On the History of Political Philosophy: Great Political Thinkers from Thucydides to Locke is a lively and lucid account of the major political theorists and philosophers of the ancient Greek, Roman, medieval, renaissance, and early modern periods. The author demonstrates the continuing significance of some political debates and problems that originated in the history of political philosophy. Topics include discussions concerning human nature, different views of justice, the origin of government and law, the rise and (...) development of different forms of government, idealism and realism in international relations, the distinction between just and unjust war, and the sources of public authority and the nature of legitimate sovereignty. The organizing principle of the book is the idea that the great political thinkers were searching for the best political order and a criterion for human conduct in both domestic and international politics. The book presupposes no previous knowledge of political philosophy. It will therefore be a valuable introductory book for students of philosophy, politics, and international relations. As it opens eyes to the perceptions that historical knowledge may convey, it will also be an illuminating and engaging reading for a general reader. (shrink)

Deely's chief orientation, in his Medieval Philosophy field days, was to frame the field's thematic concern in light of the gestation of semiotic awareness. He argued that semiotic awareness was expressed fully for the first time in history by Poinsot, although he said that the process of gestation only resulted in a community-binding Way after the arrival of the Semiotics of Peirce. Between Poinsot and Peirce, a period of darkness preceded a full dawn. In this paper, we (...) provide an introductory picture of Deely's understanding of Medieval Philosophy and strive to convey a preview of the angle adopted by the semiotician. (shrink)

Medieval and early modern devotional works rarely receive serious treatment from philosophers, even those working in the subfields of philosophy of religion or the history of ideas. In this article, I examine one medieval devotional work in particular—the Middle High German image- and verse-program, Christus und die minnende Seele (CMS)—and I argue that it can plausibly be viewed as a form of medieval public philosophy, one that both exhibited and encouraged philosophical innovation. I address (...) a few objections to my proposal—namely, that CMS is neither public enough nor that it counts as proper philosophy—and I attempt to defend CMS’s public philosophical credentials in light of these objections. I conclude with a brief discussion of how devotional texts like CMS can help us do innovative public philosophy today. (shrink)

From ancient conceptions of becoming a philosopher to modern discussions of psychedelic drugs, the concept of transformation plays a fascinating part in the history of philosophy. However, until now there has been no sustained exploration of the full extent of its role. Transformation and the History of Philosophy is an outstanding survey of the history, nature, and development of the idea of transformation, from the ancient period to the twentieth century. Comprising twenty-two specially commissioned chapters (...) by an international team of contributors, the volume is divided into four clear parts: -/- - Philosophy as Transformative: Ancient China, Greece, India, and Rome - Transformation Between the Human and the Divine: Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy - Transformation After the Copernican Revolution: Post-Kantian Philosophy - Treatises, Pregnancies, Psychedelics, and Epiphanies: Twentieth-Century Philosophy. -/- Each of these sections begins with an introduction by the editors. Transformation and the History of Philosophy is essential reading for students and researchers in the history of western and non-western philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, and aesthetics. It will also be extremely useful for those in related disciplines such as religion, sociology, and the history of ideas. (shrink)

In this Ph.D. dissertation, completed at the Sorbonne, it is shown that the whole of medieval philosophy was not reduced to a realist stance: in the 13th-14th centuries, an idealist stance emerged and was developed into a full-fledged epistemological idealism, personified in the philosophers Eckhart von Hochheim and Dietrich von Freiberg. This dissertation deviates from most works in the history of philosophy by proposing to see this as a taxonomy.

Till just few decades ago, scholars used to use the label ‘Ockhamism’ to mark a turning-point in the history of mediaeval philosophy, above all in the history of natural philosophy. That turning-point was exemplified by the once so-called ‘Buridanian school’, today known simply as ‘Parisian school of natural philosophy’, whose leading representative was for sure John Buridan. But looking carefully at some crucial points of the Picard master’s idea of ‘nature’, concerning specifically the relationship between (...) God and secondary causes on one side, and the role played by free will, both the divine and the human one, on the other side, one will find out that Buridan’s ‘Ockhamism’ is at least questionable: Scotus’ modal logic is the conceptual framework, within which he redetermines the boundaries of natural laws, but the ‘pure ockhamist’ idea of the prevalence of the will on the intellect in God’s nature is the source of an image of the world in which voluntary behaviours and natural laws are intertwined. Therefore, Buridan’s natural philosophy results as a peculiar synthesis of two of the main divergent lines of thinking of late mediaeval philosophy. (shrink)

This paper highlights the corrective and complementary role that historically informed philosophy can play in contemporary discussions. What it takes for an experience to count as genuinely mystical has been the source of significant controversy; most current philosophical definitions of ‘mystical experience’ exclude embodied, non-unitive states -- but, in so doing, they exclude the majority of reported mystical experiences. I use a re- examination of the full range of reported medieval mystical experiences (both in the apophatic tradition, which (...) excludes or denigrates embodied states, and in the affective tradition, which treats such states as fully mystical) to demonstrate how a better understanding of the historical medieval mystic tradition can serve as a valuable complement to ongoing philosophical discussions of religious and mystical experience. (shrink)

Scholarly attempts to analyze the history of science sometime suffer from an imprecise use of terms. In order to understand accurately how science has developed and from where it draws its roots, researchers should be careful to recognize that epistemic regimes change over time and acceptable forms of knowledge production are contingent upon the hegemonic discourse informing the epistemic regime of any given period. In order to understand the importance of this point, I apply the techniques of historical epistemology (...) to an analysis of the place of the study of astrology in the medieval and early modern periods alongside a discussion of the “language games” of these period as well as the role of the “archeology of knowledge” in uncovering meaning in our study of the past. In sum, I argue that the term “science” should never be used when studying approaches to knowledge formation prior to the seventeenth century. (shrink)

Centre and Periphery in the Historiography of Philosophy: Peter Olivi and Medieval Psychology The paper inquiries into the (historiographical) question what does it mean to be a “marginal thinker” in the context of the medieval philosophy. The question is investigated on the example of Franciscan philosopher and theologian Peter Olivi (1248/49–1298) and his philosophical psychology. First, a preliminary option is introduced: for a thinker, being “marginal” depends on his relation to who is considered to be canonical. (...) Since the most famous thinker of the Middle Ages is Thomas Aquinas (at least according to the traditional canon of medieval philosophy), Olivi’s positions in psychology are compared with these of Aquinas. It is revealed that Olivi’s psychology is very different from the Aquinas’ one. (E.g. Olivi stresses the activity of perception, proprioceptual nature of the sense of touch, and direct access of the intellect to its own acts.) Moreover, Olivi is very critical towards the Aristotelian philosophy as is done by some thinkers of his time. Nevertheless, it does not follow that Olivi is a marginal thinker only because of his dissimilarity from the more Aristotelian-minded ones. It is argued that “centre” and “periphery” in the history of medieval philosophy depends not on the canon (which is rather a historians’ construct and instrument), but rather on the tradition. Hence, although Olivi can be considered as a marginal thinker if we take into the account the Aristotelian tradition of medieval philosophy, he is definitely a central and important thinker, if considered as a member of the Augustinian tradition. (shrink)

The history of the science of the stars (astronomy and astrology) in fourteenth-century Byzantium is significantly intertwined with the implications of theological and philosophical controversies. A less-explored astronomical text authored by the fourteenth-century Byzantine scholar Theorodos Meliteniotes (ca. 1320–1393 CE) provides new historical factors toward a historiography of the differences between scientific and theological discourses, their development in the transition to early modern times, and the different historical developments of science in the worlds of the Eastern and Western Churches.

In the history of European philosophy and science, René Descartes is considered an author of a methodology of radical doubt, meditation, and the conception that explains the cause of human errors. But the course on internalization, knowledge of one's own Self, methodology of searching foundation of knowledge and conception of perfect reason have been formed already in the times of a Late Antiquity, particular by Augustine in his works “Soliloquies” and “Confession”, Boethius’s “The Consolation of Philosophy” and (...) was continued in the New age by Loyola’s “Spiritual exercises” and Teresa of Avila’s “The Interior Castle”. Therefore, Descartes could be rightfully considered rather the brilliant inheritor of this tradition than pioneer. To this chain of philosophers and theologians who were forerunners of Descartes’s theory of Radical doubt and especially problem of the source of human errors worth to add a new name – Hadewijch, the representative of medieval Dutch vernacular theology and her works “Visions” along with “Letters”. Precisely her point of view on cause of human errors, very close to the explanation have been given by Descartes in his IV Meditation. The aim of the research is to demonstrate common positions of Descartes’s and Hadewijch’s explanation of the nature of the errors. (shrink)

The methods of intellectual history have not yet been applied to studying the invention of technology for printing texts and images ca. 1375–ca. 1450. One of the several conceptual developments in this period refl ecting the possibility of mechanical replication is a view of the relationship of eternity to durational time based on Gregory of Nyssa’s philosophy of time and William of Ockham’s. Th e article considers how changes in these ideas helped enable the conceptual possibilities of the (...) dissemination of ideas. It describes a direct connection of human perceptual knowledge to divine knowledge that enhanced the authority of printed production to transfer and reproduce the true and the good. (shrink)

critical edition and annotated translation of one of the classics of Jewish biblical interpretation. The collection will be indispensable to all students of Jewish history and culture.

In order to distribute our thoughts and feelings, we must make intelligible and distributable copies of them. From approximately 1375 to 1450, certain Europeans started fully mechanized replication of texts and images, based on predecessor “smaller” technologies. What they started became the most powerful means for the distribution, storage, and retrieval of knowledge in history, up until the invention of digital means. We have scant information about the initiation of print technologies in the period up to Gutenberg, and the (...) picture of Gutenberg that we have has become a great deal more complicated than hitherto. There has not been, however, an approach to the “pre-printing” period in terms of the history of idea or intellectual history. After a brief survey of established approaches, this essay argues that distribution by impression, or print, is bound up with ancient metaphors for understanding communication by the making of multiples. I suggest that there is a rich field of study for printing history in the sophisticated concepts of reality that medieval and late Scholastic philosophy developed. These concepts helped to express and develop a desire or need for communication that led to the technology of replicating texts and images for wide and continued distribution. (shrink)

The philosophy is an important factor of education policy like the religion, heritage, culture and customs of the society .It concerns on the mind and its implication in our daily life. Philosophy focus on Logic, Science, Epistemology, Ethics and Esthetics which are important branches of human thoughts. During the human history, philosophy organizes education and the societies revert to philosophy to regulate education policy. In ancient time, Plato and Aristotle’s educational policy was established for Athens. (...) For the Medieval, Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Al-Razi, Ibn Sina, Ibn Tufail, and Ibn Rushd contributed to setting education policy in Arab culture. John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Karl Marx and John Dewey elaborated philosophical theories of education. Philosophy contributes to: suggesting education goals, provide the learning outcome, classification of topics and learning activities in educational institutions , and proposes an educational curriculum. In this research, I will address these factors focusing on the fact that our present civilized societies need a philosophical dimension in organizing education policy. I will rely on philosophical theories, as well as contemporary studies that have been written on education policy in developed countries. (shrink)

Introduction. Higher education plays a particularly important role in the development of a country. The goal of the article is to describe the development of concepts about education in general and higher education in particular to explain the role of education in social life. Humboldt sees higher education as a process toward freedom and the search for true truth. Humboldt's philosophy of higher education is an indispensable requirement in the context of people struggling to escape the influence of the (...) state and church forces. The purpose is to find out the content and principles of higher education, especially meaningful suggestions for building an autonomous education in Vietnam today. Materials and Methods. The article uses materialist dialectic to analyze Humboldt's philosophy of higher education. In addition, the article also uses methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and contrast to clarify views on education in the history of human thought from ancient, medieval, modern and modern times, from which to draw the basic contents and principles in the philosophy of higher education of Humboldt. Results and Discussion. Humboldt is the founder of the University of Berlin - known as the mother of modern universities. It is a new university model based on the philosophy of upholding freedom in learning and teaching, upholding the scientific spirit to seek and discover the truth, and at the same time, combining teaching with scientific research. His liberal education philosophy has contributed to affirming the strength and position of universities. He criticized state intervention in university institutions. Based on the anthropological foundation of emphasizing human diversity, Humboldt's higher education philosophy is truly liberating when it comes to bold views. Humboldt believes that a university is a pure place of science and research, so it is not influenced by any outside force, even from the state. A university is where academic freedom, scientific freedom and other autonomy are guaranteed so that the institution can run smoothly. Universities must have unity between research and teaching. However, Humboldt's philosophy of higher education still contains many issues that need to be considered thoroughly. Specifically, the promotion of internal self-determination requires financial autonomy while the state's investment capital in universities is still quite large; Calling for education to be privatized is still inadequate. The elitist spirit in the Humboldt model is no longer fully relevant in the context of a market economy that tends to lead to the pursuit of targets, which are often related to quality. Practical significance. Humboldt's liberal philosophy of higher education has a strong influence, dominates and becomes a reality in many countries with advanced education. For Vietnam, Humboldt's higher education philosophy is a meaningful suggestion to build an autonomous education under the country's socio-historical conditions. (shrink)

During the first quarter of the twentieth century, the French philosopher Henri Bergson became an international celebrity, profoundly influencing contemporary intellectual and artistic currents. While Bergsonism was fashionable, L. Susan Stebbing, Bertrand Russell, Moritz Schlick, and Rudolf Carnap launched different critical attacks against some of Bergson’s views. This book examines this series of critical responses to Bergsonism early in the history of analytic philosophy. Analytic criticisms of Bergsonism were influenced by William James, who saw Bergson as an ‘anti-intellectualist’ (...) ally of American Pragmatism, and Max Scheler, who saw him as a prophet of Lebensphilosophie. Some of the main analytic objections to Bergson are answered in the work of Karin Costelloe-Stephen. Analytic anti-Bergsonism accompanied the earlier refutations of idealism by Russell and Moore, and later influenced the Vienna Circle’s critique of metaphysics. It eventually contributed to the formation of the view that ‘analytic’ philosophy is divided from its ‘continental’ counterpart. (shrink)

The current article presents a short review of the first 4 volumes of the book series Ancient Worlds in Comparison as edited by Giulia Massaro (August, 2020). An attempt through multiple researchers is being made to identify the common intersection of various philosophical schools in different periods of time, from Ancient Greece, China, India to Roman Empire until the Medieval Period in Europe. The research is becoming multidimensional, recognizing the ambiguous concept of the philosophical evolution of human mind within (...) different social, cultural, and geographical contexts. (shrink)

In this paper, we will reconsider the history of dualistic idealism (i.e., the main stream of western philosophy: chiefly, Plato, Descartes, Kant, Wittgenstein, etc.) under the quantum mechanical worldview. Recall that quantum mechanics also has the aspect of being a scientifically complete form of dualistic idealism. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that almost all unsolved problems of philosophy (i.e., dualistic idealism) can be clarified under the linguistic Copenhagen interpretation. In this paper, we will show that the (...) expectation is completely realized. (shrink)

This book contains a selection of papers from the workshop *Women in the History of Analytic Philosophy* held in October 2019 in Tilburg, the Netherlands. It is the first volume devoted to the role of women in early analytic philosophy. It discusses the ideas of ten female philosophers and covers a period of over a hundred years, beginning with the contribution to the Significs Movement by Victoria, Lady Welby in the second half of the nineteenth century, and (...) ending with Ruth Barcan Marcus’s celebrated version of quantified modal logic after the Second World War. The book makes clear that women contributed substantially to the development of analytic philosophy in all areas of philosophy, from logic, epistemology, and philosophy of science, to ethics, metaphysics, and philosophy of language. It illustrates that although women's voices were no different from men's as regards their scope and versatility, they had a much harder time being heard. The book is aimed at historians of philosophy and scholars in gender studies. (shrink)

Fredegisus of Tours was an Anglo-Saxon scholar who studied under Alcuin of York and later served at the court of Charlemagne. Although he was apparently well respected by his peers, specific details concerning his life are scarce. His only surviving work is a brief epistle entitled De Nihil et Tenebris. This article provides a new translation of the letter, based on Migne 1851 edition, along with biographical information about its author, a brief critical history of the text, and a (...) commentary on Fredegisus’s significance in the history of Western philosophy. The author argues, against extant critical accounts, that Fredegisus evinces a much higher level of philosophical sophistication than is usually attributed to him. This is evidenced by certain crucial similarities between the De Nihil and Augustine’s De Magistro, as well as the decidedly Platonic overtones of Fredegisus’s doctrine of nothingness. (shrink)

Part of the Elements Philosophy of Religion series, this short book focuses on the spiritual dimensions of life’s meaning as they have been discussed in the recent English and mainly analytic philosophical literature. The overarching philosophical question that this literature has addressed is about the extent to which, and respects in which, spiritual realities such as God or a soul would confer meaning on our lives. There have been four broad answers to the question, namely: God or a soul (...) is necessary for meaning in our lives; they are not necessary for it; one or both would enhance the meaning in our lives; and they would detract from it. These views have been largely advanced in chronological order through the history of Western philosophy, with the view that life would be meaningless without God and a soul having been most prominent in the medieval period, the rejection of this claim having arisen in the modern era, and then sophisticated positions about enhancement or reduction having appeared in earnest only in the past 20 years. This book addresses all four positions, paying particular attention to the more recent views. Beyond familiarizing readers with these positions, it presents prima facie objections to them, points out gaps in research agendas, and suggests argumentative strategies that merit development. (shrink)

This volume focuses on philosophical problems concerning sense perception in the history of philosophy. It consists of thirteen essays that analyse the philosophical tradition originating in Aristotle’s writings. Each essay tackles a particular problem that tests the limits of Aristotle’s theory of perception and develops it in new directions. The problems discussed range from simultaneous perception to causality in perception, from the representational nature of sense-objects to the role of conscious attention, and from the physical/mental divide to perception (...) as quasi-rational judgement. -/- The volume gives an equal footing to Greek, Arabic, and Latin philosophical traditions. It makes a substantial contribution not just to the study of the Aristotelian analysis of sense perception, but to its reception in the commentary tradition and beyond. Thus, the papers address developments in Alexander of Aphrodisias, Themistius, Avicenna, John of Jandun, Nicole Oresme, and Sayf al-Din al-Amidi, among others. The result of this is a coherent collection that attacks a well-defined topic from a wide range of perspectives and across philosophical traditions. (shrink)

This paper argues that early modern experimental philosophy emerged as the dominant member of a pair of methods in natural philosophy, the speculative versus the experimental, and that this pairing derives from an overarching distinction between speculative and operative philosophy that can be ultimately traced back to Aristotle. The paper examines the traditional classification of natural philosophy as a speculative discipline from the Stagirite to the seventeenth century; medieval and early modern attempts to articulate a (...) scientia experimentalis; and the tensions in the classification of natural magic and mechanics that led to the introduction of an operative part of natural philosophy in the writings of Francis Bacon and John Johnston. The paper concludes with a summary of the salient discontinuities between the experimental/speculative distinction of the mid-seventeenth century and its predecessors and a statement of the developments that led to the ascendance of experimental philosophy from the 1660s. (shrink)

This chapter analyses the monastic ways of philosophizing in the High Middle Ages.

‘Transcendence’ has been a key subject of Western philosophy of religion and history of ideas. The meaning of transcendence, however, has changed over time. The article looks at some perspectives o ered by the nineteenth and the twentieth century Anglo‐American and con‐ tinental European philosophers of religion and presents their views in relation to the concept of transcendence formulated by the Bengali Hindu traditionalist Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati (1874–1937). The questions raised are what transcendence in the philosophy of religion (...) is, how one can speak of it, and what its goal is. The paper points to parallels and di erences in epistemology, ontology and practice. One di erence is that the nineteenth and the twentieth century Western philosophy of religion tended to assume an ontological di erence between self and transcendence inherited om personalities such as Søren Kierkegaard, but also to explore the concept of transcendence beyond the idea of a metaphysical God. Bhaktisiddhanta, whose foundational thought mirrors medieval Hindu philosophy of religion and the theistic schools of Vedānta, suggests that transcendence has a metaphysical and personal dimension that is to some degree ontologically similar to and directly knowable by the self. Bhaktisid‐ dhanta’s approach to transcendence di ers om Kierkegaard’s and other Western philosophers’ and revolves around the idea of God as a transcendent person that can be directly known mor‐ phologically and ontologically through devotion. The article is a contribution to the history of ideas and the philosophy of religion in Eurasia and beyond. (shrink)

Mystical Theology and Platonism in the Time of Cusanus engages with the history of mystical theology and Neoplatonic philosophy through the lens of the 15th century philosopher and theologian, Nicholas of Cusa. The volume comprises nineteen essays that break down the barriers between medieval and Renaissance studies, reinterpreting Cusanus’ place in the history of thought by exploring the archive that informed his thinking, while also interrogating his works by exploring them from the standpoint of their later (...) reception by modern philosophers and theologians. The volume also offers tribute to the career of Donald F. Duclow, a leading scholar in the field of Cusanus studies in particular and of the history of mystical theology and Neoplatonic philosophy more generally. (shrink)

Plotinus resolved the paradox of the immanent transcendence, characterizing the relation between the One and the universe, through his theory of the two energeiai. According to this doctrine, all existents have an internal activity and an external activity: the internal activity comprises the true essence and substance of each being; the external activity is emitted outwards as its image. The source of the emission is thus present in the lower layer of being by virtue of its manifold images. The prominence (...) given to light in elucidating this solution led to a distinction between two types of lights: an original light, corresponding to the internal energeia of every existent, and a secondary light, which is the outflow and image of the first light, existing outside of the luminous body.This paper demonstrates the striking similarity between these two Plotinian lights and the concepts of lux and lumen developed by two thirteenth-century philosophers: Robert Grosseteste and Albertus Magnus. Moreover, the paper contends that the purpose of these two medieval concepts of light was identical to what Plotinus had in mind when he first made the distinction: to account for the relation between the one and the many.Keywords: Plotinus; Albertus Magnus; Robert Grosseteste; Light; Lux; Lumen. (shrink)

This paper explores some surprising historical connections between philosophy and pornography (including pornography written by or about philosophers, and works that are both philosophical and pornographic). Examples discussed include Diderot's Les Bijoux Indiscrets, Argens's Therésè Philosophe, Aretino's Ragionamenti, Andeli's Lai d'Aristote, and the Gor novels of John Norman. It observes that these works frequently dramatize a tension between reason and emotion, and argues that their existence poses a problem for philosophical arguments against pornography.

This paper determines the relation between philosophy and anthropology. It further shows the intimate correspondence on the basis of metaphysics, ethics, epistemology, language, culture and environment. This paper examines the evolution of anthropology with respect to history of philosophy which includes; Ancient Greek, Medieval and Modern philosophy. In this write up I assume to show that how philosophers have interpreted the subject matter anthropology. Since anthropology is the study of humans and what this science acquires (...) has been explained and clarified in the science of philosophy, whether it is a metaphysical study of human person, his ethical, aesthetic, rational, environmental, physical and psychological investigations. This paper exhibits the role and dimensions of humans within the scope of time, space, environment, existence and language. (shrink)

Зборници Историја српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању представљају главни резултат рада на пројекту „Историја српске филозофије“ (евиденциони број 179064) који од 2011. године подржава Министарство просвете, науке и технолошког развоја Републике Србије. Пројекат, чији је носилац Филозофски факултет Универзитета у Београду, успешно се реализује у сарадњи са готово десет научно-истраживачких институција широм земље, укључујући и Аутономну Покрајину Косово и Метохија. Иако је првобитно планирано да пројекат траје само четири године, он се тренутно налази у десетој години постојања, а уз то је (...) и проширен већим бројем млађих колега доктораната. Од нарочитог значаја јесте то што радове за Историју српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању не достављају само чланови пројекта, већ и други професори, сарадници, истраживачи, како из Србије, тако и из других земаља: Русије, Хрватске, Босне и Херцеговине, Црне Горе. На тај начин, пројекат полако, али сигурно, задобија међународни значај. Аутори радова у зборницима Историја српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању бирали су теме у складу са властитим интересовањима, као и у договору са руководиоцем и осталим сарадницима пројекта. Премда је рад на истраживању српске филозофије још увек пионирског карактера, сарадници пројекта су дошли до сасвим нових открића, попут средњевековних, српских преписа старословенске прераде расправе Теодора Раитуског. Ваља напоменути да су сарадници пројекта „Историја српске филозофије“ објавили и већи број чланака у истакнутим националним и међународним часописима, поглавља у монографијама, низ монографских научних студија, те остварили учешћа на више значајних међународних и националних научних скупова. Будући да су аутори ових публикација истакнути професори, универзитетски радници и интелектуалци запослени у научним институцијама широм земље (Београд, Косовска Митровица, Нови Сад, итд), омогућена је садржинска разноврсност публикованих текстова у којима се разматрају дела српских мислилаца из најразличитијих позиција и перспектива. За известан број радова у зборнику може се рећи да су интердисциплинарног карактера. Предмет истраживања пројекта јесте историја српске филозофије, односно критичко и теоријско разматрање развоја филозофских идеја, институција, рукописа и часописа у српској култури, почевши од средњег века па до данас. Нит водиља у истраживању српске филозофске баштине јесте уверење да постоји континуитет и идентитет српске филозофије, који се формирао у плодном дијалогу са страним, углавном европским узорима, идејама и мислиоцима. Истражујући однос између српске и других филозофија настојимо да расветлимо у којој мери и на који начин су страни филозофски писци утицали на радове домаћих аутора у оном историјском периоду у којем су настајали. Тако ће се утврдити у којој мери су њихова дела само рецептивног карактера, а у којој имају и оригиналан печат. Српска филозофија се од почетка развијала под страним утицајима, прво византијске филозофије, а потом у модерно и савремено доба под утицајем западноевропских и руских водећих праваца у филозофији. О овим сложеним односима критички и систематски се расправљало у већем броју студија у сва четири тома зборника посвећених српској филозофији и њеној историји. Српски филозофски писци не могу се издвојено посматрати од својих чланака, књига или превода. Исто тако је њихов рад неодвојив од њихове педагошке и политичке активности. Истраживање сарадника на пројекту стога је усмерено на критичко преиспитивање целине рада српских филозофа, где се у средишту налазе њихови филозофски текстови. Српска филозофија је интегрални део српске културе, те је нераскидиво повезана како са природним наукама, тако и са другим областима духовног стваралаштва као што су књижевност, теологија и уметности. Стога је значајно проучавање односа филозофије и других дисциплина, уочавањем њихових сличности и разлика, као и указивањем на то шта је у одређеним творевинама људског духа специфично филозофског карактера. За српску филозофску мисао карактеристично је и то што она често, нарочито у прошлости, није излагана у облику филозофских студија и расправа, већ је артикулисана у другим, књижевним жанровима, као што су средњовековна житија светаца или у модерно доба писма, дијалози или шире схваћени есеји. Исто тако потребно је показати како су у српској академској заједници неговане основне филозофске дисциплине (метафизика, онтологија, логика, епистемологија, филозофија језика, филозофија природе, етика, естетика, филозофија психологије, политичка филозофија, филозофија права и друге). При томе je један од задатака био да се процени колики је допринос наших филозофа поменутим дисциплинама. У периоду 2011–2019. сарадници пројекта ,,Историја српске филозофије’’ спровели су истраживања која нам пружају знатно дубљи, прегледнији увид у српску филозофију, најзначајније периоде у њеном развоју, писце и њихова дела, формирање и развој одређених филозофских дисциплина, као и њихов однос према наукама и другим областима стваралаштва. Показано је на који начин се артикулише однос српске филозофије према другим европским филозофијама, и то, како у погледу рецепције, тако и у погледу узајамних утицаја и сучељавања. Пошто је израда библиографија услов без ког озбиљно истраживање у хуманистичким наукама не може ни започети, неки од резултата овог пројекта јесу библиографије о српским филозофима и њиховим делима, о српској филозофској периодици, као и настави филозофије у југословенским земљама. Филозофија је камен-темељац природних и хуманистичких наука, те стваралаштва уопште. Она спада у суштински моменат опште образованости, како светске, тако и националне културе. Ниједна национална култура не може се целовито и темељно изучити уколико се из тог истраживања изостави њена филозофска традиција. У том смислу је потреба за изучавањем српске филозофске баштине од изузетног значаја за наше саморазумевање. Постоји читав низ делимично или потпуно неистражених тема и области, неутврђених чињеница, полусачуваних или готово нечитких рукописа које тек треба истражити, критички размотрити и систематизовати. Најцеловитију студију под називом Развитак филозофије у Срба (1804–1944) објавио је Андрија Стојковић 1972. године. Ово значајно дело је, међутим, не посматра српску филозофију у целини од њених средњовековних почетака. Године 1978. Бранко Павловић је покренуо први пројекат о српској филозофији на Институту за филозофију Филозофског факултета у Београду, који, на жалост, није заживео. Почетак српске филозофије везује се за преводе, коментаре и рецепцију византијске филозофије. У сва четири тома зборника налазе се текстови посвећени управо овим темама, а то су: формирање српске филозофске терминологије, рецепција старогрчке и модерне европске филозофије код српских писаца, однос филозофије и књижевности, као и однос филозофије и теолошке мисли у делима српских аутора. После губитка независне државе, српска филозофија се развијала под руским и немачким утицајима. Најзначајнији српски мислиоци XVIII века су Руђер Бошковић (1711–1787), Дубровчанин, српско-италијанског порекла, као и Доситеј Обрадовић (?–1811). Различити аспекти њихових дела били су предмет критичког разматрања у огледима публикованим у сва четири тома зборника. Српској филозофији XIX и XX века био је посвећен највећи број радова сарадника на пројекту. Које су то филозофске идеје у књижевном тексту, како се у њему манифестују, те може ли се реконструисати филозофско становиште једног књижевника јесу питања којима су се бавили радови објављени у свим до сада публикованим томовима зборника. Предмет њиховог преиспитивања биле су, између осталог, филозофске идеје и рефлексије у књижевним делима Петра II Петровића Његоша (1813–1851), Лазе Костића (1841–1910) или Станислава Винавера (1891–1955), итд. Сарадници пројекта бавили су се и српском, академском филозофијом у XIX и XX веку: хегелијанцем Димитријем Матићем (1821–1884), оригиналном концепцијом еволуције Божидара Кнежевића (1862–1905), а затим и једним од најзначајнијих српских филозофа Браниславом Петронијевићем (1875–1954). Када је реч о првој половини XX века, нарочита пажња посвећена је феноменолошком покрету у Србији: часопису Philosophia и рефлексијама Загорке Мићић (1903–1982). Такође, водеће идеје српске политичке филозофије, идеолошки сукоби на линији левица-десница биле су истражене. Делом једног од најутицајнијих српских филозофа, академика Михаила Марковића (1923–2010), бавило се више сарадника овог пројекта. Такође, истраживана су дела Ксеније Атанасијевић (1894–1981), Бранка Павловића (1934–1985), те рецепција античке филозофије у делима Анице Савић-Ребац (1892–1953). Спроведена истраживања показала су, између осталог, на који начин је српска филозофија интегрисана у европску и светску историју филозофије. Рад на истраживању наше филозофске прошлости и критичком оцењивању садашњости није само од историјског значаја. Наши средњовековни писци су активно учествовали у конституисању византијске образовне парадигме. Српски научник и филозоф светског гласа, српско-италијанског порекла, Дубровчанин, Руђер Бошковић (1711–1787) снажно је утицао на развој западноевропске науке. Да је наша савремена филозофија такође постигла завидне резултате, чији значај превазилази националне оквире, понајбоље сведоче појаве изабраних дела наших најистакнутијих мислилаца, почевши од Бранислава Петронијевића (1875–1954), преко Михаила Марковића (1923–2010), Љубомира Тадића (1925–2013), Михаила Ђурића (1925–2011), Светозара Стојановића (1931–2010), Александра Крона (1937–2000). Неопходно је да се укратко осврнемо и на садржину претходна три објављена тома Историје српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању, како би се стекао увид у то које су посебне теме, филозофи и њихова дела били предмет критичког преиспитивања наших аутора. У публикованим зборниима готово да нема краћих рада, већ у њима доминирају огледи и студије. Студије првог тома проучавају филозофске идеје у широком историјском раздобљу почевши од оснивања српске државе и почетака филозофије код Срба, све до филозофа и мислилаца двадесетог века. У овом тому, аутори су се, између осталог, бавили средњовековном српском логиком, онтолошким основама филозофије природе и савременом рецепцијом методолошких идеја Руђера Бошковића (1711–1787) којем су посвећена два прилога, идејама и правцима просветитељства у делима Доситеја Обрадовића (1744–1811), потом економским идејама идејама Светозара Марковића (1846–1875) које су по први пут на системски начин истраживане, Слободана Јовановића (1869–1958) Владимира Дворниковића (1888–1956), Михаила Марковића (1923–2010). Теме проучавања су били: рано раздобље у филозофији Душана Недељковића (1899–1984) естетичка позиција Милана Ранковића (1932–2012), као и рецепција Спинозиног појма супстанције код Радмиле Шајковић (1924–2016). Две студије посвећене су Јустину Поповићу (1894–1979), од којих се у једној расправљало о односу Јустина Поповића, руских религијских филозофа и Канта. Други том је подељен у следеће тематске целине: Српска филозофија у XVIII, XIX и првој половини XX века, Српска филозофија и филозофска терминологија у словенском контексту, Српска филозофија од друге половине XIX века до данас и Библиографија српске филозофске периодике. У њему је било речи о рецепцији дела Лазе Костића (1841–1910) у српској естетици, о научној метафизици Бранислава Петронијевића (1875–1954), затим о филозофским и књижевним аспектима мистичке еротологије Анице Савић-Ребац (1892–1953), те о доприносу Милоша Н. Ђурића (1892–1967) стварању српске филозофске терминологије. Публиковани су и радови о песнику-филозофу Бранку Миљковићу (1934–1961), естетичару Мирку Зуровцу (1941-) и недавно преминулом филозофу Милету Савићу (1957– 2015). Аутори зборника проучавали су српске мислиоце од осамнаестог века па до данас. Други део књиге посвећен је, између осталог, српској филозофској терминологији у ширем, словенском контексту. Објављени су и прилози о Миливоју Јовановићу (1869–1942), Јустину Поповићу (1894–1979), у којем је по први пут публикована преписка између Григорија Флоровског и Јустина Поповића, о хетеро-онтолошком заснивању естетике Милана Дамњановића (1924–1994), као и о филозофском становишту Радивоја Керовића (1961–). У овом броју уведена је посебна рубрика посвећена библиографијама српске филозофске периодике или пак дела филозофских аутора, чији је аутор Добрило Аранитовић. У другом тому публикована је библиографија часописа: Архив за философију, педагогију и друштвене науке, покренутог 1898. године, а који су уређивали Миливоје Јовановић и Стеван Окановић. Трећи том, подељен у четири тематске целине: О српској филозофији, књижевности и естетици, Српска филозофија од средњег века до XVIII и XIX века, Српска филозофија прве половине XX века до данас и Библиографија српске филозофске периодике, захватио је широко историјско раздобље: студије о преводу збирке дела Дионисија Ареопагите Инока Исаије (XIV век), о Доситејевом (1744–1811) телеолошком доказу постојања Бога, о делу Петра II Петровића Његоша (1813–1851), Божидара Кнежевића (1862–1954), Светомира Ристића (1886–1971), Николе Милошевића (1929–2007), Светозара Стојановића (1931–2010), Јована Аранђеловића (1935-), Николе Грахека (1949–2003). Било је речи и о филозофији природних наука Симе Марковића (1888–1939), као и о заснивању филозофије смисла у делу Богдана Шешића (1909–1999). Теме којима се аутори прилога у претходна три тома баве укључују и улогу Естетичког друштва Србије у развоју естетике у српској филозофији, појам и лик филозофије Срба у Републици Српској, затим потребу утемељења филозофије медија у културном амбијенту Републике Србије, књижевно-историјско заснивање српске националне литературе, естетичку мисао босанскохерцеговачких Срба, као и филозофске аспекте косовског мита и предања. Четврти том Историје српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању такође је подељен у четири тематске целине: Српски мислиоци XIX и XX века, Српска филозофија у националном, европском и медијском контексту, Библиографије српских филозофа и Сећања. И у овом тому прилога за проучавање српске филозофије садржани су тематски врло разнородни текстови почевши од оних који разматрају рефлексије најзначајнијих српских филозофа преко радова што се баве поетском и уопште уметничком артикулацијом филозофских идеја све до текстова који истражују однос филозофије и природно-научних дисциплина. Такође се расправило и о српској, религијској филозофији, о ауторима и темама из српске филозофије историје, политике као и о филозофији медија коју је код нас утемељила Дивна Вуксановић. Немали број радова посвећен је најзначајнијим српским филозофима XIX и XX века. Акрибичан текст о Божидару Кнежевићу, аутора Бориса Милосављевића, представља предложак за неку будућу монографију о најоригиналнијом српском филозофу. Милосављевићев текст спаја Кнежевићев живот, политичка уверења са његовим најзначајнијим делима и њиховом критичком рецепцијом. Рад о Загорки Мицић (1903–1982), хрватског филозофа Жељка Павића, показује да се њен филозофски допринос састоји у наглашавању етичких аспеката Хусерлове феноменологије. Феноменологија је утицала и на српску естетику, те Уна Поповић у системски промишљеном тексту открива разлоге зашто и на које начине је феноменологија утицала на формирање естетичких становишта српских филозофа. Три текстa су посвећена значајним, савременим српским филозофима попут Гаје Петровића (1927–1993), Светозара Стојановића (1931–2010) и Николе Грахека (1949–2003). Критички разматрајући основне ставове Гаје Петровића (1927–1993), Мирко Аћимовић не узима у обзир само Петровићев уџбеник Логике, него и његове постхумне радове који се баве историјом логике. У студији о Светозару Стојановићу (1931–2010) Јовица Тркуља се залаже за критичко преиспитивање Стојановићеве теоријске и политичке еволуције. У тексту о одређењу бола у филозофији бола Николе Грахека (1949–2003), Мирослава Трајковски разликује појмове „болно осећање“ и „болност“, те испитује могућност да се Грахекова теза о болу као паралелном нервном механизму прецизира помоћу феноменолошке анализе свести коју даје Франц Брентано. Илија Марић и Ирина Деретић своје радове посвећују српској рецепцији античке филозофије. Илија Марић проучава Недељковићеву (1899–1984) књигу о Хераклиту објављену 1924. за коју је А. Маркези превела све Ефежанинове аутентичне фрагменте. У рукопису другог издања, које до сада није објављено, Недељковић је унео низ промена и проширења. Поређењем објављене књиге и рукописа Марић открива Недељковићеву филозофску еволуцију од хераклитовца до дијалектичког материјалисте. У раду о Ксенији Атанасијевић (1894–1981), Ирина Деретић проучава њене радове о Епикуру, укључујући и француску књигу L’atomisme d’Épicure [Епикуров атомизам], настојећи да критички преиспита како веродостојност и актуелност интерпретације Епикура Ксеније Атанасијећ, тако и само Епикурово учење о миними и његову теорију о задовољству. С правом полазећи од тога да је потребно “предузети редефинисање просвјетитељски и позитивистички схваћеног „рационалног” знања, наиме треба признати епистемички статус не само исказима науке (тј. научне рационалности) него и изразима религиозног искуства, умјетничког искуства, па дакако и изразима искуства „народног духа” – Богољуб Шијаковић истражује етички смисао српских народних пословица у тексту „Мудрост у контексту: пословице и филозофије“. Исто тако, изрази песничког искуства имају филозофски смисао и значај. У огледу Загонетка и тајна: Лаза Костић и Бранко Миљковић око Хераклитове ватре, Богољуб Шијаковић тражи споне између два велика српска песника Лазе Костића (1841–1910) и Бранка Миљковића (1934–1961), при чему се обојица „окрећу“ Хераклитовој ватри, настојећи да одговоре на питање о томе да ли наука, филозофија, уметност и вера имају неко дубље јединство. Присуством филозофског у поезији бави се и Срђан Дамјановић у раду под називом Филозофски песимизам у поезији Симе Пандуровића (1883–1960), који, полазећи од промишљања Исидоре Секулић (1883–1960), Јована Скерлића (1877–1914) и Ксеније Атанасијевић (1894–1981) о Пандуровићевом поетском песимизму, тематизује разлику у типологији песимизма коју је уочио Јован Деретић (1934–2002). Два текста разматрају светосавље и то из различитих перспектива. Миленко Бодин проучава светосавље као специфично српски духовни образац мишљења у ширем контексту источно-хришћанског наслеђа европског културног миљеа филозофије. Владимир Цветковић преиспитује религијску филозофију Јустина Поповића (1894–1979) и Николаја Велимировића (1883–1956) нарочито у контексту њихове критике европског хуманизма, рационализма и индивидуализма, користећи се идејама руске религијске ренесансе, а пре свих идејама Свечовека, односно Богочовека, целовитог сазнања и саборности. Односом филозофије и природних наука баве се три текста у овом тому зборника. У тексту Математичка феноменологија Михаила Петровића (1868–1943), Горан Рујевић истражује основе разумевања математике у пројекту Петровићеве математичке феноменологије, из којег ће се показати да је веома близак логицизму, али да садржи и специфичне конвенционалистичке елементе. У раду Филозофске идеје Косте Стојановића (1867–1921), Александар Кандић разматра филозофске садржаје у његовим списима и Стојановићеву тезу о јединству наука и научних дисциплина, утемељену на метафизичком ставу о јединству стварности. Милош Миловановић истражује феноменологију Михаила Петровића (1868–1943) и његове спектре. Неки радови зборника посвећени су разматрању односа филозофије историје и политике, као и политичког ангажмана. Јован Аранђеловић, полазећи од хегелијанске разлике између разума и ума, те Хегелове филозофије историје, формира властите погледе о томе како се треба односити према кризном времену у коме живимо. Стојан Шљука показује значај активног ангажмана интелектуалне елите у српским државотворним настојањима. Часлав Копривица проучава оне моменте који заузимају најистакнутије место у делима недавно преминулог српског филозофа Александра Никитовића (1967–2016). Богомир Ђукић истражује филозофију историје савременог српског филозофа Ристе Тубића (1933–2018) у контексту историје српске филозофије. Иако у оваквом свету у ери владавине медијске културе питање слободе (имагинације) делује као пуко техничко-технолошко, Дивна Вуксановић, утемељивачица дисциплине филозофија медија у нашем академском систему, како је и напред наведено, покушала је да одговори на питање ,,да ли је савремена комуникациона технологија у стању да мења светове уметности и (медијске) културе (па тако и саму стварност), и ако јесте – на које то начине чини’’, а Јован Буковала је, настојећи да у нашем истраживачком дискурсу нагласи значај филозофије позоришта, која спаја филозофију и театрологију, преиспитивао улогу филозофије у позоришту анализирајући капитална дела Хане Арент Живот духа и Предавања о Кантовој политичкој филозофији, захваљујући томе што је ауторка ослонац нашла управо у утемељивачима филозофије позоришта – филозофима: Платону, Августину, Гетеу, Хегелу и Ничеу, док се Доброслав Смиљанић, на примеру Коларчеве задужбине, бавио дисолуцијом и етичким императивом јединства људског знања. У трећој целини Бибиографије српских филозофа, наш реномирани библиограф Добрило Аранитовић представио нам је био-библиографију Драгана М. Јеремића (1925–1986), једног од најзначајнијих српских естетичара. Аранитовић је, у свом препознатљивом стилу, дао комплетан преглед целокупне грађе овог покојног редовног професора Филозофског факултета Универзитета у Београду на предметима Еестетика и Социологија уметности, али и истакнутог књижевног критичара. На жалост, у протеклих пар година смо остали без својих највећих филозофа. Стога је четврта целина, под називом Сећања, посвећена управо њима, јер су обележили наше време и српску филозофију уопште. Oдласком професора Филозофског факултета, Универзитета у Београду професорке теорије сазнања Светлане Књазев Адамовић (1931–2016), класичне филолошкиње Љиљане Црепајац (1931–2018), логичара Косте Дошена (1954–2017), социолошкиње и антрополошкиње Загорке Голубовић (1930–2019), естетичара Александра Зистакиса (1961–2019), остао нам је немерљив губитак. Напустили су нас, такође, и професори овог факултеа и универзитета који су свој рад посветили историји филозофије: Симо Елаковић (1940–2016), Слободан Жуњић (1949–2019) и Иван Вуковић (1970–2017). Према томе, имајући у виду основне тематско-проблемске целине, као што су филозофски писци, филозофска дела и часописи писани на српском језику, однос српске и других филозофија, израда библиографија српске филозофске литературе, филозофски рукописи писани у српској варијанти старословенског језика или пак књиге српских филозофа писаних на страним језицима, филозофске дисциплине и њихова повезаност са наукама и другим областима људског стваралаштва, историја институција попут српских универзитета и Српског филозофског друштва, очекује се да ће сарадници пројекта и у наредним годинама наставити да публикују есеје и научне радове у истакнутим националним и међународним часописима, поглавља у монографијама, односно комплетне монографске студије у којима би се на аналитички и интердисциплинаран начин, кад год је то неопходно, бавили поменутим областима српске филозофије. Резултати ових истраживања биће представљени и на релевантним међународним и националним научним скуповима. Главни циљ рада на пројекту и даље је публиковање обимних зборника радова динамиком коју допуштају финансијски услови, чиме би се истраживање српске филозофије институционализовало у трајној форми. Овом приликом веома се захваљујемо Вишњи Кнежевић и Јовану Буковали на великој помоћи око рада на овом зборнику, укључујући архивске податке, али, пре свега, на њиховим саветима и лектури. (shrink)

Most historians and philosophers of philosophy and history of mathematics hold one interpretation or the other of the nature of method of analysis and synthesis in itself and in its historical development. In this paper, I am trying to prove – through three points – that, in fact, there were two understandings of that method in Greek mathematics and philosophy, and which were reflected in Arabic mathematical science and philosophy; this reflection is considered as proof also (...) of this double nature of that method. Thus, we have to rethink the nature of Arabic philosophy systems. (shrink)

Jewish philosophy has seen better days. It has been quite a while since the discipline of Jewish philosophy enjoyed the respect of the wider philosophical community, and an obvious question is what are the reasons for this state of things? Providing a detailed and thorough answer to this question is beyond the scope of the current chapter. Still, I would like to contribute here a few ideas that might shed some light on the current predicament and its causes. (...) Such an attempt is timely because the current moment in the development of Anglo-American philosophy is impregnated with a promise – which I hope is sincere – to turn the study of philosophy and the history of philosophy into an inclusive and genuinely universal field of inquiry, shared equally by all human beings, rather than an imposition of the prevalent beliefs of white Christian European males. A study of philosophy that is genuinely ecumenical could profit enormously from the encounter and dialogue with the philosophical thinking of minority cultures, since it is precisely this encounter with the philosophical thought of minority cultures that could expose the potentially numerous blind spots of the majority. If anything can heal Western philosophy from the prejudice that what one takes to be natural must be equally judged so by all rational human beings, it is only the encounter with non-Christian, or non-Western, philosophical thinking that could refute its illusory pretense of universality. Obviously, the real issue at stake is the sincerity of the attempt to understand foreign cultures and their philosophical thinking in their own terms. An identity politics that is merely interested in extending fig leaves would be far worse than the old, conservative state of things, insofar as the new and “inclusive” appearance would only provide the majority culture with a sense of self-satisfaction that would allow it to stick to its old and obstinate prejudicial practices. My aims in the current chapter are pretty modest and concrete. In the first two parts of the chapter, I will attempt to shed light on two blind spots related to perceptions of Jewish philosophy, from without and from within, respectively. These two parts will thus inquire into the nature of Jewish philosophy as minority philosophy. In the third and final part, I will turn to the rudimentary requirements of Jewish philosophy qua philosophy. In this part, I will suggest some fundamental desiderata which might – I hope – help the field flourish and achieve the recognition it deserves. Here too, my claims would be quite plain, as most of the desired characteristics I would argue for are pretty trivial, yet unfortunately still mostly lacking. (shrink)

After the discoveries of such scholars as J. H. Poincaré, E. N. Lorenz, I. Prigogine, etc. the term ‘chaos’ is used actively by representatives of various scientific fields; however, one important aspect remains uninvestigated: which attitude one should have toward chaotic phenomena. This is a philosophical question and my dissertation aims to find the answer in the history of philosophy, where chaos theme has had its investigators from ancient philosophy to the philosophical theories of the 21st century. (...) My dissertation is based on the idea that sciences and philosophy can achieve significant success in exploring chaos theme when their efforts are combined. This dissertation research is designed to help in the planning of conscious, rational actions towards chaotic phenomena, since it is aimed at exploration and systematic presentation, as well as comprehension of possible systems of such actions – philosophical strategies for interacting with chaos. -/- Results of the dissertation are the following. I reveal, reconstruct, and explain the content of six possible strategies for interacting with chaos that were worked out in history of philosophical thought: ordering, avoiding, transfiguring, preventing, controlling, and integrating. I argue that the first philosophical strategies for interacting with chaos were worked out in the 19th century by German philosophers K. W. F. Schlegel and F. W. Nietzsche on the basis of their rethinking the ideas which were expressed by different thinkers during classical antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the modern period. I show that ideas of strategic views towards chaos were also elaborated by such 20th-century thinkers as H. Rickert, N. Berdyaev, I. Prigogine, H. Haken, G. Deleuze, Q. Meillassoux, and others. I outline the main stages of the evolution of philosophical strategies for interacting with chaos as well as its regularities. The dissertation shows perspectives of further development of each one of the six strategies for interacting with chaos. -/- In contemporary scientific and philosophical research on chaos, my exploration contributes to the new approach to improving the understanding of aims of acts towards chaotic phenomena. I think that knowing a range of different strategic views of chaos help researchers of chaotic phenomena to choose the most appropriate and rational reactions. In the area of history of philosophy, my research contributes detailed data about development and conceptual transformations of the notion of ‘chaos’ through all periods of Western philosophy. -/- The dissertation consists of five chapters: 1) Literature Review, Methodology and Key Research Terms, 2) Ancient and Medieval Philosophical Ideas about Chaos, 3) Genesis of the First Strategies for Interacting with Chaos, 4) Strategies for Interacting with Chaos in the 20th and 21st Centuries, 5) Regularities and Prospects of the Development of Philosophical Strategies for Interacting with Chaos. In the first chapter I analyze more than five hundred books, articles, and other philosophical and scientific sources in which the chaos theme is raised. I also argue the necessity of applying methods such as analysis, the structural method, the hermeneutic method of interpretation, and the comparative method in my dissertation research. Moreover, in this chapter, I define key terms for my dissertation – ‘chaos’ and ‘philosophical strategies for interacting with chaos.’ -/- Then, in the next chapter, I analyze the appearance and development of Ancient and Medieval philosophical ideas about chaotic phenomena and order. Particularly, I explore thoughts of philosophers such as Anaxagoras, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Empedocles, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine of Hippo, Bernard Silvestris, Ramon Llull, etc. In this chapter I also compare the first Western ideas about chaos with similar thoughts from Eastern philosophy, analyzing Indian and Chinese philosophical ideas about disorder. -/- In the third chapter I explore transformations in understanding the meaning of the term ‘chaos’ in philosophy from the 15th to the end of the 19th century. I analyze ideas about chaos and order from thinkers such as M. Ficino, Paracelsus, F. Bacon, P. Bayle, Voltaire, J. G. Herder, I. Kant, F. W. J. Schelling and other philosophers from the Renaissance, the Age of Enlightenment, and the German idealist period, showing that these thinkers’ new approaches to interpreting the notion of ‘chaos’ were the background for K. W. F. Schlegel’s and F. W. Nietzsche’s creations of the first strategies for interacting with chaos in the 19th century. I finish the chapter with detailed analysis of K. W. F. Schlegel’s strategy for transfiguring chaos and F. W. Nietzsche’s strategy for ordering chaos. -/- The development of philosophical strategies for interacting with chaos in the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century is the topic of the fourth chapter. I research new ideas about ordering chaos (H. Rickert) and transfiguring chaos (N. Berdyaev). Also, I reveal thoughts about avoiding chaos (A. Camus), preventing chaos (J. Ortega y Gasset), integrating chaos (G. Deleuze, Q. Meillassoux). Moreover, I analyze a philosophical component of the strategy for chaos control (I. Prigogine, H. Haken). In the final fifth chapter of the dissertation I trace the major features of philosophical strategies for interacting with chaos and find out the main conditions and periods of their development. Then I outline the prospects for the development of the philosophical strategies for interacting with chaos and show the most productive ways of their progress. (shrink)

With fifty-four chapters charting the development of moral philosophy in the Western world, this volume examines the key thinkers and texts and their influence on the history of moral thought from the pre-Socratics to the present day. Topics including Epicureanism, humanism, Jewish and Arabic thought, perfectionism, pragmatism, idealism and intuitionism are all explored, as are figures including Aristotle, Boethius, Spinoza, Hobbes, Hume, Kant, Hegel, Mill, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre and Rawls, as well as numerous key ideas and schools of (...) thought. Chapters are written by leading experts in the field, drawing on the latest research to offer rigorous analysis of the canonical figures and movements of this branch of philosophy. The volume provides a comprehensive yet philosophically advanced resource for students and teachers alike as they approach, and refine their understanding of, the central issues in moral thought. (shrink)

One contentious issue in contemporary interpretations of medieval Islamic philosophy is the degree of esotericism espoused by its proponents, and therefore the degree of interpretive effort required by its modem readers to ascertain the author's real beliefs. One philosopher who has been accused of esotericism is Averroes (Ibn Rushd), particularly because he is quite explicit in distinguishing among the different types of reasoning appropriate to different classes of people: philosophers, theologians, and laypersons. But on closer inspection Averroes appears (...) to have at his disposal some subtle strategies for achieving partial reconciliation between religion and philosophy, strategies which do not actually involve falsifying the views of either side, although that is how it might appear at first sight. These polemical devices appear most clearly in his exchanges with the theologians (mutakallimun) of the Ash'arite school, of which Ghazali is the most original representative. In this paper I will examine Averroes's position on two sensitive matters, the creation of the universe and the possibility of miracles, in order to illustrate the use of what may be called his "method of re-interpretation," whereby certain key terms are interpreted in such a way as to emphasize the agreements between the two sides while downplaying the differences. (shrink)

The phrase _secundum quid et simpliciter_ is the Latin expression translating and labelling the sophism described by Aristotle as connected with the use of some particular expression “absolutely or in a certain respect and not in its proper sense.” This paper presents an overview of the analysis of this fallacy in the history of dialectics, reconstructing the different explanations provided in the Aristotelian texts, the Latin and medieval dialectical tradition, and the modern logical approaches. The _secundum quid_ emerges (...) as a strategy that is based on the pragmatic dimension of arguments, and in particular the complex passage from an utterance (what is said) to its logical form (a proposition in an argument). The medieval and modern logical theories attempted to explain from different philosophical perspectives how the pragmatically enriched semantic representation can be achieved, justified, and most importantly manipulated. The different analyses of this fallacy bring to light various dimensions of the pragmatics of arguments, and the complex interdependence between context, meaning, and inferences. (shrink)

Recently we proposed “quantum language”which was characterized as the metaphysical and linguistic turn of quantum mechanics. This turn from physics to language does not only realize the remarkable extension of quantum mechanics but also yield the quantum mechanical world view. And thus, the turn urges us to dream that Western philosophies (i.e., Parmenides, Plato, Descartes, John Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, Wittgenstein, etc.) can be understood in quantum language. In this paper, from the quantum linguistic point of view, we give the (...) answers of the following two problems. (i): Has western philosophy made progress? Or what is the measure of "progress"? (ii):Why has useless western philosophy been prospering? (shrink)

This paper outlines the case for a future research program that uses the tools of experimental cognitive science to investigate questions that traditionally fall under the remit of the philosophy of historiography. The central idea is this – the epistemic profile of historians’ representations of the past is largely an empirical matter, determined in no small part by the cognitive processes that produce these representations. However, as the philosophy of historiography is not presently equipped to investigate such cognitive (...) questions, legitimate concerns about evidential quality go largely overlooked. The case of mental state representation provides an excellent illustration of this. Representations of past mental states – the thoughts and fears and knowledge and desires of past agents – play much the same evidential role in historiography as in everyday life, serving in the causal explanation of agents’ behaviors and supporting normative evaluation of those behaviors. However, we have good reason to suspect that the theory of mind processes that support these representations may be more susceptible to error when deployed in the context of historiography than under everyday conditions. This raises worries about the quality of evidence that theory of mind can provide historiography, worries which require experimental cognitive science to properly address. (shrink)

In this paper, we will reconsider the history of dualistic idealism (i.e., the main stream of western philosophy: chiefly, Plato, Descartes, Kant, Wittgenstein, etc.) under the quantum mechanical worldview. Recall that quantum mechanics also has the aspect of being a scientifically complete form of dualistic idealism. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that almost all unsolved problems of philosophy (i.e., dualistic idealism) can be clarified under the linguistic Copenhagen interpretation. In this paper, we will show that the (...) expectation is completely realized. For example, it is shown that most unsolved problems (e.g. Hempel's raven) can be solved by separating analytic philosophy (philosophy of science) from mathematical logic and reconstructing it under a quantum mechanical worldview. (shrink)

The professionalization of the study of history in the Nineteenth Century made possible a new way of thinking about the history of philosophy: the thought emerged that philosophy itself might be relative to time, historical culture, and nationality. The simultaneous demise of speculative metaphysics scattered philosophers’ confidence that the historical variance of philosophical systems could be viewed in terms of the teleological self-realization of reason. Towards the late Nineteenth Century, philosophers began to explicitly address the worry (...) that all philosophical systems might have only relative validity. This paper compares two key figures in late-nineteenth-century debates concerning historical relativism: Wilhelm Windelband and Wilhelm Dilthey. Beneath the deep disagreements between these two authors, it reveals their common concern to immunize philosophy from the threat of historical relativism. The paper traces how both philosophers sought to fend off relativism by defending the idea of an ahistorical and permanent stratum of philosophical thinking. And it argues that although they succeeded in blocking historical versions of relativism, they did so at the cost of incurring a relativism vis-à-vis philosophical systems. This relativism turned out to be rooted not in the historicity of philosophy but in the timeless essence of philosophical reasoning itself. (shrink)

The chapter begins with an initial survey of ups and downs of contextualist history of philosophy during the twentieth century in Britain and America, which finds that historically serious history of philosophy has been on the rise. It then considers ways in which the study of past philosophy has been used and is used in philosophy, and makes a case for the philosophical value and necessity of a contextually oriented approach. It examines some uses (...) of past texts and of history that reveal limits to noncontextual history, including Strawson's Kant, Rorty's grand diagnosis of the Western tradition, and Friedman on Kant's philosophy of mathematics. It then considers ways in which the history of philosophy may become philosophically deeper by becoming more historical, and instances in which history of philosophy of various stripes has or may deliver a philosophical payoff. Along the way, it urges historians of philosophy to attend not only to individual philosophers and their problems and projects, but also to the larger shape of the history of philosophy and its narrative themes. (shrink)

Discussions of immortality in the Middles Ages tend to focus on the nature of the rational soul and its prospects for surviving the death of the body. The question of how medieval figures expected to experience everlasting life—what I will be calling the phenomenology of immortality—receives far less attention. In this paper, I explore the range of these expectations during a relatively narrow but intensely rich temporal and geographical slice of the Middle Ages (the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in (...) the ‘Latin Christian West’). In section 1, I sketch the two central accounts of the rational soul and human nature (inspired by the Platonist and Aristotelian traditions) that set the metaphysical parameters for medieval discussions of our experience of the afterlife. In section 2, I address accounts that involve transcending the soul’s experiences of itself as an individual. In section 3, I turn to views that emphasize the embodied aspect of human existence and depict our unending union with God in affective and physical terms. In section 4, I argue that the views discussed in 2 and 3 form endpoints of an ‘experiential continuum of immortality’ that provides important context for scholastic accounts of immortality as well as expanding the traditional narrative of medieval philosophy. (shrink)

There are two dominant approaches towards understanding medieval Muslim philosophy: Greek ancestry approach and religiopolitical context approach. In the Greek ancestry approach, medieval Muslim philosophy is interpreted in terms of its relation to classical Greek philosophy, particularly to the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle. The religiopolitical context approach, however, views a thorough understanding of the religious and political situation of that time as the key to the proper understanding of medieval Muslim philosophy. (...) Notwithstanding the immense significance of the two approaches for understanding medieval Muslim philosophy, the question on the reason behind medieval Muslim philosophers’ preference for Plato’s Republic over Aristotle’s Politics in political philosophy is not accurately answered. This preference is usually attributed either to the availability or unavailability of the text or to the suitability or unsuitability of the text for Islamic theological views. However, this article shows that neither the availability or unavailability of text nor its suitability or unsuitability for Islamic religious and theological views can appropriately explain medieval Muslim philosophers’ preference for Plato’s Republic over Aristotle’s Politics in their political thought. This article proposes that the key to understand this preference lies in understanding the transmission of Greek philosophy to medieval Muslim philosophers. Contribution: This study highlights the significance of the thorough understanding of the transmission of Greek philosophy to medieval Muslim world as one of the important approaches towards proper understanding of medieval Muslim philosophy, particularly medieval Muslim political philosophy. (shrink)

This chapter analyses the monastic way of philosophizing in the monasteries of the High Middle Ages.

The chapter draws a very rough (and rather idiosyncratic) map of the terrain of the contemporary scene in the philosophy of language, as it was set out in the work of Frege, Russell and the early Wittgenstein – the presupposed common background, taught to beginners in the discipline, for the themes to be further explored from a present-day perspective in the rest of the book. The chapter outlines some core issues as they are presented in the insightful systematic articulation (...) of Frege’s and Russell’s themes in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Then it sums up the main issues, describes some contributions to them in Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein and other historical landmarks, and indicates how they are approached today, as presented in the book's chapters. The introduction concludes with a brief discussion of research methods and problems in the field. (shrink)

This bibliographical guide gives a comprehensive overview of the historiography of philosophy and thought in the Japanese language through an extensive and thematically organized collection of relevant literature. Comprising over one thousand entries, the bibliography shows not only how extensive and complex the Japanese tradition of philosophical and intellectual historiography is, but also how it might be structured and analyzed to make it accessible to a comparative and intercultural approach to the historiography of philosophy worldwide. The literature is (...) categorized and organized according to thematic focus areas such as geographical regions and continents, nations or peoples, religious traditions and philosophical teachings such as Buddhism, Islam, Shintō, and Confucianism, as well as disciplines such as ethics, aesthetics, and political thought. The bibliography is accompanied by an introduction outlining the research method as well as quantitative and qualitative approaches to analyzing the material, followed by a chronological overview of the historiography of philosophy and thought in the Japanese language and of the Japanese tradition of writing “world histories of philosophy.” As a first step towards a “history of the historiography of philosophy” in non-European languages, we hope that this guide will provide a useful tool for interculturally oriented scholarship aimed at a non-Eurocentric and diversified historiography of philosophy in a global perspective. (Open access, see link below.). (shrink)

Although African philosophy has become a part of the world philosophic heritage that can no longer be neglected, no comprehensive history of it is available yet. This lacuna is due to the numerous problems that affect any attempt to outline such a history. Among these problems are those inherent in the historiography of philosophy in general and many others specific to African philosophy. They include the absence of scholarly unanimity over the exact nature of (...) class='Hi'>philosophy and, by extension, African philosophy; the dispute over the beginning of philosophy in Ancient Egypt, as well as the Afrocentrist assertion of the origin of Greek philosophy in Egypt; the problem of periodization; the status of ethnophilosophy, etc. These difficulties do not make a comprehensive history of African philosophy an impossible or irrelevant task. On the contrary, such a history is a necessity that promises to exert an enormous positive influence on the future development of African philosophy. (shrink)