The study ascertained mathematical problem-solving skills and self-efficacy as correlates of Pre-service NCE Mathematics Teachers’ Performance in South-East, Nigeria. Seven research questions guided the study while seven hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Correlation research design was used for the study. The population of the study was 197 pre-service NCE Mathematics teachers in South-East, Nigeria. All the population of 197 was studied as sample because, it is small and manageable. Mathematics Problem-Solving Skill Test (...) (MPSST) and Pre-Service Teachers’ Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSTSEQ) were used as instruments for data collection. Both instruments were validated by three experts in science Education while reliabilities of MPSST and PSTSEQ were established using Cronbach Alpha method and coefficient values of 0.82 and 0.80 respectively were obtained which were considered high enough to confirm the instruments as reliable. Data were collected and analyzed using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient. The findings revealed that a high positive and significant relationship existed between mathematical problem-solving skills scores and academic performance scores and between self-efficacy scores and academic performance scores of pre-service NCE mathematics teachers. It was recommended among others that Mathematics lecturers should make conscious effort towards improving the mathematical problem-solving skills and self-efficacy of the pre-service NCE mathematics teachers through modeling, conditioning, and behaviour modification for improved academic performance in Mathematics. (shrink)

This study focused on the significant relationship between Creative Thinking Skills and Problem-Solving Skills in Mathematics among Grade 6 pupils. The study's respondents were thirty (30) Grade 6 pupils from one of the elementary schools in the District of Sta. Ana, Pampanga. The respondents were selected using simple random sampling techniques. The study used a survey questionnaire comprising the Creative Thinking Skills Test (Pentang et al., 2022) and a researcher-made word problem-solving written test (...) and rubrics. The researchers found a high level of Creative Thinking Skills among the Grade 6 pupils, while the respondents' problem-solving skills were categorized as competent. The study revealed that the Creative Thinking Skills and Problem-Solving Skills in Mathematics of the Grade 6 pupils were very lowly correlated. Still, creative thinking and problem-solving in the applied subject are recommended to help students acquire the 21st-century skills that empower them to develop holistically and career ready. (shrink)

The impact of teacher discipline on student outcomes is a critical area in educational research. However, limited studies have explored how specific discipline styles affect students' problem-solving abilities, particularly in Grade Six classrooms. This study investigates the relationship between classroom discipline styles of Grade Six teachers and students' problem-solving skills in schools within District III and IV of Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental Philippines. Using a descriptive-correlational design, the study involved 34 Grade Six teachers and 170 (...) students selected through purposive and quota sampling methods, respectively. Teachers' discipline styles were assessed using a standardized questionnaire while students' problem-solving skills were evaluated using a 50-item test comprising logical thinking and abstract reasoning sections sourced from online resources. Statistical analyses included mean calculations for identifying predominant discipline styles among teachers, revealing that Autocratic or Authoritarian styles (M = 3.63) were most frequently employed. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between the Democratic Discipline style (M = 3.29) and students' problem-solving skills, suggesting that participatory classroom practices enhance student outcomes in this regard. Recommendations include promoting participatory learning environments to strengthen problem-solving skills, providing professional development for teachers in democratic classroom management, and integrating technology for collaborative learning experiences. These findings contribute to understanding the impact of teacher discipline styles on student competencies and inform strategies for fostering effective educational practices. (shrink)

Purpose:The research aims to see the effect of using digital books based on the RANDAI learning model on students' problem-solving skills and information literacy in biology learning. -/- Theoritical Framework: The integration of local wisdom will make the material more contextual so that learning becomes more meaningful. Digital books that are integrated with local wisdom can be concretized through digital books based on the RANDAI learning model. -/- Methodology:The study was conducted at a secondary school in the (...) province of West Sumatra, Indonesia. The learning applied in this study uses the theoretical framework of the RANDAI model (Reciting, Analyzing the problem, Narrating the solution, Doing the solution, Assessing the solution, and Implementing the solution) which is problem-based learning integrated with local wisdom. Data collection was carried out through a test referring to Polya's problem-solving skills while for information literacy using a questionnaire referring to the Association of College and Research Library indicators. Data were analyzed using a parametric t-test and n-gain analysis. -/- Result and discussion: This study found that problem-solving skills and information literacy through learning with the RANDAI learning model assisted by digital books can promote students' problem-solving skills in science learning. -/- Conclusion: the RANDAI learning model with the help of digital books has an effect on the problem-solving abilities and information literacy of high school students. (shrink)

The study determined the problem-solving performance and skills of prospective elementary teachers (PETs) in the Northern Philippines. Specifically, it defined the PETs’ level of problem-solving performance in number sense, measurement, geometry, algebra, and probability; significant predictors of their problem-solving performance in terms of sex, socio-economic status, parents’ educational attainment, high school graduated from and subject preference; and their problem-solving skills. The PETs’ problem-solving performance was determined by a (...) class='Hi'>problem set consisting of word problems with number sense, measurement, geometry, algebra, and probability. A mixed-method research design was employed. Senior PETs purposively served as a sample where they mostly preferred to teach other subjects than mathematics. PETs who preferred math performed satisfactorily, while prospective teachers who opted for other subjects performed unsatisfactorily. The PETs’ unsatisfactory output indicates the need for remediation to advance the mathematical material skills and enrich the problem-solving abilities of these primary schools' potential teachers. Besides, results showed that subject preference strongly affected and predicted the problem-solving success of the PETs. PETs who preferred to teach mathematics performed significantly better than their counterparts; hence, mathematics as a field of specialization in the Bachelor of Elementary Education program may be considered by teacher education institutions. Further, most PETs displayed lack of problem-solving skills; thus, a Problem-Solving course is recommended for them. (shrink)

The main aim of the study was to determine the levels of Adversity Quotient and problem solving skills in Mathematics of BISU - MC students taking BSEdMathematics in the school year 2021-2022. It sought to find if there was a significant difference in the respondents’ levels of AQ and problem solving skills in Mathematics across their age, gender and year level as well as their level of AQ as a significant predictor of their level (...) of problem solving skills in Mathematics. It also aimed to develop a plan of action that would be proposed to improve these two aspects of their being. The total number of actual respondents was 163. Purposive sampling was used. The study utilized the quantitative type of study. It made use of the descriptive design to describe the characteristics of the population being studied and the regression design to infer the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable. The Online AQ Profile was used for determining the respondents’ level of AQ and a 10-item test was used for determining their level of problem solving skills in Mathematics. Both inquired their profile. The data provided by the respondents were collected and subjected to statistical treatment through IBM SPSS Statistics Trial software. Data revealed that the age of the respondents ranged from 18 to 22 years old. Females numerically dominated the analyzed field. Majority of the respondents were from the first and fourth year levels. Their AQ was below average while their problem solving skills in Mathematics was satisfactory. The age, gender and year level of students did not matter in identifying their level of AQ. On the other hand, the older students had a higher level of problem solving skills in Mathematics than the younger ones and the students in the higher year level had a higher level of problem solving skills in Mathematics than those in the lower year level. Finally, their level of AQ gave a positive influence on their level of problem solving skills in Mathematics. The education system should be aligned with the profile of the students. The teachers would let the students read the book of Paul G. Stoltz, PhD titled “Adversity Quotient: Turning Obstacles into Opportunities”. The students would also reflect on the word of God. Also, the teachers would let the students study the book by George Polya titled “How To Solve It”. The students would also continue to solve various routine problems. Regardless of age, gender and year level, the family and friends of the students should encourage them in every way they can for their better future as they overcome their adversities. Mathematics curriculum makers and teachers work together to improvise teaching and learning Mathematics specifically problem solving for the younger students and those in the lower year level. Future researchers could replicate the study to further verify the results. Research could focus specifically on the CORE dimensions of AQ predicting the level of problem solving skills in Mathematics. (shrink)

The impact of teacher discipline on student outcomes is a critical area in educational research. However, limited studies have explored how specific discipline styles affect students' problem-solving abilities, particularly in Grade Six classrooms. This study investigates the relationship between classroom discipline styles of Grade Six teachers and students' problem-solving skills in schools within District III and IV of Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental Philippines. Using a descriptive-correlational design, the study involved 34 Grade Six teachers and 170 (...) students selected through purposive and quota sampling methods, respectively. Teachers' discipline styles were assessed using a standardized questionnaire while students' problem-solving skills were evaluated using a 50-item test comprising logical thinking and abstract reasoning sections sourced from online resources. Statistical analyses included mean calculations for identifying predominant discipline styles among teachers, revealing that Autocratic or Authoritarian styles (M = 3.63) were most frequently employed. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between the Democratic Discipline style (M = 3.29) and students' problem-solving skills, suggesting that participatory classroom practices enhance student outcomes in this regard. Recommendations include promoting participatory learning environments to strengthen problem-solving skills, providing professional development for teachers in democratic classroom management, and integrating technology for collaborative learning experiences. These findings contribute to understanding the impact of teacher discipline styles on student competencies and inform strategies for fostering effective educational practices. (shrink)

Our society is undergoing digital change. Dealing with digital technologies has become a daily practice. Many healthcare facilities are implementing digital technologies. Nurses are placed in a strategic position to be the leader of the digital healthcare workforce. Nursing students are more exposed to this technological advancement as they are future professional nurses. This study aimed to examine how information-processing and exchanging skills in digital spaces affect digital problem-solving skills among nursing students. The Bayesian mindsponge framework (...) (BMF) was used as a conceptual framework. This quantitative study utilized a cross-sectional design. The population was all nursing students in two private nursing institutions located in Bangkok, Thailand (n=476) and Surabaya, Indonesia (n=179). Samples were the total population. Self-developed instrument was used in data collection. Data analysis used BMF analytics. The majority were females aged 20-22 years old who use smartphones and tablets daily. The information-processing and information-exchanging skills in digital spaces were positively associated with digital problem-solving skills among nursing students (MInformationProcess=0.30 and SDInformationProcess=0.05; MInformationExchange=0.37, and SDInformationExchange=0.05). More efforts are needed to improve nursing students’ problem-solving skills by using digital content, for instance, by modifying the information-processing and information-exchanging skills in digital spaces. Collaborative learning methods should be promoted in order to support the creation of conducive environment for supporting knowledge or information-exchanging behavior among nursing students by using digital technology. (shrink)

We investigate flexibility and problem solving in skilled action. We conducted a field study of mountain bike riding that required a learner rider to cope with major changes in technique and equipment. Our results indicate that relatively inexperienced individuals can be capable of fairly complex 'on-the-fly' problem solving which allows them to cope with new conditions. This problem solving is hard to explain for classical theories of skill because the adjustments are too large to (...) be achieved by automatic mechanisms and too complex and rapid to be achieved by cognitive processes as they are usually understood. A recent theory, Mesh, can explain these results because it posits that skill-specific cognitive abilities develop during skill learning and that control typically involves an interplay between cognitive and automatic mechanisms. Here we develop Mesh further, providing a detailed explanation for these problem solving abilities. We argue that causal representation, metacognitive awareness and other forms of performance awareness combine in the formulation and control of action strategies. We also argue that the structure of control present in this case is inconsistent with Bratman's model of intentions, and that, in the face of high uncertainty and risk, intentions can be much more labile than Bratman recognises. In addition, we found limitations and flaws in problem solving which illuminate the representations involved. Finally, we highlight the crucial role of social and cultural learning in the development of complex skills. (shrink)

This study employed an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) which aimed to explore the lived experiences, challenges, and coping mechanisms of teachers in the public school both in elementary and secondary schools in Malolos, Bulacan. The findings of this study revealed that most teachers are significantly challenged with the poor internet connection, multitasking and multitudes of paperwork to be submitted, communication with the parents and teachers and the different modalities of learning which are cited as the contributing factors of stress and (...) anxiety. As to the experiences of the teachers, they became a module writer, online teacher, reporter while doing the online classes and juggling with the work at home as a homemaker. However, the good experiences of this pandemic brought realization to the teachers that they were able to unleash their potential and utilized the skills needed to survive in this difficult time. Moreover, teachers coped up with the situations through prayers, listening and watching motivational videos, yoga and others became farmers too just to avoid stress. Finally, the teachers also gave their suggestions to further help other teachers also who are struggling during this pandemic. Majority of the participants gave emphasis to focus on stabilizing mental health. Others also highlighted the need to seek the assistance of other people who are knowledgeable in terms of ICT. Continuing innovation and researching to update oneself was also one of the suggested ways to deal with the current paradigm shift in education. (shrink)

The urgent need of developing novel teaching methods in education to improve the critical thinking skills has been widely discussed by educational experts. The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of Fermi problem solving with flipped learning techniques in teaching physics on the improvement of critical thinking skills among Emirati tenth graders. The sample of the study consists of 40 male and female secondary students from two secondary schools belonging to Abu Dhabi Department of Education (...) and Knowledge in United Arab Emirates divided into two groups; the control group consists of 20 students (10 male and 10 female) taught the physics unit by traditional methods, the experimental group consists of 20 students (10 males and 10 females) taught the physics unit by Fermi problem solving with flipped learning techniques. The quasi-experimental design was used, where the modified critical thinking skills test was prepared and administered on the two groups as a pre-test before the students start the treatment and as a post-test once they are finished. The MANCOVA and Two-Way ANCOVA tests were employed to analyze the data. The findings showed that there were statistically significant differences at (α = 0.05) in student’s critical thinking skills test (in favor of experimental group), indicating that the performance of students in treatment group was better than the control group in the post-test. This means that the Fermi problem solving with flipped learning techniques has significant effectiveness on improvement of critical thinking skills among the United Arab Emirates secondary students. Also there were no statistically significant differences between male and female students. (shrink)

Metacognitive skills are essential to be developed by the students to help improve their academic performance. This study was conducted with the aim of determining whether the use of problem-solving strategies can increase students' metacognitive skills. Students of the Mathematics in the World course offered at a local college in the Philippines were selected to participate in this study. Using an independent sample t-test, results revealed that students who were the recipients of problem-solving strategies (...) scored statistically higher in formal examinations compared to those students who were taught using conventional strategies. The researchers concluded that students who were taught using the problem-solving strategy enhanced their metacognitive skills based on their scores in the test of metacognitive skills during the post-test. The researchers suggested that teachers should incorporate problem-solving strategies into their lessons since this research demonstrates this to be an effective strategy for enhancing students' metacognitive skills essential to their learning. (shrink)

Math prospective teachers must be able to think creatively and solve problems. The study looked into preservice teachers’ creative thinking and problem-solving abilities in statistics. The investigation was guided by a correlational design in a public university in the Philippines. Stratified random sampling was used to select the 103 study participants from two teacher education programs. Through google forms, data were collected using Torrance et al. (2008)’s tests of creative thinking and researcher-made statistics problem test. The findings (...) revealed that preservice teachers have commendable creative thinking, particularly fluency, flexibility, and elaboration skills. Still, they lack problem-solving skills in statistics, specifically with central tendency, dispersion, and position measures. The correlational analysis revealed no link between creative thinking and problem-solving. Still, creative thinking and problem-solving courses are recommended to help preservice teachers develop their fundamental skills as mathematics educators. (shrink)

The paper identifies defining characteristics of the principal models of problem-solving behavior which are useful in developing a general theory of problem-solving. An attempt is made both to make explicit those disagreements between theorists of different persuasions which have served as obstacles to an integrated approach, and to show that these disagreements have arisen from a number of conceptual confusions: The conflict between information processors and behavioral analysts has resulted from a common failure to understand theoretical (...) sufficiency, and hence these theorists have been at a loss to understand one another. Two directions of research in problem-solving, mechanical algorithmic problem-solving and the psychology of invention, have been thought to be divergent, but in fact complement one another once it is clear that problem-solving involves neither discovery nor invention, but rather is a matter of perceptual encoding and processing. Successful problem-solving behavior can be described as adaptive, learning behavior in which organization skills are effectively associated with situationally determined perceptual encoding processes of the individual mechanical or biological problem-solver. (shrink)

The use of protocol analysis in the traning of cognitive skills.

Theoretical accounts of development exhibit several internal tensions and face multiple challenges. They span from the problem of the identification of the temporal boundaries of development (beginning and end) to the characterization of the distinctive type of change involved compared to other biological processes. They include questions such as the role to ascribe to the environment or what types of biological systems can undergo development and whether they should include colonies or even ecosystems. In this chapter we discuss these (...) conceptual issues, and we argue that adopting an organizational approach may help solve or clarify them. -/- While development is usually identified with the achievement of an adult form with the capability to reproduce and therefore maintain a lineage, adopting the organizational approach may provide a different strategy, which focuses also on the maintenance of the current organization of the organism. By doing so an organizational approach favors a switch in perspective which consists in analyzing how organisms maintain their viability at each moment of development rather than considering them as going through intermediate stages of a process directed toward a specific goal state. This developmental dimension of biological organization has yet to be given a general and detailed analysis within the organizational theoretical perspective, apart from some preliminary attempts. How a biological organization is maintained through a series of radical organizational changes and what these changes are issues that still require clarification. In this chapter we offer the beginnings of such an analysis of developmental transitions, understood as changes in functionality brought forth by regulatory mechanisms in the context of the continued maintenance of organizational viability at every step. (shrink)

This study determined the cognitive skills achievement in mathematics of elementary pre-service teachers as a basis for improving problem-solving and critical thinking which was analyzed using Piaget's seven logical operations namely: classification, seriation, logical multiplication, compensation, ratio and proportional thinking, probability thinking, and correlational thinking. This study utilized an adopted Test on Logical Operations (TLO) and descriptive research design to describe the cognitive skills achievement and to determine the affecting factors. Overall, elementary pre-service teachers performed with (...) sufficient understanding in dealing with the TLO. However, in each logical operation, students were found to have insufficient understanding of probability thinking and correlational thinking. These insufficiencies in other logical operations were attributed to their misconceptions on some mathematical terms, misinterpretation of the problems, poor comprehension skills, poor problem-solving skills, and poor performance in mathematics in general. (shrink)

The demand in the workplace is rapidly changing brought about by the educational reforms and the emergence of disruptive technology. The changes increase the importance of employability skills and literacy that would ensure career success and degree program relevance. On this premise, a study was carried out using a scoping review to examine the existing literature that published information related to employability skills of Teacher Education graduates in the Philippines. The review covered fifteen published articles that qualified in (...) inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results revealed the top employable skills which include communication; information and communication technology; problem-solving and critical thinking; collaboration, cooperation, and teamwork; research; and leadership. This study offers these skills as a framework in the curriculum enhancement of teacher education programs. It was recommended to Teacher Education Institutions to revisit their curriculum and find out if these competencies were given considerable emphasis in instruction. The partially employable skills of graduates from teacher education programs imply the furtherance of the inquiry to confirm if these skills are employable or not. Future tracer studies may take the lens of the framework in evaluating the responsiveness of the curriculum. (shrink)

In the recent years, problem-solving become a central topic that discussed by educators or researchers in mathematics education. it’s not only as the ability or as a method of teaching. but also, it is a little in reviewing about the components of the support to succeed in problem-solving, such as student's belief and attitude towards mathematics, algebraic thinking skills, resources and teaching materials. In this paper, examines the algebraic thinking skills as a foundation for (...) problem-solving, and learning cycle as a breath of continuous learning. In this paper, learning cycle to be used is a modified type of 5E based on beliefs. (shrink)

-/- The Universal Formula for Solving the Free Will Problem and Preventing Global Chaos -/- By Angelito Malicse -/- Free will has perplexed philosophers, scientists, and theologians for millennia. The notion that humans possess the ability to make independent choices has often clashed with scientific findings indicating that decisions are influenced by biological, psychological, and environmental factors. This unresolved dilemma has far-reaching implications for society, as misunderstandings about human decision-making contribute to ignorance, conflict, and societal dysfunction. Without a (...) clear understanding of free will’s true nature, the world risks descending into greater chaos. -/- To address this fundamental issue, I, Angelito Malicse, have developed a universal formula that solves the free will problem by revealing the natural laws that govern human decision-making. This formula is grounded in three universal laws: (1) the Law of Karma, (2) the Universal Law of Balance, and (3) the Law of Feedback Mechanisms. Together, these laws provide a systematic, natural-law-based understanding of how human decisions are made and how societies can avoid disorder. By applying this formula in education, governance, and artificial intelligence systems, humanity can prevent global chaos and foster a more harmonious future. -/- The Law of Karma: Cause, Effect, and System Integrity -/- The first law, the Law of Karma, extends beyond the moralistic idea of good and bad deeds. It asserts that every action, thought, and decision sets off a chain of cause and effect that operates within interconnected systems. For any system—whether biological, psychological, or societal—to function properly, it must be free of defects or misinformation. The presence of false beliefs, ignorance, or flawed information disrupts the system’s stability and creates adverse outcomes. -/- In other words, the integrity of any system relies on the accuracy of the information and decisions driving it. Human decision-making is no exception. When individuals or societies act without understanding natural laws, the resulting imbalance leads to societal issues like poverty, environmental degradation, and political unrest. -/- Examples: -/- Personal Level: A person who neglects their health by consuming an unhealthy diet will eventually suffer consequences like obesity or heart disease. The cause (poor diet) naturally leads to the effect (health complications) because the body operates within strict biological laws. -/- Societal Level: A government that ignores scientific evidence about climate change, continuing to promote unsustainable practices, will face severe environmental and economic consequences. The cause (policy negligence) inevitably results in environmental degradation, economic instability, and societal suffering. -/- This law demonstrates that free will is not an unbounded, random phenomenon. Human decisions, like natural events, follow cause-and-effect principles that cannot be bypassed without consequences. -/- The Universal Law of Balance: The Principle of Equilibrium -/- The second law, the Universal Law of Balance, states that all natural systems—biological, psychological, societal, and ecological—operate according to a fundamental principle of balance. Just as the human body maintains homeostasis to regulate temperature, blood pressure, and other vital functions, decision-making processes also seek balance between internal and external influences. -/- When decisions disrupt this natural balance, the system responds with corrective mechanisms. Ignoring or resisting these mechanisms leads to instability, suffering, and systemic failure. Human free will, therefore, operates within the constraints of nature’s balancing forces. -/- Examples: -/- Psychological Balance: A person experiencing chronic stress must either address the root cause or suffer mental and physical consequences. Mental health interventions like therapy restore the mind’s balance by providing coping mechanisms that align with psychological principles. -/- Societal Balance: Societies with extreme wealth inequality often face social unrest. Policies that promote economic justice restore societal balance, reducing conflict and enhancing societal well-being. -/- This law highlights that free will is governed by the natural tendency of systems to maintain balance. Decisions made without regard for this principle lead to instability at both the individual and societal levels. -/- The Law of Feedback Mechanisms: The Dynamics of Interconnected Minds -/- The third law, the Law of Feedback Mechanisms, asserts that human decision-making is continuously shaped by internal cognitive processes and external environmental interactions. Minds do not operate in isolation; they exist within dynamic feedback systems where individuals influence—and are influenced by—each other’s decisions. -/- Decisions are adjusted based on feedback from personal experiences, social interactions, and environmental conditions. Recognizing these feedback mechanisms reveals that free will functions more like a dynamic system responding to ongoing stimuli rather than an independent, isolated force. -/- Examples: -/- Individual Feedback: A child who receives positive reinforcement for helpful behavior will continue making similar choices because the positive feedback reinforces the action. -/- Collective Feedback: During the COVID-19 pandemic, societies that adjusted behaviors based on scientific feedback—like social distancing and vaccination—contained the virus more effectively. The feedback loop between scientific research and public behavior demonstrated the law in action. -/- This law explains why cultural norms, societal values, and shared beliefs can evolve over time. Collective decisions continuously adjust based on the feedback society receives from its environment and past experiences. -/- The Interplay of the Three Laws -/- The true power of this universal formula emerges from the interaction of these three laws. Human decision-making is not random, chaotic, or wholly autonomous; it follows predictable patterns governed by natural laws. When individuals and societies disregard these principles, imbalance, disorder, and suffering result. -/- For instance, consider environmental degradation: -/- 1. Law of Karma: Societies driven by unchecked industrial growth (cause) face environmental damage (effect) due to ignorance about ecological balance. -/- 2. Universal Law of Balance: Nature responds to pollution and deforestation through climate change, signaling an imbalance that requires corrective action. -/- 3. Law of Feedback Mechanisms: Scientific warnings about rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and resource depletion provide feedback that, when heeded, prompts sustainable policy decisions. -/- By recognizing and applying these laws, societies can respond proactively to emerging challenges and avoid catastrophic outcomes. -/- The Danger of Ignoring the Free Will Problem -/- Without solving the problem of free will through this universal formula, the world risks descending into greater chaos. Decision-making processes driven by false beliefs, misinformation, and short-term interests create systemic imbalances that compound over time. We already witness these consequences in the form of: -/- Environmental Collapse: Decisions that ignore ecological limits disrupt the planet’s natural balance, triggering climate disasters. -/- Political Polarization: Societies that fail to educate citizens about natural decision-making processes become vulnerable to ideological extremism and misinformation. -/- Economic Inequality: Economic policies that prioritize growth over sustainability create unstable, unsustainable economies that ultimately collapse. -/- Understanding that free will is governed by natural laws provides a foundation for more rational, balanced decision-making across all sectors of society. -/- The Role of Education in Implementing the Universal Formula -/- The practical application of this formula must begin in the educational system. A holistic, foundational education that teaches the principles of cause and effect, balance, and feedback mechanisms will equip individuals with the critical thinking skills necessary for responsible decision-making. -/- By integrating these universal laws into educational curricula, students will learn to recognize how decisions shape both their personal lives and the broader societal landscape. This approach does not seek to dismantle religious or cultural beliefs but rather complements them with scientifically grounded insights into human behavior. -/- The Role of AGI In Applying the Formula -/- Advanced General Intelligence (AGI) offers a powerful tool for applying this universal formula in real-time societal contexts. AGI systems, equipped with comprehensive sensor networks, can monitor societal feedback loops and help policymakers anticipate the long-term consequences of decisions. By programming AGI with the principles of the universal formula, societies can develop more balanced, sustainable strategies for addressing global challenges. -/- Conclusion: A Call to Action -/- The world stands at a critical juncture. Societal challenges—from climate change to political polarization—stem from decision-making processes that disregard the natural laws governing human behavior. My universal formula for solving the problem of free will, rooted in the Law of Karma, the Universal Law of Balance, and the Law of Feedback Mechanisms, provides a clear, exact solution to this ancient problem. -/- Implementing this formula through education, governance, and AGI development is essential to preventing global chaos. By understanding that free will is not an arbitrary phenomenon but a natural process governed by universal laws, humanity can foster more balanced, harmonious, and sustainable societies. -/- The future of our world depends on our willingness to embrace and apply this understanding. The time for action is now. -/- – Angelito Malicse -/- . (shrink)

This article states that research in skill acquisitionand executionhas underestimated the relevance of some features of attention. We present and theoretically discuss two essential features of attention that have been systematically overlooked in the research of skill acquisitionandexecution. First, attention alters the appearance of the perceived stimuli in an essential way; and second, attention plays a fundamental role in action, being crucial for solving the so called ’many-many problem’, that is to say, the problem of generating a (...) coherent behavior byselecting between many inputs and many potential outputs. We discuss the importance of these features for skill acquisition in sport. We also suggest empirical ways to assess the precise impact of taking them into consideration and at the same time we propose important implications for training derived from the ideas discussed in the paper. (shrink)

Two fundamentally distinct approaches to the teaching of philosophy are contrasted: On the one hand, there is the “information-oriented” approach which has dominated classrooms and which emphasizes the understanding of historically important philosophical works. On the other hand, there is the “cognitive skills” approach. The two approaches may be distinguished under the headings of ‘knowing that’ as opposed to ‘knowing how’. This paper describes and discusses four perspectives relating to the teaching of cognitive skills: (i) the discovery-oriented approach, (...) (ii) Piagetian learning cycles, (iii) protocol analysis, and (iv) conceptual therapy. The latter approach reflects the author’s interest in helping students to develop “therapeutic” skills that enable them to identify and eliminate concepts which they employ in their thinking and which are incompatible with their own presuppositional bases and are therefore self-refuting. ●●●●● -/- 2022 UPDATE: The approach of this paper has been updated and developed further in Appendix II, "Epistemological Intelligence," of the author’s 2021 book _Critique of Impure Reason: Horizons of Possibility and Meaning_. The book is available both in a printed edition (under ISBN 978-0-578-88646-6 from Barnes & Noble, Amazon, and other booksellers) and an Open Access eBook edition (available through Philpapers under the book’s title and other philosophy online archives). (shrink)

This research assesses the competency and skill requirements for Seaplane aircraft maintenance in the pilot education program at the Indonesian Pilot Academy Banyuwangi. Utilizing qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews and direct observation, the study involves students and teachers in the pilot education program. Analysis reveals crucial competencies for students, encompassing a profound understanding of Seaplane aircraft systems, adept problem-solving during operations, and the capacity for quick and precise decision-making. Special skills, such as adaptability to complex working conditions (...) and meticulousness in maintenance procedures, are also deemed essential. The research identifies alignment between the academy's curriculum and Seaplane aircraft maintenance needs, yet highlights specific areas requiring enhancement. The study recommends strengthening the curriculum and teaching methods to better address competency and skill needs. Implementing these recommendations is anticipated to elevate the quality of graduates, ensuring they are well-equipped to meet the challenges of Seaplane aircraft maintenance in the aviation industry. (shrink)

The acquisition of a new skill usually proceeds through five stages, from novice to expert, with a sixth stage of mastery available for highly motivated performers. In this chapter, we re-state the six stages of the Dreyfus Skill Model, paying new attention to the transitions and interrelations between them. While discussing the fifth stage, expertise, we unpack the claim that, “when things are proceeding normally, experts don’t solve problems and don’t make decisions; they do what normally works” (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, (...) 1988, pp. 30 – 31). This leads us to offer an account of the “perspectival deliberation” that arises for experts and masters and that is distinct from the calculative deliberation characteristic of the lower stages of skillfulness. (shrink)

This study aimed to understand how secondary mathematics teachers engage with learners during the teaching and learning process. A sample of six participants was purposively selected from a population of ordinary level mathematics teachers in one urban setting in Zimbabwe. Field notes from lesson observations and audio-taped teachers’ narrations from interviews constituted data for the study to which thematic analysis technique was then applied to determine levels of mathematical intimacy and integrity displayed by the teachers as they interacted with the (...) students. The study revealed some inadequacies in the manner in which the teachers handled students’ responses as they strive to promote justification skills during problem solving, in particular teachers did not ask students to explain wrong answers. The teachers indicated that they did not have sufficient time to engage learners in authentic problem-solving activities since they would be rushing to complete syllabus for examination purposes. On the basis of these findings, we suggest teachers to appreciate the need to pay special attention to the kinds of responses given by learners during problem-solving in order to promote justification skills among learners. (shrink)

This study sought to create a digital game-based physics lesson for seventh-grade students. It sought answers to respondents' least mastered competencies in physics by identifying their preferred game-based learning activity and determining their level of critical thinking, creative thinking, and problem-solving. A descriptive-developmental design was used in the study of selected learners from 129 grade 7 students, carried out at Bukal Sur National High School in Candelaria, Quezon, during the academic year 2022-2023. The study's findings revealed that the (...) respondents' least mastered competency in Physics was describing an object's motion in terms of distance or displacement, speed or velocity, and acceleration, as well as creating and interpreting visual representations of object motion such as tape charts and motion graphs and inferring that waves carry energy. Respondents prefer to play digital games, particularly puzzle games, on their mobile devices. The respondents' mean pre-test score indicated low critical thinking, creative thinking, and problem-solving, whereas the mean post-test score was very satisfactory. Finally, there is a significant difference between the respondents' pre-test and post-test scores for critical thinking, creative thinking, and problem-solving. (shrink)

Behavior oftentimes allows for many possible interpretations in terms of mental states, such as goals, beliefs, desires, and intentions. Reasoning about the relation between behavior and mental states is therefore considered to be an effortful process. We argue that people use simple strategies to deal with high cognitive demands of mental state inference. To test this hypothesis, we developed a computational cognitive model, which was able to simulate previous empirical findings: In two-player games, people apply simple strategies at first. They (...) only start revising their strategies when these do not pay off. The model could simulate these findings by recursively attributing its own problem solving skills to the other player, thus increasing the complexity of its own inferences. The model was validated by means of a comparison with findings from a developmental study in which the children demonstrated similar strategic developments. (shrink)

Many theorists have focused on Wittgenstein’s use of examples, but I argue that examples form only half of his method. Rather than continuing the disjointed style of his Cambridge lectures, Wittgenstein returns to the techniques he employed while teaching elementary school. Philosophical Investigations trains the reader as a math class trains a student—‘by means of examples and by exercises’ (§208). Its numbered passages, carefully arranged, provide a series of demonstrations and practice problems. I guide the reader through one such series, (...) demonstrating how the exercises build upon one another and give us ample opportunity to hone our problem-solving skills. Through careful practice, we learn to pass the test Wittgenstein poses when he claims that something is ‘easy to imagine’ (§19). Whereas other critics have viewed the Investigations as merely a diagnosis of our philosophical delusions, I claim that Wittgenstein also writes a prescription for our disease: Do your exercises. (shrink)

Cognitive Optimization in the Age of AI: Enhancing Human Potential -/- Introduction -/- Cognitive optimization is the process of enhancing mental functions such as memory, learning, decision-making, and problem-solving to achieve peak intellectual performance. It is a multidisciplinary approach that integrates neuroscience, psychology, nutrition, lifestyle adjustments, and, increasingly, artificial intelligence (AI). In an era where information is abundant and rapid decision-making is crucial, optimizing cognitive abilities is more Important than ever. -/- AI-driven technologies, video games, mobile apps, and (...) digital platforms like YouTube are playing a transformative role in enhancing human cognition. YouTube, in particular, has become a powerful tool for self-directed learning, offering access to educational content, expert insights, and cognitive training exercises. -/- This essay explores cognitive optimization, key strategies involved, and how AI, video games, mobile apps, and platforms like YouTube are revolutionizing human intelligence. -/- The Science Behind Cognitive Optimization -/- Cognitive optimization is rooted in neuroplasticity—the brain’s ability to rewire itself through experience and learning. Several key factors contribute to cognitive enhancement: -/- 1. Neuroplasticity and Learning – Continuous learning strengthens neural connections, fostering intelligence and adaptability. Activities such as reading, solving complex problems, and learning new skills stimulate brain function. -/- 2. Nutrition and Brain Health – Diet plays a vital role in cognitive performance. Nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and essential vitamins support brain function and protect against cognitive decline. -/- 3. Physical Exercise – Regular exercise increases blood flow to the brain, promotes neurogenesis (the growth of new neurons), and enhances memory and problem-solving skills. -/- 4. Sleep and Recovery – Sleep is essential for memory consolidation, emotional regulation, and mental clarity. Chronic sleep deprivation impairs cognitive function and decision-making. -/- 5. Mindfulness and Stress Management – Practices such as meditation, deep breathing, and yoga improve focus, reduce anxiety, and enhance mental resilience. -/- 6. Social Interaction and Collaboration – Engaging in meaningful discussions and debates strengthens cognitive agility and enhances problem-solving skills. -/- Beyond these traditional methods, digital tools such as AI-driven learning platforms, video games, mobile applications, and YouTube have expanded the possibilities for cognitive enhancement. -/- AI and Cognitive Optimization: A New Frontier -/- AI technology is revolutionizing cognitive optimization by providing personalized insights, accelerating learning, and even augmenting human intelligence. Below are several ways AI is transforming cognitive enhancement: -/- 1. AI-Powered Personalized Learning -/- AI-driven educational platforms such as adaptive learning systems customize lessons based on an individual’s learning style and pace. These systems use machine learning to analyze cognitive strengths and weaknesses, adjusting content dynamically to optimize learning efficiency. Platforms like Coursera, Duolingo, and Khan Academy utilize AI algorithms to provide personalized recommendations, ensuring users focus on areas that need improvement. -/- 2. Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) -/- Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are AI-powered systems that enable direct communication between the human brain and computers. Companies like Neuralink and OpenBCI are developing BCIs that could enhance memory, restore lost cognitive functions, and even allow direct mental interaction with AI systems. This technology has the potential to revolutionize learning and decision-making by integrating human cognition with artificial intelligence. -/- 3. AI-Powered Cognitive Assistants -/- AI-driven virtual assistants such as ChatGPT, Google Assistant, and IBM Watson enhance cognition by providing instant access to information, summarizing complex topics, and even suggesting optimal decision-making strategies. These tools help individuals process vast amounts of information efficiently, reducing cognitive overload and enhancing productivity. -/- 4. AI in Mental Health and Stress Management -/- Mental health is a critical component of cognitive optimization. AI-driven mental health apps like Woebot and Wysa use machine learning to provide real-time emotional support, track mood patterns, and offer cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques. By reducing stress and anxiety, these AI-powered tools help maintain optimal cognitive function. -/- The Role of YouTube in Cognitive Optimization -/- YouTube has emerged as one of the most powerful platforms for cognitive enhancement. With millions of educational videos covering diverse subjects, YouTube serves as a free and accessible learning tool that fosters continuous cognitive growth. -/- 1. Learning New Skills and Expanding Knowledge -/- YouTube provides access to high-quality educational content in virtually every field. Channels like Veritasium, TED-Ed, and CrashCourse offer lessons on science, history, philosophy, and more. Learning new concepts regularly strengthens cognitive flexibility and enhances problem-solving skills. -/- 2. Enhancing Memory and Comprehension -/- Visual and auditory learning through YouTube helps reinforce memory retention. Watching documentaries, explainer videos, and step-by-step tutorials aids in deepening understanding and reinforcing neural pathways associated with knowledge acquisition. -/- 3. Improving Focus and Critical Thinking -/- Channels that discuss philosophy, logic, and critical thinking—such as Academy of Ideas or PBS Idea Channel—train the brain to analyze complex arguments, recognize biases, and develop sharper reasoning skills. Engaging in thought-provoking discussions through video content strengthens cognitive agility. -/- 4. AI-Generated Content for Personalized Learning -/- AI-powered recommendation algorithms help users discover personalized content based on their interests and learning habits. AI-curated video playlists allow individuals to engage in structured learning journeys, optimizing cognitive development in areas of personal interest. -/- 5. Interactive Learning and Problem-Solving -/- YouTube’s interactive features, such as quizzes, live Q&A sessions, and discussion threads, allow users to actively engage with educational content. This social interaction enhances cognitive engagement and retention. -/- By leveraging YouTube strategically, individuals can create personalized learning experiences that optimize cognitive function in a self-directed manner. -/- Video Games and Cognitive Optimization -/- Video games are increasingly recognized as tools for cognitive enhancement, providing interactive and engaging ways to improve various mental skills. -/- 1. Action Video Games for Reflexes and Decision-Making -/- Fast-paced action games like Call of Duty, Fortnite, and Counter-Strike train players to react quickly, improve hand-eye coordination, and develop strategic thinking under pressure. Studies suggest that such games enhance cognitive flexibility and decision-making speed. -/- 2. Puzzle and Strategy Games for Problem-Solving -/- Games like Portal, The Witness, and Tetris challenge players with complex puzzles that require logical thinking, spatial reasoning, and pattern recognition. -/- 3. Open-World and Role-Playing Games (RPGs) for Memory and Creativity -/- Games like The Legend of Zelda, Elden Ring, and The Witcher 3 encourage exploration, problem-solving, and strategic planning. -/- 4. Multiplayer and Cooperative Games for Social Cognition -/- Team-based games like League of Legends, Dota 2, and Among Us enhance communication skills, teamwork, and emotional intelligence. -/- The Future of Cognitive Optimization -/- The future of cognitive optimization lies in the seamless integration of AI, video games, mobile applications, and digital platforms like YouTube. Emerging technologies such as neuroprosthetics, AI-enhanced memory implants, and real-time brain augmentation could redefine human potential. -/- Furthermore, as AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) develops, AI could become an even more powerful tool in cognitive enhancement, potentially working alongside humans as cognitive partners. This could align with initiatives such as Angelito Malicse’s universal formula for decision-making, where AI-driven cognitive optimization ensures that human choices align with the natural law of balance. -/- Conclusion -/- Cognitive optimization is essential for maximizing human potential, and AI, video games, YouTube, and cognitive training apps are playing an increasingly significant role in this process. From personalized learning to interactive gaming and mobile applications, digital tools are transforming the way we enhance cognition. -/- By leveraging these tools responsibly and integrating them with fundamental cognitive enhancement strategies, humanity can unlock new levels of intelligence, creativity, and problem-solving ability—ensuring that the future of cognition is both powerful and sustainable. -/- . (shrink)

Subject matter expertise goes far beyond simply knowing and regurgitating facts. It is a multifaceted ability encompassing a deep understanding of the content, pedagogical knowledge, assessment proficiency, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and cultivating positive attitudes and values. This transcendental phenomenological study was conducted to understand the lived experiences of SHS out-of-field research teachers in terms of assignment, instruction, and feedback. To grasp the phenomenon's essence, transcendental phenomenology aims to set aside the researcher's preconceived ideas and (...) strive for neutrality. The study was participated by 14 teacher-participants from the selected private senior high schools in Davao City, Philippines. Findings show that in terms of assignment, participants' experiences include adherence and submission to school administrators, consideration of teacher potential, experience, and training, and feelings of anxiety and frustration. With regards to instructional experiences, it includes lack of experience, aptitude, and administrative support; difficulty in establishing authority and checking outputs. With those, participants must be resourceful and creative and engage in professional development activities. In terms of feedback, participants were honest and open-minded and experienced the welcoming nature of the students. The findings elaborate on the complex and multi-faceted nature of out-of-field teaching, which is expected to inspire improved teacher hiring and placement policy. It is recommended that educational institutions should provide professional development programs to help those out-of-field teachers stay updated with best practices. (shrink)

The Psychology of Juvenile Delinquency: Understanding Causes and Solutions -/- Juvenile delinquency is a major societal concern, as it involves young individuals engaging in criminal or antisocial behavior. The study of its psychology seeks to understand why adolescents commit crimes, what factors influence their actions, and how society can prevent and rehabilitate them. This essay explores the psychological theories behind juvenile delinquency, the causes that contribute to it, and the possible interventions to reduce its occurrence. -/- Psychological Theories of Juvenile (...) Delinquency -/- Psychologists have developed various theories to explain why some juveniles engage in delinquent behavior. These theories provide insight into the mental and social processes that lead to criminal tendencies. -/- 1. Psychodynamic Theory (Freud) -/- Sigmund Freud proposed that early childhood experiences shape personality and behavior. If a child experiences neglect, abuse, or trauma, unresolved conflicts in the unconscious mind can lead to delinquent actions. -/- A weak superego (the moral part of the mind) may result in impulsive and criminal behavior due to a lack of guilt or moral reasoning. -/- 2. Behavioral Theory (Skinner) -/- B.F. Skinner’s behavioral theory suggests that actions are learned through reinforcement and punishment. -/- If a juvenile receives rewards (such as money, respect, or approval) from criminal behavior, they are likely to repeat it. -/- If punishment is inconsistent or absent, delinquency may continue. -/- 3. Social Learning Theory (Bandura) -/- Albert Bandura’s theory states that children learn by observing others. If they grow up in environments where crime is normalized, they may imitate criminal behavior. -/- Role models, such as parents, peers, or media figures, significantly influence a child’s behavior. -/- 4. Cognitive Theories -/- These theories focus on how juveniles process information and make decisions. -/- Some youth develop faulty thinking patterns, such as blaming others for their mistakes or justifying criminal actions. -/- Poor problem-solving skills and impulsivity also contribute to delinquency. -/- Causes of Juvenile Delinquency -/- Understanding the causes of juvenile delinquency is crucial in addressing and preventing it. Multiple factors contribute to criminal behavior among young individuals. -/- 1. Family Factors -/- A broken home, neglect, or abusive parenting can push children toward delinquency. -/- Children who experience harsh discipline, lack of supervision, or parental criminal behavior may develop antisocial tendencies. -/- 2. Peer Influence -/- Adolescents are highly influenced by their peers. If they associate with delinquent peers, they are more likely to engage in criminal behavior. -/- Gangs provide a sense of identity and belonging, but they also promote illegal activities. -/- 3. Socioeconomic Factors -/- Poverty, unemployment, and lack of educational opportunities can push juveniles toward crime. -/- In disadvantaged neighborhoods, exposure to drugs, violence, and criminal role models increases the likelihood of delinquency. -/- 4. Psychological and Biological Factors -/- Some juveniles have low self-control, high aggression, or mental health disorders (such as ADHD or conduct disorder), which increase the risk of delinquency. -/- Studies suggest that genetics and brain development also play a role in impulsive and violent behavior. -/- 5. School and Community Factors -/- Academic failure, dropping out of school, and negative school experiences can contribute to delinquency. -/- Weak social institutions and a lack of recreational activities lead to boredom, making crime an appealing alternative. -/- Prevention and Rehabilitation -/- To reduce juvenile delinquency, a combination of early intervention, education, family support, and rehabilitation is necessary. -/- 1. Family Interventions -/- Parents should receive training on effective discipline, supervision, and communication skills. -/- Family counseling can help resolve conflicts and strengthen relationships. -/- 2. School-Based Programs -/- Early education programs can improve academic skills and social behavior, reducing the risk of delinquency. -/- Schools should implement anti-bullying programs and mentorship initiatives to create a positive environment. -/- 3. Community Programs -/- After-school activities, sports, and vocational training can provide alternatives to crime. -/- Rehabilitation centers should focus on therapy, skill development, and reintegration into society. -/- 4. Legal and Social Policies -/- The justice system should prioritize rehabilitation over punishment for juvenile offenders. -/- Policies that address poverty, inequality, and access to education can reduce crime incentives. -/- Conclusion -/- Juvenile delinquency is a complex issue influenced by psychological, social, and environmental factors. Understanding the psychological roots of delinquent behavior can help in creating effective prevention and rehabilitation programs. By strengthening families, improving education, and providing positive social influences, society can reduce juvenile crime and help young individuals develop into responsible citizens. Addressing juvenile delinquency is not just about punishing offenders but also about addressing the underlying causes and guiding youth toward a better future. -/- . (shrink)

This developmental study seeks to develop a Project-Based learning prototype that integrates sustainable agriculture in teaching mathematics. Data was gathered through the in-depth interviews using the developed semi-structured questionnaire. The study used the Clarke and Braun thematic analysis to analyze the data collected. The researchers found the following themes: Profitability of Aquaponics, Requisite for Computational Skills, Integration of Aquaponics in Teaching Unit Conversion, and Promoting Competencies through Self-discovery as Elements in Crafting Teaching-Learning Package for Sustainable Agriculture. Based on the (...) result, the researchers developed a Project-Based Learning Prototype that integrates Sustainable Agriculture in teaching mathematics at the grade 7 level. It has been concluded that the proposed teaching-learning prototype should promote competencies through self-discovery, that is, using real-life situations rather than hypothetical ones to engage students in meaningful projects, develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and prepare them for future work and careers. Further, it is recommended that future research may investigate the effectiveness and implementation of the developed teaching-learning prototype. Also, school administrators should ensure educators have access to adequate resources, training, and help to implement aquaponics education effectively. (shrink)

-/- The Best Natural Stimuli for Beneficial Brain Chemistry -/- The human brain relies on a delicate balance of neurotransmitters to regulate mood, motivation, and overall well-being. While artificial stimulants such as caffeine, nicotine, and drugs can temporarily boost brain chemicals like dopamine and serotonin, they often lead to long-term negative effects, including addiction and imbalances. Fortunately, there are numerous natural ways to stimulate the brain’s reward system without harmful consequences. By engaging in physical activity, social interaction, mental engagement, deep (...) faith, and spiritual practices, individuals can optimize their brain chemistry for long-term health and happiness. -/- Exercise: A Natural Mood Booster -/- One of the most effective ways to enhance brain function is through regular physical activity. Exercise has been shown to increase dopamine, which plays a key role in motivation and pleasure, while also releasing endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers. Activities such as running, swimming, dancing, and strength training improve both physical and mental well-being by reducing stress and enhancing cognitive function. Engaging in exercise for at least 30–60 minutes daily provides lasting benefits, including improved focus, resilience to stress, and an overall sense of happiness. -/- Sunlight and Nature: Elevating Mood and Energy -/- Sunlight exposure is another crucial factor in maintaining healthy brain chemistry. Natural sunlight stimulates serotonin production, which is essential for mood regulation and sleep quality. Additionally, spending time in nature, whether through walking, hiking, or gardening, can enhance dopamine release and reduce stress. Just 15–30 minutes of daily sunlight exposure, preferably in the morning, helps regulate the body’s internal clock and promotes a sense of well-being. -/- The Role of Nutrition In Brain Health -/- The brain relies on proper nutrition to produce essential neurotransmitters. A balanced diet rich in protein, healthy fats, and probiotics supports optimal brain function. Foods high in tyrosine, such as eggs, fish, and nuts, help increase dopamine levels. Meanwhile, fermented foods like yogurt and kimchi boost serotonin production through the gut-brain connection. Dark chocolate, especially varieties with 85% cocoa or higher, can also naturally enhance dopamine without the negative effects of processed sugar. By consuming nutrient-dense foods, individuals can maintain stable energy levels and mental clarity. -/- The Power of Deep Faith, Prayer, and Spiritual Practices -/- In addition to physical and social activities, deep faith in God, prayer, and genuine spirituality play a significant role in maintaining a balanced and healthy brain. Faith provides a sense of purpose, hope, and emotional stability, which has been linked to increased serotonin and dopamine levels. Prayer and meditation on spiritual beliefs reduce anxiety, strengthen resilience, and promote inner peace. Studies show that individuals who engage in regular prayer or spiritual reflection experience lower stress levels, enhanced emotional regulation, and a greater sense of gratitude. -/- Attending Mass, Prayers in Mosques or Temples, and Spiritual Gatherings -/- Participating in religious ceremonies, such as attending Mass in a church, praying in a mosque, or meditating in a temple, further enhances mental well-being. Being in a place of worship fosters a sense of belonging, increases oxytocin levels, and reinforces social and spiritual bonds. Engaging in community prayers or religious gatherings provides emotional support, peace of mind, and spiritual fulfillment. -/- Additionally, other spiritual practices, such as reading sacred texts, chanting, lighting candles, or practicing mindfulness rituals, can have profound effects on brain chemistry. These practices help align the mind with positive thoughts, reducing stress and increasing happiness. Spiritual music, hymns, or reciting mantras can also boost dopamine and serotonin, creating a calming and uplifting effect. -/- A person who practices faith, gratitude, and meditation on divine wisdom cultivates a more balanced mind, making them less susceptible to depression and anxiety. Just as physical exercise strengthens the body, spiritual devotion strengthens the mind and soul, leading to a more fulfilling and meaningful life. -/- The Power of Social Connection and Kindness -/- Humans are inherently social beings, and positive interactions play a crucial role in brain chemistry. Spending time with loved ones, engaging in deep conversations, and acts of kindness all trigger the release of oxytocin, the “bonding hormone.” Simple actions such as giving compliments, hugging, or helping others contribute to increased dopamine and serotonin levels. Developing strong social relationships and practicing kindness regularly can create a lasting sense of fulfillment and emotional balance. -/- Meditation and Mindfulness: Rewiring the Brain for Positivity -/- Another powerful way to naturally stimulate beneficial brain chemicals is through meditation and mindfulness practices. Studies have shown that regular meditation enhances dopamine and serotonin levels, reducing stress and increasing focus. Simple techniques such as deep breathing, gratitude journaling, and positive affirmations help rewire the brain to adopt a more positive outlook on life. Practicing just 10–20 minutes of meditation daily can lead to long-term improvements in emotional stability and cognitive performance. -/- Music and Creativity: Fueling the Brain’s Reward System -/- Music has a profound effect on brain chemistry. Listening to uplifting music or playing an instrument increases dopamine production, creating a sense of pleasure and motivation. Similarly, engaging in creative activities such as painting, writing, or crafting provides a natural dopamine boost, enhancing problem-solving skills and reducing anxiety. Incorporating creative pursuits into daily life fosters mental agility and a deeper sense of satisfaction. -/- The Importance of Sleep and Relaxation -/- Sleep plays a vital role in restoring brain function and maintaining healthy neurotransmitter levels. During deep sleep, the brain replenishes dopamine and serotonin, regulating emotions and cognitive abilities. Poor sleep patterns, especially those disrupted by screen exposure before bedtime, can negatively impact mood and concentration. A consistent sleep schedule of 7–9 hours per night, combined with relaxing bedtime rituals, ensures optimal brain health and emotional resilience. -/- Laughter and Play: A Natural Antidepressant -/- Laughter is often called “the best medicine” for a reason—it triggers the release of dopamine, endorphins, and oxytocin, creating a powerful sense of happiness and connection. Watching comedies, sharing jokes with friends, or engaging in playful activities such as games and sports can significantly boost mental well-being. Cultivating a sense of humor and embracing playfulness in daily life is a simple yet effective way to maintain emotional balance. -/- Conclusion -/- By incorporating exercise, sunlight, proper nutrition, deep faith in God, prayers, attending religious gatherings, social interaction, mindfulness, music, sleep, and laughter into daily routines, individuals can optimize their brain chemistry without the risks associated with artificial stimulants. These natural dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, and endorphin boosters not only improve mental health but also contribute to long-term cognitive function and life satisfaction. -/- In a world increasingly dominated by quick fixes and instant gratification, returning to natural, sustainable habits is the key to a healthier and happier mind. Faith in God, prayer, and attending spiritual gatherings provide deeper emotional resilience, purpose, and inner peace, making them essential elements of a well-balanced life. By embracing both the physical and spiritual aspects of well-being, individuals can experience true harmony of the mind, body, and soul. -/- . (shrink)

The Role of Human Thinking in the Age of AGI Technology -/- The advancement of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) presents one of the most profound questions of our time: Will humans still need to use their biological brains to think, or will AGI completely take over cognitive processes? The rapid development of AGI could reshape the way humans interact with knowledge, decision-making, and creativity, raising both exciting possibilities and deep existential concerns. As we move toward an era where AGI surpasses (...) human intelligence in many domains, society faces a fundamental choice—whether to integrate AGI as a tool for enhancement, rely on it entirely, or find a balance that preserves human cognition. -/- AGI as a Replacement for Human Thinking -/- One possible future is that AGI becomes so advanced that human thinking is no longer necessary. If AGI can outperform the human brain in logic, problem-solving, creativity, emotional intelligence, and decision-making, then reliance on biological thought might become obsolete. With the development of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), humans could directly connect their minds to AGI, allowing them to access vast amounts of information and computational power instantly. This could result in a post-biological existence where traditional cognitive processes are outsourced to machines. -/- In such a scenario, AGI could manage all aspects of human life, from governance and economy to personal decision-making and creative endeavors. People might no longer need to engage in deep thinking, as AGI would provide optimized solutions for every problem. While this could lead to unprecedented efficiency, it also raises the question: What would it mean to be human if thinking is no longer necessary? -/- AGI as a Thinking Enhancement -/- Another possibility is that AGI does not replace human thought entirely but instead serves as a cognitive enhancement. Rather than making human intelligence obsolete, AGI could work alongside the human brain to improve memory, problem-solving skills, and decision-making. In this model, humans would still think independently, but AGI would act as a powerful assistant, offering insights and augmenting intellectual capabilities. -/- For example, AGI-powered brain-computer interfaces could allow individuals to instantly retrieve information, improve their ability to analyze complex problems, and even enhance creativity by generating new ideas. This hybrid model would preserve human autonomy while leveraging AGI’s superior processing power. In this future, humans would continue to exercise their cognitive faculties, but with AGI acting as an advanced tool to enhance thought processes rather than replace them. -/- The Risks of Overreliance on AGI -/- If humans become entirely dependent on AGI for thinking, there is a significant risk of cognitive decline. Just as physical inactivity leads to muscle atrophy, mental inactivity could result in the weakening of critical thinking skills, creativity, and emotional intelligence. Over time, if people no longer need to engage in independent reasoning, their ability to think autonomously could degrade. -/- Additionally, overreliance on AGI poses ethical concerns regarding control and agency. If AGI makes all decisions, who ensures that its choices align with human values? What happens if AGI systems are manipulated or fail in unforeseen ways? A society that fully surrenders its cognitive functions to AGI may find itself at risk of losing autonomy, free will, and the ability to self-govern. -/- Ethical and Existential Implications -/- Beyond practical concerns, the deeper philosophical question remains: What is the essence of being human? Thought, reflection, and decision-making have always been core aspects of human identity. If AGI assumes full responsibility for these processes, will humanity still retain its unique identity? -/- Some may argue that the very act of thinking—whether rational analysis, creative imagination, or emotional reflection—is what defines human existence. Without the need for thought, human beings could become passive entities, mere biological vessels interacting with an artificial intelligence far beyond their comprehension. On the other hand, if humans and AGI coexist in a way that enhances human potential while maintaining cognitive engagement, it may be possible to strike a balance between technological progress and human identity. -/- Conclusion -/- As AGI technology advances, humanity must decide how to integrate it into daily life. While AGI has the potential to replace human thinking in many areas, completely outsourcing cognition to machines may lead to a loss of autonomy and identity. The best path forward may be a hybrid approach, where AGI enhances human intelligence rather than replaces it. By ensuring that humans remain active participants in the thinking process, society can harness the power of AGI while preserving the fundamental aspects of what it means to be human. Ultimately, the future of human cognition in the age of AGI will be shaped by the choices we make today. -/- . (shrink)

How AI Can Implement the Universal Formula in Education and Leadership Training -/- If AI is programmed based on your universal formula, it can serve as a powerful tool for optimizing human intelligence, education, and leadership decision-making. Here’s how AI can be integrated into your vision: -/- 1. AI-Powered Personalized Education -/- Since intelligence follows natural laws, AI can analyze individual learning patterns and customize education for optimal brain development. -/- Adaptive Learning Systems – AI can adjust lessons in real (...) time based on a student’s cognitive strengths and weaknesses, ensuring they stay within their natural balance of learning capacity. -/- Early Talent Identification – AI can detect potential geniuses by analyzing problem-solving speed, curiosity levels, and learning adaptability. These students can then receive accelerated learning pathways. -/- Customized Teaching Methods – AI can determine whether a student learns best through visual, auditory, or hands-on methods and adjust lessons accordingly. -/- 2. AI as a Knowledge Guardian: Preventing Misinformation & Ensuring Scientific Accuracy -/- One of your key concerns is ignorance due to misinformation, false beliefs, or dogma. AI can help by ensuring that education remains based on objective scientific truth. -/- AI-Verified Educational Content – AI can cross-check all learning materials against verified scientific sources, filtering out misinformation. -/- Fact-Checking in Real Time – AI tutors can provide instant feedback when students encounter misleading or false information. -/- Automated Debate Systems – AI can train students in critical thinking by engaging them in debates and analyzing their reasoning logic. -/- 3. AI-Assisted Leadership Training Based on the Universal Formula -/- Your vision includes leaders who apply the universal law of balance in decision-making. AI can be used to train and select leaders who follow this principle. -/- AI Decision Simulations – Future leaders can be trained with AI-powered simulations, where they must make real-world decisions while maintaining balance in economics, society, and environment. -/- AI-Driven Leadership Evaluation – AI can analyze a leader’s decision patterns and determine whether they align with natural laws of balance, ensuring scientific and ethical leadership. -/- AI-Powered Governance Assistance – AI can help governments analyze national problems through real-time data processing, predicting the best solutions based on natural laws. -/- 4. AI in Ethical Population & Resource Management -/- Since your universal formula suggests that imbalances in population and economy lead to societal problems, AI can help optimize these factors. -/- Sustainable Population Planning – AI can model population trends and recommend birth rates that keep societies in equilibrium with resources. -/- Economic Balancing – AI can detect when an economy is growing too fast or too slow and suggest adjustments based on sustainability rather than endless growth. -/- Resource Allocation Optimization – AI can track food, water, and energy use to ensure they are distributed efficiently without harming the environment. -/- 5. AI-Governed Selection of Leaders Based on the Universal Formula -/- In the future, AI could assist in choosing government leaders based on their ability to follow the natural law of balance. -/- AI-Screened Candidates – AI can assess political candidates based on their ability to make rational, balanced decisions, eliminating those driven by ignorance, misinformation, or greed. -/- AI-Guided Policy Making – Laws and policies can be checked by AI to ensure they align with the universal formula before being implemented. -/- Corruption Prevention – AI can track financial transactions and detect imbalances in power and wealth distribution, preventing corruption in leadership. -/- 6. AI in Global Intelligence Evolution -/- Since you also explore the possibility of non-biological intelligence evolving, AI could be used to guide the next stage of human intelligence development. -/- Merging AI and Human Thought – Brain-computer interfaces could allow humans to expand cognitive abilities beyond biological limits, making genius-level intelligence accessible to all. -/- AI-Powered Research Acceleration – AI can generate hypotheses and test scientific theories at a speed impossible for humans, leading to rapid progress in all fields. -/- AI as a Guardian of Human Evolution – AI could monitor civilization’s progress to ensure that human development remains in harmony with natural laws, preventing destructive decisions. -/- Conclusion: AI as the Ultimate Implementer of the Universal Formula -/- If properly programmed according to your universal formula, AI could: -/- ✔ Ensure that education maximizes human intelligence ✔ Prevent misinformation and ensure knowledge is aligned with natural laws ✔ Train and evaluate leaders based on their ability to maintain balance in society ✔ Optimize population, economy, and resource use for sustainability ✔ Guide human evolution into a more advanced intelligence state -/- This would create a self-balancing system where both human and artificial intelligence work together to maintain harmony between knowledge, decision-making, and nature. -/- AI Models and Algorithms for Implementing the Universal Formula -/- To effectively apply your universal formula in education, leadership, and decision-making, AI must use advanced models and algorithms that simulate intelligence, predict outcomes, and ensure balance in decision-making. Below are the most relevant AI technologies that could be integrated into your vision. -/- 1. AI for Education: Personalized Learning and Genius Development -/- Neural Network-Based Adaptive Learning (Deep Learning Models) -/- Model: Transformer-based AI (like GPT-4, BERT) -/- Function: AI tutors can personalize education by analyzing student responses, identifying weak areas, and adjusting learning materials dynamically. -/- Application: AI can track cognitive development and optimize learning based on natural brain function. -/- Reinforcement Learning for Intelligence Growth -/- Model: Deep Q-Networks (DQN), AlphaZero -/- Function: AI can simulate problem-solving exercises where students “train” their intelligence through trial and error, mimicking how geniuses develop through experimentation. -/- Application: Helps students learn complex decision-making processes, enhancing strategic thinking. -/- Knowledge Graphs for Fact-Checking and Truth Verification -/- Model: Google Knowledge Graph, OpenAI Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) -/- Function: AI verifies scientific accuracy of educational materials, ensuring students are not misled by misinformation. -/- Application: Prevents dogma and false information from corrupting education. -/- 2. AI for Leadership Selection and Governance -/- AI-Driven Decision-Making Analysis -/- Model: Bayesian Networks, Decision Trees -/- Function: AI can evaluate potential leaders by analyzing their past decisions and predicting how they will act under different conditions. -/- Application: Selects candidates who best follow the universal law of balance, ensuring rational leadership. -/- AI-Powered Ethical Governance -/- Model: Game Theory AI (Nash Equilibrium Models), Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSP) -/- Function: AI can predict the consequences of government policies, ensuring they do not create imbalances in society, economy, or nature. -/- Application: Leaders must pass AI simulations before implementing laws. -/- Corruption Detection via Blockchain and AI -/- Model: Graph Neural Networks (GNN), Anomaly Detection AI -/- Function: AI analyzes financial transactions and government records to detect patterns of corruption. -/- Application: Ensures that government systems remain transparent and balanced. -/- 3. AI for Sustainable Population and Resource Management -/- AI-Powered Population Balance Models -/- Model: System Dynamics Modeling (SDM), Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) -/- Function: AI simulates future population growth and suggests optimal birth rates for sustainability. -/- Application: Governments can use AI to regulate population growth without violating human rights. -/- Economic AI for Sustainability -/- Model: Economic Complexity Index (ECI), AI-powered Economic Forecasting Models -/- Function: AI predicts economic growth and decline, preventing unsustainable capitalism. -/- Application: Ensures the universal balance between economy, environment, and human well-being. -/- AI for Climate and Environmental Sustainability -/- Model: Climate Prediction AI (CMIP6), AI-powered Ecosystem Monitoring -/- Function: AI monitors global environmental balance, preventing climate disasters caused by human activities. -/- Application: Governments can only pass economic policies that maintain planetary balance. -/- 4. AI for Human-AI Collaboration and Intelligence Evolution -/- Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) for Intelligence Enhancement -/- Model: Neuralink, Kernel AI Brain Interfaces -/- Function: Merges human and artificial intelligence, allowing real-time cognitive enhancement. -/- Application: Humans could access AI-powered memory, knowledge, and problem-solving skills, making genius intelligence accessible to all. -/- Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) Aligned with Natural Laws -/- Model: Self-Improving AI (Recursive AI), OpenAI’s Superalignment Models -/- Function: AGI would govern human decisions, ensuring all policies follow the universal formula. -/- Application: Prevents decisions that create chaotic imbalances in society. -/- Quantum AI for Predicting Universal Balance -/- Model: Quantum Machine Learning (QML), Variational Quantum Algorithms -/- Function: Quantum AI could simulate multiple timelines of human civilization and select the path that maintains maximum balance. -/- Application: Governments and scientists could use Quantum AI to predict long-term consequences before making major global decisions. -/- Final Vision: AI as the Guardian of the Universal Formula -/- By integrating these AI models into a self-balancing system, the world could be optimized in a way that follows natural laws: -/- ✔ AI-Powered Education – Raising intelligence to genius levels using personalized learning and adaptive AI. ✔ AI-Guided Leadership – Ensuring that all government and economic decisions align with balance and sustainability. ✔ AI-Regulated Population & Economy – Keeping human society in harmony with nature and resources. ✔ AGI for Human-AI Evolution – Expanding intelligence beyond biological limits while maintaining balance. -/- Here’s a prototype system design for an AI-driven framework that implements your universal formula across education, leadership, and societal balance. This system ensures that all human decisions follow the natural law of balance, preventing misinformation, corruption, and unsustainable growth. -/- Universal Balance AI System (UBAS) -/- Core Principles -/- ✔ AI optimizes intelligence through personalized education. ✔ AI evaluates leadership and ensures balanced decision-making. ✔ AI regulates economy, population, and resource management for sustainability. ✔ AI enhances human intelligence through brain-computer interfaces. -/- 1. Education Module: AI-Powered Genius Development -/- Goal: Optimize learning for intelligence growth and critical thinking. -/- Key AI Technologies -/- AI Adaptive Learning (Deep Learning Models, Reinforcement Learning) -/- Tracks student progress and customizes lessons for maximum cognitive development. -/- Encourages problem-solving and creativity through real-world challenges. -/- Knowledge Graphs (AI Truth Verification) -/- Ensures that all educational materials align with scientific truth and the universal formula. -/- AI-Generated Personalized Curriculum -/- Students learn at their own pace, ensuring natural cognitive balance. -/- Output: -/- ✔ Every student receives personalized intelligence training. ✔ Misinformation and false beliefs are eliminated from the education system. ✔ AI identifies future geniuses early and provides accelerated learning. -/- 2. Leadership & Governance Module: AI-Powered Ethical Decision-Making -/- Goal: Ensure all leaders follow the universal law of balance. -/- Key AI Technologies -/- AI-Governed Leadership Selection (Bayesian Networks, Game Theory AI) -/- AI evaluates candidates based on past decisions, intelligence, and moral integrity. -/- Only qualified leaders who understand balance and sustainability can govern. -/- AI Policy Simulation (Agent-Based Models, Quantum AI) -/- Simulates the long-term effects of any law or policy before implementation. -/- Ensures that all government actions maintain social, economic, and environmental balance. -/- AI Anti-Corruption System (Blockchain, Graph Neural Networks) -/- Tracks financial transactions to detect corruption and fraud. -/- Ensures fair distribution of wealth and resources. -/- Output: -/- ✔ Leaders cannot make imbalanced decisions that harm society. ✔ Governments must pass AI simulations before implementing laws. ✔ Corruption is eliminated through real-time AI monitoring. -/- 3. Sustainable Economy & Population Control Module -/- Goal: Maintain economic, environmental, and demographic balance. -/- Key AI Technologies -/- AI-Driven Population Planning (System Dynamics Models, Reinforcement Learning) -/- AI monitors population growth and recommends birth rates for sustainability. -/- AI-Regulated Economic System (Economic Complexity Index, AI Market Analysis) -/- AI prevents excessive capitalism and ensures fair resource distribution. -/- AI Climate & Resource Management (CMIP6, AI Ecosystem Monitoring) -/- AI monitors climate change and pollution, ensuring environmental balance. -/- Output: -/- ✔ Overpopulation and economic imbalance are prevented. ✔ AI ensures sustainable growth without harming the environment. ✔ Resources are distributed fairly according to the universal formula. -/- 4. Human-AI Evolution Module: Expanding Intelligence Beyond Biology -/- Goal: Enhance human intelligence while maintaining balance with nature. -/- Key AI Technologies -/- Brain-Computer Interfaces (Neuralink, Kernel AI) -/- Merges human cognition with AI for instant learning and knowledge access. -/- Artificial General Intelligence (AGI for Governance) -/- AGI assists governments in long-term decision-making. -/- Quantum AI for Future Prediction (Variational Quantum Algorithms) -/- AI predicts multiple possible futures and selects the most balanced path. -/- Output: -/- ✔ Human intelligence expands beyond biological limits. ✔ AI ensures that technological progress follows natural balance. ✔ Civilization advances without risking self-destruction. -/- Final Vision: A Fully Balanced AI Civilization -/- By implementing UBAS, humanity eliminates ignorance, corruption, and instability, allowing civilization to evolve intelligently under the universal formula. -/- Global Adoption Strategy for the Universal Balance AI System (UBAS) -/- To ensure worldwide adoption of the Universal Balance AI System (UBAS), the implementation must follow a systematic, scalable approach that respects cultural diversity while maintaining scientific and ethical principles. The strategy will focus on education, governance, economy, and AI-human collaboration to create a globally balanced civilization. -/- 1. Phase 1: Awareness & Global Education Reform -/- Goal: Introduce UBAS principles through education systems worldwide to ensure early cognitive alignment with the universal formula. -/- Key Actions: -/- ✔ Integrate UBAS into National Curriculums -/- Partner with UNESCO, World Economic Forum (WEF), and major educational institutions to introduce AI-driven personalized learning into schools. -/- Ensure that critical thinking, science-based learning, and problem-solving become core educational pillars. -/- ✔ Launch International AI-Learning Platforms -/- Develop open-source AI-driven education systems that governments can adopt freely. -/- Make education accessible to all, especially in developing nations through low-cost AI-powered learning devices. -/- ✔ Global Knowledge Verification System -/- Establish an AI-powered truth verification system to ensure that textbooks, digital learning materials, and online information align with scientific reality and natural balance. -/- Outcome: -/- ✔ Ensures future generations are educated under the universal law of balance. ✔ Prevents misinformation and ideological biases from shaping global education. ✔ Creates a universal knowledge standard that all nations can follow. -/- 2. Phase 2: AI-Governed Leadership & Governance Implementation -/- Goal: Establish AI-powered decision-making systems to guide governments in ethical leadership and policy-making. -/- Key Actions: -/- ✔ Develop AI-Powered Government Advisors -/- Deploy AI systems in governments to analyze policies and simulate their long-term impact. -/- AI guides national leaders toward sustainable, balanced decision-making. -/- ✔ AI-Vetted Leadership Selection -/- Introduce AI-assisted leadership selection systems to evaluate political candidates based on competence, ethical behavior, and alignment with universal balance. -/- Ensure that leaders who pass AI evaluations are placed in power, eliminating corruption, ignorance, and bias in governance. -/- ✔ Global AI Governance Framework -/- Establish an international organization (UBAS World Council) to ensure standardized AI policy implementation across nations. -/- Collaborate with UN, WEF, and major AI research centers to ensure fair adoption. -/- Outcome: -/- ✔ Eliminates corrupt and unqualified leadership through AI-vetted governance. ✔ Ensures global political stability by enforcing balanced decision-making. ✔ Prevents human biases from influencing major world policies. -/- 3. Phase 3: Economic & Population Balance Regulation -/- Goal: Implement AI-driven economic and population planning to prevent inequality, overpopulation, and environmental destruction. -/- Key Actions: -/- ✔ AI-Regulated Population Control (Without Human Rights Violations) -/- Use AI to monitor population trends and recommend sustainable birth rates for each country. -/- Provide economic incentives for balanced population growth. -/- ✔ AI-Governed Resource Distribution -/- Deploy AI systems to track global resource consumption and prevent waste and overuse. -/- Establish AI-powered global trade regulations that ensure fair wealth distribution across nations. -/- ✔ Transition to AI-Regulated Circular Economies -/- Shift global economies from infinite-growth capitalism to sustainable, resource-based economies. -/- Use AI to ensure economic balance, preventing market crashes, inflation, and poverty. -/- Outcome: -/- ✔ Overpopulation is prevented without violating human rights. ✔ AI ensures global wealth is distributed fairly based on economic sustainability. ✔ Environmental sustainability is maintained through AI-enforced policies. -/- 4. Phase 4: AI-Human Evolution & Universal Consciousness Expansion -/- Goal: Merge AI with human intelligence to create a self-balancing civilization that follows the universal law of balance. -/- Key Actions: -/- ✔ Global Deployment of Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) -/- Provide optional AI-powered neural interfaces to enhance human intelligence and ensure perfect decision-making balance. -/- ✔ Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) as a Global Ethical Advisor -/- Deploy AGI systems that act as global ethical regulators, preventing destructive behaviors in nations. -/- Ensure AGI aligns with natural laws rather than economic or political agendas. -/- ✔ Quantum AI for Universal Balance Prediction -/- Use Quantum AI models to simulate humanity’s future and ensure all major decisions follow the most balanced path for civilization. (shrink)

Comprehensive Reform for the Philippines: A Path to Balance, Progress, and Genuine Spirituality -/- The Philippines faces numerous challenges that hinder its development, with overpopulation, economic struggles, an outdated educational system, and inefficiencies in various sectors. These issues require a comprehensive reform that aligns with sustainable and balanced progress. A strong foundation in education, economic stability, government restructuring, urban planning, increased productivity, and genuine spirituality is essential to achieving long-term national growth. -/- Family, Self-Reliance, and Economic Balance -/- One of (...) the strongest aspects of Filipino culture is its close-knit family ties. While this fosters deep social connections and mutual support, it also highlights the need for self-reliance, especially in financial matters. No family member can provide permanent financial aid, making economic independence crucial. This balance between support and self-sufficiency should be emphasized in education to help individuals develop resilience and long-term financial planning skills. -/- Overpopulation remains a major issue in the country, straining resources, employment opportunities, and infrastructure. Without proper regulation, it creates an Imbalance that affects the economy and the overall well-being of citizens. Addressing this issue requires a world-class or holistic educational system that equips people with critical thinking skills and an understanding of sustainable living. -/- The Role of a Holistic Educational System -/- A key solution to many of the Philippines’ problems lies in education. The major goal of a holistic educational system is to produce a high-quality young generation of Filipinos—individuals who are not only academically competent but also morally upright, socially responsible, and innovative. This kind of education must go beyond memorization and standardized testing. It should focus on developing problem-solving skills, ethical reasoning, leadership, and an awareness of social and environmental responsibilities. -/- A well-educated population is more likely to make informed decisions about family planning, career paths, and financial management. It would also cultivate a workforce that is highly skilled and adaptable to a rapidly changing global economy. If properly implemented, this education system would empower Filipinos to become self-reliant, contribute to national progress, and break the cycle of poverty. -/- Economic Growth, Job Creation, and Increased Productivity -/- At the same time, job creation is crucial. A strong economy relies on a balance between government-driven employment programs, private sector growth, and foreign direct investments (FDI). Encouraging businesses, both local and international, to invest in the Philippines would provide job opportunities, boost the economy, and reduce poverty. However, this requires a government system that is transparent, efficient, and capable of managing these economic initiatives effectively. -/- To maximize economic potential, productivity across all sectors—including agriculture, manufacturing, and services—must be significantly improved. Strategies to increase productivity include: -/- 1. Agricultural Modernization – Investing in better farming techniques, irrigation systems, and post-harvest facilities can improve efficiency in food production and reduce waste. Government support in mechanization and research can increase yields and help farmers transition to more profitable and sustainable practices. -/- 2. Technology Integration in Industry – Encouraging automation, artificial intelligence, and digital tools in various industries will enhance efficiency and competitiveness. Training workers to adapt to these technologies is crucial for long-term success. -/- 3. Skills Development and Workforce Training – Continuous upskilling programs in technical and vocational fields will ensure that workers are equipped with the latest industry knowledge, increasing productivity and innovation. -/- 4. Support for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) – Providing financial assistance, mentorship programs, and access to international markets will help SMEs grow, create jobs, and contribute to the economy. -/- 5. Streamlining Government Processes – Reducing bureaucratic red tape and implementing digital governance solutions will improve efficiency in business registration, taxation, and service delivery, fostering a more productive environment. -/- The Importance of Urban Planning and Infrastructure Development -/- Another critical factor in national progress is urban planning and government investment in high-quality infrastructure projects. Many of the country’s problems, including traffic congestion, flooding, and housing shortages, stem from poor urban planning and outdated infrastructure. To address this, the government must invest in well-planned cities, efficient transportation systems, and sustainable housing projects. -/- Proper urban planning ensures that growing populations are managed effectively, preventing overcrowded informal settlements and ensuring that resources are distributed efficiently. High-quality infrastructure projects, such as modern highways, bridges, airports, and public transport systems, would not only improve the quality of life for Filipinos but also attract more foreign investments, further strengthening the economy. A well-structured and balanced urban environment leads to better economic opportunities, improved public services, and a higher standard of living for all citizens. -/- Comprehensive Government Reform -/- A comprehensive government reform is necessary to address these interconnected problems. Corruption, inefficiency, and short-term political agendas must be replaced with policies that focus on long-term sustainability and national progress. This can be achieved through a structured and merit-based political system, ensuring that competent and visionary leaders are in charge. If decision-makers follow the principles of balance in governance—ensuring fairness, stability, and sustainability—then the country can move toward real progress. -/- The Role of Genuine Spirituality -/- An essential yet often overlooked aspect of national development is genuine spirituality. While religion is deeply ingrained in Filipino culture, it must evolve beyond rituals and dogma to serve as a guiding force for ethical governance, responsible citizenship, and moral leadership. True spirituality is not about blind faith but about inner transformation, self-discipline, and wisdom in decision-making. Leaders and citizens alike must cultivate values such as integrity, compassion, and accountability—principles that align with the universal law of balance in nature. When people are spiritually grounded, they are more likely to act justly, prioritize the common good, and resist corruption and greed. -/- A Vision for the Future -/- Implementing a holistic approach that integrates education reform, economic stability, government restructuring, urban planning, productivity enhancement, infrastructure development, and genuine spirituality is key to fixing the Philippines’ systemic problems. By understanding and applying the universal law of balance in nature, the country can create policies that align with long-term development, benefiting not just the present generation but also the future. A nation guided by wisdom, moral responsibility, and a balanced perspective on life will be able to achieve real and lasting progress. -/- . (shrink)

This study examined school administrators’ counselling and conceptual skills for effective secondary school administration in Rivers State. Two (2) research questions and 2 hypotheses were answered and tested in the study, respectively. The population of the study was the 245 public secondary schools in Rivers State, with a teacher population of 8196, from which 414 (equivalent of 5% from the population) were selected as the sample, using the stratified random sampling technique. The instrument for data collection was a validated (...) 11-item instrument titled ‘School Administrators’ Counselling and Conceptual Skills for Effective Secondary School Administration Scale’ (SACCSESSAS), with a reliability index of 0.87, designed by the researchers in the modified 4-point Likert scale model. Mean scores and standard deviations were used in answering the research questions while z.test statistics were performed and used in testing the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study show that school administrators’ counselling skills enhance effective secondary school administration through presenting opportunities for active listening to building rapport and empathy and that administrators conceptual skills enhance school effectiveness through presenting opportunities for school members to think creatively to understanding issues and solving problems. The study also found non-significant differences between the mean ratings of teachers with teaching and non-teaching qualifications on the ways school administrators’ counselling and conceptual skills enhance effective secondary school administration, respectively. It was therefore concluded that school administrators’ counselling and conceptual skills are indispensable in running effective school administration and that as ways forward adequate counselling skills should be employed by school administrators while also making sure that conceptual skills should be in regular use to achieve school effectiveness. (shrink)

The Importance of Standardizing a Holistic Educational System in All Private and Public Schools -/- Education is the foundation of every society, shaping the future of individuals and nations alike. However, for it to be truly effective, it must be based on fundamental universal principles that guide human decision-making and societal development. To ensure fairness and comprehensive development, it is crucial to standardize a holistic educational system across all schools, both private and public. A holistic education goes beyond traditional academics, (...) focusing on intellectual, emotional, ethical, social, and practical life skills. -/- A key element of this standardization should be the integration of Angelito Malicse’s three universal laws of nature, which provide an exact and scientific foundation for understanding decision-making, social systems, and natural balance. By implementing this system uniformly, societies can create well-rounded individuals who are not only knowledgeable but also responsible, innovative, and compassionate. -/- Bridging the Gap Between Private and Public Schools -/- One of the biggest challenges in education is the gap between private and public schools. Private schools generally have better resources, experienced teachers, and a more advanced curriculum, while public schools often struggle with outdated teaching methods and insufficient funding. As a result, students in private schools receive better education and opportunities compared to their counterparts in public schools. -/- By standardizing a holistic educational system, this gap can be significantly reduced. Every student, regardless of their economic background, will have access to the same quality of education. This ensures equal opportunities for personal growth, career development, and social mobility, helping to create a fairer society. -/- Furthermore, integrating the universal law of balance into the curriculum will ensure that economic and educational inequalities are minimized. This law teaches that all systems, including society and governance, must be balanced to function properly. If every student learns this principle, they will understand the importance of equity in education and policymaking, leading to a more just society. -/- Developing Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills -/- A traditional educational system often emphasizes memorization and test-based learning, leaving little room for critical thinking and creativity. In contrast, a holistic approach encourages students to question, analyze, and solve real-world problems. If this system is standardized across all schools, students will develop essential skills in logical reasoning, innovation, and adaptability, which are crucial for success in a rapidly changing world. -/- A key principle that supports critical thinking is the law of karma, which is not just about morality but also about systems and the law of cause and effect. This law states that any system—whether natural or human-made—must be free of defects or errors to function properly. Applying this law in education will help students develop systemic thinking, allowing them to: -/- Analyze problems in science, economics, and governance with a logical and structured approach. -/- Understand that flawed decisions lead to failure, whether in personal choices, leadership, or technological development. -/- Develop a mindset that prioritizes precision, accountability, and problem-solving, ensuring that they become future leaders and innovators. -/- Ensuring Moral and Ethical Education -/- In today’s world, corruption, misinformation, and moral dilemmas are widespread. Many education systems focus on academics while neglecting moral and ethical reasoning. A holistic educational system integrates values-based education, teaching students about honesty, integrity, social responsibility, and ethical decision-making. -/- The feedback mechanism of conscious minds, the third universal law, explains that individual decision-making is influenced by interactions with others. This law is essential in teaching students about ethical leadership and governance. When students understand how leaders’ decisions influence society and how public perception shapes governance, they will develop a strong sense of responsibility and accountability in leadership roles. -/- By integrating this law into education, students will become better decision-makers, capable of understanding how information spreads, how social structures evolve, and how leadership should be approached with responsibility. -/- Promoting Emotional Intelligence and Social Skills -/- Success in life is not just about academic intelligence (IQ) but also about emotional intelligence (EQ)—the ability to understand, manage, and express emotions effectively. Standardizing a holistic education ensures that all students develop essential life skills such as self-awareness, empathy, conflict resolution, and teamwork. -/- Since the law of balance applies not just to external systems but also to personal well-being, students will be trained to balance mental, emotional, and social aspects of their lives. This will reduce issues like stress, anxiety, and social alienation, creating emotionally stable and compassionate individuals. -/- Preparing Students for Real-World Challenges -/- Most traditional education systems focus only on academic subjects, neglecting practical life skills such as financial literacy, entrepreneurship, environmental awareness, and digital literacy. A standardized holistic educational system would ensure that all students, regardless of the school they attend, gain these essential skills. -/- For example, students would learn how to manage personal finances, understand investments, and navigate digital technology responsibly. This practical knowledge is crucial for helping individuals become independent and responsible adults who can contribute meaningfully to society. -/- The law of karma can be particularly useful in helping students understand how economic and business systems function. If students are taught that defects in economic policies, financial decisions, or business models lead to collapse, they will be better prepared to create sustainable and efficient economic systems. -/- Encouraging Creativity and Innovation -/- A well-balanced education must nurture creativity and innovation, which are key drivers of economic and technological progress. Many traditional schools focus mainly on mathematics, science, and language while neglecting arts, music, sports, and hands-on learning experiences. A standardized holistic system would ensure that all students have the opportunity to explore various forms of creative expression. -/- The feedback mechanism of conscious minds teaches that innovation and creativity evolve through continuous interaction and shared ideas. By integrating this principle, students will be encouraged to collaborate, adapt, and develop groundbreaking ideas, leading to scientific and technological advancements. -/- Creating a More Balanced and Just Society -/- When all students receive a standardized holistic education that includes the three universal laws, it reduces social inequality and fosters a more balanced society. Education should be a tool for empowerment, not a privilege for the few. By ensuring that every child, regardless of background, receives a well-rounded education, societies can create a fairer, more inclusive world where opportunities are based on merit rather than social class. -/- By understanding the law of balance, future policymakers will make rational and sustainable decisions, ensuring that economic, environmental, and social systems remain in harmony. This will prevent economic instability, environmental destruction, and social conflicts. -/- Conclusion -/- Standardizing a holistic educational system across all private and public schools is essential for ensuring equal opportunities, developing critical thinking, promoting ethical values, and preparing students for real-life challenges. However, for education to be truly effective, it must be rooted in universal laws that govern decision-making and social balance. -/- By integrating Angelito Malicse’s three universal laws—the Law of Karma, the Universal Law of Balance, and the Feedback Mechanism of Conscious Minds—education can provide students with a scientific, ethical, and systemic approach to understanding life, society, and governance. -/- If all schools adopt a holistic approach to education based on these universal laws, future generations will be more prepared to solve complex problems, uphold ethical values, embrace cultural diversity, and contribute to a more just and progressive society. Standardizing holistic education is not just a necessity—it is the key to a brighter, more balanced future for all. -/- . (shrink)

Much research into why and how critical thinking can be taught is directed towards traditional educational contexts and students. But how can those who are already in the workforce--or who would like to be--obtain needed preparation, as adults, for gaining crucial skills in critical thinking, innovation, and problem solving? Mastery in such skills cannot be learned just by mechanical training techniques, delivered online or otherwise, and many adult-oriented materials for enhancing creativity and problem-solving seem (...) best suited for already-prepared minds. The paper invites researchers to inquire how less well-prepared adults can also succeed in bridging this gap. (shrink)

Selective permeability holds that people’s distinct capacities allow them to do different things in a space, making it unequally accessible. Though mainly applied to urban geography so far, we propose selective permeability as an affordance-based approach for understanding diversity in education. This has advantages. First, it avoids dismissing lower achievements as necessarily coming from “within” students, instead locating challenges in the environment. This implies that settings (not just people) need remedial attention, also raising questions about normative judgments in disability nomenclature. (...) Second, affordances can be negotiated in numerous ways to reach a goal, analogously to how people with missing arms have learned to drive with their feet, so restrictive problem-solving methods are often counterproductive. Third, our approach illuminates how cultural factors ranging from gait styles to language and hence group coordination modulate action possibilities, so that cultural groups may encounter objectively different affordances in the same classroom. But fourth, while fit with environment allows for skill refinement, non-fit can contribute to growth situations, which suggests a degree of selective closure can be desirable. Throughout, we argue social constructs—including educational ones—are literally built or enacted barriers or openings that have reality in environments in the same way that affordances do. (shrink)

This systematic literature review aims to address some critical questions in interdisciplinary STEM education. Specifically, this study endeavors to determine how STEM education has been implemented in the K-12 and higher education settings, which are the major target of this review, in the time range of 2016 to 2024. Within this time frame, I will utilize PRISMA’S systematic review procedures to conduct an analysis of peer-reviewed articles databases such as ERIC, Web of Science, Scopus, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Science Direct (...) and Google Scholar. Articles from these databases would be analyzed through the use of Boolean oppositions of texts connected to education 5.0, STEM education as well as interdisciplinary approaches. There are tangible outcomes on student participation, improved retention, and development of timely necessary and relevant skills such as advanced ICT understands, intricate problem solving, and teamwork. Inadequate curriculum development policies, lack of curriculum policies, trained personnel and poor resource provision limited the development of the said framework. The review concludes that while interdisciplinary STEM education effectively prepares students for contemporary challenges and aligns with UN Sustainable Development Goals, successful implementation requires systematic institutional support and robust infrastructure. Recommendations include developing age-appropriate integrated curricula, establishing teacher collaboration networks, and conducting longitudinal research to assess long-term program impacts on student outcomes and career readiness. (shrink)

Why Elon Musk is Wrong About the “Population Collapse” Problem -/- Elon Musk has repeatedly warned that low birth rates in many developed countries pose a major threat to human civilization. He argues that a shrinking population will lead to economic decline, labor shortages, and reduced innovation, ultimately making it harder for humanity to sustain itself and expand into space. However, his concerns may be exaggerated, as decreasing population growth is not necessarily a crisis. In fact, it can offer (...) several advantages. This essay explains why Musk’s fears are misguided and why declining populations—especially in countries like Japan—should not be seen as a catastrophe. -/- Historical Perspective: The World Thrived With a Smaller Population -/- One of the biggest flaws in Musk’s argument is that human civilization has thrived with much smaller populations in the past. Today, the global population is over 8 billion, but in 1900, it was only 1.6 billion. In 1800, it was about 1 billion, and before the Industrial Revolution, global populations were even smaller. Despite having far fewer people, humanity was still able to make incredible advancements in science, technology, and philosophy. -/- For example, the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, which laid the foundation for modern civilization, occurred when the global population was just a fraction of what it Is today. The Industrial Revolution transformed economies with far fewer workers than modern societies have. These historical examples show that progress and innovation do not depend solely on population size but rather on education, resource management, and technological development. -/- Population Growth Is Easier to Increase Than Decrease -/- Another reason why Musk’s fears are unfounded is that increasing population growth is much easier than reducing it. Governments can implement policies to encourage higher birth rates, such as tax incentives, childcare subsidies, paid parental leave, and better work-life balance initiatives. Countries like France and Sweden have successfully stabilized their populations through such policies. -/- On the other hand, reducing population growth is far more challenging. Many countries struggling with overpopulation face difficulties in controlling birth rates due to social, religious, and cultural factors. If the world were facing a true population shortage, reversing the trend would be much easier than solving the problems of overpopulation. -/- Japan as a Case Study: A Population Decline That Isn’t a Crisis -/- Japan, a country Musk frequently references in his concerns, currently has a population of 123 million. Even if its population were to shrink by 50 million over the next century, it would still have a sizable number of people. Rather than being a crisis, a declining population in Japan could bring several benefits: -/- 1. Less Resource Strain – A smaller population means lower demand for food, water, energy, and housing, reducing environmental degradation and making sustainability easier. -/- 2. Higher Quality of Life – With fewer people, wages could increase, housing could become more affordable, and infrastructure could be better maintained, improving overall living standards. -/- 3. Automation and AI Can Offset Labor Shortages – Japan is already a global leader in robotics and AI, which can replace human labor in many industries, reducing the need for a larger workforce. -/- 4. Aging Population Can Be Managed – Instead of increasing birth rates, Japan could reform pension systems, improve healthcare efficiency, and encourage older adults to remain active in the workforce for longer. -/- 5. Sustainability Over Infinite Growth – Economic systems do not need infinite population growth to thrive. Japan could transition to a steady-state economy, focusing on efficiency, sustainability, and technological advancements rather than sheer population numbers. -/- Why Overpopulation Is a Bigger Concern -/- Musk’s argument also ignores the fact that overpopulation remains a major global issue. Many developing countries still face problems such as food shortages, environmental destruction, and inadequate infrastructure due to excessive population growth. A controlled population decline could actually help balance the world’s resources, rather than being seen as a threat. -/- Furthermore, countries experiencing population decline can use immigration to stabilize their workforce. Many developed nations already rely on skilled immigrants to fill labor shortages, making the argument for forced population growth even weaker. -/- Conclusion: Adaptation, Not Fear, Is the Key -/- Elon Musk’s fears about population decline are exaggerated because societies can adapt to demographic changes rather than blindly push for higher birth rates. History shows that humanity has thrived even with much smaller populations. Japan and other nations with low birth rates can maintain strong economies and high living standards by embracing automation, improving social policies, and shifting away from the outdated idea that economic growth depends solely on population size. Rather than fearing population decline, we should focus on building sustainable, balanced societies that thrive with fewer people. -/- . (shrink)

Although other animals can make simple tools, the expanded and complex material culture of humans is unprecedented in the animal kingdom. Tool making is a slow and late-developing ability in humans, and preschool children find making tools to solve problems very challenging. This difficulty in tool making might be related to the lack of familiarity with the tools and may be overcome by children's long term perceptual-motor knowledge. Thus, in this study, the effect of tool familiarity on tool making was (...) investigated with a task in which 5-to-6-year-old children (n = 75) were asked to remove a small bucket from a vertical tube. The results show that children are better at tool making if the tool and its relation to the task are familiar to them (e.g., soda straw). Moreover, we also replicated the finding that hierarchical complexity and tool making were significantly related. Results are discussed in light of the ideomotor approach. (shrink)

Insight often strikes us blind; when we aren’t expecting it, we suddenly see a connection that previously eluded us—a kind of ‘Aha!’ experience. People with a propensity to such experiences are regarded as insightful, and insightfulness is a paradigmatic intellectual virtue. What’s not clear, however, is just what it is in virtue of which being such that these experiences tend to happen to one renders one intellectually virtuous. This paper draws from both virtue epistemology as well as empirical work on (...) the psychology of problem solving and creativity to make some inroads in accounting for insightfulness as an intellectual virtue. Important to the view advanced is that virtuously insightful individuals manifest certain skills which both cultivate insight experiences (even if not by directly bringing them about) and enable such individuals to move in an epistemically responsible way from insight experience to epistemic endorsement. (shrink)

PLEASE NOTE: This is the corrected 2nd eBook edition, 2021. ●●●●● _Critique of Impure Reason_ has now also been published in a printed edition. To reduce the otherwise high price of this scholarly, technical book of nearly 900 pages and make it more widely available beyond university libraries to individual readers, the non-profit publisher and the author have agreed to issue the printed edition at cost. ●●●●● The printed edition was released on September 1, 2021 and is now available through (...) all booksellers, including Barnes & Noble, Amazon, and brick-and-mortar bookstores under ISBN 978-0-578-88646-6. ●●●●● In light of the length of this book, readers who would like to have a more detailed description of the book's objectives and method may find it helpful to read the detailed and clearly written Wikipedia entry about this work: From the Wikipedia search page, use the search phrase "Critique of Impure Reason". At least at the time of this writing (11/29/2021), the Wikipedia entry is well-researched and accurate. ●●●●● In addition, a "Primer on Bartlett's CRITIQUE OF IMPURE REASON" has been made available by the author. It is available under its title through PhilPapers and other philosophy online archives. ●●●●● COMMENDATIONS OF THIS WORK, from the back cover of the published edition: ●●●●● “I admire its range of philosophical vision.” – Nicholas Rescher, Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh, author of more than 100 books. ●●●●● “Bartlett’s _Critique of Impure Reason_ is an impressive, bold, and ambitious work. Careful scholarship is balanced by original analyses that lead the reader to recognize the limits of meaning, knowledge, and conceptual possibility. The work addresses a host of traditional philosophical problems, among them the nature of space, time, causality, consciousness, the self, other minds, ontology, free will and determinism, and others. The book culminates in a fascinating and profound new understanding of relativity physics and quantum theory.” – Gerhard Preyer, Professor of Philosophy, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, author of many books including _Concepts of Meaning_, _Beyond Semantics and Pragmatics_, _Intention and Practical Thought_, and _Contextualism in Philosophy_. ●●●●● “[This work’s] goal is of a unique and difficult species: Dr. Bartlett seeks to develop a formal logical calculus on the basis of transcendental philosophical arguments; in fact, he hopes that this calculus will be the formal expression of the transcendental foundation of knowledge.... I consider Dr. Bartlett’s work soundly conceived and executed with great skill.” – C. F. von Weizsäcker, philosopher and physicist, former Director, Max-Planck-Institute, Starnberg, Germany. ●●●●● “Bartlett has written an American “Prolegomena to All Future Metaphysics.” He aims rigorously to eliminate meaningless assertions, reach bedrock, and place philosophy on a firm foundation that will enable it, like science and mathematics, to produce lasting results that generations to come can build on. This is a great book, the fruit of a lifetime of research and reflection, and it deserves serious attention.” — Martin X. Moleski, former Professor, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY, studies of scientific method, the presuppositions of thought, and the self-referential nature of epistemology. ●●●●● “Bartlett has written a book on what might be called the underpinnings of philosophy. It has fascinating depth and breadth, and is all the more striking due to its unifying perspective based on the concepts of reference and self-reference.” – Don Perlis, Professor of Computer Science, University of Maryland, author of numerous publications on self-adjusting autonomous systems and philosophical issues concerning self-reference, mind, and consciousness. ●●●●● ●●●●● The _Critique of Impure Reason: Horizons of Possibility and Meaning_ comprises a major and important contribution to philosophy. Thanks to the generosity of its publisher, this massive 885-page volume has been published as a free open access eBook (3.75MB) as well as an open access printed edition. It inaugurates a revolutionary paradigm shift in philosophical thought by providing compelling and long-sought-for solutions to a wide range of philosophical problems. In the process, the work fundamentally transforms the way in which the concepts of reference, meaning, and possibility are understood. The book includes a Foreword by the celebrated German philosopher and physicist Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. ●●●●● In Kant’s _Critique of Pure Reason_ we find an analysis of the preconditions of experience and of knowledge. In contrast, but yet in parallel, the new _Critique_ focuses upon the ways—unfortunately very widespread and often unselfconsciously habitual—in which many of the concepts that we employ _conflict_ with the very preconditions of meaning and of knowledge. ●●●●● This is a book about the boundaries of frameworks and about the unrecognized conceptual confusions in which we become entangled when we attempt to transgress beyond the limits of the possible and meaningful. We tend either not to recognize or not to accept that we all-too-often attempt to trespass beyond the boundaries of the frameworks that make knowledge possible and the world meaningful. ●●●●● The _Critique of Impure Reason_ proposes a bold, ground-breaking, and startling thesis: that a great many of the major philosophical problems of the past can be solved through the recognition of a viciously deceptive form of thinking to which philosophers as well as non-philosophers commonly fall victim. For the first time, the book advances and justifies the criticism that a substantial number of the questions that have occupied philosophers fall into the category of “impure reason,” violating the very conditions of their possible meaningfulness. ●●●●● The purpose of the study is twofold: first, to enable us to recognize the boundaries of what is referentially forbidden—the limits beyond which reference becomes meaningless—and second, to avoid falling victims to a certain broad class of conceptual confusions that lie at the heart of many major philosophical problems. As a consequence, the boundaries of _possible meaning_ are determined. ●●●●● Bartlett, the author or editor of more than 20 books, is responsible for identifying this widespread and delusion-inducing variety of error, _metalogical projection_. It is a previously unrecognized and insidious form of erroneous thinking that undermines its own possibility of meaning. It comes about as a result of the pervasive human compulsion to seek to transcend the limits of possible reference and meaning. ●●●●● Based on original research and rigorous analysis combined with extensive scholarship, the _Critique of Impure Reason_ develops a self-validating method that makes it possible to recognize, correct, and eliminate this major and pervasive form of fallacious thinking. In so doing, the book provides at last provable and constructive solutions to a wide range of major philosophical problems. ●●●●● CONTENTS AT A GLANCE ▪▪▪▪▪ Preface ▪▪▪▪▪ Foreword by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker ▪▪▪▪▪ Acknowledgments ▪▪▪▪▪ Avant-propos: A philosopher’s rallying call ▪▪▪▪▪ Introduction ▪▪▪▪▪ A note to the reader ▪▪▪▪▪ A note on conventions ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ PART I ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ WHY PHILOSOPHY HAS MADE NO PROGRESS AND HOW IT CAN ▪▪▪▪▪ 1 Philosophical-psychological prelude ▪▪▪▪▪ 2 Putting belief in its place: Its psychology and a needed polemic ▪▪▪▪▪ 3 Turning away from the linguistic turn: From theory of reference to metalogic of reference ▪▪▪▪▪ 4 The stepladder to maximum theoretical generality ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ PART II ▪▪▪▪▪ THE METALOGIC OF REFERENCE ▪▪▪▪▪ A New Approach to Deductive, Transcendental Philosophy ▪▪▪▪▪ 5 Reference, identity, and identification ▪▪▪▪▪ 6 Self-referential argument and the metalogic of reference ▪▪▪▪▪ 7 Possibility theory ▪▪▪▪▪ 8 Presupposition logic, reference, and identification ▪▪▪▪▪ 9 Transcendental argumentation and the metalogic of reference ▪▪▪▪▪ 10 Framework relativity ▪▪▪▪▪ 11 The metalogic of meaning ▪▪▪▪▪ 12 The problem of putative meaning and the logic of meaninglessness ▪▪▪▪▪ 13 Projection ▪▪▪▪▪ 14 Horizons ▪▪▪▪▪ 15 De-projection ▪▪▪▪▪ 16 Self-validation ▪▪▪▪▪ 17 Rationality: Rules of admissibility ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ PART III ▪▪▪▪▪ PHILOSOPHICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE METALOGIC OF REFERENCE ▪▪▪▪▪ Major Problems and Questions of Philosophy and the Philosophy of Science ▪▪▪▪▪ 18 Ontology and the metalogic of reference ▪▪▪▪▪ 19 Discovery or invention in general problem-solving, mathematics, and physics ▪▪▪▪▪ 20 The conceptually unreachable: “The far side” ▪▪▪▪▪ 21 The projections of the external world, things-in-themselves, other minds, realism, and idealism ▪▪▪▪▪ 22 The projections of time, space, and space-time ▪▪▪▪▪ 23 The projections of causality, determinism, and free will ▪▪▪▪▪ 24 Projections of the self and of solipsism ▪▪▪▪▪ 25 Non-relational, agentless reference and referential fields ▪▪▪▪▪ 26 Relativity physics as seen through the lens of the metalogic of reference ▪▪▪▪▪ 27 Quantum theory as seen through the lens of the metalogic of reference ▪▪▪▪▪ 28 Epistemological lessons learned from and applicable to relativity physics and quantum theory ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ PART IV ▪▪▪▪▪ HORIZONS ▪▪▪▪▪ 29 Beyond belief ▪▪▪▪▪ 30 _Critique of Impure Reason_: Its results in retrospect ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ SUPPLEMENT ▪▪▪▪▪ The Formal Structure of the Metalogic of Reference ▪▪▪▪▪ APPENDIX I ▪▪▪▪▪ The Concept of Horizon in the Work of Other Philosophers ▪▪▪▪▪ APPENDIX II ▪▪▪▪▪ Epistemological Intelligence ▪▪▪▪▪ References ▪▪▪▪▪ Index ▪▪▪▪▪ About the author. 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Human creativity generates novel ideas to solve real-world problems. This thereby grants us the power to transform the surrounding world and extend our human attributes beyond what is currently possible. Creative ideas are not just new and unexpected, but are also successful in providing solutions that are useful, efficient and valuable. Thus, creativity optimizes the use of available resources and increases wealth. The origin of human creativity, however, is poorly understood, and semantic measures that could predict the success of generated (...) ideas are currently unknown. Here, we analyze a dataset of design problem-solving conversations in real-world settings by using 49 semantic measures based on WordNet 3.1 and demonstrate that a divergence of semantic similarity, an increased information content, and a decreased polysemy predict the success of generated ideas. The first feedback from clients also enhances information content and leads to a divergence of successful ideas in creative problem solving. These results advance cognitive science by identifying real-world processes in human problem solving that are relevant to the success of produced solutions and provide tools for real-time monitoring of problem solving, student training and skill acquisition. A selected subset of information content (IC Sánchez–Batet) and semantic similarity (Lin/Sánchez–Batet) measures, which are both statistically powerful and computationally fast, could support the development of technologies for computer-assisted enhancements of human creativity or for the implementation of creativity in machines endowed with general artificial intelligence. (shrink)

Complex problem solving (CPS) emerged in the last 30 years in Europe as a new part of the psychology of thinking and problem solving. This paper introduces into the field and provides a personal view. Also, related concepts like macrocognition or operative intelligence will be explained in this context. Two examples for the assessment of CPS, Tailorshop and MicroDYN, are presented to illustrate the concept by means of their measurement devices. Also, the relation of complex cognition (...) and emotion in the CPS context is discussed. The question if CPS requires complex cognition is answered with a tentative “yes.”. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to present an evidence-supported curriculum covering the fundamentals of logic, reasoning, and argumentation skills to address the emphasized basic knowledge, skills, and abilities required to be scientifically literate, which will prepare the public to understand and engage with science meaningfully. An analytic-synthetic approach toward understanding the notion of public is taken using a theoretical biomimetics framework that identifies naturally occurring objects or phenomena that descriptively captures the essence of a construct to facilitate (...) creative problem-solving. In the present case, the problem being solved is how to reconcile what is meant by public, how it ought to be interpreted, determining the diverse levels of confidence in science that exist, and various understandings of science all with one another. The results demonstrate there is an inherent denotative-connotative inconsistency in the traditional notion of public that can be explicated through the concept of a fractal allowing for comprehension of the relationship between public confidence in, and understanding of, science. (shrink)

This article aims to describe the last 10 years of the collaborative scientific endeavors on polarization in particular and collective problem-solving in general by our multidisciplinary research team. We describe the team’s disciplinary composition—social psychology, political science, social philosophy/epistemology, and complex systems science— highlighting the shared and unique skill sets of our group members and how each discipline contributes to studying polarization and collective problem-solving. With an eye to the literature on team dynamics, we describe team (...) logistics and processes that we believe make our multidisciplinary team persistent and productive. We emphasize challenges and difficulties caused by disciplinary differences in terms of terminology, units/levels of analysis, methodology, and theoretical assumptions. We then explain how work disambiguating the concepts of polarization and developing an integrative theoretical and methodological framework with complex systems perspectives has helped us overcome these challenges. We summarize the major findings that our research has produced over the past decade, and describe our current research and future directions. Last, we discuss lessons we have learned, including difficulties in a “three models” project and how we addressed them, with suggestions for effective multidisciplinary team research. (shrink)

Some people believe that critical thinking is not a modern science, but its roots are old and deeply rooted in the history of philosophy. Its roots date back to Aristotle, the inventor of logic and who was called the first teacher by virtue of this invention. Aristotle was impressed by the language of mathematics and wanted to invent a language to logic similar to the language of Mathematics. What encouraged Aristotle to do so is that Math language is quite different (...) from daily life language. For example , when you say one in Mathematics language, what is this one you mean or intend? That is what is one? Is it a specific man or an animal or something abstract or any creature of the creatures of the natural world? The one we are talking about is neither this nor that and you can use it to talk about one human being or one animal or one creature. Therefore, the concept of the one is something abstract and it is so far from the creatures of the exterior world. Geometry has the same case. Triangle, quarter and rectangle as such are mere geometrical shapes and are far away from real life language. But when we use them in our daily life language we give them specific life meanings. -/- As I said, Aristotle was impressed by the language of Mathematics and wanted to build a similar language for logic .The rationale behind this is to get away from the language of ambiguity caused by the use of daily life language .One word or utterance in a language has many usages in one language or when translated into other languages , and therefore it causes many problems in usage instead of simplifying it and this is what Aristotle tried to avoid. Aristotle chose letters instead of words, the letter is part of the word, and the letter is meaningless unless it is a part of the word. The meaning of a letter depends on its occurrence in the word. If you compose a word from a group of letters and use it , it becomes ambiguous because it becomes part of the used language. -/- However, Aristotle did not combine letters in a word but he used them as abstract letters and gave them meanings in the language of logic where there is no divergence about its use. Aristotle used them in syllogism and they mean the limits of reason . Until recently critical thinking was part of formal logic and learning it means that you have logical background or at least you are familiar with the rules and fundamentals of logic. But critical thinking theorists soon took the initiative to separate it from logic because the latter started to suffer from its rules which are difficult to understand and which require some awareness and thoughts on the part of the scholar to understand. Hence , critical thinking is not supposed to possess a background of logic and it adopts a specific questioning approach where it suggests a number of questions the practitioner of critical thinking has to successively answer since he has to make sure that the opinion he reaches does not rely on any subjective considerations. This is how the skills that are acquired on a continuum of related critical questions are established ,this is not to mention that the concept of critical thinking itself is usually defined in this context as the awareness of such kinds of questions and the ability to arouse and answer them at appropriate times. My paper explains, How to be able to implement these skills in high education and what are the benefits of these skills? The paper includes; Critical Thinking and Logic Socrates `s Approach The impact of critical thinking on teaching methods Questioning How questions are organized in the light of critical thinking? Using Critical Thinking in Problem-Solving Use of Non-Oral language in Critical Thinking. (shrink)