The ability to communicate in a specific language like Chinese typically indicates that the speaker understands the language. A counterexample to this belief is John Searle’s Chinese room experiment. It has been shown in this experiment that in certain circumstances we can communicate with a Chinese speaker without intuitively acknowledging that the Chinese language is understood in the conversation. In the present paper, we aim to present another counterexample showing that, in certain circumstances, we can communicate (...) using a specific language by converting its words to those of our natural language, and understand what is expressed using the language without understanding it. Using a specific conversion process introduced in the present paper, symbols and even sounds of a language like the Chinese language lose their original function and act as a tool to express one’s natural language. To better understand this, imagine the English language has another writing or phonological system in addition to its current writing system. (shrink)

Modernity is impregnated by rationality instead of natural reason, technical intelligence, and an ever more vociferous social communication. Seemingly, this interrelationship has absorbed and dissolved the traditional knitting stuff of society, known as its social tie. This image should be incorrect and insufficient. Since about thirty years, the Western world has seen the upcoming of a social mechanism strengthening and curtailing the person, or subject, to leave a portion of his conscient faculties to others, on one side, in order to (...) be rewarded in the social field, on the other side. This is explained by means of recursion to (i) the proper explanation of the energy field, its polarity, (ii) the census/reward mechanism itself, (iii) a critical comparison with the Habermasian discourse theory, and (iv) finally and in the onset an investigation into the Chinese system, in particular the so-called Social Credit System and its circumscription. (shrink)

Shirley Chan and twelve other established scholars prepared fourteen insightful, detailed textual analyses of several of the recovered ancient Chinese manuscripts. The book consists of a Preface, Acknowledgements, fourteen chapters, and a list of contributors. The five chapter titles that begin with Chinese are written in Chinese, with English abstracts. In the Preface Shirley Chan notes the diversity in unity of the essays. The authors use their respective areas of specialization and different disciplinary methods to explicate (...) the philosophical, philological, historical, and literary contents and contexts of the recovered texts. Their unifying focus is "how do these recovered texts shed new light on important works.". (shrink)

This paper is an attempt to describe the rationale behind recent Chinese Political-Legal Reforms. The article proposes an alternate to the “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”.

Space tourism is an emerging field where few people have direct experience. However, considering the potential in the near future, it is beneficial to better understand how related information influences people’s attitudes about this new form of tourism. Employing information-processing-based Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics on a dataset of 361 respondents consuming content related to space tourism on Chinese social media, we found that induced happiness and impression are positively associated with willingness to try space tourism. Information authenticity positively (...) moderates these two associations. Our findings emphasize three aspects of information during the processes of reception and filtering: meaning, intensity, and trust. Since promotional materials for space tourism rely heavily on mental simulations rather than objective feedback, creative uses of digital technology are advantageous. However, precautions must be taken to prevent exploitation, such as false advertising, exaggeration, and emotional manipulation. (shrink)

The letter analyzes the country-specific structural stigma in the modern media development of People’s Republic of China. It raises the issues on unconventional cybersecurity risks in mental & psychological health with a lens of justice in gender & marriage, and critical discourses in the media environment with the Chinese revisionist nationalism. It studied media coercion in relation to the breaches of humanitarian law in the constitutionalism context of PRC, and adopted a critical theory approach to religion with the background (...) of the militarization of religion by the Chinese “United Front”. With the non-identity problem in the totalitarian regime, structural stigma is analyzed with coercion theory and religion in queer gender. Ménage à trois is justified by case specificity in human development and global economy. (shrink)

In this paper, I elucidate the scapegoat construct and its necessary psychological presence within theistic and atheistic variations of the narrative self, as well as the Chinese and Japanese variations of the Buddhist no-self, and enumerate the ritual processes undertaken by these practitioners to create, banish, and sacrifice their respective motifs of applied blame. I attempt to substantiate the inward and outward transcendent manifestations of this construct as the identifying qualities of the Christ figure, and the harmful external manifestations (...) as evidence of the Yahweh figure later in the work. As a sort of Neo-Jungian approach to comparative religion, I guarantee that this work will instantiate significant theoretical value in the mind of the reader, qualified as the transcendent end of my self-sacrifice and banishment of slothfulness necessary for its completion. (shrink)

Aiming at the problems of college students’ lack of in-depth understanding of the connotation of Chinese excellent traditional culture and the urgent need for improvement, this paper takes the construction of the Chinese Excellent Cultural Inheritance and Development Project of Faculty of Chinese Language and Culture of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies as an example, proposes the construction path of the cultural education project in universities, and summarizes the actual effect and experience.

Remarks on method in the history of Chinese philosophy for analytic philosophy.

A rhetoric of refuge and escape is a consistent feature of the world’s great garden traditions. The connections between a desire for escape, need for refuge and disquieting sense that life is no longer what it ought to be gestures to a complex conception of garden appreciation. I explore these connections using Christian, Islamic, and Chinese garden traditions. In them one finds a conception of certain gardens as places of moral refuge from the corruption and failings of the mainstream (...) world. (shrink)

This paper proposes a reinterpretation of the Chinese worldview on equilibrium/nonequilibrium and yin-yang. Important terminologies and concepts that constitute Yijing have correlative aspects with irreversible thermodynamics and quantum reality- instability, nonlinearity, nonequilibrium and temporality. Ilya Prigogine is a Nobel laureate noted for his contribution to dissipative structures and their role in thermodynamic systems far from equilibrium, complexity and irreversibility. His expressions, as argued in this paper, resonate with the principles in Yijing. Thus, this paper attempts to re-state existing interpretations (...) of Yijing’s ideas with reference to science. Understanding Yijing’s terms and concepts must be contextualised to account for its pervasiveness of temporality and the change process. Otherwise, these cardinal concepts may be misconstrued as a hodgepodge of Eastern traditions with no relevance to modern science. This paper concentrates on the fundamental role of indeterminism in nonlinear systems on classical and quantum levels using Yijing’s conceptual framework. It concludes that the dominant ideas in Yijing and ancient Chinese philosophy resonate with the current scientific belief – the end of certainty. Instability, far-from-equilibrium, irreversibility, probability, bifurcation, and self-organisation are intrinsic properties of nature appearing at all levels, from particle, protein folding, and DNA double helix to cosmological scales. Information is the basis of all changes, and the agency of change is the human (‘ren’) with a consciousness existing in the probability space between heaven (‘tian’) and earth (‘di’). Finally, this paper outlines a modelling approach with the self-organising human in the centre between heaven and earth, representing living systems as discrete dynamical systems presented with binary choices (yin-yang). The interplay of yin and yang lines in a hexagram is thought to reflect the changing dynamics of a given situation, and the interpretation of the hexagram is based on the relationships between the yin and yang lines based on informational availability. In this way, the concepts of yin-yang and information causality are central to Yijing's understanding of change and are clarified in this paper. (shrink)

A translation of two untranslated epistolary exchanges of Wang Yangming, which provide a record of how he understood the doctrine of the unity of knowledge and action after 1521.

Draft Chapter for Chinese Philosophy and Its Thinkers: From Ancient Times to the Present Day .

In the quest and search for a physical theory of everything from the macroscopic large body matter to the microscopic elementary particles, with strange and weird concepts springing from quantum physics discovery, irreconcilable positions and inconvenient facts complicated physics – from Newtonian physics to quantum science, the question is- how do we close the gap? Indeed, there is a scientific and mathematical fireworks when the issue of quantum uncertainties and entanglements cannot be explained with classical physics. The Copenhagen interpretation is (...) an expression of few wise men on quantum physics that was largely formulated from 1925 to 1927 namely by Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg. From this point on, there is a divergence of quantum science into the realms of indeterminacy, complementarity and entanglement which are principles expounded in Yijing, an ancient Chinese knowledge constructed on symbols, with a vintage of at least 3 millennia, with broken and unbroken lines to form stacked 6-line structure called the hexagram. It is premised on probability development of the hexagram in a space-time continuum. The discovery of the quantization of action meant that quantum physics could not convincingly explain the principles of classical physics. This paper will draw the great departure from classical physics into the realm of probabilistic realities. The probabilistic nature and reality interpretation had a significant influence on Bohr’s line of thought. Apparently, Bohr realized that speaking of disturbance seemed to indicate that atomic objects were classical particles with definite inherent kinematic and dynamic properties (Hanson, 1959). Disturbances, energy excitation and entanglements are processual evolutionary phases in Yijing. This paper will explore the similarities in quantum physics and the methodological ways where Yijing is pivoted to interpret observable realities involving interactions which are uncontrollable and probabilistic and forms an inseparable unity due to the entanglement, superposition Transgressing disciplinary boundaries in the discussion of Yijing, originally from the Western Zhou period (1000-750 BC), over a period of warring states and the early imperial period (500-200 BC) which was compiled, transcribed and transformed into a cosmological texts with philosophical commentaries known as the “Ten Wings” and closely associated with Confucius (551- 479 BC) with the Copenhagen Interpretation (1925-1927) by the few wise men including Niel Bohr and Werner Heisensberg would seem like a subversive undertaking. Subversive as the interpretations from Yijing is based on wisdom derived from thousands of years from ancient China to recently discovered quantum concepts. The subversive undertaking does seem to violate the sanctuaries of accepted ways in looking at Yijing principles, classical physics and quantum science because of the fortified boundaries that have been erected between Yijing and the sciences. Subversive as this paper may be, it is an attempt to re-cast an ancient framework where indeterminism, complementarity, non-linearity entanglement, superposition and probability interpretation is seen in today quantum’s realities. (shrink)

There is an emerging view according to which countability is not an integral part of the lexical meaning of singular count nouns, but is ‘added on’ or ‘made available’, whether syntactically, semantically or both. This view has been pursued by Borer and Rothstein among others in order to deal with classifier languages such as Chinese as well as challenges to standard views of the mass-count distinction such as object mass nouns such as furniture. I will discuss a range of (...) data, partly from German, that such a grammar-based view of countability receives support when applied to verbs with respect to the event argument position. Verbs themselves fail to specify events as countable in English and related languages; instead countability is made available only by the use of the event classifier time or else particular lexical items, such as frequency expressions, German beides ‘both’, or the nominalizing light noun -thing. The paper will not adopt or elaborate a particular version of the grammar-based view of countability, but rather critically discuss existing versions and present two semantic options of elaborating the view. (shrink)

Simple Mandarin Chinese texts translated into Update with Centering. Notes toward a directly compositional fragment of Mandarin Chinese, combining Categorial Grammar with Update with Centering, to appear in Bittner (in prep.) "Temporality: Universals and Variation".

This is the original English version of a paper that has been published only in Chinese translation. (For the published, Chinese version, see "透視悖論說謊者的幽默指南", in page 37-44 on 拒絕再Hea──真理與意義的追尋) The paper was originally written as a lecture given at the University of Macau in April 2010. The paper argues that humor is essentially a form of paradoxical deception.

Xinxue （The philosophy of mind） founded by ancient Chinese philosopher Wang Yangming of the Ming Dynasty for over 700 years. Its ideas have deeply influenced East Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Korea in the field of social philosophy, and even indirectly promoted Japan's Meiji Restoration movement. At the same time, scholars from all over the world have conducted numerous studies and explorations on it, but overall, there is a lack of systematic exploration and research on it. This (...) article starts with the concept of a system, combines the content of Xinxue and integrates it into a complete, logical, and comprehensive system of Xinxue. (shrink)

Abstract Human by nature are social beings. They tend to connect and relate with one another in spite of the individual differences they possess. As to the famous quote of an English poet John Donne, “No man is an island.” Man should necessarily relate with one another in order to thrive. But bearing in mind the individual differences of human beings, we cannot exclude the possibility of chaos, disorder, and discordance. That is why in a diverse society, man needs a (...) moral guide in order to achieve a harmonious social life. Man needs to resort to ethical views and principles in order to enrich their nature as social beings. Throughout the history of philosophy, there were various ethical views being introduced by different philosophers. One of the great traditions that offered major contribution in the field of ethics was the Chinese or Oriental tradition. The most notable philosopher in Chinese thought was Confucius. In this paper, the researcher will investigate the concept of Virtue in the light of the Confucian Ren, Yi, Li, Zhi, and Xin. These are considered to be the five constant virtues of Confucianism. Ren is the virtue of benevolence and humanity; Yi is that of honesty and uprightness; Zhi is knowledge and wisdom; Xin is faithfulness and integrity; and Li is propriety, good manners, and worship. The researcher will try to discuss each concept in order to have a better outlook on Confucian ethics. These virtues serve as the basis in developing a harmonious society and good government. The main question of this paper is: What is Confucius’ view on the five constant virtues? This paper only limits to the book of Confucius entitled, “The Analects” which is also supplemented by different secondary sources. The first part of this paper will discuss the background of Confucius and the five constant virtues in general. The second part of the paper will be an exposition of the five constant virtues. Then, the third part of the paper will be a brief discussion on the notion of gentleman – the end of the five constant virtues. The last part is the conclusion of the paper. (shrink)

The relationship between Vietnam and China could be captured in the Chinese expression of “同床异梦”, which means lying on the same bed but having different dreams. The two countries share certain cultural and political similarities but also diverge vastly in their national interests. This paper adds to the extant literature on this topic by analyzing the element of trust/mistrust in their interactions in trade-investment, tourism, and defense-security. The analysis shows how the relationship is increasingly interdependent but is equally fragile (...) due to the lack of trust on both sides. The mistrust or even distrust of Chinese subjects run deep within the Vietnamese mindset, from the skepticism of Chinese investment, Chinese tourists, discrimination against ethnic Chinese, to the caution against Chinese aggression in the South China Sea. The paper forecasts that, despite the deep-seated differences and occasional mistrust, going forward, neither side would risk damaging the status quo even when tensions peak. (shrink)

Xinxue （The philosophy of mind） founded by ancient Chinese philosopher Wang Yangming of the Ming Dynasty for over 700 years. Its ideas have deeply influenced East Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Korea in the field of social philosophy, and even indirectly promoted Japan's Meiji Restoration movement. At the same time, scholars from all over the world have conducted numerous studies and explorations on it, but overall, there is a lack of systematic exploration and research on it. This (...) article starts with the concept of a system, combines the content of Xinxue and integrates it into a complete, logical, and comprehensive system of Xinxue. (shrink)

This paper makes two criticisms of the book Key Concepts in Social and Cultural Anthropology, by Nigel Rapport and Joanna Overing. The second criticism is that they do not acknowledge the Argentine author Jorge Luis Borges as the conceiver of the fictional Chinese encyclopaedia. What they say raises the worry that anthropologists have not moved on much from being the handmaiden of colonialism.

The relations between life and cogntion have been addressed through different perspectives [Stewart 1996, Boden 2001, Bourgine and Stewart 2004, van Duijn & all 2006, Di Paolo 2009]. We would like here to address that subject by relating life to cognition through a process of meaning generation. Life emerged on earth as a far from thermodynamic equilibrium performance that had to maintain herself. Life is charactertized by a ‘stay alive’ constraint that has to be satisfied (such constraint can be included (...) in the constraint of being able to maintain far from equilibrium thermodynamic conditions [Bickhard 2011]). The local ‘stay alive‘ constraint has to be satisfied in an environment containing elements potentially supportive or harmfull. A key activity for the living entity is to characterize these elements in terms of meaningfulness relatively to the ‘stay alive’ constraint. This process can be modeled with an existing tool where a system submitted to an internal constraint generates meaningful information characterizing elements of the environment: the Meaning Generator System (MGS) [Menant, 2003, 2014 a]. In a few words: when a system submitted to an internal constraint receives from the environment an information that has a connection with the constraint it generates a meaning usable for the implementation of an action satisfying the constraint.The generated meaning is the connection existing between the received information and the constraint. The MGS models this process and interfaces to the action implementation for constraint satisfaction The meaning is generated by and for the system. The MGS grounds meaning generation in constraint satisfaction and links the living entity to her environment in a relational process. A simple example is with a paramecium close to a drop of acid. The paramecium which is submitted to a ‘stay alive’ constraint will move away from the acid area. The received information ‘presence of acid’ generates the meaning ‘acid not compatible with the ‘stay alive’ constraint‘ which triggers the moving away action (that example is close to Varela’s bacteria swimming up a sugar gradient. What the MGS brings in addition is a modeling of the significance of the chemical gradient for the organism). The action implemented to satisfy the constraint modifies the environment and the received information, establishing an interactive process linking the living entity to her environment. During its evolution animal life has elaborated new constraints (like ‘live group life’) and new functions enriching meaning generation and action scenarios. As a result the build up of meaningful representations has improved the constraint satisfaction processes of animals, embedding them in their environments in relational and interactive terms [Menant, 2011]. Cognition can be defined by proposing that ‘a system is cognitive if and only if sensory inputs serve to trigger actions in a specific way, so as to satisfy a viability constraint’ [Bourgine, Stewart 2004]. Cognition can also be considered as exemplifying a ‘vital criterion of responsiveness’ [Boden, 2001 ]. Consequently the MGS can be positioned as an elementary and generic version of animal cognition. For animal life, meaning generation for internal constraint satisfaction links life and cognition in a relational and interactive process. Cognition for human life is more complex as new performances have to be taken into account like self-consciousness and free-will. Meaning generation at human level is a challenging subject as human constraints are not clearly understood [Menant, 2011]. Many research activities are in process looking for some understanding of human mind [Philpapers]. One area of investigation is an evolutionary approach to self-consciousness using meaning generation where anxiety limitation comes up as a generic human constraint [Menant, 2014 b]. Assuming that we can have clear enough an understanding of some human constraints, we can look at the MGS for partly extending to humans the link between life and cognition that has been established for animals. So overall, we can consider that the MGS approach makes available an evolutionary link between life and cognition for animals, and partly for humans. A characteristic of the proposed system approach to meaning generation is the possibility to use it for any type of agent, be it organic (with intrinsic constraints ) or artificial (with derived constraints). Such characterization of agents through meaning generation can be used to discriminate artificial itelligence from human intelligence (see the MGS usage to support Searle’s chinese room argument [Menant, 2013]). On a more general basis, the proposed system approach can positions the MGS as a simple model for an internal source of normativity. It’s usage as a simple building block allows a bottom-up modeling for normativity in the sensorimotor approach. The ‘stay alive’ constraint could also be taken as a starting point for an evolutionary grounding of sensorimotor norms ‘in the biological normativity of the agent as a whole’ [Di Paolo & all 2014]. The proposed presentation will develop the points summarized here above and position them relatively to the autopoietic and enactive approaches. Several possible continuations will also be highlighted. (shrink)

Hanoi – the capital city of Vietnam and the land of thousand years of civilization – invokes among both locals and tourists the image of the ‘Sword Lake’ with its ancient ‘Turtle Tower’ and the charming Old Quarter with its preserved old houses lying along small commercial alleys. The houses in the Old Quarter were constructed over a century ago which feature tube houses with inclined tile roofs and a blend of French architecture create the infusions of history and memory. (...) Researchers of various fields have attempted to capture and explain the essence of these townhouses in their works, either in the collectibles of many authors, the quintessential drawings of talented painters, or in publications on the history of the Old Quarter. Among these, the recent work by Vuong et al. (2019) adds a unique view of the architectural features of Hanoi’s ancient townhouses as these features are viewed as dependent and independent variables. The study titled ‘Cultural evolution in Vietnam’s early 20th century: A Bayesian network analysis of Hanoi Franco-Chinese house designs’ aims to find traces of cultural evolution in the early 20th century in Vietnam and highlight the most notable elements that affect the Vietnamese people’s perception of cultural evolutions. (shrink)

And not just look; one needs to know where to look as well. In this case: look upwards, on the second floor of the old townhouses, which has not been replaced by showcasing pavilions or modern glass doors. Some houses have been repainted, but the architecture – the form of the story, the shapes, and construction of the balconies, the decorating sculptures – still exudes a century-old familiarity. So it turns out that Phố Phái, though no longer intact, is still (...) present here. (shrink)

INTRODUÇÃO Segundo Pond (1975), os antepassados mais remotos dos suínos remontam há 40 milhões de anos, e parece que seu parente mais distante é o porco-do-cabo (Orycteropus afer), que viveu na região da Etiópia. Este é da ordem dos tubulidentados com focinho e orelhas alongadas, de hábitos noturnos e que se alimenta de insetos e raízes. Embora não exista um consenso unânime ao respeito, estima-se que a domesticação do porco doméstico atual iniciou-se na Europa entre os anos 7.000 e 3.000 (...) a. C., embora investigadores chineses reivindiquem a origem chinesa do porco doméstico atual que havia iniciado na região sul do país entre o ano 10.000 a. C. Aceita-se que a domesticação tenha se realizado de maneira lenta e progressiva e que os primeiros porcos eram pequenos e estavam em rebanhos pouco numerosos. Os porcos atuais pertencem ao gênero Sus e compreendem os porcos asiáticos (Sus vittatus) de tamanho pequeno; os célticos (Sus scrofa) provenientes do javali europeu e os porcos ibéricos (Sus mediterraneaus) de origem africana, de tamanho maior que os anteriores e introduzidos em todas as regiões do sul da Europa. A capacidade de adaptação do porco às diferentes condições climáticas determinou que sua exploração se realize em todos os continentes e em quase todos os países do mundo, com exceção daqueles onde, por razões de ordem cultural e religiosa, a sua exploração é vedada. O seu caráter cosmopolita está relacionado a sua grande capacidade de adaptação aos variados regimes alimentares, já que sua qualidade de onívoro lhes permite transformar diferentes produtos e subprodutos, alimentando-se tanto de recursos vegetais quanto de animais. Pode ser explorado de forma tradicional com recursos limitados ou de forma intensiva, combinando as mais sofisticadas técnicas de manejo relacionado à alimentação, sanidade, reprodução, transformação e comercialização. POPULAÇÃO MUNDIAL DE SUÍNOS DE RAÇAS LOCAIS Não existem estatísticas diferenciadas para a população mundial de suínos de raças locais. A Organização das Nações Unidas para a Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO), estima que a população mundial de suínos em 2018 foi de 781,3 milhões de cabeças, que compreendem 460 milhões de cabeças na Ásia, 155 milhões na União Europeia, 75 milhões na América do Norte, 70 milhões na América Central e do Sul e 21 milhões de cabeças na África e Oceania. Observe o anexo e o gráfico: Figura 1: População mundial de suínos de produção industrial em 2018. Fonte: FAO, 2019. -/- G 1: Efetivo suíno mundial em 2018. FAO, 2019. G 2: 11 maiores países criadores de suínos em 2018. FAO, 2019. A elevada população de suínos no continente asiático é um indicador da importância que estes animais têm na alimentação dos habitantes dessa região. Na China, que possui o maior efetivo suíno do mundo, 440 milhões (FAO, 2019), os porcos estão geralmente incorporados sob sistemas integrados com a agricultura. O mesmo ocorre no Vietnã, onde a maior parte dos milhões de cabeças também estão em sistemas tradicionais de produção. Sobressaem, em importância, as raças Mong Cai, Thouc Nhieu e Ba Xuyen ambas com milhares e até milhões de exemplares cada uma. Na Indonésia, dados desatualizados obtidos por Aritonang et. al. 1993, a população de suínos chegou a 8,6 milhões de cabeças, e que esses porcos locais representavam mais de 95% da população de distritos como Deli Serdang, North Tapanuli e Nias em Sumatra. As raças asiáticas, com as suas múltiplas características, foram objeto, nos respectivos países, de programas especiais para melhorar a sua produção. Outros países, principalmente a França e os Estados Unidos da América, iniciaram estudos sobre as raças asiáticas com o propósito de aproveitar alguns fatores genéticos próprios destas, como a alta fertilidade. Na Europa, países como Portugal e Espanha, tentaram conservar alguns genótipos de raças locais. Segundo dados do Anuário Estatístico do Ministério da Agricultura (1985), citado por Paz Saez e Hernández Crespo (Sf.), a Espanha tinha em 1996 uma população suína local estimada em 1,5 milhões de cabeças das raças ibérica, celta, morcego e suas cruzes. As referências relativas à presença de suínos locais são escassas na África. Sarniguet, citado por D’Orgeval Dubouchet (1997), dava conta que em 1985 existiam apenas 564 porcos exóticos, o que põe em evidência a importância do rebanho local. No Burkina Faso (Kabore, 1996), a exploração de suínos ocupa o quarto lugar entre as explorações animais e, em 1994, contava com uma população de 552,3 mil cabeças, sendo ao dizer da autora, «a raça local de maior presença». Tal como noutros países, a informação é genérica e a maioria dos autores sustenta que os suínos locais apresentam uma grande variedade e que se distinguem em três tipos: pequenos, grandes e pesados. Os genótipos são de grande rusticidade e de baixa produtividade, mas de boa adaptação às mais variadas formas de manejo e sistemas de alimentação. A América Latina, conta com uma população significativa de porcos locais, provenientes dos porcos introduzidos por Colombo, em sua segunda viagem ao Novo Continente em 1493, e de outros que foram introduzidos posteriormente à medida que se generalizou a conquista do continente. Infelizmente, não existem dados precisos sobre a população de suínos locais em cada um dos países e os dados oficiais generalizam, quando sustentam que estas populações são «maioritárias». Na Colômbia, um trabalho realizado por C. Espinosa (comunicação pessoal em 1997) indica que o porco local, conhecido como crioulo ou "zungo" provém dos porcos ibéricos conhecidos como lisos ou pelados e que estes localizaram-se inicialmente no departamento de Córdoba e depois no resto do país. Demonstra que os suínos locais estão a desaparecer rapidamente em consequência da introdução de "raças modernas". No entanto, não se quantifica o seu número e sustenta-se que, até há algumas décadas, constituíam a maioria dos animais explorados pelos camponeses das regiões afastadas. Na Bolívia, Amurrio (1996) indica que, segundo o Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas, a população suína total era de 2,2 milhões de cabeças, que forneceram 25% da carne consumida. Embora não precise da população local, considera-se que este genótipo «é menor do que no passado» e que os animais que se encontram com maior frequência provém de cruzamentos com raças importadas. No Equador, os trabalhos realizados por Alvarado e Gómez (1982) e por Molina (1988-1995), põem em evidência que os rebanhos locais estão compostos em 50% dos casos por 1-4 mães e que contribuem com 25% da produção nacional de carne e com 30% da gordura. Iaso indica a sua importância na alimentação. Em um trabalho realizado por Benítez (1995), descobriu-se que no país existiam 2,1 milhões de suínos explorados no sistema tradicional, e que desta população tão somente de 3 a 5%, segundo a região, eram animais provenientes das raças ibéricas. Na zona central e no sul do país encontram-se genótipos provenientes dos suínos ibéricos conhecidos como «runas», «jungas» ou «crioulos». A população de suínos tende a aumentar em quase todos os países da América Latina como resultado dos cruzamentos entre as populações de raças ibéricas e as raças modernas. No Equador, há uma população de porcos de 2,7 milhões de cabeças (FAO, 2000). O Banco Central do Equador, no Boletim Anuário 19 (1997), assinala que em 1996 existiam 2,7 milhões de suínos e que produziram 36 mil toneladas de carne. Quanto ao Brasil, a deficiência de dados acerca do plantel de suínos locais é resultado das grandes críticas relativas aos sistemas de produção tradicionais e integrados. No entanto, dados obtidos pela FAO revelam que o efetivo total de suínos em 2018 foi de 38,8 milhões de cabeças, fazendo do país o quarto maior criador e produtor de suínos do mundo, gerando movimentação de toda cadeia produtiva de R$ 150 bilhões de reais, um produto bruto de R$ 62 bilhões de reais e 1,1 milhões de empregos diretos e indiretos (ABCS, 2016). É indiscutível que, pelas suas características zootécnicas e por terem sido explorados de maneira tradicional, sem investimentos maiores de tempo, recursos e tecnologia, os suínos locais não foram objeto de muitos estudos que permitam conhecer o seu verdadeiro potencial genético e a sua capacidade produtiva. -/- IMPORTÂNCIA DOS SISTEMAS DE PRODUÇÃO INTEGRADOS Desde os primórdios da civilização, o homem tem tentado obter alimentos suficientes. Infelizmente, em muitos países, por variadas razões, ainda há muita gente mal alimentada e que sofre com a fome. No início do século XXI, a subordinação afetou 800 milhões de habitantes e mais de 100 milhões têm uma alimentação desequilibrada (FAO, 1995). Enquanto, nos países industrializados, os excedentes produtivos tornam-se elementos desestabilizadores da economia e dão lugar à especulação. Geralmente, os animais, principalmente os monogástricos, são considerados como concorrentes do homem por recursos alimentares. Esquece-se que são também importantes transformadores de produtos e subprodutos não comestíveis diretamente pelos seres humanos e que uma adequada e racional exploração deles pode realizar-se a complementação das necessidades alimentares das populações. Os sistemas produtivos compreendem uma série de elementos que interagem com a finalidade de aumentar a produção. Os sistemas pecuários integram um território, as forragens e outros alimentos, as práticas, os rebanhos, as instalações, os recursos financeiros e a comercialização. Diversas espécies animais que coexistem na mesma exploração constituem subsistemas (Gibon, 1981). Os sistemas integrados de produção permitem a participação de diferentes espécies domésticas, incluindo os suínos. Sua capacidade de transformação digestiva assegura a eliminação, segundo Ensminger (1976), de até 36 toneladas de excrementos para cada 1.000 kg de peso vivo por ano, isto é, 3.600 kg anuais de excremento por animal de 100 kg. Por exemplo, um animal de 45 kg, peso aproximado dos porcos locais, elimina diariamente 3,5 kg entre fezes e urina, conforme Jensen (1974). Estes resíduos são de grande utilidade para manter a fertilidade dos solos, bem como para servir de alimento a espécies com grande poder de transformação como os peixes (Little e Edwars, 2001) e palmípedes, além de servir para o mercado de produção de gás através dos biodigestores. Nos sistemas tradicionais, a sua utilização adequada permitiu a exploração de sistemas integrados com várias espécies de peixes como a tilápia (Tilapia spp.), carpas (Cyprinus spp.) e peixes-gato (Clarias spp.). Segundo Holmess (1991), entre cinquenta e sessenta suínos produzem suficientes efluentes para satisfazer as necessidades alimentares de 20 mil a 50 mil peixes por hectare, com uma produção anual de 3,5 a 5,0 ton./ha/ano de peixes. Em algumas explorações, em particular nos países asiáticos, os suínos desempenham um papel importante nos sistemas integrados. Além de transformar produtos e subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais, suas excreções recicladas para a agricultura são utilizadas para gerar biogás em biodigestores (FAO). A energia produzida por este meio, satisfaz as necessidades das famílias tanto para a preparação de alimentos, usos artesanais e até mesmo aquecimento de moradias. Holnees (1991), sustenta que sete porcos são suficientes para produzir o biogás necessário como combustível para uma família de cinco membros. A necessidade de aprofundar-se em estudos relacionados com a integração de sistemas, é mais evidente se tiver em conta que os sistemas intensivos requerem um elevado investimento econômico e tecnológico, e que muitas vezes originam uma grande contaminação. Chirgwin et. al. (1997) expressam que no balanço de «eficiência» esses fatores se mostram pouco rentáveis, se considerar a «energia consumida em insumos e serviços requerida para gerar o produto». As experiências acumuladas nos países asiáticos (FAO), e em alguns outros países da África e da América Latina, mostram que os sistemas integrados de produção estão mais próximos de cumprir com os postulados universais de produzir para garantir um adequado nível nutricional da população, através da utilização de tecnologias que não alteram nem deterioram o ambiente. Não há dúvida de que ainda são necessários grandes esforços como o empreendido pela FAO, que permita a combinação de tecnologias, de programas sanitários, de produção e de marketing. A abordagem holística deve constituir a base de futuros programas para uma adequada utilização da energia para converter o porco, e outros animais, em transformadores de produtos e subprodutos com rendimento para a população humana. CONCENTRADORES DE NUTRIENTES A conformação gástrica do porco, em particular a estrutura anatômica do seu intestino e a sua qualidade de onívoro, permite-lhe consumir todos os tipos de alimentos. Dotado de um estômago com uma capacidade de armazenamento de 6 kg (para um porco de 100 kg), dispõe de um intestino delgado que pode atingir até 14 vezes o comprimento do corpo do animal e de um fígado volumoso que permite um adequado metabolismo, garantindo uma grande capacidade de transformação dos alimentos e de assimilação. Proporcionalmente, tem um intestino equivalente ao dobro do de um homem adulto (Serres, 1973). No porco, a baixa transformação do azoto inorgânico é compensada pela disponibilidade de uma variada e rica microflora intestinal, localizada ao longo do intestino, o que lhe permite uma excelente utilização de amidos e de gorduras, provenientes de cereais e leguminosas. Os porcos nos sistemas tradicionais, na maioria das vezes, recebem uma alimentação desequilibrada. No entanto, a sua rusticidade e o seu instinto de sobrevivência permitem-lhes encontrar uma dieta que assegure, além de sua mantença, a sua reprodução e produção, fornecendo energia e proteínas à dieta humana. Esta grande capacidade transformadora de alimentos é o que permitiu ao porco, de maneira ancestral e às novas raças, a integração nos sistemas industriais com grandes benefícios econômicos, como consequência da melhoria das taxas de conversão alimentar. SUÍNOS LOCAIS E A ECONOMIA RURAL A economia dos camponeses, em particular dos países em desenvolvimento, é majoritariamente rural, com disponibilidade de pequenas parcelas e onde os cultivos e as espécies animais exploradas são adaptadas às mais variadas condições climáticas. Nestas unidades de produção, a tecnologia utilizada é ancestral, os ciclos produtivos são regidos pelo costume, os calendários astrais de suas respectivas culturas e condicionados às condições climáticas. A tecnologia utilizada não foi inovada senão de uma forma muito parcial. Não são efetuados investimentos em fatores de produção externos e, muitas vezes, grande parte das colheitas perdem-se durante o armazenamento. Em muitos casos, apesar da grande variedade de culturas por parcela (CATER, 1982), a produtividade é baixa e apenas satisfaz as necessidades familiares com escassos remanescentes para ao câmbio ou «troca» e com uma quase nula disponibilidade de excedentes para a comercialização (Benitez et. al., 1987). A pecuária, nestas unidades de produção, caracteriza-se pela diversidade de espécies, entre as quais predominam os animais menores: porcos, cabras, galinhas, patos, e espécies autóctones, como os cuyes e camelídeos nos países andinos (Benitez, 1987), roedores como a capivara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) nos países amazônicos e pequenos ruminantes e roedores nos países africanos (Malaisse In. CIUF, 1987). Neste contexto, os suínos, alimentados com produtos e subprodutos provenientes da propriedade, com desperdícios de cozinha e de restaurantes, com resíduos de plantações industriais, de fábricas e mesmo das lixeiras das pequenas e grandes cidades, constituem-se na esperança econômica das populações de baixos rendimentos que assentam sua economia na possibilidade de economizar por este mecanismo (Benitez, 1995). Com o propósito de dispor de recursos para satisfazer urgentes necessidades derivadas de suas atividades religiosas, sociais e culturais, os moradores contam com pequenos rebanhos de animais de 1 a 4 matrizes (Alvarado e Gómez, 1982; Benitez, 1995), ou pequenos rebanhos de 2,5 animais em média (Proaño e Chávez, 1998), que são alimentados com os recursos alimentares locais. Quando os excedentes são suficientes, os pequenos produtores mantêm um ou mais animais para engorda, mas a grande maioria das crias é destinada à venda. Os suínos destinados a criação ou engorda são uma fonte de poupança para a família. As fêmeas em gestação, como os animais de acabamento, quando alimentados com milho ou com produtos regionais: banana, tubérculos, cana e outros produtos geralmente pobres em proteínas, tentam satisfazer as suas necessidades nutricionais escavando a terra em busca de raízes, insetos e pequenos animais ricos em proteínas. Os animais entram em engorda quando deixam de ser utilizados como reprodutores e os machos são, geralmente castrados. O ciclo de engorda ou de acabamento pode durar entre dois e quatro meses, dependendo da disponibilidade de alimentos, depois são destinados à venda em feiras ou na unidade de produção até onde chegam os intermediários e compradores. A vida média destes animais ultrapassa largamente um ano de idade e pode chegar aos sete e nove anos, como no caso dos reprodutores que são engordados quando terminam o seu ciclo reprodutivo. Em todo o caso, a poupança, a disponibilidade de gordura e de proteínas são a contribuição substancial para uma família de escassos recursos. ZOONOSES E ANTROPOZOONOSES Embora uma grande variedade de doenças parasitárias, bacterianas, virais, micóticas e até nutricionais possam afetar os porcos, sua curta vida produtiva faz com que estas tenham uma mínima expressão nos ciclos produtivos, principalmente quando são prestados os cuidados necessários. Está provado que os suínos, e outros animais explorados extensivamente, não são atacados por doenças infectocontagiosas como acontece nas explorações intensivas com densidades elevadas. No entanto, estas doenças podem existir, como foi o caso dos suínos ibéricos que sofreram da Peste Suína Africana com graves perdas nos rebanhos e na economia dos produtores. Somente um trabalho organizado e grandes investimentos do Estado permitiram sua erradicação e declarar a Espanha livre dela em 1995. No entanto, existem algumas doenças zoonóticas que merecem a atenção dos criadores para evitar o contágio, entre as quais destaco: 1. Enfermidades bacterianas Tuberculose: Tem como agente etiológico no homem o Mycobacterium tuberculosis, entretanto, algumas outras espécies como M. bovis, M. avium, M. intracelular e M. tuberculose, podem atacar o porco. M. bovis é a causa de até 90% da doença em suínos, produzindo lesões hiperplásicas a nível intestinal, inflamação na região orofaríngea e nos gânglios submaxilares. O contágio ocorre geralmente em contato com pessoas ou bovinos doentes, através de alimentos para animais, de resíduos alimentares de leitaria, de cozinha, de hospitais e de outros produtos contaminados. A vacinação nas áreas endêmicas reduziu a incidência desta doença. Brucelose: É uma doença generalizada em todo o mundo, causada pelas bactérias do gênero Brucella, do qual se conhecem seis espécies e múltiplos biotipos, sendo as mais difundidas: B. abortus, B. melitensis e B. suis, na sua ordem. Os suínos são atacados pela B. suis, principalmente, mas as outras espécies de brucelas podem também produzir a doença. Os animais são infectados no coito. Os sintomas são abortos e baixa fertilidade do rebanho. Os casos de artrite e a presença de nodulações, também podem ser indicadores da doença. Um reconhecimento atempado da doença e o destino adequado dos animais doentes pode evitar a presença de portadores e o contágio. 2 Enfermidades virais Febre aftosa: É uma doença que ataca o porco na sua qualidade de animal biungulado, produzida pelos vírus do genoma ARN, gênero Aphtovirus, com sete tipos: A, O, C; SAT1, SAT2, SAT3 e Ásia 1, facilmente modificáveis. Em todo o mundo, existem áreas que se livraram da doença com a vacinação, controles migratórios e abate de animais, principalmente. Entretanto, uma grande superfície do planeta fica sob observação permanente. A presença de vesículas na cavidade bucal, inflamação ou perda dos cascos e dificuldade ao caminhar, põem em evidência a doença. A introdução de animais contaminados e de produtos à base de carne pode acelerar a disseminação da doença, ao passo que a vacinação da maioria dos animais com a estirpe adequada evita as epizootias. 3. Enfermidades parasitárias Cisticercose: É uma parasitose associada às condições higiênicas e à pobreza, encontra-se em todos os países onde o porco é explorado de maneira tradicional. Os animais são infestados pelo consumo de excrementos de seres humanos contendo os embriões hexacantos da Taenia solium. Estes embriões, também conhecidos como óvulos, ao penetrar no intestino passam por via sanguínea aos diferentes músculos onde continuam seu desenvolvimento embrionário para logo se transformarem em cisticercos. A parasitose é assintomática nos porcos, mas podem-se palpar ou observar nodulações, in vivo, na língua do animal e em algumas ocasiões na pálpebra interna, enquanto que a inspeção, post morten, podem ser observados cisticercos na língua, coração, diafragma, masseteres, glúteos, dorsais e músculo psoas, principalmente. As pessoas adquirem a tênia consumindo carne parasitada na qual os cisticercos estão vivos. A teníase é a causa da terrível parasitose humana, conhecida como neurocisticercose, que é estabelecida como resultado do alojamento de cistos no cérebro humano, derme, epiderme e região ocular. Pode causar graves transtornos patológicos no homem e inclusive a morte. O portador de T. solium se converte no transmissor da neurocisticercose já que as proglotis da tênia adulta, que são expulsos em número de 3 a 7 diariamente, contêm entre 40 e 60 mil filhotes, que, por contato ou contágio de alimentos, podem ser transmitidos às pessoas. Em muitos casos, o fecalismo ao ar livre, ou próximo das vertentes de água, pode causar contaminação de porcos coprofágicos e das culturas, principalmente hortaliças ou outras de sistema radicular e caule curto. Triquinose: A triquinose do porco é produzida por um nematódeo conhecido como Trichinella spiralis. As pessoas são infestadas com carne de porco que contém larvas de triquina. As larvas entram no intestino onde amadurecem rapidamente e se reproduzem para depois, por meio dos vasos linfáticos, chegar aos músculos estriados onde se encapsulam. As larvas alojadas nos músculos lisos geralmente morrem. Os suínos são contaminados pelo consumo de resíduos de alimentos à base de carne contendo triquinas. A emaciação e a dor muscular das extremidades posteriores servem para dificultar o diagnóstico. Segundo Acha e Szyfres (1986), um porco de 100 kg parasitado pode infestar 360 pessoas. Estes autores também sustentam que a parasitose tende a desaparecer no mundo, sendo sua incidência, em muitos países europeus, inferior a 0,1%, e que em países como Brasil, Paraguai, Colômbia, Venezuela e Equador não se detectou esta parasitose. No caso equatoriano, os trabalhos realizados por Ayabaca e Vizuete (1997) confirmam a inexistência da doença no país. CONCLUSÃO A criação de suínos é de extrema importância para o mundo agropecuário. Seja nas criações de pequenos produtores, ou mesmo de grandes produtores, os suínos têm papel importante na obtenção de proteína para a alimentação humana, de emprego para milhões de pessoas, de renda, de produtos diversos, de gordura, de biogás etc. O sistema consorciado da criação de suínos com o meio agrícola é uma criação majoritária e presente em todos os países. Os suínos beneficiam o solo com suas excretas; o homem, por meio delas obtém o biogás necessário para produção de energia, de aquecimento etc. Milhões de camponeses criadores de suínos consorciados com outras culturas animais e vegetais, demonstram a eficiência da modalidade para o mundo contemporâneo e que podem, em muitos casos, obter renda necessária para sustento de suas famílias e da comunidade local. Todavia, vale salientar que os suínos tradicionais são resistentes à inúmeros agentes patogênicos, porém além de serem resistentes, a falta de higiene e profilaxia, além da medicina preventiva, podem ser cruciais para a disseminação da doença e morte total do plantel de animais. Os suínos produzem carne, produzem renda, produzem emprego, produzem a comunhão local, os suínos são animais peculiares, transformadores e contemporâneos. Pense, crie, recrie! (shrink)

A very basic introduction meant for Chinese lay people, who only have a background in the official historic-materialist worldview. -/- A version in Chinese is available as 基础哲学 ― 概论, philpapers rec DUR-4.

The paper outlines an analysis of two types of information - ordinary and subjective, consideration is given to the difference between the concepts of intelligence and perceiving mind. It also provides description of some logical functional features of consciousness. A technical approach is proposed to technical obtaining of subjective information by changing the signal’s time degree of freedom to the spatial one in order to obtain the "observer" function in the system and information signals appearing in relation to it, that (...) serve as subjective sensations. The solution to this problem may give a new approach to designing a strong artificial intelligence and shed light on the difficult problem of the mind. (shrink)

Professor Ziporyn introduces the sophisticated philosophy of the Chinese Tiantai school of Buddhism, a Chinese Mahayana Buddhist school based on an idiosyncratic and innovative interpretation of the "Lotus Sutra". This is a deep dive into the Mahayana philosophy of dependent origination and emptiness which brings along with it Chinese sensibilities and innovations such as the Center, zhong 中, adding a third truth to the two truths doctrine of Madhyamaka Buddhism. Full book title: "Emptiness and Omnipresence: An Essential (...) Introduction to Tiantai Buddhism". (shrink)

The first contribution, by Mercedes Valmisa, begins by repositioning the Zhuangzi 莊子 as a whole within pre-Qin thought under the impact of newly excavated materials. Moving away from the traditional classification of texts according to schools, it focuses instead on varying approaches to life issues. Centering the discussion on life situations and changes we have no control over, including the unpredictable vagaries of fate (ming 命), it outlines several typical responses. One is adaptation, finding ways to go along with what (...) life demands, and even availing oneself of the new opportunities it brings about. Another is a turning inward, a focus on the inner self, holding on to ethical and other standards and making sure on does the right thing regardless of the outcomes of one's actions. While the former appears in several chapters of the Zhuangzi, notably in chapter 6, the latter is central to the Qiongda yishi 窮達以時 (Failure and Success Depend on Opportunity), a manuscript excavated at Guodian. However tempting it may be to characterize one approach as Daoist and the other as Confucian, they both appear within the Zhuangzi together with a third approach to fate, showing the fluidity of philosophical discussion and the futility of thinking along the lines of traditional boundaries. (shrink)

In the Dunhuang manuscript IOL Tib J 709, which is a collection of writings concerning meditation, we come across a short text attributed to a Tibetan master called Byaṅ-cub-klu-dbaṅ (allegedly eighth-ninth centuries CE). In his work, Byaṅ-cub-klu-dbaṅ exposes a method of meditation that seems to be strongly indebted to Indian Mahāyāna scriptural sources. Besides, also a Chinese Chan influence is here detectable. Therefore, the method of meditation taught by Byaṅ-cub-klu-dbaṅ seems to represent a commingling of different elements from different (...) contexts. After a general introduction to the manuscript IOL Tib J 709, this study focuses on Byaṅ-cub-klu-dbaṅ’s text, discussing and analysing the following topics: its author and date, the Indian Mahāyāna possible sources, Chinese Chan elements, the meditational path described. An annotated translation of the text, along with its transliteration and the reproduction of the fac-simile of the corresponding portion of the manuscript, concludes the study. (shrink)

Environmental activism is crucial for raising public awareness and support toward addressing the climate crisis. However, using climate change mitigation as the cause for blockage, vandalism, and harassment activities might be counterproductive and risk causing negative repercussions and declining public support. The paper describes a dataset of metadata of 89 blockage, vandalism, and harassment events happening in recent years. The dataset comprises three main categories: 1) Events, 2) Activists, and 3) Consequences. For researchers interested in environmental activism, climate change, and (...) sustainability, the dataset is helpful in studying the effectiveness and appropriateness of strategies to raise public awareness and support. For researchers in the field of security studies and green criminology, the dataset offers resources to study features and impacts of blockage, vandalism, and harassment events. The Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics was employed to validate the dataset. Consequently, the estimated result aligns with the Mindsponge Theory’s theoretical reasoning. (shrink)

Algorithms wield increasing control over our lives—over which jobs we get, whether we're granted loans, what information we're exposed to online, and so on. Algorithms can, and often do, wield their power in a biased way, and much work has been devoted to algorithmic bias. In contrast, algorithmic neutrality has gone largely neglected. I investigate three questions about algorithmic neutrality: What is it? Is it possible? And when we have it in mind, what can we learn about algorithmic bias?

As the world’s population grows and urbanization continues, the global waste crisis is becoming more severe, especially in developing countries. Without proper waste management, they may encounter various environmental and health risks. Biological technologies are regarded as promising waste management and recycling approaches in developing countries due to their cost-effectiveness and capability to handle diverse waste categories. One prominent technology in this aspect is the vermicomposting of organic waste utilizing the black soldier fly larvae. Nevertheless, significant financial resources are still (...) necessary to advance and expand biological waste treatment, which requires the participation of businesses. By examining waste management companies listed on the Vietnamese stock market, we highlight two challenges that hinder the adoption and scaling of the waste treatment system using black soldier flies and potentially other biological technologies in Vietnam. Specifically, the business regards the environmental services they offer primarily as a means to generate profit rather than as a genuine commitment to environmental preservation, and the values of companies operating in the environmental sector, particularly in waste management, have been significantly undervalued by the Vietnamese investing public. Therefore, we advocate for societal shifts toward the eco-surplus culture and apply the semiconducting principle of monetary and environmental values exchange to address the problem. (shrink)

Climate change, primarily driven by human activities, is becoming one of the most urgent global challenges of our time. Despite lingering doubts about climate change in some research documents, strong consensus within the scientific community still affirms that global surface temperatures have risen in recent decades. Over the past decade, significant efforts have been made by humans to address the climate change crisis, resulting in certain impacts in combating climate change and raising awareness about its consequences. However, the question remains: (...) Are we heading in the right direction to effectively address this crisis, or do we need to reconsider our approach? This essay will examine some of major achievements in the fight against climate change, the increasing awareness of its impacts, the escalating severity of the climate crisis, and whether our actions are on the right track or require reevaluation. (shrink)

Abstract: This paper argues that a central explanatory role for the concept of Umwelt in theoretical biology is to be found in developmental biology, in particular in the effort to understand development as a goal-directed and adaptive process that is controlled by the organism itself. I will reach this conclusion in two (interrelated) ways. The first is purely theoretical and relates to the current scenario in the philosophy of biology. Challenging neo-Darwinism requires a new understanding of the various components involved (...) in natural selection processes. An important prerequisite for the explanation is the ability to understand development in a teleological way. Here, the concept of Umwelt plays a crucial role: if organisms are responsible for generating adaptive variation in specific environments, we need a theory that explains the context-dependent nature of adaptively oriented processes. The Umwelt is thus a central element in determining the goal that an adaptive process pursues. The second path in my analysis also has a historical dimension. I will present Karl Ernst von Baer’s reflections on teleological development and his influence on von Uexküll's thinking. I will present various ideas developed by von Baer, such as the distinction between Ziel and Zweck and the use of musical metaphors, which can help to understand development teleologically and give von Uexküll’s theory a central place in this framework. (shrink)

The Newman problem is a fundamental problem that threatens to undermine structural assumptions and structural theories throughout philosophy and science. Here, we consider the problem in the context of consciousness science. We introduce and discuss the problem, and explain why it is detrimental not only to structuralist assumptions, but also to theories of consciousness, if left unconsidered. However, we show that if phenomenal spaces, and mathematical structures of conscious experience more generally, are understood in the right way, the Newman problem (...) does not arise. The upshot of our paper is that consciousness science needs to be careful in which definition of structure to consider, but if it is, the Newman problem disappears. (shrink)

Person-affecting views in population ethics state that (in cases where all else is equal) we’re permitted but not required to create people who would enjoy good lives. In this paper, I present an argument against every possible variety of person-affecting view. The argument takes the form of a dilemma. Narrow person-affecting views must embrace at least one of three implausible verdicts in a case that I call ‘Expanded Non-Identity.’ Wide person-affecting views run into trouble in a case that I call (...) ‘Two-Shot Non-Identity.’ One plausible practical upshot of my argument is as follows: we individuals and our governments should be doing more to reduce the risk of human extinction this century. (shrink)

It is often assumed that concepts from the formal sciences, such as mathematics and logic, have to be treated differently from concepts from non-formal sciences. This is especially relevant in cases of concept defectiveness, as in the empirical sciences defectiveness is an essential component of lager disruptive or transformative processes such as concept change or concept fragmentation. However, it is still unclear what role defectiveness plays for concepts in the formal sciences. On the one hand, a common view sees formal (...) concepts to be protected against defects because of their precise and stable nature. On the other, studies going back as far as Lakatos (1963) showcase the changeability of such concepts. -/- In this paper, I will investigate if and how defectiveness based on the occurrence of inconsistencies can appear with formal concepts. To make the case as strong as possible, I employ a strict notion of formal concept that assumes the concept to have a fixed and definite extension. I will show that there are indeed certain types of defectiveness that cannot occur with such concepts; but that there are other types of defectiveness that do occur. This means that while formal concepts have to be treated differently than non-formal concepts, questions about defectiveness---as raised in the conceptual engineering debate and philosophy of science---can still be applied to them. I will highlight this point by showing how formal sciences have special strategies available to them that allow them to resolve defectiveness of their concepts in a flexible and informative manner. (shrink)

Do the ethical features of an artwork bear on its aesthetic value? This movie endorses misogyny, that song is a civil rights anthem, the clay constituting this statue was extracted with underpaid labor—are facts like these the proper bases for aesthetic evaluation? I argue that this debate has suffered from a false presupposition: that if the answer is yes (for at least some such ethical features), such considerations feature as pro tanto contributions to an artwork's overall aesthetic value, i.e., as (...) merits or flaws which make something have more or less overall aesthetic value. As the case of ethically laden, aesthetic evaluation makes clear, however, good aesthetic judgement is irreducibly multi-dimensional, e.g., "the movie has an engaging soundtrack, tasteful camera work, and takes a misogynistically prurient perspective on its female lead.'' Such a "non-summative" judgement refuses to reduce those various dimensions of aesthetic value to a single aggregate aesthetic evaluation, like "it's a 6/10" or "it's a pretty good movie!" I defend both the modest claim that such non-summative evaluations are not mistaken and the extremist claim that summative (i.e., unidimensional) aesthetic evaluation is defective by considering other domains of normative assessment in which summing seems inappropriate, notably including evaluations of people's character. (shrink)

Many researchers and intellectuals warn about extreme risks from artificial intelligence. However, these warnings typically came without systematic arguments in support. This paper provides an argument that AI will lead to the permanent disempowerment of humanity, e.g. human extinction, by 2100. It rests on four substantive premises which it motivates and defends: first, the speed of advances in AI capability, as well as the capability level current systems have already reached, suggest that it is practically possible to build AI systems (...) capable of disempowering humanity by 2100. Second, due to incentives and coordination problems, if it is possible to build such AI, it will be built. Third, since it appears to be a hard technical problem to build AI which is aligned with the goals of its designers, and many actors might build powerful AI, misaligned powerful AI will be built. Fourth, because disempowering humanity is useful for a large range of misaligned goals, such AI will try to disempower humanity. If AI is capable of disempowering humanity and tries to disempower humanity by 2100, then humanity will be disempowered by 2100. This conclusion has immense moral and prudential significance. (shrink)

Este capítulo es una guía para conocer los elementos básicos de la fundamentación metafísica. Ofrece una revisión accesible de sus características y usos, comparando este concepto con otras formas de dependencia que se pueden encontrar en la literatura. Enfatiza dos roles teóricos centrales que la fundamentación supuestamente juega en la teorización filosófica: (i) dar cuenta de una forma distintiva de determinación no causal y (ii) entender mejor la estructura jerárquica de la realidad. El capítulo apunta a persuadir a las lectoras (...) de la utilidad de la fundamentación discutiendo cómo pueden mitigarse algunas objeciones dirigidas a esos roles. (shrink)

The article argues that AI can enhance the measurement and implementation of democratic processes within political parties, known as Intra-Party Democracy (IPD). It identifies the limitations of traditional methods for measuring IPD, which often rely on formal parameters, self-reported data, and tools like surveys. Such limitations lead to the collection of partial data, rare updates, and significant demands on resources. To address these issues, the article suggests that specific data management and Machine Learning (ML) techniques, such as natural language processing (...) and sentiment analysis, can improve the measurement (ML about) and practice (ML for) of IPD. The article concludes by considering some of the principal risks of ML for IPD, including concerns over data privacy, the potential for manipulation, and the dangers of overreliance on technology. (shrink)

I outline the theoretical framework of, and three research programs within American speculative philosophy of science during the period 1900-1931. One program applies verificationism to research in psychology, one investigates the methodology of research programs, and one analyses scientific explanation and other scientific concepts. The primary sources for my outline are works by Morris Raphael Cohen, Grace Andrus de Laguna, Theodore de Laguna, Edgar Arthur Singer Jr., Harold Robert Smart, and Marie Collins Swabey. I also use my outline to provide (...) a partial comparison of American speculative philosophy of science and 1930s logical positivism. My comparison suggests that logical positivism was a proposal for substantially narrowing down and winding back American philosophy of science and was based on positions that were already problematized in the American context. -/- . (shrink)

This paper (from 2006) is now defunct. I argue against "realist primitivism". One of my arguments is a kind of "evolutionary debunking argument". Some of the material of this was incorporated into “Can Disjunctivists Explain Our Access to the Sensible World?” and "How Does Color Experience Represent the World?".

Physical laws are strikingly simple, although there is no a priori reason they must be so. I propose that nomic realists of all types (Humeans and non-Humeans) should accept that simplicity is a fundamental epistemic guide for discovering and evaluating candidate physical laws. This principle of simplicity clarifies and addresses several problems of nomic realism and simplicity. A consequence is that the oft-cited epistemic advantage of Humeanism over non-Humeanism disappears, undercutting an influential epistemological argument for Humeanism. Moreover, simplicity is shown (...) to be more tightly connected to lawhood than to mere truth. (shrink)

Right after Philo’s about-face in Part 12 of the Dialogues, he gives an argument that the dispute between the theist and the atheist is merely verbal. Since everything is at least a little like everything else, the atheist must concede that the source of order is at least remotely like a human intellect, even if this source is something like a rotting turnip. This passage provides a major argument for dismissing Hume’s apparent avowals of theism in the Dialogues and elsewhere, (...) since Philo’s assertions are so loose as to let in a rotting turnip. The right reading of the passage is more interesting. The paragraph was written in 1776, right before Hume’s death. It’s thus one of the few philosophical texts written late enough to reflect his encounter with the French philosophes in the 1760s. We have good biographical evidence that Hume was criticized for being too much of a theist in France. The turnip is rotting not in order to make fun of the argument from design, but in order to make fun of d’Holbach's and Diderot's account of the origin of life, accounts that generalized dramatically from John Needham’s observations of nematodes in rotting wheat. In the rotting turnip paragraph, Hume is attempting to establish that the dispute between the theist and the atheist isn’t empirically tractable, that atheists will never outflank the apophatic theologian on the question of whether human minds are unlike God, and that if atheists are consistent with their analogical methods, they ought to be more open to the argument from design. (shrink)

The first argument that Hume offers against believing in miracle stories in Part 2 of his essay on miracles relies on social context in a way that makes it difficult to follow. Hume says that there’s never been a miracle story that’s well enough attested with respect to certain criteria of testimonial strength. A little later in the essay, he cites recent miracle stories coming from that Saint Médard cemetery as meeting the criteria to an exceptionally high degree, but even (...) so, he claims that we can dismiss the stories out of hand. The hidden background assumption is that his Protestant readers wouldn’t have been tempted to believe in miracle stories coming from an oppressed Catholic sect. Other examples in Part 2 of the essay work in the same way. Hume praises to the skies the quality of the evidence for an earlier Jansenist miracle, for a miracle involving the restoration of a leg through holy water at a Catholic cathedral, and a miracle at a temple of Serapis knowing that his readers won’t be inclined to believe in any of them. The point is that these miracles are better attested than the miracle stories in the Bible, and if we shouldn’t believe in the better attested stories, then we shouldn’t believe in the worse. This can seem like an appeal to prejudice, but really Hume is doing something subtler. He knows that it’s easier to criticize the irrational beliefs of others, but sees that once we turn the same standards that we use on others on our own beliefs, epistemic progress is possible. (shrink)

It is a familiar story that, where Kant humbly draws a line beyond which cognition can’t reach, Husserl presses forward to show how we can cognize beyond that limit. Kant supposes that cognition is bound to sensibility and that what we experience in sensibility is mere appearance that does not inform us about the intrinsic nature of things in themselves. By contrast, for Husserl, it makes no sense to say we experience anything other than things in themselves when we enjoy (...) sensory perception. Kant’s conception, then, by doing just that, is nonsensical. I argue that Husserl’s account does not deliver on its promise. Things as they are in themselves are just as cognitively out of reach on Husserl’s understanding of them as they are on Kant’s. Further, the charge of nonsense Husserl raises against Kant’s conception of things in themselves applies—indeed, with greater force—to his own. (shrink)