communicate relevant ideas, messages, and information to both teaching and non-academic staff of the school; and ensure that appropriate feedback mechanisms are provided based on such information. (shrink)

This study evaluated the quality of educational resources vis-à-vis effective instructional service delivery in Nigerian universities. Particularly, the study was carried out in university of Calabar, using five hundred and nineteen (519) students selected through the simple random sampling technique from the fifteen faculties of the University of Calabar. To achieve the purpose of the study, two hypotheses were formulated. A questionnaire titled quality of educational resources and effectiveness of instructional service delivery questionnaire (QEREISDQ) was developed by the researchers, this (...) was subjected to face and content validity by three experts in measurement and evaluation and Administration of Higher education all in Faculty of Education University of Calabar. A pilot test was carried out using forty students from University of Uyo in Akwa Ibom state to establish the reliability of the instrument. Using the Cronbach’s alpha reliability method, the instrument had a reliability coefficient of α=.79-.85. The instrument was administered to the respondents and retrieved with Zero attrition rate. The data collected was analyzed through means, standard deviation, Pearson product moment correlation and multiple regression analysis. It was revealed among other things that; the quality of educational resources has a significant relationship with effective of instructional service delivery, with the quality of lecturers being the strongest predictor of effective instructional delivery. However, it was also revealed that the quality of library was significantly low and influenced effective instructional delivery negatively. It was therefore, recommended that government and corporate organizations should provide adequate educational resources and promote viral development programmes for lecturers to enhance effective instructional delivery in Nigerian universities. (shrink)

The objective of this study was to determine the teachers? performance in Digitized Education in Private and Public Schools in Pila, Laguna and their performance at school through different teaching modalities. It sought to answer three basic questions. What is the extent of the digitized education using different modalities as to Online teaching and learning, Modular Teaching/ Learning, Flexible and Blended Teaching and Learning?; What is the level of teachers? performance in terms of IPCRF Individual Performance Commitment Review Form) and (...) COT (Classroom Observation Tool)?; Is there a significant relationship between digitized education as to teaching modalities and teachers? performance? The retrieved data were subjected to computerized statistical computations through weighted mean, standard deviation and Pearson r formulas in determining the focal points, dispersals and direction of relationships between the independent and dependent variables The following findings in importance were sequentially obtained as to the extent of the digitized education using different modalities in online teaching / learning, the respondents recognized high extent of it because there were available resources which also provided accurate results of students? assessments. The extent of digitized education using modular teaching/learning, the respondents recognized high extent of it as they were informative, relevant and timely to every lesson which was also effective on students? performance. Flexible and Blended Teaching and Learning to which the respondent recognized very high extent of it as the teachers were flexible in every teaching modality and were computer literate with students? engagement and comprehension were well measured. There was a significant relationship between digitized education as to teaching modalities and teachers? performance in terms of Individual Performance Commitment Review Form and Classroom Observation Tool. It was concluded therefore that there was significant relationship between Digitized education and Teachers? performance so hypothesis was rejected. The following recommendations were hereby offered; maintenance of the quality deliverance of academic instructions in different modalities in a Digitized Education; the teachers must be thoroughly exposed to relevant and actual trainings for them to perform well in a Digitized education. (shrink)

The focus of this study was to investigate "principals' administrative competence and teachers work performance" in Calabar Education zone. Four null hypotheses were tested in the course of the study. Correlational research design was adopted, while purposive sampling technique was used in selecting a sample of 800 teachers. Two instruments were used for data collection including "Principals' Administrative Competence Questionnaire (PACQ)," and Teachers' Work Performance Questionnaire (TWPQ)." Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis (r) and multiple regression (R) analysis were employed (...) to test the hypotheses at.05 level of significance were applicable, with the aid of SPSS v21. Findings from the study revealed that; principals' supervisory, leadership and communication competences are significantly related to teachers' work performance in terms of instructional delivery, attendance to classes, notes writing, and record keeping respectively. It was also revealed that; principals' supervisory, leadership and communication competences have significant composite influence on teachers' work performance in terms of instructional delivery (p <.05; F = 26.764), attendance to classes (p <.05; F = 109.122), notes writing (p <.05; F = 228.118), and record keeping (P <.05; F = 468.793). Based on these findings, it was recommended amongst others that; such techniques as close supervision of teachers, good leadership styles, and effective communication should be jointly practiced by secondary school principals in order to improve teachers' work performance. (shrink)

The study was conducted to compare manual and computerized software techniques of data management and analysis in educational research. Specifically, the study investigated whether there was a significant difference in the results of Pearson correlation, independent t-test and ANOVA obtained from using manual and computerized software technique of data analyses. Three null hypotheses were formulated accordingly to guide the study. The study adopted a quasi-experimental research design where several data were generated by the researchers and analyzed using manual and (...) computerized software techniques. The data were generated to suit the required data of each statistical method of analysis. CASIO fx-991ES PLUS NATURAL DISPLAY scientific calculator and statistical tables were used for manual analysis; while data analysis tool pack of Microsoft Excel version 2013 were used for computerized software analysis. The results of the analysis revealed that both manual and computerized software techniques yielded the same results for Pearson correlation, independent t-test and ANOVA. It was concluded that though both manual and computerized techniques are reliable and dependable, computerized technique is faster and efficient in managing and analyzing data than manual technique. It was recommended, among other things, that any of the techniques should be used without fear when computing Pearson, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA as it is the same results that will be gotten. (shrink)

This study assessed two motivational strategies and their respective ties to the service delivery in public universities in Cross River State. In achieving the central and specific targets of this research, four research questions and two null hypotheses were answered and tested in the study. The entire population of 440 security personnel in two public universities was studied, based on the census approach and following the ex-post facto research design. Three sets of expert-validated questionnaires, with Cronbach reliability estimates of 0.80, (...) 0.79 and 0.83 respectively, were used for data collection. Collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as Pearson Product Moment Correlation and the One-way ANOVA. The level of incentives provision and security service delivery in universities was moderate. There were notable disparities between promotion, provision of incentives and security service delivery in universities. Security personnel discharged, on average, services beyond the extent of promotion and incentives provided to them. Provision of incentives did not relate significantly to security service delivery; however, staff promotion significantly influences security service delivery in universities. It was concluded that there are loopholes in the motivational practices of universities for security personnel. The service delivery of security personnel at universities in Cross River State is yet to be at an acceptable point that can promote institutional safety and goal attainment in the short- and long run. It was recommended, among other things, that security personnel who are due for promotion should not be denied such an opportunity, as it represents one of the strongest motivational factors in universities. (shrink)

A cross-sectional, descriptive study was done at a rural high school in Zakiganj Upazila of Sylhet District, Bangladesh, between January and December of 2014, to determine knowledge and practice of oral health and hygiene and oral health status among school going adolescents. Students from three classes: class VIII, IX and X, and aged 12-16 years were taken for the study. Study samples were collected by using simple random sampling technique. A total of 90 students were divided into two age groups: (...) 12-14 years and 15-16 years. A pre-designed, self-administered questionnaire was used for demographic survey and knowledge of oral health and hygiene (a 10-point questionnaire) and practice (a 7-point questionnaire). Then a plane mouth mirror and periodontal probe was used for examining oral health status in those school children. Oral hygiene status was measured by simplified Green and Vermillion Oral Hygiene Index. The mean age of the respondents was 14.37±0.50 years. Females were 68 (75.6%) and males were 22 (24.4%). 31 (34.4%) were from class VIII, 30 (33.3%) from class IX and 29 (32.2%) were from class X. 33.3% of the respondents have scored below the mean of the total knowledge score while 66.7% has scored above the mean (6.86±2.05). Pearson’s correlation coefficient (+0.342) revealed that an increase in knowledge score would lead to increase in practice score. The younger group had higher mean knowledge score than older group (7.15+1.35 vs. 6.58+2.54; P=0.017); however, no significant difference was found between males and females (6.90±1.74 vs. 6.85±2.15; P=0.432). There was no significant difference in Debris Index (DI), Calculous Index (CI) and Oral Health Index (OHI) scores in between age groups and genders. On educational status, significant difference was observed only in OHI score (P=0.001) among those three classes of students. Overall, only 31% had good oral hygiene, while 59% respondents had fair and 10% had poor oral hygiene status. (shrink)

This study evaluated the relationship between participative management practices and institutional goal attainment among Nigerian universities, with University of Calabar in focus. To achieve the purpose of the study, two research questions and two null hypotheses where developed to guide the study. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population and sample of the study was one hundred and twenty-two (122) deans of faculties and heads of departments using the census approach. An instrument titled Participative Management (...) Practices and Institutional Goal Attainment Questionnaire (PMPIGAQ) was used for data collection. The instrument was validated by three experts in Higher Education Administration and Measurement and Evaluation. The instrument yielded Cronbach’s reliability alpha ranging from α=.75-86. Data were collected and analyzed through mean, Standard deviation, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis. The results of the study showed that there is a significant relationship between participation in decision making, participation in planning and institutional goal attainment. It was recommended that managers of universities should promote participatory management practices to enhance high morale, commitment and enthusiasm among staff in the pursuit and attainment of institutional goals. (shrink)

This study assessed school-community relationship and school system effectiveness in secondary schools in Cross River State. Four null hypotheses were formulated accordingly as guide to the study. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. A total of 1,480 academic staff which comprised 271 principals, and 396 vice principals selected through census technique, and 813 teachers selected using simple random sampling technique, were used to elicit data for the study. “School-Community Relationship and Secondary School System Effectiveness Questionnaire (SCRSSSEQ)” was used as (...) instrument for data collection. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while the null hypotheses were all tested at .05 level of significance using Pearson Product Moment Correlation with the aid of SPSS version 21. Findings from the study revealed that: parent-teachers’ relationship, school- community use of resources, school-community communication and school-community collaboration are significantly related to secondary school system effectiveness respectively, in Calabar Municipal Area of Cross River State. It was concluded that generally that school community relationship has significant relationship with school system effectiveness respectively. Based on the findings of this study, it was recommended among others that; principals should setup active parents’ teachers’ associations in their schools with leaders of the association comprising of community members and staff of the school. This will serve as a link that binds the school to the community and will create a platform for discussing and settling disputes. (shrink)

Aim: This study attempted to assess the organizational resiliency in the implementation of Basic Education School Learning Continuity Plan and to design a resilient basic education school learning continuity plan. -/- Methodology: The study used mixed method which is quantitative and qualitative. The data for the quantitative part of the study were gathered through a survey with the 19 school heads and 345 teacher- respondents while the qualitative method was conducted through focus group discussion interview with 19 key informants who (...) were composed of the teachers, school heads and stakeholders. The research instrument that was used for the perceived organizational resiliency was a survey questionnaire that was validated by the experts and which the reliability was tested through Cronbach’s alpha with excellent level of internal consistency. The statistical treatment for quantitative results used mean and standard deviation to determine the perception of the respondents with regards to the organizational resiliency on the implementation of the BE-SLCP and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, testing its significance at the 0.05 level was used in finding out the relationship between the evaluation of the basic education school learning continuity plan and school performance indicators and organizational resiliency. While content analysis was employed for the qualitative results. -/- Results: The salient findings of the study were as follows: The result showed that the rate of enrollment during pandemic is low while the drop-out rate fostered a positive rate. The school heads and teacher respondents perceived the schools’ organizational resiliency as high. Based on the feedback of the key informants the lessons learned from the implementation of Basic Education School Learning Continuity Plan are strong collaboration, consistent communication, and enhanced ICT Skills. The best practices that were observed are sustained partnership and continuous implementation of programs, projects, and activities. The challenges encountered include authenticity of assessment and low capability of learning facilitators at home. The respondent assessed the developed learning continuity plan as very highly satisfactory. -/- Conclusion: The organizational resiliency of schools is high in its performance of continuing education during pandemic. The study suggests that the schools may developed creative strategies on increasing enrolment; the school may strengthen its school-based management level to ensure that the plans and goals for continuity of education will be achieved; the school may also consider strengthening the stakeholders’ involvement and the school may consider the strategy of close coordination and constant monitoring and follow-ups with parents/guardians on the implementation of learning delivery. (shrink)

This study linked strategic planning and staff management relatively and cumulatively to the effectiveness of post-graduate programmes at two public Nigerian universities. The study was directed by the formulation and testing of three null hypotheses. The entire population of 157 administrators (including 24 deans and 133 HODs) participated in a survey, where a questionnaire was used to elicit responses. The questionnaire was designed by the researcher but validated by five experts. The reliability for internal consistency was determined using Cronbach’s alpha, (...) with acceptable indices. Data obtained were analysed using Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses. In a bivariate sense, both strategic planning and staff management significantly correlated with the effectiveness of post-graduate programmes respectively. Cumulatively, the two predictors are responsible for explaining 57% of the variation in the effectiveness of post-graduate programmes, with the remaining 43% of the unexplained variance attributable to other extraneous variables. The composite contribution of the two predictors was verified to be statistically significant. Staff management was the strongest predictor ahead of strategic planning. It was recommended, among other things, that the coordinator of post-graduate programmes should ensure that plans are made concerning the procurement and maintenance of facilities that will be required for the smooth running of the programmes in graduate schools. (shrink)

Os termos rações e dietas são comumente usados, entretanto, os mesmos possuem significados distintos. Para que o produtor possa distinguir: Ração: é a quantidade de alimento que o animal recebe no período de 24 horas. Dieta: é a mistura de ingredientes que formam o alimento que é oferecido ao animal. A formulação de ração pode ser encarada como a mecânica de transformação dos princípios estudados em Nutrição e aplicados na prática. É entendida como o apropriado uso dos alimentos e adequado (...) balanceamento dos nutrientes necessários para o animal a que a ração se destina. Tanto a composição dos alimentos, as exigências dos animais (e de um mesmo alimento e mesmo animal), a digestibilidade, taxa de consumo e valor nutritivo são variáveis, porém constituem elementos para a formulação de rações. Com isso, o atendimento correto das exigências nutricionais normalmente é conseguido através de ajustes manuais individuais constantes. Sendo assim, mediante essa variação de dados, busca-se atingir a "faixa de necessidade" dos animais mediante os cálculos, alicerçados em valores médios, ou ainda estabelecendo-se limites máximos e mínimos. Há algumas razões para a formulação manual de rações, dentre as quais destaca-se que nenhum alimento é capaz de fornecer todos os nutrientes essenciais a todas as fases de vida do animal, além do fato do animal ser retirado do seu ambiente natural onde, possivelmente, encontraria tudo que necessitaria para sua manutenção. Além disso, a pastagem/forragem, por melhores que sejam, não fornecem quantidades satisfatórias de todos os nutrientes necessários para o crescimento, engorda, reprodução e lactação, sendo imprescindível a suplementação concentrada. Para formular as dietas dos animais de produção é necessário conhecer as seguintes informações: ingredientes disponíveis na região; requerimentos nutricionais dos animais a serem alimentados; custo por unidade do ingrediente (kg, litro); limitações químicas ou físicas dos ingredientes; e, por fim, a composição bromatológica dos ingredientes. Para balancear uma mistura de concentrados, devemos determinar as quantidades e proporções dos alimentos a serem fornecidos. O método mais divulgado, usual, simples e eficiente é conhecido como Quadrado de Pearson. Consiste em estabelecer proporções entre dois alimentos ou de misturas prévias de alimentos, da seguinte maneira: 1. No canto superior esquerdo do quadrado, escreve-se o teor de proteína do concentrado energético; 2. No canto inferior esquerdo, escreve-se o teor de proteína do concentrado protéico;. (shrink)

This descriptive-correlational study determines the teaching efficacy among public Higher Education Institutions during the Academic Year 2021-2022. With 200 teacher-respondents, and with the use of weighted mean, standard deviation, t-test for independent samples, One-way ANOVA, and Pearson’s r, the findings are. 1) There is a significant difference in the extent of teaching efficacy of college instructors of HEIs in Sulu when data are categorized according to age, civil status, and educational attainment. But there is no significant difference in terms (...) of gender, length of service, and appointment status. Teachers who are 30 years old & above, separated, and with MA/MS degrees have better ways of assessing the level of confidence college instructors of HEIs in Sulu in their ability to guide students to success which includes helping students learn, building effective programs for students, and effectively changing student learning. 2) There is a very high correlation among the sub-categories subsumed under the extent of teaching efficacy of college instructors of HEIs in Sulu. (shrink)

The main concern of the first eugenists, such as Karl Pearson and Walter Weldon of University College London , were the perceived intelligence factors considered to be correlated with the social class. In his speech "Darwinism, Medical Progress and Eugenics", Karl Pearson equates eugenics with a field of medicine. Some areas of medicine that are not commonly recognized as eugenic affect the human genes background. These include sterilization and surgical techniques that allow the functioning of reproductive organs. Even (...) medicines that do not directly involve reproductive organs can alter the gene pool. Genetic abnormalities in such individuals are thus duplicated, modifying the genetic background. On this basis, such practices are widely accepted as more radical eugenic processes. (shrink)

Nigeria is a country immensely blessed with various natural resources some of which have been and are being explored; some others have not yet been explored. However, the potential benefits of those resources to the nation and citizenry are far from realized for the larger part of the population. In this light, the study was designed to examine how natural resources accounting can be used to benefit Nigeria as a nation, and its citizenry. Two (2) research questions which equally reflect (...) the two key variables in the hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Relevant literature to buttress and illuminate the work was reviewed. The comparative advantage theory was adopted side-by-side to explain, analyze and possibly predict the outcome of the study. The survey method, a form of descriptive design was deployed as the main methodological tool to navigate the study. Both primary and secondary sources of data were considered relevant for material sourcing. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient analysis was considered as method for measuring, testing and analyzing the key hypothetical variables in the study. The findings reveal that natural resources accounting could significantly impact upon nation’s development. Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made. (shrink)