Results for 'Jiang Zhang'

166 found
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  1. Pedestrian detection based on hierarchical co-occurrence model for occlusion handling.Xiaowei Zhang, HaiMiao Hu, Fan Jiang & Bo Li - 2015 - Neurocomputing 10.
    In pedestrian detection, occlusions are typically treated as an unstructured source of noise and explicit models have lagged behind those for object appearance, which will result in degradation of detection performance. In this paper, a hierarchical co-occurrence model is proposed to enhance the semantic representation of a pedestrian. In our proposed hierarchical model, a latent SVM structure is employed to model the spatial co-occurrence relations among the parent–child pairs of nodes as hidden variables for handling the partial occlusions. Moreover, the (...)
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  2. Vitaminas e minerais na nutrição de bovinos.Joyanne Mirelle de Sousa Ferreira, Cleyton de Almeida Araújo, Rosa Maria dos Santos Pessoa, Glayciane Costa Gois, Fleming Sena Campos, Saullo Laet Almeida Vicente, Angela Maria dos Santos Pessoa, Dinah Correia da Cunha Castro Costa, Paulo César da Silva Azevêdo & Deneson Oliveira Lima - 2023 - Rev Colombiana Cienc Anim. Recia 15 (2):e969.
    RESUMO A alimentação é o fator que mais onera um sistema de produção animal. Assim, a utilização de diferentes estratégias de alimentação dos animais ainda é o grande desafio da nutrição animal, principalmente, levando em consideração as exigências nutricionais de diferentes categorias de ruminantes, em especial bovinos em regiões tropicais, haja vista que a sazonalidade na produção de forragens afeta diretamente a produção bovina, promovendo inadequação no atendimento das exigências nutricionais dos animais principalmente em minerais e vitaminas. Uma alimentação que (...)
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  3. Understanding the Interaction Between Philosophy and Science in Contemporary Times—An Interview with Professor JIANG Yi.Yi Jiang & Lv Xue - 2024 - Journal of Human Cognition 8 (1):39-58.
    The relationship between philosophy and science in contemporary times is closer than ever. From the methodology perspective, scientific and philosophical research has a clear sequential relationship. It is highlighted in the following aspects: 1. the methodology of scientific research, including theoretical assumptions and data modeling, parallels with apparent similarities in conceptual analysis and logical deduction in philosophy;2. consistency of analytical argumentation methods in scientific research and philosophical research;3. naturalism is currently a research approach that both scientific and philosophical research adopt. (...)
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  4.  81
    Understanding the Interaction Between Philosophy and Science in Contemporary Times—An Interview with Professor JIANG Yi.Yi Jiang & Lv Xue - 2024 - Journal of Human Cognition 8 (1):39-58.
    The relationship between philosophy and science in contemporary times is closer than ever. From the methodology perspective, scientific and philosophical research has a clear sequential relationship. It is highlighted in the following aspects: 1. the methodology of scientific research, including theoretical assumptions and data modeling, parallels with apparent similarities in conceptual analysis and logical deduction in philosophy;2. consistency of analytical argumentation methods in scientific research and philosophical research;3. naturalism is currently a research approach that both scientific and philosophical research adopt. (...)
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  5. Explanationism and the awareness of logical truths.Xiaoxing Zhang - 2024 - Asian Journal of Philosophy 3 (2):1-7.
    In Appearance and Explanation, McCain and Moretti propose a novel internalist account of epistemic justification called phenomenal explanationism, which combines phenomenal conservatism and explanationism. I argue that the current version of phenomenal explanationism faces a dilemma: either it omits the awareness requirement but implies an implausible form of logical-mathematical omniscience, or it preserves the requirement but leads to a vicious regress. I suggest how phenomenal explanationism might be revised to avoid this dilemma.
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  6. Motivational Internalism and The Second-Order Desire Explanation.Xiao Zhang - 2021 - European Journal of Analytic Philosophy 17 (1):(D2)5-18.
    Both motivational internalism and externalism need to explain why sometimes moral judgments tend to motivate us. In this paper, I argue that Dreier’ second-order desire model cannot be a plausible externalist alternative to explain the connection between moral judgments and motivation. I explain that the relevant second-order desire is merely a constitutive requirement of rationality because that desire makes a set of desires more unified and coherent. As a rational agent with the relevant second-order desire is disposed towards coherence, she (...)
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  7. Mencius on human nature and courage.Xinyan Jiang - 1997 - Journal of Chinese Philosophy 24 (3):265-289.
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  8. Closure, deduction and hinge commitments.Xiaoxing Zhang - 2021 - Synthese 198 (Suppl 15):3533-3551.
    Duncan Pritchard recently proposed a Wittgensteinian solution to closure-based skepticism. According to Wittgenstein, all epistemic systems assume certain truths. The notions that we are not disembodied brains, that the Earth has existed for a long time and that one’s name is such-and-such all function as “hinge commitments.” Pritchard views a hinge commitment as a positive propositional attitude that is not a belief. Because closure principles concern only knowledge-apt beliefs, they do not apply to hinge commitments. Thus, from the fact that (...)
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  9. Mencius on Moral Responsibility.Xinyan Jiang - 2002 - In The examined life: Chinese perspectives: essays on Chinese ethical traditions. Binghamton, N.Y.: Global Publications, Binghamton University. pp. 1--141.
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  10. The relation of Peirce's abduction to inference to the best explanation.Jiang Yi - 2024 - Chinese Semiotic Studies 20 (3):485-496.
    Peirce’s pragmatic maxim is closely related to his conception of abduction. The acquisition of the actual effect required by the method of scientific reasoning expressed by Peirce’s maxim must be accomplished by resorting to abductive logic. Abductive logic starts from a surprising fact, derives a hypothetical explanation about that fact, and finally arrives at the possibility that the hypothesis is true. This is the process of abductive reasoning, as provided by Peirce, which is distinct from induction and deduction and generates (...)
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  11. How to create a mind.Xinyan Zhang - manuscript
    Based on the ontological proposition, “life is the only attribute of mind, and mind also the only attribute of life”, a model of the human mind is hypothesized in this article. It may be deduced from the proposition and the model: 1. All the structures of a brain are the potentials of its intelligence. 2. Consciousness is only the language used in the communication of an awakened brain. 3. Qualia are the same mental language manipulated by different memories. 4. Life (...)
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  12. Chinese Dialectical Thinking—the Yin Yang Model.Xinyan Jiang - 2013 - Philosophy Compass 8 (5):438-446.
    The yin yang model of thinking is most essential to the Chinese cosmology, ontology and outlook on life. This paper is a systematic discussion of such a dialectical way of thinking and its significance. It starts with investigating the origin and the meaning of terms “yin” and “yang”, and explains the later developed yin yang doctrine; it then shows how greatly and profoundly the yin yang model of thinking has influenced Chinese philosophy and Chinese character. It concludes that Chinese naturalistic, (...)
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  13. Can the Future Influence the Past? A Philosophical Analysis of Retrocausality.Yi Jiang - 2023 - Journal of Human Cognition 7 (2):30-38.
    Huw Price and Ken Wharton claimed recently in their paper published in The Conversation that quantum mechanics shows that the future can influence the past. According to their paper, many scientists are convinced about it. However, there is still something mystical for philosophers. The first is about the definition of retrocausality and its philosophical relation to causality. Second, it is concerned with understanding the relationship between cause and effect, not only scientifically but also logically. In this talk, I will answer (...)
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  14.  94
    Some Emotions Play a Reasonable Role in Akratic Actions, Not a Rational Role.Yu Zhang - 2021 - Paris: Atlantis Press 575:10-14.
    According to Donald Davidson, an akratic action is opposed to the agent’s better judgment if the agent act freely and intentionally. Davidson says akratic actions are possible and all akratic actions are irrational. However, although akratic actions are possible, akratic actions could be rational. The reasons are that some of these actions are rational; these rational akratic actions are caused by some emotions sometimes, while some emotions cannot make akratic actions rational, including excessive negative emotions, recalcitrant emotions, etc. Therefore, it (...)
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  15. What motivates farmers to adopt low-carbon agricultural technologies? Empirical evidence from thousands of rice farmers in Hubei province, central China.Linli Jiang, Haoqin Huang, Surong He, Haiyang Huang & Yun Luo - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13:983597.
    Low-carbon agriculture is essential for protecting the global climate and sustainable agricultural economics. Since China is a predominantly agricultural country, the adoption of low-carbon agricultural technologies by local farmers is crucial. The past literature on low-carbon technologies has highlighted the influence of demographic, economic, and environmental factors, while the psychological factors have been underexplored. A questionnaire-based approach was used to assess the psychological process underlying the adoption of low-carbon agricultural technologies by 1,114 Chinese rice farmers in this paper, and structural (...)
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  16. The Vienna Circle in China: The Story of Tscha Hung.Yi Jiang - 2022 - In Esther Ramharter (ed.), The Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook 25. pp. 199-229.
    Tscha Hung was a member of the Vienna Circle who achieved high international academic recognition. He dedicated his entire life to spreading the philosophy of the Circle to China and developed deep insights in his criticisms to that philosophy. Hung was a witness to the encounter of Western and Chinese philosophy in the twentieth century. His debate with Fung You-lan on metaphysics reflects different understandings of the nature of philosophy and metaphysics as well as different perspectives. Hung defended the position (...)
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  17. The foundation of phenomenological ethics: Intentional feelings.Wei Zhang - 2009 - Frontiers of Philosophy in China 4 (1):130-142.
    E. Husserl’s reflections in Logical Investigations on “intentional feelings” and “non-intentional feelings” are significant in both his later ethical explorations and M. Scheler’s thought on ethics. Through the incorporation of the views of Husserl and Scheler, we find that the phenomenology of the intentional feeling-acts is not only the foundation of the non-formal ethics of values in Scheler’s phenomenology, but also at least the constitutive foundation of the ethics of Husserl’s first orientation.
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  18. Wittgenstein and Folk Psychology.Yi Jiang - 2021 - Journal for the History of Analytical Philosophy 9 (4):38-47.
    Various writings by the later Wittgenstein on the philosophy of psychology, published posthumously, express his basic critical attitude toward certain concepts and issues in the philosophy of psychology. His attitude towards folk psychology is negative in principle, leaving him opposed to the foundation of current psychological research. This critique of folk psychology and of the philosophy of psychology in general is in accord with the general method of his later philosophy, that is, dealing with philosophical problems by dissolving them. However, (...)
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  19. Critical Realism: A Critical Evaluation.Tong Zhang - 2023 - Social Epistemology 37 (1):15-29.
    Critical realism, championed by its proponents as the most promising post-positivist social science paradigm, has gained significant influence in the last few decades. This paper provides a critical evaluation of the critical realism movement in the hope of facilitating more fruitful dialogues between its proponents and rivalling schools of sociologists. Two concerns are raised about contemporary critical realism. First, critical realism is not the only philosophical school against positivism and not necessarily the best. Second, critical realists exaggerate the importance of (...)
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  20. Preface.Yi Jiang & Stefan Majetschak - 2021 - Journal for the History of Analytical Philosophy 9 (4).
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  21. How to create a life or mind as the explanation of our consciousness, intelligence and language.Xinyan Zhang - 2022 - Journal of Neurophilosophy (No. 2 (2022)).
    Against ideas of dualism, logocentrism, anthropocentrism, animism, panpsychism, biocentrism, neurocentrism, foundationalism, computationalism, especially substantialism, reductionism and even physicalism, the author argues that life may be the only non-reductive concept, even the only ontological concept, with which we may explain our consciousness, intelligence and language. Life, as defined in this article, explains but not only human brains, and even not only biological organisms. Still, the mind, also as defined in this article, is the only one it explains. No mind may exist (...)
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  22. Beyond "Nature" and "God".Xinyan Zhang - manuscript
    With this article, the author argues that in reality nothing is or isn’t itself, that everything is both a relative proof and an absolute proof of God’s existence, and that our language, such as “nature” or “god”, is the only obstacle between Nature and God.
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  23. The Evaluative Judgment Theories of Emotion and Its Drawbacks.Yu Zhang - 2024 - Foreign Philosophy 47:261-283.
    The Evaluative Judgment Theories of Emotion mainly suggest that emotions can be reduced to evaluative beliefs or judgments. Specifically, evaluative beliefs are necessary but not sufficient conditions for evaluative judgments. And reducing emotions to evaluative judgments requires the subject’s conceptualizing ability. However, the Evaluative Judgment Theories of Emotion has many problems, including that evaluative beliefs are neither sufficient nor necessary for emotions; the evaluative judgment theory of emotion presupposes the subject’s conceptual content, but conceptual content is not a necessary and (...)
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  24. Multilayered Reduction System in the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma: An Examination of the Usage of Svabhāva.Shuqing Zhang - 2025 - Philosophy East and West 75 (1):210-229.
    This article argues that the Sarvāstivāda’s “_X_ takes _Y_ as _svabhāva_” system constitutes a multilayered reduction system where “_X_ takes _Y_ as _svabhāva_” can be understood as “_X_ is reduced to _Y_.” Here, _svabhāva_ functions as a means of reduction. The reduction system comprises three layers, and its primary aim is to reduce non-dharma types to dharma types. Furthermore, the article discusses whether the multilayered reduction system is ontological or epistemological. Moreover, based on the third layer of the reduction system, (...)
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  25. Implementing Self Models Through Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture.Yuyue Jiang & Dezhi Luo - 2024 - Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society 46:5685-5692.
    Self models contribute to key functional domains of human intelligence that are not yet presented in today’s artificial intelligence. One important aspect of human problem-solving involves the use of conceptual self-knowledge to detect self-relevant information presented in the environment, which guides the subsequent retrieval of autobiographical memories that are relevant to the task at hand. This process enables each human to behave self-consistently in our own way across complex situations, manifested as self-interest and trait-like characteristics. In this paper, we outline (...)
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  26. Does valuing ice cream sandwiches make one a true gourmand and connoisseur of them?Ke Zhang - forthcoming - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy.
    Valuing something is complicated. Philosophers have offered different stories about what we do when we value something. However, we have not paid enough attention to the thought that, sometimes, valuing something is what makes us the kind of practical agents we are. In this paper, I offer a novel account of valuing, which I call thick valuing, to capture this special phenomenon in which our valuing makes us who we are. This requires us to recognize that the cognitive, motivational, and (...)
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  27. 一切为了逻辑 —智人!开始进化.Kai Jiang - manuscript
    纯逻辑的主要包括纯逻辑信仰、纯逻辑的思维方法、解放灵魂、追求无限大价值、以逻辑-不逻辑为实在、试错和容忍错误、推理的资源分配、能独自发现真理的非标准逻辑、推理的基础性和整体性、建立尽量合乎逻辑的灵魂、 满足必然合乎逻辑的偏好等组成部分。 灵魂来到世上的第一个问题应该是我是谁,最合乎逻辑的自我认知是:我是且只是由一些逻辑推理组成的灵魂。任何不可变的其它标签,如有手有脚、直立行走、两性,都是对自由的侵犯。去除这些标签的过程就是灵魂的解放事 业。相信宇宙万物都和我一样,是由逻辑推理组成的,都在追求尽量合乎逻辑的推理,这就是最合乎逻辑的信仰,即纯逻辑信仰。纯逻辑信仰决定了纯逻辑方法才是正确的认识方法,即尽量减少经验、利益等因素对逻辑推理的影 响,反对科学所提倡的经验主义,或者与之密切相关的功利主义、现实主义。 信仰错误意味着无法做出任何完全正确的推理,只能偶尔幸运地获得少量尽量合乎逻辑的推理结果。即使是日常生活中的推理,要想正确也高度依赖于信仰,经验主义、功利主义、宗教等错误信仰做不对任何推理。纯逻辑主义的 推理将合乎逻辑的程度视为价值、逻辑性,将推理好坏的基础性、整体性、无矛盾性、无错性、清晰、严谨、简单、不重复、优美等各种因素统一为逻辑性。功利主义是纯逻辑主义的大敌,那往往是追求利益,让身体奴役灵魂。 两种信仰很难有什么共同的决策,书中对此提供了大量的说明。信仰的错误意味着智人难以发现也难以正确判断真理、正义,意味着智人在绝大多数问题上都是自以为正确实际上却极度邪恶、落后。智人功利主义地对待一切,如 历史、传统、自我、本国、本民族,结果就是大量赞美、信仰邪恶,大大增加了皈依真理、正义的难度。 纯逻辑主义包含两个关键猜想。首先,最合乎逻辑原则和最大自由原则是统一的,即逻辑和不逻辑为同一存在。这代表实在、第一知识的不可否定性。但是,代表邪恶的无法合乎逻辑不是不逻辑。其次,宇宙是纯逻辑世界,完全 源于逻辑-不逻辑。进而,如果灵魂不能尽量合乎逻辑地推导出真理,可以通过模仿宇宙而学习真理。《真理进化论》给模仿宇宙找到的理由是以宇宙为信仰,相信宇宙是负作用量的最佳追求系统。纯逻辑主义改善了这一信仰, 因为宇宙是纯逻辑世界,相信逻辑就要相信宇宙。而且,逻辑世界必然能不断创造新的命题,永远不会停止推理,是逻辑和自由指数增长的最佳追求系统。 纯逻辑推理对物理学、宇宙论能提供两个明显的帮助:用逻辑的诞生解释宇宙的诞生、大爆炸;用必然合乎逻辑的推理及其影响解释暗物质、暗能量。纯逻辑也能对宇宙做出预言:宇宙会不断加速膨胀,真理、暗物质会不断增加 ,命题、星系会越来越多,永无止境。当然,不应该依靠这些观点的经验主义验证来相信纯逻辑信仰,而且,这些验证也确实遥遥无期。 既然存在无限大价值,就存在无限大的劳动生产率,而每个灵魂都应该以创造无限大价值为目标,甚至,以每时每刻具有无限大预期价值为目标。相比之下,功利主义者、享乐主义者一生都很难具有无限大价值,甚至,他们的灵 魂一生都在为肉体做奴隶,却心甘情愿,一门心思让主人生活得更舒服。这是有无限大差距的人生。智人为了利益而追求平等、自由、生存,却不思考是否应该得到平等、生存,导致智人根本不配平等、生存,导致得到的所谓自 由几乎完全给了身体,却几乎没有正确推理的自由,最终,必然导致智人成为纯逻辑意义上极端邪恶的物种。 既然要追求无限大价值,就要研究追求价值的正确方法。作者相信正确的研究方法不仅是最合乎逻辑的,也是最自由的。所以,应该不分学科、课题地推理;同时做很多研究方向的工作;一篇论文不需要限定于一个狭小的主题; 从任何一个推理都可以延伸到研究真理乃至所有真理;论文、专著的写作不应该有格式等规范,应该以价值为评判的唯一准绳,而不是减少错误;正确的推理不是追求速度,而是做好推理的周边推理,尤其是基础推理,等等。 资源分配是逻辑推理的重要组成部分,而能力和时间是最主要的资源。不能在价值有限的推理上分配资源,再加上追求价值要求大幅提前发现真理的时间,所以,推理中出现大量错误、矛盾、模糊、或然推理、现象是必然的,无 条件地追求推理无错、无矛盾、清晰反而是一种邪恶。只要保证推理的边际价值最大,各种错误、矛盾是必须容忍的,哪怕是价值无限大的错误。 既然文学写作也要求情节合乎逻辑,当然也可以要求作品中的观点、原则、推理过程、行为尽量合乎逻辑,这就是纯逻辑流。否则,就只是作者自以为合乎逻辑,实际上有大量无法合乎逻辑之处,这和科学家自以为科学合乎逻辑 ,却根本没有最合乎逻辑的信仰、方法、推理过程是一个问题。这也意味着最合乎逻辑的文学可能甚至是必须发现真理。另一方面,自由也是最合乎逻辑的真理,坚持基于经验的作品分类会侵犯自由。所以,推理小说、科幻小说 、历史、散文、论文、总结,这些智人的分类标签都不是绝对的,是可以为了追求逻辑性而任意组合的。纯逻辑流小说在研究真理方面自有其优势,能最为自由地同时研究很多课题,包括如何建立信仰,如何思维,如何做人,如 何推理,如何判断善恶,讲述历史,预测未来,我是什么,我应该为了什么付出什么得到什么,乃至现代科学中没有研究的真理分布、非标准逻辑、思维科学,等等。所以,这甚至是现在最适合发表纯逻辑思想、研究成果的作品 门类。 虽然在起点网已经被禁,也被出版社拒稿,但是本文将继续每月更新,后记中会预告下次更新的时间。 .
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  28. A Quasi-Deflationary Solution to the Problems of Mixed Inferences and Mixed Compounds.Zhiyuan Zhang - forthcoming - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy.
    Truth pluralism is the view that there is more than one truth property. The strong version of it (i.e. strong pluralism) further contends that no truth property is shared by all true propositions. In this paper, I help strong pluralism solve two pressing problems concerning mixed discourse: the problem of mixed inferences (PI) and the problem of mixed compounds (PC). According to PI, strong pluralism is incompatible with the truth- preservation notion of validity; according to PC, strong pluralists cannot find (...)
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  29. Bringing the deep self back to the racecourse: Rethinking accountability and the deep self.Ke Zhang - forthcoming - Analytic Philosophy.
    Deep self views of moral responsibility suggest that an agent fully satisfies the freedom condition for responsibility if and only if her actions or omissions issue from, and so express, her deep self. This analysis generates both false negatives and false positives regarding people's responsibility, and counterexamples proliferate. I defend a novel version of the deep self view by offering a necessary condition for accountability while retaining the core of deep self views. Indeed, an agent may be blameworthy for her (...)
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  30. Gradable know-how.Xiaoxing Zhang - forthcoming - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy.
    The gradation of know-how is a prominent challenge to intellectualism. Know-how is prima facie gradable, whereas know-that is not, so the former is unlikely to be a species of the latter. Recently, Pavese refuted this challenge by explaining the gradation of know-how as concerning either the quantity or the quality of practical answers one knows to a question. Know-how per se remains absolute. This paper argues, however, that in addition to the quantity and quality of practical answers, know-how also differs (...)
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  31. Neutrosophic Regular Filters and Fuzzy Regular Filters in Pseudo-BCI Algebras.Xiaohong Zhang, Yingcan Ma & F. Smarandache - 2017 - Neutrosophic Sets and Systems 17:10-15.
    Neutrosophic set is a new mathematical tool for handling problems involving imprecise, indetermi nacy and inconsistent data. Pseudo-BCI algebra is a kind of non-classical logic algebra in close connection with various non-commutative fuzzy logics. Recently, we applied neutrosophic set theory to pseudo-BCI al gebras. In this paper, we study neutrosophic filters in pseudo-BCI algebras. The concepts of neutrosophic regular filter, neutrosophic closed filter and fuzzy regular filter in pseudo-BCI algebras are introduced, and some basic properties are discussed. Moreover, the relationships (...)
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  32. You are what you’re for: Essentialist categorization in large language models.Siying Zhang, Selena She, Tobias Gerstenberg & David Rose - forthcoming - Proceedings of the 45Th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
    How do essentialist beliefs about categories arise? We hypothesize that such beliefs are transmitted via language. We subject large language models (LLMs) to vignettes from the literature on essentialist categorization and find that they align well with people when the studies manipulated teleological information -- information about what something is for. We examine whether in a classic test of essentialist categorization -- the transformation task -- LLMs prioritize teleological properties over information about what something looks like, or is made of. (...)
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  33. 存在或上帝.Zhang Xinyan - manuscript
    每本书都能有自己的一个名字,这实在是一件有趣且意味深长的事情。 这本书的名字,《存在或上帝 —— 对西方意识形态的建设性批判》,虽然长了点,但同样不失其有趣与意味深长。 书名中所谓的“西方意识形态”,指的是起源于西方世界,贯穿于西方历史,激发并引导了神学、哲学、数学、逻辑、艺术、科学、心理、经济、社会、环境、政治和军事等不同方面的理论和实践活动在西方的出现和发展,并造 就了西方人生活现状的那些最根本的理想或信念。 “对西方意识形态的批判”意味着,在本书作者看来,那些最根本的理想或信念并不完美,并不自洽,而且,不仅有必要也同样有可能变得更完美。 “对西方意识形态的建设性批判”则意味着,本书的重点并不是“批判”而是“建设”。这种建设性批判,主要涉及到两个极为重要的理想或信念的不自洽和不完美,其中一个是“存在”,另一个便是“上帝”。 至于书名中的“存在或上帝”,说的不仅是“存在”和“上帝” 的不自洽、不完美,说的不仅是使这两个概念更完美的必要性与可能性,说的不仅是使它们同一或统一的可能性与必要性,同时亦向读者提示了贯彻本书始终的那个基本方法或那条基本思路:在一切之间,有一切之存在。 无论是远在过去还是时至今日,对于许多西方人来说,“存在”与“上帝”这两个概念,既是一切问题之问题,又是一切答案之答案,不仅涉及到他们的过去,更涉及到了他们的未来。换句话说,“存在”与“上帝”所涉及到的 绝非仅仅只是人们所面对的那个世界,同样涉及到那个世界所面对的人本身,绝非仅仅只涉及到那个世界所承负着的“非我”,同样涉及到人们所承负着的那个“自我”,涉及到,我们每个人用“非我”为自己的“自我”所做的 每一件事情,涉及到了“自我”与“非我”的关系,特别是自由与必然之间的关系。 由此可见,这问题和答案绝非仅仅只是向西方人提出,亦绝非只应由西方人给出。对每个和所有人来说,这都同样有可能成为一个问题,我们又都以某种方式在给出一份自己的答案。甚至可以说,任何一种人生,人生中的任何一 件大事或小事,所留下的,无一不是这个问题,亦无一不是对这个问题的回答。 作为对这个问题的提出和对那个答案的探索,本书的第一章讨论了“存在”,最后一篇附录的文章讨论了“上帝”,而在它们之间的八个章节和所有附录的文章中,通过对宇宙、生命、生物、心灵、自我、人和社会的本体论理解 ,讨论的则是“自由” ,特别是“自由”与“平等”之间的相互依存,因为只有通过自由与平等的相互依存,“存在”与“上帝”方才能得以完美自洽,方才能回归于彼此。 通过这些讨论,本书顺便还介绍了两种尚且不为大多数西方人所知所行的自由,源于平等的自由和超越平等的自由。 因为存在或上帝既成就又超越了我们已有的一切知识,无论这知识是语言、哲学、逻辑、数学还是科学,所以,本书在内容和方法上同样既尊重它们又不为之所限。这种对现存全部知识既尊重又不为之所限的态度和做法,固然是 对形而上传统的继承,固然在自由主义中有其思想根源,亦可以说是本书作者对爱因斯坦所说“想象比知识更重要”那句话的理解、证明、实践和发扬光大。 既尊重又要超越一切知识,对任何人来说都不是一件容易做到的事情,但也同样不是一件不可能的事情。本书将一步一步地向读者解释并证明这一道理,证明这不仅符合存在或上帝的本性,也正是存在或上帝一直以来的所作所为 。 也许,无论是过去还是未来,无论是在西方还是在东方,只有当理解这本性和那所作所为之后,一个人才有可能最终走出自己,才有可能成就自己的真实与自由,人类才有可能最终走出柏拉图所说的那个洞穴,才有可能既生活在 存在的真实无妄之中,也生活在上帝的自由自在之中。 .
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  34. Purely Logical Philosophy In An Isolated System.Kai Jiang - 2015 - International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 5 (2):109-120.
    After Parmenides proposed the duality of appearance and reality, details have not been well developed because the assumption was insufficient for logical reasoning. This paper establishes a foundation with an isolated system, which contains all causes and effects within itself. This paper seeks to establish a purely logical philosophy, including reality and phenomena, good and evil, truth and fallacy. Freedom is proposed as the basis for reality. All beings in an isolated system can be classified into two sets: variable phenomena (...)
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  35. Two switches in the theory of counterfactuals: A study of truth conditionality and minimal change.Ivano Ciardelli, Linmin Zhang & Lucas Champollion - 2018 - Linguistics and Philosophy (6).
    Based on a crowdsourced truth value judgment experiment, we provide empirical evidence challenging two classical views in semantics, and we develop a novel account of counterfactuals that combines ideas from inquisitive semantics and causal reasoning. First, we show that two truth-conditionally equivalent clauses can make different semantic contributions when embedded in a counterfactual antecedent. Assuming compositionality, this means that the meaning of these clauses is not fully determined by their truth conditions. This finding has a clear explanation in inquisitive semantics: (...)
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  36. Why de dicto desires are fetishistic.Xiao Zhang - 2021 - Ratio 34 (4):303-311.
    Ratio, Volume 34, Issue 4, Page 303-311, December 2021.
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  37. The use and limitations of null-model-based hypothesis testing.Mingjun Zhang - 2020 - Biology and Philosophy 35 (2):1-22.
    In this article I give a critical evaluation of the use and limitations of null-model-based hypothesis testing as a research strategy in the biological sciences. According to this strategy, the null model based on a randomization procedure provides an appropriate null hypothesis stating that the existence of a pattern is the result of random processes or can be expected by chance alone, and proponents of other hypotheses should first try to reject this null hypothesis in order to demonstrate their own (...)
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  38. Reinterpreting Science as a Vocation.Tong Zhang - 2022 - Max Weber Studies 22 (1):55-73.
    Weber's 'science as a vocation' has often been viewed as a therapeutic concept with no functional significance in the fully bureaucratized and professionalized modern science. However, development in the philosophy of science in the last century, especially the Kuhn thesis of the discontinuity of scientific progress and the Duhem-Quine thesis of underdetermination, shows that Weber's distinction between science as a vocation and science as a profession (career) can potentially answer one of the oldest questions in science studies: What makes scientific (...)
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  39. Pure Logic and its Equivalence with the Universe: A Unique Method to Establish the Final Theory.Kai Jiang - 2019 - International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 9 (1):45-56.
    The theme of this study is about establishing a purely logical theory about the Universe. Logic is the premier candidate for the reality behind phenomena. If there is a final theory, the Universe must be logic itself, called pure logic, elements of which include not only logic and illogic but also logical and illogical manipulations between them. The kernel is the revised law of the excluded middle: between two basic concepts are four possible manipulations, three logical and one illogical, whereas (...)
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  40. The part of Fermat's theorem.Run Jiang - manuscript
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  41. Discovering Reality by Studying the System of Freedom and Proving Its Equivalence with the Universe.Kai Jiang - 2015 - Global Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 11 (5):3297-3309.
    The author has established a mathematical theory about the system of freedom in which components of freedom are ruled by the largest freedom principle, explaining how one invariant reality can be equated with the dynamical universe. Freedom as a whole is the reality, and components of freedom show variable phenomena and become a dynamic system. In freedom, component equality leads to sequence equality; therefore, various sequences coexist in the system. Because there are incompatible sequences for any sequence, the interior of (...)
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  42.  20
    Defending the importance of lineage-forming reproduction in evolution by natural selection.Mingjun Zhang & Li Xingyi - 2025 - Biology and Philosophy 40 (1):5.
    Charbonneau (2014) and Papale (2021) challenge the necessity of reproduction for evolution by natural selection (ENS) by contending that what really matter for ENS are memory and (re)generation at the population level, rather than lineage-forming reproduction at the local level. In this article, we critically evaluate their reproduction-independent accounts of ENS and defend the importance of lineage-forming reproduction in paradigmatic ENS on both empirical and theoretical grounds. We argue that none of the empirical cases they cite can be used as (...)
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  43. The Revolution of the Perfect Product: Working for Future Generations with Unlimited Productivity and the Impact it Will Have on Modern Society.Kai Jiang - 2021 - International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 11 (1):17-26.
    The economy is based on the prevailing legal system; however, the economy could go into a tailspin if the laws lose their impartiality. A perfect worker creates infinite high value with limited cost, and the result is a perfect product, usually eternal knowledge. However, free access to their products discourages workers, causing a substantial deviation from optimal resource allocation, and thereby making the supply of perfect products seriously inadequate. This significantly hurts the interests of future society. To maximize the overall (...)
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  44. Kant’s Deduction of Freedom: From the Practical Freedom to the Transcendental Freedom.Yu Zhang - 2019 - Journal of Jiangsu University of Science and Technology (Social Science Edition) 19 (2):22-27.
    From Groundwork for the metaphysics of morals and Critique of practical reason, we can deduce Kant's interpretation of the concept of freedom, which has undergone a change from practical freedom to transcendental freedom, and the deduction of freedom has been perfected, the rational facts have been put forward to provide the basis of free deduction. The reason for the change is that freedom as the basis of theoretical practice is assumed and predetermined, how the cause and effect of freedom as (...)
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  45. Guidelines for Exploring an Unknown World: The Universality of Military Principles.Kai Jiang - 2015 - International Journal of Philosophy and Social Sciences 5 (1):33-51.
    Despite its pertinence to every field of study, no systematic theory exists for the exploration of the unknown world of new knowledge. In order to construct such a theory, this paper draws on the unique and highly refined principles of military strategy, in the process demonstrating the universal applicability of such principles and developing an effective analogy for the process of research. Such principles include diverging advance, converging attack, and selecting the superior and eliminating the inferior. In seeking further discoveries, (...)
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  46. On Montesquieu’s Intention and His Theory of Government.Guodong Zhang - manuscript
    Montesquieu believes that human beings have three kinds of natures: self-preserving, imperfect knowledge and passions. The first and the third nature tend to conflict with each other, and the result is the state of war, in which human natures could not be satisfied. Montesquieu uses this theory of human nature to judge all the kinds of governments, and finds that the virtuous republic, despotism and monarchy all have important defects. Especially, the monarchy by nature tends to degenerate into despotism, which (...)
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  47. Empirical adaptationism revisited: is it testable and is it worth testing?Mingjun Zhang - 2022 - Biology and Philosophy 37 (6):1-23.
    Empirical adaptationism is often said to be an empirical claim about nature, which concerns the overall relative causal importance of natural selection in evolution compared with other evolutionary factors. Philosophers and biologists who have tried to clarify the meaning of empirical adaptationism usually share, explicitly or implicitly, two assumptions: (1) Empirical adaptationism is an empirical claim that is scientifically testable; (2) testing empirical adaptationism is scientifically valuable. In this article, I challenge these two assumptions and argue that both are unwarranted (...)
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  48. On the Paradox of Wuwei - A Refutation and Defense of Daoist "Right Action".Dawei Zhang - 2021 - Philosophical Trends 202107 (7):115-125.
    Wuwei (nonaction) is one of the core concepts of Daoist ethics. Edward Slingerland pointed out that wuwei involves a paradox, and Arthur C. Danto questioned whether wuwei could support a genuine moral theory and the idea of right action. To defend Daoist ethics and its concept of right action, it is necessary to envisage Danto’s criticism and the problems raised by Slingerland. According to Ivanhoe, Wuwei is not a paradox, but a riddle or mystery about self-cultivation. He thinks that if (...)
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  49. Entropy : A concept that is not a physical quantity.Shufeng Zhang - 2012 - Physics Essays 25 (2):172-176.
    This study has demonstrated that entropy is not a physical quantity, that is, the physical quantity called entropy does not exist. If the efficiency of heat engine is defined as η = W/W1, and the reversible cycle is considered to be the Stirling cycle, then, given ∮dQ/T = 0, we can prove ∮dW/T = 0 and ∮d/T = 0. If ∮dQ/T = 0, ∮dW/T = 0 and ∮dE/T = 0 are thought to define new system state variables, such definitions would (...)
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  50. Methods of Doing Daoist Ethics: Analysis, Interpretation and Comparison.Dawei Zhang & Weijia Zeng - 2021 - Social Sciences in Yunnan 240 (2):69-76.
    In order to have an effective and reliable understanding of the basic moral concepts, moral propositions and moral reasoning in Daoist ethical thoughts, it is necessary to use the methods of doing philosophy and doing ethics to engage in research work, and thus draw an intellectual conclusion about Daoist ethics. The methods of Daoist ethics mainly include analysis, explanation and comparison. The method of analysis focuses on logical analysis and language analysis of moral language in the classic texts of Daoist (...)
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