This article will be based on the concept of respect which is one of the keystone concepts of moral philosophy by Immanuel Kant who is one of the most important philosophers of the history. The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals and Critique of Practical Reason by Kant will be the works to be based on throughout the article. The form of morality of the human who is a social being will be considered by means of the concepts of respect (...) and obligation which are found in these works. Respect which is a principle determines the person for the relation constituted within the realm of common will be discussed by means of its necessity and certainty linked to duty and obligation. The difference by means of context and extent between respect and love which are two basic facts of social life will be pointed out. The formal aspect of Kantian ethics and the morality of law revealed by pure reason, independent of natural causality, constitute the basis of harmonious social structuring. The indispensable importance of the form of Kant's philosophy today, with its moral formula that will continue its currency against the lack of morality, dignity and respect, the necessity of which is clearly revealed in the suffocation of the capitalist system of exploitation, has been the motivation for the disintegration in question. Throughout the study, the basic lines of Kant's ethics will be examined and at the same time, an attempt will be made to shed light on some of today's ethical problems based on these ideas. (shrink)

Background: In order to determine the pathophysiology of tinnitus and deciding on treatment, the function of peripheral hearing organs is very important. -/- Objective: To evaluate the cochlear functions in tinnitus patients with or without hearing-loss(HL). -/- Methods: Participants with tinnitus were divided into two groups; 16 participants with accompanying HL were included in the first study group (SG-I), and 15 participants without HL were included in the second group (SG-II). 21 normal-hearing subjects without tinnitus included as control group(CG). Tinnitus (...) discomfort levels was determined with Tinnitus Handicap Inventory(THI). Besides pure-tone audiometry, Otoacoustic Emissions, to evaluate cochlear functions and to decide dead regions (DR), Threshold Equalizing Noise-(TEN) was used. -/- Results: The threshold-shift was observed with TEN in subjects in SG-I and these levels were statistically different from SG-II and CG. There were both threshold-shift and DR in SG-II according to TEN. TEOAEs did not differ between SG-II and CG. The DPOAE results for SG-II showed significant decreases in emission amplitudes at 6 & 8 kHz. -/- Conclusion: While Tinnitus patients with HL can be evaluated with conventional tests, evaluating patients with normal hearing tinnitus with additional tests such as OAE and TEN allows us to get more precise results on the functions of peripheral hearing organs. (shrink)

This article points out the ways in which the relationship between language and political resistance are problematized in “meta-linguistic” science fiction novels after the 1980s. Although the 20th century anti-utopias tend to view language as a prison house for thought and self-determination under oppressive regimes, Suzette Haden Elgin’s Native Tongue (1984), Neal Stephenson’s Snow Crash (1992) and China Miéville’s Embassytown (2011) are distinct novels in the tradition of language-related science fiction, in the sense that these texts imagine possibilities of resisting (...) oppressive power structures by exploring similar conceptions of language as a way of transforming cultural, perceptual and political realities. The article analyzes these novels where resistance is enacted in the forms of language construction, digital world-making and metaphorical language, in order to question their political and fictional potentials for formulizing subversion in our imagined futures. (shrink)

In this paper, we introduce the concepts of Pythagorean fuzzy valued neutrosophic set (PFVNS) and Pythagorean fuzzy valued neutrosophic (PFVNV) constructed by considering Pythagorean fuzzy values (PFVs) instead of numbers for the degrees of the truth, the indeterminacy and the falsity, which is a new extension of intuitionistic fuzzy valued neutrosophic set (IFVNS). By means of PFVNSs, the degrees of the truth, the indeterminacy and the falsity can be given in Pythagorean fuzzy environment and more sensitive evaluations are made by (...) a decision maker in decision making problems compared to IFVNSs. In other words, such sets enable a decision maker to evaluate the degrees of the truth, the indeterminacy and the falsity as PFVs to model the uncertainty in the evaluations. (shrink)

This article is a study with the heading of moral philosophy in age of Enlightenment, to bring together Immanuel Kant, the great philosopher of Enlightenment age and launcher of a new age in history of philosophy and Ludwig van Beethoven, the great composer who was contemporary of him and launcher of a new age in music history. The first part of article is an investigation of the systems of metaphysical philosophy exposed by eminent philosophers since Platon to Kant in general. (...) Henceforth, it is striven to reveal the metaphysics of Kant by means of his way of speculate about it in a different way than all philosophers before him and way of achieve philosophical revolution. The moral philosophy which is in central position of his system of metaphysics has been main theme of this article. In this study, research based on the exposition of moral way of life and world view by Kant and it's influence on the music of Beethoven. It is invesitgated in the last part of article as one of the very crucial example how the musical content of Ninth Symphony by Beethoven is determined by that influence. This work has been a milestone in the music history likewise the break a new ground in philosophy by Kant. Furthermore, year 2020 is coming across the 250th anniversary of birth of Beethoven was an inspiration for this article. (shrink)

This article expands on the concept of aura, within the frame of art ontology, and based on neurophilosophy, the stages of human thought, and peak experiences. Aura, generally signifying the subjective value of a work of art, is in this work associated with peak experiences and neurobiological impacts. In this context, the concept of aura involves an effort to understand the effects that a work of art has on the viewer and how these effects form a peak experience. This study (...) investigates how aura and peak experiences have changed and evolved in different cultural and historical contexts, considering the stages of human thought. In the end, the thesis presents a broader definition of the concept of aura; stating that aura shows variability according to conditions, periods, and spaces, and it is a concept that enables the subject to reach peak experiences. (shrink)

Architectural space has some triggers for unique experiences and one of them is its atmosphere. The atmosphere has an unstable structure, instead of static affectivity, and it feeds on uncertainties of spatial experience. Thus, instead of analyzing the dynamic atmospheres through reductionist definitions, it is necessary to address the existing ontological ambiguity of it. Theories of the atmosphere mostly correspond to physical spaces. However, COVID-19 brings about exponential enhance of digitalization. These digital interactions require a spatial dimension. The atmosphere, as (...) one of the fundamental elements of space, needs attention in digital experiences. This paper aims to explore the perception of the atmosphere in digital space. First, the character of the atmosphere and its role in the architectural space have been reviewed. Later, physical space and digital space were compared in order to build the atmosphere belonging to digital space. Digital space is able to diffuse itself with tensions. We are capable of immediate appreciations, e.g. being inside or outside. Thus, the threshold between bodily experiences and mental emergence becomes the blurred one. Atmospheric interaction can be part of the digital space and this interaction strengthens the spatial dimension of the digital medium. However, instead of producing a simulation of the atmosphere in the physical space, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of digital space and build a unique atmosphere specifically for it. (shrink)

The focus of the article is the self-predication principle, according to which the/a such-and-such is such-and-such. We consider contemporary approaches (Frege, Russell, Meinong) to the self-predication principle, as well as fourteenth-century approaches (Burley, Ockham, Buridan). In crucial ways, the Ockham-Buridan view prefigures Russell’s view, and Burley’s view shows a striking resemblance to Meinong’s view. In short the Russell-Ockham-Buridan view holds: no existence, no truth. The Burley-Meinong view holds, in short: intelligibility suffices for truth. Both views approach self-predication in a uniform (...) way. We were unable to find a medieval philosopher who, like Frege, approaches self-predication in a non-uniform way. We do not want to dispute that there are also considerable differences between the contemporary and the fourteenth-century approach to self-predication. Importantly, fourteenth-century accounts of self-predication rely strongly on the identity theory of predication, and this theory is not endorsed by contemporary philosophers of language. Nevertheless, some basic tenets seem to us to be clearly shared between fourteenth-century and contemporary thinkers. (shrink)

Naturalism has typically been entangled with a physicalist view. Physicalism, on the other hand, falls short of accounting for qualitative states of mental phenomena. The hard problem of consciousness seems to be a natural epistemic boundary in such a way that we do not even have any conceptualization as to how we can possibly account for mental states in physicalist terms in the future, which leads us to some version of causal/ontological plurality in the sense that it does not seem (...) possible to explain everything with the same parameters even though the world fundamentally consists in a single substance. If plurality in multiple levels of scientific explanation is necessary, I argue that strong emergentism is, as a metaphysical framework, the best candidate to account for this fact. I will tackle two major physicalist views by Kim and Sider. Kim shows us that non-reductive physicalism is a bankrupt project whereas Sider’s physicalism that postulates a pure and complete fundamental level renders higher-level phenomena (including mental reality) metaphysically spurious. In relation to Kim and Sider’s accounts, I will try to elaborate on my view that physicalism, when pursued to the end, is inherently reductive and ultimately falls short of accounting for the mental reality. I emphasize that the causal identification of brain and mind rests on an arbitrary carving of world, namely a description of the world which cannot be intrinsic to nature. These are the main reasons why I conclude that our revised naturalism should be disentangled from physicalism and embrace the causal/ontological plurality of strong emergentism without falling for substance dualism. (shrink)

This article offers a Nietzschean theory of digital will to power to conceptualize the temporality of social media feeds run by algorithms. Stylistic and methodological temporalities of Nietzsche are discussed as well as their influence in subsequent social theory of political technologies. The paradox of heavy investment in both subjective expression and nonhuman temporalization in social media milieus is addressed with the concept of an event-without-witness drawn from Nietzsche’s account of himself as the solitary thinker of catastrophe of nihilism and (...) psychoanalytical and deconstructive literatures on the catastrophes of the 20th century. Nietzsche’s fundamental resistance to and fascination with the philosophical and cultural modes of mummyfication, i.e. eternalization as an expression of the will to power is used to think the will to power in the creative algorithmic temporalization of social interactions through the selection, distribution and serialization of data for social media feeds. (shrink)

The relationship between space and human occurs through the actions performed with the body. The abstraction study as an exploration of the body is one of the significant practices for first-year design students. However, there are not enough investigations for design students regarding body, space and basic design principles. This paper aims to explore the potentiality and limitations of the body-abstraction process by comparing the impact of two different educational models on students' perception and improvement. The applied methodology includes comparing (...) two design processes of the basic design course depending on parameters: Given example, source of the video, type of movement, the number of the selected-used scenes, mode of sketching, the method for production, requested outcome, the scale of the study, the material of models and critique of the video. The results present that the activation of the body through mental practice, drawing and modelling stages is critical to understand its abstract and spatial capabilities. The realisation of the potentials in the relationship between body and abstraction in spatial perception would enable us to create an advanced design process addressing more original concepts. (shrink)

Inspiration has an important role in design education. Searching existing design examples is a widely-used practice for inspiration. There are two different approaches regarding exposure of examples in design process. Some researchers claim that examples can inspire designers and increase the originality of outcomes, while other researchers highlight that examples cause fixedness to their features as a negative effect for creativity. The aim of the study is to analyse different modalities of examples, such as text, photograph, diagram, object as stimulation (...) and to examine the impact of quantity, abstraction, proximity and method on each modality in design education. The paper reviews empirical studies of idea exposure from the existing literature and summarizes results relevant to understanding the effects of the design examples. Overall, to avoid the potential negative effect of using examples in different modalities, designers could pay attention quantity, abstraction, and proximity of examples for each modality. (shrink)

During the idea generation phase of the design process, designers often search for inspirations in external sources of information, such as photographs, written descriptions and physical examples. These sources have potential to enhance creative performance. However, they sometimes become too attached to particular ideas of external precedents or various examples. It refers to fixation which is identified as inadequate adoption of features from existing examples. Influence of the existing examples on creativity and fixation, specifically textual examples, have been discussed in (...) this research. -/- For the nature of design, researchers highlighted the restructuring process of design problem by new sources because the capabilities and boundaries of design problems are not defined very well. Further, the design problem is not knowable at any specific point. Design knowledge identifies itself by its ambiguity. Many models have been developed for design process. The various numbers of divided phases of the models can be seen as having two main areas: (1) idea generation phase (or “ideation”); (2) later phase for details. Idea generation plays an important role in the design process. It is the area of new and creative configurations on design. -/- Creativity is an integral part of the design process. Designers purpose to achieve original ideas to demonstrate their ability and unique designs. External stimuli or inspirational inputs play important roles to increase creativity. They can support moments of stimulation. Associations between information from memory and external stimuli can contribute to the creation of new meanings. Designers are widely influenced by their surroundings in daily lives. However, each stimulus may not be the part of a more creative result Even if designers want to utilize stimulus as an inspirational source, somehow it may fixate their mind to its surface features and they may lose potential creative contributions of the source. It is called fixation. There is much research that shows significant evidence of conformity effects across the design problems. -/- The given examples to designers may cause higher-level fixation and lower-level creativity or vice versa. Fixation may occur when example solutions are introduced, on the other hand, the designers may create more original ideas as well. There is a need for research to find ways to avoid fixation traps or reduce their adverse impact. Thus, this research focuses on variables of the given example. -/- The following claims show some research areas remained unclear: (1) Some researchers investigated textual examples as - one of the modalities of representation - but did not focus on forms of textual examples. (2) Much research has been conducted with examples which are selected by the researcher. Nevertheless, designers can also choose or produce their own stimuli. There is not much research on this possibility. In this context, my research focuses on the following two variables through two studies (Study 1 and 2): (1) forms of textual examples; (2) self-construction of textual examples. First, most of the studies in the literature have focused on visual presentation and there is not enough research on the content and form of the text. The study of textual examples has still not been awarded enough attention especially as various forms of text. Some forms of text are as follows: keyword, paragraph, sentence, poem. These observations lead me to the following research question: Which forms of textual example increase creativity and reduce fixation more? (Study 1). -/- Second, most of the studies regarding textual examples have used prose or keywords. The poems have been ignored. However, poems imply more meaning with fewer words. The structure of the poems enables more creative narratives than structure of prose. Because unusual organization of words stimulates the readers and draws their attention. This activates the creative performance of the reader. The surrealist poem is the extreme form of this activation. It is random assemblies with headlines and sentences which is cut from newspapers. Thus, novel meaning networks are formed. The method of creating a surrealist poem offers a new way of getting inspiration. It is termed as self-construction practice by this research. Through this method, designers create their own example from the given one. Reconstruction of the text may increase the creative process and prevent fixations from the given text. This suggestion led me to the following research question: If the designers write their own poem instead of a given poem (as a self-construction practice), can they internalize the textual example? In addition, does it produce more creative and less fixated designs? (Study 2). Two experimental studies were planned to partially answer the research questions, in which novice students of architecture were asked to solve two different design problems, under different conditions. All of the experimental sessions were conducted in a design education studio. The participants produced sketches and added a written explanation relating to their designs. Fluency, flexibility and repetition of key attributes were calculated by the researcher. -/- Originality, practicality, understanding of the task and quality were ranked by judges. Study 1 shows us tendencies of using various textual forms. Distinctions of keywords and of poems have appeared among them. This emphasizes the role of keyword and poem in the design process as inspirational sources and provides many tips for their potential use. The keyword also leads to a high degree of fixation. However, a low degree of fixation is observed when poems are presented as inspirational examples. -/- In Study 2, the self-constructed poem seems to support develop more successful design ideas from many perspectives. In the context of the surrealist poem, writing and reading the surrealist poem trigger the designers’ imagination. At first, the words and lines of poems seem unrelated to each other and designers try to relate them and solve the puzzle of meaning. Hence, novel meaning networks are formed. It indicates that surrealist poems are able to activate the creative performance of the designers. Writing their own surrealist poems ,as a self-construction practice, motivated designers to begin to produce by having fun. Motivated designers have stimulated themselves to produce creative ideas. In other words, the self-construction process may be added to the design process models in the earlier part of the idea generation phase which is called as pre-design and warm-up phase. This earlier phase makes designers highly motivated and they internalized the given examples. -/- Following the conclusions, several implications and recommendations for the design process and education are discussed. (shrink)

ENG: The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) presents a duality of opportunity and risk. On the one hand, there are potential dangers inherent in the development of AI. However, on the other hand, the advent of AI also offers humanity a multitude of possibilities for improvement and advancement. The aesthetic values and cultural expressions that artists encounter in their environment serve to redefine the aesthetic judgments they form, thus determining the paths they subsequently follow. The objective of this research is (...) to examine the impact of AI on the field of aesthetics and culture to identify the changes and transformations occurring within the world of art and design. In the conventional domain of aesthetics, emphasis is placed upon the finished object as a singular entity that will be interpreted as a completed work. In contrast, the emerging field of ‘new aesthetics’ prioritizes the atmosphere, directing our focus to the physical object, which is perceived as a spatial extension. Accordingly, the object is not defined by its intrinsic content, but rather its capacity to expand and occupy space. Thus, the domain of aesthetics has evolved to encompass a spatial dimension. Despite the growing interest in the aesthetic dimensions of AI, there has been little discussion to date about the relationship between atmosphere and the field of AI. This study aims to highlight the lack of attention given to this topic in academic discourse and to introduce a new approach to it. Several implications (regarding general propositions and constituents AI aesthetics) has been placed and finalized with layers of hallucination. The application of AI enables the augmentation of the hallucinatory capabilities of the imagination. However, a current challenge is the tendency of AI-powered digital assistants, such as ChatGPT, to hallucinate and present unreal information as if it were real. In this sense, the relationship between AI and hallucination is evolving in a manner that is perceived to be negative. This is justified given the problematic nature of this issue in scientific studies. However, when considered from the perspective of artistic production, there may be potential for new avenues of creativity and imaginative expression. A reappraisal of the role of atmospheric factors in space design is required. The introduction of a novel aesthetic layer to the atmosphere through the use of AI is a possibility, given the hallucinatory tendencies of AI. - TR: Yapay zekanın gelişimi, insanlık için önemli fırsatlar sunarken, aynı zamanda yeni zorluklar ve riskler de ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Ancak, doğru bir şekilde yönetildiğinde ve kullanıldığında, yapay zeka teknolojisi insan hayatını önemli ölçüde iyileştirebileceği ve birçok alanda yenilikler getirebileceği ön görülmektedir. Estetik değerler ve kültürel ifadeler, sanatçıların estetik yargılarını yeniden tarif etmekte ve izledikleri yolları belirlemektedir. Bu araştırma sanat ve tasarım dünyasındaki değişim ve dönüşümleri incelemek adına yapay zekanın estetik ve kültür alanına tesirini irdelemektedir. Konvansiyonel estetikte nesneye tamamlanmış bir çalışma olarak yorumlanacak bitmiş bir varlık olarak odaklanılmıştır. Ancak atmosferi merkeze alan yeni estetik, odak noktamızı mekandaki fiziksel bir uzantı olan nesneye yöneltmektedir. Dolayısıyla nesne 'içerdiği' şeyle değil, mekana yayılma şekliyle karakterize edilmektedir. Böylelikle estetik teori mekânsal katmanlar edinmiştir. Yapay zeka bağlamında estetik tartışmalarında bir ivme kazanılmış olsa da aynı hareketlilik atmosfer ile yapay zekanın ilişkisinde henüz kurulmamıştır. Bu çalışma literatürdeki bu eksikliğe işaret etmeyi ve bir giriş yapmayı hedeflemektedir. Tartışma önermeler olarak şu başlıklar altında toplanmıştır: Teknik arkaplandaki atmosfer tecrübesinin önemi; Deneyimi fazla olan aktörlerin hiyerarşisi; Kısmi telif hakkına yönelik ‘kısmi’ tanımlamalarının gerekliliği; Çizim becerisiden atmosfer üretme becerisine bir yolculuk; Kültürel ve bedensel referansların yorumlanabilmesi. Yapay zekanın estetiğine dair yapı taşları ise şu başlıklar altında toplanmıştır: Estetik akıntı; Yarı-geçirgen bir estetik; Yapay zekanın ara-fenomen olarak incelenmesi; Metaforik istemler; Halüsinatif katmanlar ve alternatif değerlendirmeler. Çalışmanın sonunda odaklanılan konu yapay zekanın gücü ile imgelemin halüsinatif katmanları artırılabilme potansiye olmuştur. Halüsinasyona dair şuan gündemde olan yegane konu ChatGPT gibi yapay zeka asistanlarının halüsinasyon görmeleri ve gerçek olmayan bilgilerin gerçekmiş gibi sunulmasıdır. Bu haliyle yapay zekanın halüsinasyon ile ilişkisi negatif bir tandansta ilerlemektedir. Bu bilimsel çalışmalarda bir problem olması sebebiyle haklı bir negativiteye sahiptir. Ancak sanatsal üretim tabanında bakıldığında imgelemde yeni kapılar açılabilir. Bu konu özellikle mekanın tasarımına gelindiğinde atmosferik etmenler yeniden değerlendirilmelidir. Atmosferin yapay zeka ile yeni bir estetik katman açması yapay zekanın halüsinasyon yatkınlıklarıyla gerçekleşebilir. (shrink)

Architectural space has some triggers for unique experiences and one of them is its atmosphere. The atmosphere has an unstable structure so that it is difficult to define clearly. We are capable of immediate appreciation, such as being inside or outside. Thus, the threshold between bodily experiences and mental emergence becomes a blurred one, like a haze. It is sensed in bodily presence by human beings. The boundaries, such as subject and object, are transgressed through the atmosphere. The subject appears (...) as a body and its movement in this discussion. Recognition of the existence of the body in space plays a significant role throughout the architectural design process. Theatrical dance or dance theatre (Tanztheater) practices provide new horizons for understanding the presence of the body in the space. Pina Bausch, as a choreographer, is one of the pioneers of this genre. The aim of the study is to point out the relations of body, space and atmosphere in Pina movie (2011). This study identifies choreographies with different aspects as follows: (1) In the atmospheric aspect; subject, object and their role in the atmosphere of choreographies by Pina Bausch were observed. (2) In the fictional space aspect; various spaces were examined in the sense of body-object-atmosphere interaction. (3) In the bodily aspect; space which is produced by the body and vice versa in dance theatre was investigated in the volumetric reflections of the body. This research contributes to bridging performative arts and architecture as understanding the space. It can be a guide for an architectural design studio to understand the role of the body through dance theatre. (shrink)

This paper explores the impact of furniture and machines on spatial organization and circulation systems in industrial buildings using space syntax analysis. While space syntax research covers various settings, industrial buildings have received limited attention. This study aims to address this gap by examining how machines and furniture influence spatial organization and circulation in two industrial buildings: A Nitrile Glove manufacturing facility and a textile manufacturing factory. The furnished and unfurnished floor plans were analyzed using space syntax software, DepthMapX, with (...) connectivity and agent-based analyses. The results indicate that unfurnished plans have centrally located connectivity values, whereas furnished plans create subspaces with varying connectivity. Agent-based analysis reveals that unfurnished spaces have high density in the center, while furnished spaces distribute density more evenly, resulting in more uniform circulation. This study concludes that industrial building spatial configurations result from a combination of architectural design and the placement of machines and furniture. (shrink)

Post-truth has an impression that the facts have been only corrupted with it. Many examples support this impression. However, it should not be perceived as just a disruption of the truth considering only political events. In different fields, such as creative industries, it may have different implications. Despite studies regarding education, there has not been much discussion on the design process and education. The objective of this research is to develop an introductory examination of what the design process (with statements (...) in the book 'How Designers Think') can produce in post-truth cases and to seek the productive potentials of post-truth. Therefore, the claims were reviewed - as design problems, solutions and process itself - within the framework of the post-truth era. Some of the results are as follows: For design problems, designers need to find a way to oscillate among objectives without based on truth. Post-truth environments may trigger finding out unique spatial possibilities with designs of unique hierarchies. For design solutions, in post-truth era, the only optimal thing is to be apathetic about truth. There is no need to seek the optimal solutions. The ideal of wholeness is expired for the solutions. This situation fosters free circulations of tiny parts of solutions in the post-truth universe. For the design process, the correctness of the process is much more questionable anymore. Identifying problem is a crucial part of the design process. As the truth disappears, it becomes more difficult to discriminate the characteristics and value of the problems. (shrink)

The first year of design education is essential for students as it is their initial interaction with the design process. Awareness of the body through dance has the potential to reveal bodily experience in space. Abstraction of embodied experience contributes to realising the significance of the body and its analytical dimension for spatial and structural design. This study investigates the impact of embodied experience and abstraction on the architectural design process and the outcome through correlation and regression analysis. We observed (...) that increasing awareness of the space through bodily movement and its drawn representation positively impacted students’ success in architectural design. Also, the measures related to space and structure mainly advanced students’ success in the final design. However, the association of the abstraction process with the final design remained limited. The study’s contribution is the systematic and statistical evaluation of the relationship between body, movement, abstraction and architectural design by constructing a set of measures from various stages of the design studio. We hope our research will provide a basis for the upcoming discourse. (shrink)

How could we go beyond the conventional categorization of the five senses and find out a sixth sense in the observation of a building? Let’s call such a sense atmospheric one. Humans are rooted in the atmosphere, generated by things and space, just as the roots of plants in the soil. To observe novel experiences, we aimed to prioritize the atmosphere and affective encounters in space. First, archive photographs and technical drawings were compiled and examined, parallel with the historical evaluation (...) of the building (Eskişehir Esnaf Sarayı) and its context. However, this reading was not only about the mere transfer of archive data but also their affective engagements of them. Further, the atmosphere and its affects were unveiled through the inherent (and personal) experiences of the space. (shrink)

Considering the propositions of the virtual universe with its short history, there are digital twins and various economic investments. While the Metaverse points out a novel universe, it is able to promise much more than producing a copy of the self and imitation of conventional economic interactions. To reveal these potentials, it is necessary to determine the areas that must be meticulously focused on. Although Metaverse has permeated daily life dialogues, studies in the academic field are limited. Likewise, research about (...) its architecture and space needs to be developed in this area. No matter how far the new universe propositions go, they still stick with the quantitative values of the physical world. This issue obstructs the creation of its own reality. However, the universe's own digitalized digitalised structure does not require that the imagination of the spaces stuck with a quantitative basis. To avoid quantitative and reductive attitudes, focusing on the atmosphere of this universe may be a solution. The study aims to collide the possibilities of the Metaverse and the architectural atmosphere discussions to make an alternative reading of the Metaverse. Developing theories about the atmosphere of spaces and conducting atmospheric studies about Metaverse allow us to develop meta-experiences of the Metaverse. Focusing on the architectural atmosphere, immediate appreciation, ecstatic being and hallucinatory image will deepen the definition of Metaverse and provide a multi-layered experience. The image of the atmosphere and ecstatic being is associated with a ‘hallucinatory image'. The hallucinatory image has a structure that does not narrow down its references to the physical world. With this aspect, it may provide forms of alternative perceptions specific to the Metaverse. The hallucinatory image, parallel with the sensation of an ecstatic being, stimulates us to sense the atmosphere produced by the Metaverse. (shrink)

Metaverse, başka olanakları olan bir evrenin inşa edilmesine yönelik bir girişimdir. Sanal evren önermelerinin çeşitli süreçlerden geçtikten sonra geldiği bu noktada dijital ikizler ve çeşitli ekonomik yatırımlar söz konusudur. Ne var ki, Metaverse yeni bir evrene işaret ederken benliğin bir kopyasını ve konvansiyonel ekonomik etkileşimlerin imitasyonunu üretmenin çok daha ötesini vaad edebilir. Ancak bu potansiyelleri açığa çıkarabilmek için yoğunlaşılması gereken alanları titizlikle tespit etmek gerekir. Metaverse, gündelik hayat diyaloglarına epey sızmış olsa da akademik alanda yapılan çalışmalar sınırlıdır. Keza mekana dair (...) araştırmaların da bu alana odaklanacak şekilde geliştirilmesine ihtiyaç vardır. Yeni evren önermeleri, ne kadar yol alırsa alsın bir noktada fiziksel dünyanın nicel değerlerine tutunması nedeniyle kendi gerçekliğini yaratmasını engellemektedir. Oysa evrenin kendi altyapısının sayısal sistemlere dayanması, ürettiği ve üreteceği mekanların tahayyülünün de nicel bir tabanda sıkışmasını gerektirmez. Nicel ve indirgemeci tavrı kırabilmek adına bu evrenin atmosferlerine yönelmekte fayda vardır. Çalışmanın amacı Metaverse’ün gündeme getirdiği olasılıkları mimari atmosfer tartışmalarıyla çarpıştırmak ve Metaverse’e dair alternatif bir okuma yapmaktır. Mekanların atmosferine dair teorilerin geliştirilmesi ve atmosferik çalışmaların yapılması, bu öte-deneyimlerin tarif edilmesine imkan verecektir. Mimari atmosfere, anidenliğe, esrik varoluşa ve halüsinatif imgeye odaklanılması Metaverse’ün açılımlarını artıracak ve çok katmanlı bir deneyimi mümkün kılacaktır. Atmosferin özne ve nesne gibi sınırları aşan bir fenomen olduğu öne sürülebilir. İnsanları, yerleri ve şeyleri birbirine bağlamasıyla atmosferler, bağlayıcı ve bütünleyici bir tavra sahiptir. Atmosferin kaynağı olan noktayı tam olarak belirlemek güçtür, mekanı bulutsu bir biçimde doldurur. Bulanık görüyü artıran başka bir özellik de atmosferin birden içine düşüldüğüne yönelik deneyimde yatar. Atmosferin tınıları kendini esrik varoluşta duyumsatır. Esriklik özün doğrudan tezahürü olarak da ele alınabilir. Atmosferin ve esrik varoluşun bağdaştığı imge, ‘halüsinatif imge’ olarak tarif edilebilir. Halüsinatif imgenin referanslarını fiziki dünya ile sınırlamayan bir yapısı vardır. Bu yönü ile Metaverse’e özgü alternatif algıların oluşmasına aracı olabilir. Nitekim halüsinatif imgelem, bulutsu dağılımın içine aniden sürükleniş veya dalma hali ile oluşan imgeleri tarif eder. Esrik varoluşun duyumsanmasına paralel bir şekilde oluşan bu imge, bizi Metaverse’ün ürettiği atmosfere içkin bir hale getirecektir. (shrink)

Interaction with the environment occurs in the perception of movement. Movement is the basic concept of mobility. Development and diversification (i.e., faster transportations, new technological access, etc.) of movement concepts may contribute modern people to become independent of any place. Nomadic cultures constitute the basic principles of mobile architecture with light, portable materials and flexible constructions. In the industrial age, futurist manifesto announced machine-housing concepts. The mechanized perception of the spaces prepared ground for mobilization. Mobility, as a source of independence (...) from places, is sometimes a preference but sometimes the result of urgency. “Individual preference”, “cultural movement” and “forced movement” are key reasons for movements which may differentiate modes of mobile space. The objective of this study to examine distinctive features of mobile spaces of forced movements (i.e., for refugees) by comparing with other types of mobility (individual preference and cultural movement). Various design competitions were held for mobile spaces. The cases were selected for this study, considering the role of the user’s profile (unspecific users; nomads/immigrants; refugees) who live in mobile spaces. We analyzed awarded/selected projects for each type of mobility. As a result of examining the awarded outcomes of the competition the following parameters were detected: quantity of users; designer's choice for location; reaction to the environment; contextual attention; scope of modularity; mode of portability; type of portability; cost of materials and construction; proposal for belonging; sensitivity for sustainability. It seems that current events in the world have transformed the concept of mobility and led to the development of new definitions of mobility. This paper presents one of the new definitions of mobility, specifically for refugees. Many aspects of mobile architecture for refugees, as a new definition of mobility, has shown in this study. (shrink)

Bachelard üzerinden bir Pallasmaa okuması… Mimari imgelemin şiirsel inşası üzerinde duran iki düşünürün çalışmalarına çapraz bir bakış denemesi bu. İmgelemin psikososyal kuruluşunu değil, mutlak kişiselliğini eksen alan güzergahta konumlanıyor. Mimarlığın tırmanan ekonomize edilme serüvenine direnen bir şiirsel damar arayışının iki bağlantılı aktörünün düşüncelerine yaklaşmayı deniyor.

This paper examines how professionals (N = 32) working on artificial intelligence (AI) view structural AI ethics challenges like injustices and inequalities beyond individual agents' direct intention and control. This paper answers the research question: What are professionals’ perceptions of the structural challenges of AI (in the agri-food sector)? This empirical paper shows that it is essential to broaden the scope of ethics of AI beyond micro- and meso-levels. While ethics guidelines and AI ethics often focus on the responsibility of (...) designers and the competencies and skills of designers to take this responsibility, our results show that many structural challenges are beyond their reach. This result means that while ethics guidelines and AI ethics frameworks are helpful, there is a risk that they overlook more complicated, nuanced, and intersected structural challenges. In addition, it highlights the need to include diverse stakeholders, such as quadruple helix (QH) participants, in discussions around AI ethics rather than solely focusing on the obligations of AI developers and companies. Overall, this paper demonstrates that addressing structural challenges in AI is challenging and requires an approach that considers four requirements: (1) multi-level, (2) multi-faceted, (3) interdisciplinary, and (4) polycentric governance. (shrink)

Nhãn hiệu (NH) và tên thương mại (NH&TTM) là hai đối tượng quyền sở hữu trí tuệ (SHTT) phổ biến được các doanh nghiệp sử dụng trong hoạt động sản xuất, kinh doanh. Tuy nhiên, giữa hai đối tượng này lại thường xảy ra xung đột do một dấu hiệu có thể đồng thời được đăng ký/sử dụng với hai vai trò/chức năng khác nhau bởi hai chủ thể khác nhau. Trong những năm gần đây các vụ việc tranh chấp (...) giữa NH&TTM cũng trở nên thường xuyên hơn và có thể được giải quyết theo các cơ chế khác nhau (hành chính, dân sự hay hình sự). Bài viết giới thiệu một số tình huống tranh chấp giữa NH&TTM đã được giải quyết tại tòa án và đề xuất một số khuyến nghị về chính sách, pháp luật. (shrink)

In this paper, I present the results of an experimental study on intuitions about moral obligation (ought) and ability (can). Many philosophers accept as an axiom the principle known as “Ought Implies Can” (OIC). If the truth of OIC is intuitive, such that it is accepted by many philosophers as an axiom, then we would expect people to judge that agents who are unable to perform an action are not morally obligated to perform that action. The results of my experimental (...) study show that participants were more inclined to judge that an agent ought to perform an action than that the agent can perform the action. Overall, participants said that an agent ought to perform an action even when they said that the agent cannot do it. I discuss the implications of these results for the debate over OIC. (shrink)

In this chapter we will explore new avenues for developing and defending Naïve Realism (also known as Relationalism), understood as a thesis about the phenomenal character of experience. The core claim of Naive Realism is that ‘what it’s like’ for a subject who enjoys a normal, successful perceptual experience of her surroundings consists in her being directly consciously aware of mind-independent entities in her external environment. It is widely agreed that the strongest challenge to Naïve Realism comes from the alleged (...) possibility of total hallucinations, and the orthodox line of response has been to adopt Disjunctivism about perceptual experience. In this chapter, we will instead focus on an emerging alternative family of responses, which we’ll call ‘New Wave Relationalism’ (NWR). The core commitment of NWR is to reject the initial assumption that there can be total hallucinations that are both non-relational and subjectively indistinguishable from genuine perceptions. The primary aim for this chapter will be to explore and defend this broad NWR strategy for responding to the threat posed by hallucinations to Naïve Realism. We will argue that which specific version or species of NWR a Naïve Realist should adopt will depend on their background methodological and metaphysical commitments. (shrink)

By now a consensus has emerged that people, when subjected to high-stakes decisions through automated decision systems, have a moral right to have these decisions explained to them. However, furnishing such explanations can be costly. So the right to an explanation creates what we call the cost problem: providing subjects of automated decisions with appropriate explanations of the grounds of these decisions can be costly for the companies and organisations that use these automated decision systems. In this paper, we explore (...) whether large language models could prove significant in overcoming the cost problem. We provide an initial case for believing that they can but only with serious ethical costs. (shrink)

I report the results of a follow-up study, designed to address concerns raised by Kurthy and Lawford-Smith in response to my original study on intuitions about moral obligation (ought) and ability (can). Like the results of the original study, the results of the follow-up study do not support the hypothesis that OIC is intuitive. The results of both studies suggest that OIC is probably not a principle of ordinary moral cognition. As I have argued in my paper, I take this (...) to mean that OIC can no longer be taken as axiomatic. It must be argued for without appealing to intuitions. (shrink)

If, as argued in some simulationist accounts, empathy aims at grasping the phenomenal richness of the other’s experience and resonating with it, it is difficult to explain our empathy with emotions that we have never experienced ourselves. According to a long philosophical tradition, imagination is constrained by experience. We have to be acquainted with the qualitative feel of the other’s experience in order to imagine it. A critical view of simulationist accounts would claim that if we cannot imagine how the (...) other feels because we are not acquainted with it, empathy cannot take place. Contrary to such criticism, this paper takes a moderately optimistic view of the simulationist claim. It develops a model to explain how we imagine the other’s emotions by drawing on phenomenal concepts, affective memories, and imaginative scaffoldings. I argue that this model can explain how we empathize with the other’s emotions regardless of whether these are familiar or novel to us. However, in the latter case, the imagined phenomenal quality is not identical but probably only similar to the other’s emotion. This similarity suffices for us to speak about empathy. (shrink)

We care what people think of us. The thesis that beliefs wrong, although compelling, can sound ridiculous. The norms that properly govern belief are plausibly epistemic norms such as truth, accuracy, and evidence. Moral and prudential norms seem to play no role in settling the question of whether to believe p, and they are irrelevant to answering the question of what you should believe. This leaves us with the question: can we wrong one another by virtue of what we believe (...) about each other? Can beliefs wrong? In this introduction, I present a brief summary of the articles that make up this special issue. The aim is to direct readers to open avenues for future research by highlighting questions and challenges that are far from being settled. These papers shouldn’t be taken as the last word on the subject. Rather, they mark the beginning of a serious exploration into a set of questions that concern the morality of belief, i.e., doxastic morality. (shrink)

For computer simulation models to usefully inform climate risk management, uncertainties in model projections must be explored and characterized. Because doing so requires running the model many ti...

What sorts of consideration can be normative reasons for action? If we systematize the wide variety of considerations that can be cited as normative reasons, do we find that there is a single kind of consideration that can always be a reason? Desire-based theorists think that the fact that you want something or would want it under certain evaluatively neutral conditions can always be your normative reason for action. Value-based theorists, by contrast, think that what plays that role are evaluative (...) facts (or the facts that subvene them) about what you want, such as the fact that having it would be good in some way. This paper argues that value-based theorists are wrong; if we try to find a single kind of consideration that can always be normative reason, we find that sometimes our reason is the fact that we want something and not any corresponding evaluative fact. (shrink)

Can perceptual experiences be states of uncertainty? We might expect them to be, if the perceptual processes from which they're generated, as well as the behaviors they help produce, take account of probabilistic information. Yet it has long been presumed that perceptual experiences purport to tell us about our environment, without hedging or qualifying. Against this long-standing view, I argue that perceptual experiences may well occasionally be states of uncertainty, but that they are never probabilistically structured. I criticize a powerful (...) line of reasoning that we should expect perceptual experience to be probabilistic, given their interfaces with unconscious probabilistic information, with behavior responsive to it, and with credences. (shrink)

Although 43 countries have a monarch as their head of state, the question of whether monarchies can be morally justified has been neglected by contemporary philosophers. In this article, I argue that it is doubtful whether any existing monarchies can be morally justified. As I show, they all suffer from one or more of the following defects: they flout democratic principles; they are non-meritocratic; and/or they fail to provide at least some royals with an adequate range of lifestyle options. However, (...) I go on to identify a novel type of elective monarchy that escapes these problems, and which, I submit, can be vindicated as long as it serves legitimate public objectives (e.g. by promoting social cohesion among citizens and/or by fostering international trade). (shrink)

Ian Rumfitt has argued that rational adjudication against classical logic in quantum mechanics is not only unnecessary, but impossible as well. I explain why the argument fails.

Can it be rational to be risk-averse? It seems plausible that the answer is yes—that normative decision theory should accommodate risk aversion. But there is a seemingly compelling class of arguments against our most promising methods of doing so. These long-run arguments point out that, in practice, each decision an agent makes is just one in a very long sequence of such decisions. Given this form of dynamic choice situation, and the (Strong) Law of Large Numbers, they conclude that those (...) theories which accommodate risk aversion end up delivering the same verdicts as risk-neutral theories in nearly all practical cases. If so, why not just accept a simpler, risk-neutral theory? The resulting practical verdicts seem to be much the same. In this paper, I show that these arguments do not in fact condemn those risk-aversion-accommodating theories. Risk aversion can indeed survive the long run. (shrink)

In this paper, I consider the relationship between Inference to the Best Explanation and Bayesianism, both of which are well-known accounts of the nature of scientific inference. In Sect. 2, I give a brief overview of Bayesianism and IBE. In Sect. 3, I argue that IBE in its most prominently defended forms is difficult to reconcile with Bayesianism because not all of the items that feature on popular lists of “explanatory virtues”—by means of which IBE ranks competing explanations—have confirmational import. (...) Rather, some of the items that feature on these lists are “informational virtues”—properties that do not make a hypothesis \ more probable than some competitor \ given evidence E, but that, roughly-speaking, give that hypothesis greater informative content. In Sect. 4, I consider as a response to my argument a recent version of compatibilism which argues that IBE can provide further normative constraints on the objectively correct probability function. I argue that this response does not succeed, owing to the difficulty of defending with any generality such further normative constraints. Lastly, in Sect. 5, I propose that IBE should be regarded, not as a theory of scientific inference, but rather as a theory of when we ought to “accept” H, where the acceptability of H is fixed by the goals of science and concerns whether H is worthy of commitment as research program. In this way, IBE and Bayesianism, as I will show, can be made compatible, and thus the Bayesian and the proponent of IBE can be friends. (shrink)

Can we transmit understanding via testimony in more or less the same way in which we transmit knowledge? The standard view in social epistemology has a straightforward answer: no, we cannot. Three arguments supporting the standard view have been formulated so far. The first appeals to the claim that gaining understanding requires a greater cognitive effort than acquiring testimonial knowledge does. The second appeals to a certain type of epistemic trust that is supposedly characteristic of knowledge transmission (and maybe of (...) the transmission of epistemic goods in general) and that is allegedly incompatible with understanding. The third aims to show that there is a certain aspect of understanding (what epistemologists these days like to call “grasping”) that cannot be passed on to another person via testimony alone. In this article, I show that all of these arguments can be resisted. Thus, there seem to be no compelling reasons to embrace the standard view. (shrink)

Can there be a global demos? The current debate about this topic is divided between two opposing camps: the “pessimist” or “impossibilist” camp, which holds that the emergence of a global demos is either conceptually or empirically impossible, and the “optimist” or “possibilist” camp, which holds that the emergence of a global demos is conceptually as well as empirically possible and an embryonic version of it already exists. However, the two camps agree neither on a common working definition of a (...) global demos, nor on the relevant empirical facts, so it is difficult to reconcile their conflicting outlooks. We seek to move the debate beyond this stalemate. We argue that existing conceptions of a demos are ill-suited for capturing what kind of a global demos is needed to facilitate good global governance, and we propose a new conception of a demos that is better suited for this purpose. We suggest that some of the most prominent conceptions of a demos have focused too much on who the members of a demos are and too little on what functional characteristics the demos must have in order to perform its role in facilitating governance within the relevant domain. Our new proposal shifts the emphasis from the first, “compositional” question to the second, “performative” one, and provides a more “agency-based” account of a global demos. The key criterion that a collection of individuals must meet in order to qualify as a demos is that it is not merely demarcated by an appropriate membership criterion, but that it can be organized, democratically, so as to function as a state-like agent. Compared to the existing, predominantly “compositional” approaches to thinking about the demos, this agency-based approach puts us into a much better position to assess the empirical prospects for the emergence of a global demos that can facilitate good global governance. (shrink)

Most work on the semantic paradoxes within classical logic has centered around what this essay calls “linguistic” accounts of the paradoxes: they attribute to sentences or utterances of sentences some property that is supposed to explain their paradoxical or nonparadoxical status. “No proposition” views are paradigm examples of linguistic theories, although practically all accounts of the paradoxes subscribe to some kind of linguistic theory. This essay shows that linguistic accounts of the paradoxes endorsing classical logic are subject to a particularly (...) acute form of the revenge paradox: that there is no exhaustive classification of sentences into “good” and “bad” such that the T-schema holds when restricted to the “good” sentences unless it is also possible to prove some “bad” sentences. The foundations for an alternative classical nonlinguistic approach is outlined that is not subject to the same kinds of problems. Although revenge paradoxes of different strengths can be formulated, they are found to be indeterminate at higher orders and not inconsistent. (shrink)

This paper examines whether atheists, who believe that God does not exist, can have faith. Of course, atheists have certain kinds of faith: faith in their friends, faith in certain ideals, and faith in themselves. However, the question we’ll examine is whether atheists can have theistic faith: faith that God exists. Philosophers tend to fall on one of two extremes on this question: some, like Dan Howard-Snyder (2019) and Imran Aijaz (2023), say unequivocally no; others, like Robert Whitaker (2019) and (...) Sam Lebens (2023), say unequivocally yes. Here, I take a middle position: I argue that atheists can have action-focused theistic faith (faith in how they act) but not attitude-focused theistic faith (faith in what attitudes they have). (shrink)

Can we gain understanding from testifiers who themselves fail to understand? At first glance, this looks counterintuitive. How could a hearer who has no understanding or very poor understanding of a certain subject matter non-accidentally extract items of information relevant to understanding from a speaker’s testimony if the speaker does not understand what she is talking about? This paper shows that, when there are theories or representational devices working as mediators, speakers can intentionally generate understanding in their hearers by engaging (...) in relevant speech acts without understanding the topic of these speech acts themselves. More specifically, I argue that testifiers can intentionally elicit understanding of empirical phenomena in their hearers even if they themselves lack such understanding – granted that they properly understood the epistemic mediators involved. (shrink)

Substructural approaches to paradoxes have attracted much attention from the philosophical community in the last decade. In this paper we focus on two substructural logics, named ST and TS, along with two structural cousins, LP and K3. It is well known that LP and K3 are duals in the sense that an inference is valid in one logic just in case the contrapositive is valid in the other logic. As a consequence of this duality, theories based on either logic are (...) tightly connected since many of the arguments for and objections against one theory reappear in the other theory in dual form. The target of the paper is making explicit in exactly what way, if any, ST and TS are dual to one another. The connection will allow us to gain a more fine-grained understanding of these logics and of the theories based on them. In particular, we will obtain new insights on two questions concerning ST which are being intensively discussed in the current literature: whether ST preserves classical logic and whether it is LP in sheep’s clothing. Explaining in what way ST and TS are duals requires comparing these logics at a metainferential level. We provide to this end a uniform proof theory to decide on valid metainferences for each of the four logics. This proof procedure allows us to show in a very simple way how different properties of inferences (unsatisfiability, supersatisfiability and antivalidity) that behave in very different ways for each logic can be captured in terms of the validity of a metainference. (shrink)