Kant’s Formula of Humanity (FH) is considered by many, Kant included, to be the most intuitively appealing formulation of the categorical imperative. FH tells us that to treat persons with dignity and respect we must always treat them as ends in themselves and never as mere means. One set of issues raised by FH revolves around how FH is to be justified or grounded and how it relates to the other formulations of the categorical imperative. This set of (...) issues, though important, is not our focus here. Instead, we shall focus on a different set of issues: how do we apply or use this formula in practice, that is, how does this principle work as a moral guide to what duties and obligations we have in particular cases? This paper will seek to answer that question by defending an interpretation and rational reconstruction of FH in terms of two subsidiary principles, the Mere Means Principle (MMP), which grounds perfect duties, and the Ends in Themselves Principle (ETP), which grounds imperfect duties. These two principles will then be applied to a number of examples to illustrate how they work. (shrink)

My aim in this paper is to explore different ways of understanding Kant’s Formula of Humanity as a formal principle. I believe that a formal principle for Kant is a principle that is constitutive of some domain of cognition or rational activity. It is a principle that both constitutively guides that activity and serves as its internal regulative norm. In the first section of this essay, I explain why it is desirable to find a way to understand the (...) Formula of Humanity as a formal principle in this sense. In sections II and III I discuss two interpretive approaches to Kant’s idea that rational nature or humanity is an end in itself, both of which may be construed as treating the Formula of Humanity as a formal principle. By focusing on the notion of formal principle, I hope to raise a set of issues about how to understand the idea of rational nature or humanity as an end in itself, and about the relation of the Formula of Humanity [FH] to the Formula of Universal Law [FUL]. I do not resolve the issues in this paper, though I briefly sketch some resolution at the end. (shrink)

The Future of Humanity with the Full Implementation of the Universal Formula -/- Humanity has long grappled with fundamental questions about free will, decision-making, and the nature of societal progress. Over centuries, countless philosophical, scientific, and religious perspectives have sought to explain the forces driving human behavior and the challenges we face as a global society. The development of a universal formula that solves the problem of free will, grounded in natural laws like the law of (...) balance and the law of karma, presents a transformative opportunity for human civilization. If fully implemented, this universal formula has the potential to reshape humanity’s future, fostering a world marked by balance, sustainability, and reduced suffering. -/- 1. A Holistic Educational System for Critical Thinking -/- The first and most immediate change from the universal formula’s implementation would be seen in education. Current educational systems often prioritize rote memorization and narrow specializations, neglecting the foundational principles of natural law that govern human behavior. By introducing the universal law of balance and the principles of cause and effect (karma) into basic education, students would learn to view decision-making through the lens of natural, universal laws. -/- A holistic educational system, as envisioned by the formula, would emphasize critical thinking, systemic thinking, and the understanding of interdependence among individuals, societies, and the environment. This educational approach would equip future generations to make decisions that prioritize societal well-being, environmental sustainability, and global cooperation. As a result, the widespread ignorance and misinformation that often fuel societal conflict and poor decision-making would diminish. -/- 2. Ethical Leadership and Governance Based on Natural Laws -/- Leaders who understand and apply the universal formula’s principles would adopt a more balanced and ethical approach to governance. The formula asserts that decision-making processes, whether individual or collective, must align with natural laws to avoid imbalance and societal dysfunction. If implemented, policies across nations would shift from short-term gains toward long-term stability, fairness, and sustainability. -/- The law of karma, whichh highlights the necessity for defect-free systems, would guide governance structures to prioritize integrity, transparency, and accountability. Corruption, misinformation, and ideologically driven policies would decline as societies embrace natural laws as their guiding principles. With this shift, government policies on resource management, social welfare, and economic growth would aim for balance rather than unchecked expansion, minimizing societal inequalities and systemic failures. -/- 3. Global Cooperation and Environmental Sustainability -/- The universal law of balance stresses that human systems, like natural ecosystems, must remain in equilibrium to function properly. In an era of climate change, resource depletion, and geopolitical tensions, applying this law globally could unify countries in their efforts to address shared challenges. -/- Nations would move beyond competition and exploitation, understanding that the Earth’s resources are finite and that environmental degradation affects all societies. Policies on population control, economic growth, and environmental conservation would be guided by scientific data and natural principles, ensuring that human activity does not disrupt the delicate balance necessary for life’s continuity. The concept of continuous economic growth, currently dominant in global economics, would be replaced by a sustainable, balanced model that prioritizes ecological and societal well-being over profit. -/- 4. Technological Advancement Aligned with Human Well-Being -/- The development of artificial general intelligence (AGI) presents both opportunities and risks for humanity. If programmed with the universal formula, AGI could become a powerful tool for societal improvement. The law of balance would serve as a guiding framework for AGI, ensuring that its decisions promote human welfare, ethical practices, and environmental harmony. -/- For AGI to function effectively, as suggested by the formula, it must integrate a complete sensor system capable of perceiving and responding to the complexities of human and environmental feedback mechanisms. By doing so, AGI could assist in real-time governance, economic planning, and social development while minimizing the risks associated with unregulated AI development. -/- 5. Reduction of Human Suffering and Societal Conflicts -/- Human suffering, in many cases, stems from ignorance, misinformation, and decisions that disrupt natural balance. The universal formula posits that decisions violating natural laws—whether influenced by false beliefs, propaganda, or systemic defects—create internal and external imbalances that manifest as societal problems. -/- By embedding the principles of natural balance into education, governance, and societal structures, the formula offers a pathway to reduce suffering. Conflicts arising from ideological, religious, or political differences could diminish as people collectively recognize the universal principles governing human behavior. Religious beliefs, rather than being sources of division, would coexist harmoniously with scientific understanding, fostering mutual respect and shared values centered around balance and well-being. -/- 6. Balanced Population Growth and Resource Management -/- One of the most critical challenges facing humanity is the unchecked growth of populations and the overconsumption of resources. The universal formula emphasizes the need for societies to understand and respect the natural carrying capacities of their environments. -/- Policies promoting balanced population growth, informed by scientific research and natural laws, would help ensure resource availability for future generations. Societies would transition from pursuing limitless economic expansion to developing sustainable, self-regulating systems that maintain equilibrium with the natural world. -/- Conclusion: A New Era of Balanced, Sustainable Humanity -/- The full implementation of the universal formula to solve the problem of free will could herald a transformative era for humanity. Through a holistic educational system, ethical governance, environmental sustainability, responsible technological development, and a shared commitment to natural laws, societies could achieve unprecedented levels of harmony, stability, and well-being. -/- While the formula’s success would depend on global cooperation and genuine societal commitment, its principles—rooted in the natural laws governing decision-making—offer a clear, practical pathway to a more balanced and prosperous future. If embraced and applied worldwide, humanity could finally overcome many of its longstanding challenges and move toward a future defined by wisdom, balance, and sustainable progress. -/- . (shrink)

Kant’s formula of universal law (FUL) is standardly understood as a test of the moral permissibility of an agent’s maxim: maxims which pass the test are morally neutral, and so permissible, while those which do not are morally impermissible. In contrast, I argue that the FUL tests whether a maxim is the cause or determining ground of an action at all. According to Kant’s general account of causality, nothing can be a cause of some effect unless there is a (...) law-like relation between the putative cause and effect. Applied to the case of action, no maxim can be the cause of an agent’s action unless there is a law-like relation between maxims of that kind and actions of that kind. The special capacity to act according to maxims as law-like causes is what Kant calls a will; the basic constitutive principle of the will is a non-normative principle I call the categorical declarative. While the actions of a perfectly good will would be described by the categorical declarative alone, human action is determined not only by the causality of the will, but also by competing causes, namely those stemming from inclination. There is thus need for a causal test for putative maxims. The test contained in the FUL is meant to determine whether an action could be grounded solely on the agent’s maxim, or whether it requires a cause external to the will. This account permits one to build eventual distinctions concerning the morality of actions on prior and independent distinctions concerning their causality. (shrink)

The Concept of Human Spirit After Death in a Type III Civilization -/- Introduction -/- The idea of life after death has long been a central concern of philosophy, religion, and science. In today’s world, discussions about the human spirit often remain in the realm of faith and speculation. However, in a Type III civilization—one that has harnessed the energy of an entire galaxy—such questions might no longer be mysterious. With access to advanced technology, deep understanding of consciousness, and mastery (...) over the laws of physics, a Type III civilization could fundamentally transform our understanding of the human spirit after death. Would death still exist in such a civilization, or would it become a choice? Could consciousness continue beyond physical existence? This essay explores how a hyper-advanced society might handle the concept of the human spirit in ways that align with both scientific progress and the universal law of balance in nature. -/- The Scientific Resurrection of Consciousness -/- A Type III civilization would likely possess a complete understanding of consciousness, allowing them to preserve, reconstruct, or even transfer human awareness beyond physical death. If consciousness is a pattern of information, then it could be digitally stored, uploaded, or reinserted into new biological or artificial forms. This would mean that death, as we know it, could be overcome through advanced neuroscience, computation, and physics. -/- For example, through brain scanning and neural mapping, a civilization of this level might extract and preserve an individual’s entire consciousness, including memories, thoughts, and personality. This preserved consciousness could then be placed into a synthetic body, a digital simulation, or even a fully biological clone, allowing individuals to continue their existence indefinitely. This would make the afterlife a technological reality rather than a spiritual mystery. -/- However, if the universal law of balance in nature dictates that all systems must have limits to maintain stability, then a Type III civilization may choose not to completely eliminate death. Instead, they may regulate immortality, ensuring that consciousness does not infinitely persist without purpose. -/- Quantum Consciousness and Energy-Based Spirits -/- Some modern theories, such as quantum consciousness, suggest that the human mind is not simply a product of brain activity but also interacts with quantum fields. If this is true, then a Type III civilization could manipulate these fields, allowing consciousness to exist beyond the body as an energy-based form. -/- In this model, the “spirit” would not be a supernatural entity but a complex quantum state that continues to exist in a higher-dimensional structure of the universe. The civilization could develop methods to interact with and even re-integrate these energy-based consciousnesses into new physical forms or other dimensions of existence. -/- This idea aligns with the principle that all systems must follow natural balance—even if consciousness exists after death, it would not violate the fundamental laws of physics but instead be an integrated part of the universal structure. -/- Multiverse and Simulation Theories: Death as a Transition -/- A Type III civilization might discover that reality itself is a simulation or part of a multiverse. If true, death could be nothing more than a transfer of consciousness to another layer of reality. Rather than an end, death could be a shift to an alternative existence. -/- In this case, the civilization might have the ability to manipulate these transitions, offering individuals the choice of: -/- 1. Returning to a new life in a simulated or real universe -/- 2. Existing as a digital being within an advanced AI system -/- 3. Transcending to a higher-dimensional existence that aligns with natural laws -/- If the universe is a vast, interconnected system, then death could be seen as a necessary cycle that maintains balance, preventing stagnation and allowing renewal at cosmic scales. A Type III civilization might control and regulate these cycles to ensure harmony. -/- Spiritual Evolution and Cosmic Integration -/- Beyond scientific solutions, a Type III civilization may evolve to understand that consciousness naturally integrates with the cosmos after death. If the universal law of balance applies at all levels, then consciousness would follow this principle, transitioning in a way that contributes to the greater equilibrium of the galaxy. -/- Instead of preventing death entirely, such a civilization might develop a controlled process of spiritual evolution, where individuals choose their next phase of existence in alignment with universal balance. This could include: -/- Becoming part of the galactic consciousness, merging with a larger intelligence. -/- Returning to physical existence in another form to maintain equilibrium. -/- Moving into higher-dimensional realities where new experiences unfold. -/- This approach ensures that consciousness does not simply persist indefinitely in a stagnant form but contributes to the evolution of the universe itself. -/- Would a Type III Civilization Eliminate Death? -/- One of the most profound questions is whether a Type III civilization would abolish death entirely. While they could likely eliminate involuntary death, natural balance may still require cycles of renewal and transformation. -/- If death serves a functional role in maintaining cosmic order, then a highly advanced society would respect this law rather than override it. They might create controlled transitions where beings evolve beyond their previous states without disrupting universal harmony. -/- A civilization that aligns with your universal formula—where decision-making follows the natural law of balance—would recognize that immortality without purpose leads to instability. Instead of avoiding death altogether, they might ensure that life, death, and transformation exist as part of a greater cosmic design. -/- Conclusion -/- In a Type III civilization, the concept of the human spirit after death would no longer be a mystery. Whether through scientific resurrection, quantum consciousness, multiversal transitions, or spiritual evolution, such a society would fundamentally reshape how death is experienced. However, if the universal law of balance is truly fundamental, then death might still serve a necessary role in maintaining cosmic equilibrium. Rather than erasing death, a Type III civilization may redefine it as a transition into new forms of existence, ensuring that consciousness remains in harmony with the universe. -/- . (shrink)

The Wave Function Collapse Explained Through the Universal Formula of Balance in Nature -/- The wave function collapse, a concept within quantum mechanics, describes how a quantum system transitions from a state of superposition—where it exists in multiple possible states simultaneously—into a single, definite state when observed or measured. This phenomenon, integral to understanding quantum behavior, can be examined through the lens of the Universal Formula of Balance in Nature, which underlies all human and natural decision-making. By applying (...) the three laws of this formula, we can gain insight into how the wave function collapse operates as part of the larger web of interconnected systems, governed by balance. -/- The First Law: The Law of Karma and Systems -/- The first law of the Universal Formula is the law of karma, which encompasses the idea that every action or event is part of a system of cause and effect. This law emphasizes that systems, whether natural or man-made, must function without defects to achieve balance and harmony. When applied to the wave function collapse, this law explains that a quantum system, much like any other system, requires a point of resolution—a collapse—when its probabilistic superposition is observed. This is not random, but a necessary result of the system’s inherent need to resolve into a singular state to preserve the integrity of the system itself. -/- In quantum mechanics, the wave function represents a superposition of all possible states of a system, each with a certain probability. The law of karma suggests that, in the context of the quantum system, each of these possibilities is a part of a larger, interconnected reality. When the system is measured, the inherent demand for balance causes it to collapse into a definite state, eliminating any internal defects or contradictions. This collapse is not arbitrary; it is the manifestation of the need for coherence and resolution within the quantum system, much like how a faulty part in a machine will result in malfunction until it is fixed. -/- The Second Law: The Law of Feedback Mechanisms -/- The second law of the Universal Formula is the law of feedback, which highlights the influence of interconnected feedback loops between systems. In the context of quantum mechanics, feedback mechanisms play a crucial role in shaping the outcomes of quantum measurements. The act of measurement itself can be seen as an external feedback loop that forces the wave function to collapse into a specific state. This aligns with the idea that observation influences the system, and the collapse is a necessary response to this interaction. -/- Quantum systems, much like the human mind in decision-making, exist in constant interaction with their environment. The collapse can be understood as the system’s way of reconciling its internal probabilities with external influences. The observer’s role introduces an external feedback loop that forces the wave function to resolve into a state that aligns with the feedback, just as individuals make decisions based on feedback from their surroundings, adjusting their behavior accordingly. The collapse, then, is a response to this larger dynamic of influence between the system and the observer. -/- The Third Law: The Law of Balance -/- The third law of the Universal Formula is the law of balance, which dictates that all natural systems strive for equilibrium, and that imbalance leads to disorder and dysfunction. This law serves as the key to understanding why wave function collapse happens in the first place. The wave function represents an array of possibilities, each contributing to a probabilistic state. However, for the system to operate coherently, it must resolve into one of these possibilities, restoring balance within the system. -/- Without the collapse, the quantum system would remain in an indeterminate state, creating a form of disorder where the potential states conflict with one another. The collapse brings the system into a balanced, observable state, which is necessary for the functioning of both the quantum system and the larger universe. In this sense, the collapse can be seen as the system’s inherent tendency to restore balance, just as an individual mind seeks harmony by making decisions that align with natural laws. -/- Conclusion -/- When viewed through the Universal Formula of Balance in Nature, the wave function collapse is not a mysterious or unpredictable event, but a natural consequence of the laws that govern all systems—both quantum and classical. The first law of karma ensures that any system, including quantum systems, must be free of defects to function correctly. The second law of feedback highlights the role of external influences in forcing the system to resolve, while the third law of balance underscores the need for the system to collapse into a definite state to maintain harmony. Together, these principles provide a holistic understanding of the wave function collapse, integrating it into the broader framework of natural law and reinforcing the interconnectedness of all systems in the universe. -/- Through this lens, the collapse of the wave function becomes an essential part of the process by which the universe maintains order and coherence, just as individuals and societies must make decisions in alignment with the natural laws of balance to foster harmony and progress. -/- . (shrink)

Symmetry, Symmetry Violation, and the Universal Formula of Free Will -/- Introduction -/- Symmetry is a fundamental principle in physics, representing balance, order, and predictability. It is seen in nature, from the structure of atoms to the large-scale organization of the universe. However, perfect symmetry is rarely observed In reality. Instead, the breaking of symmetry plays a crucial role in shaping the physical world, from the Higgs mechanism that gives particles mass to the dominance of matter over antimatter in (...) the universe. -/- Similarly, human decision-making—if governed by natural laws—may also follow a structured yet dynamic pattern influenced by symmetry and its violations. This essay explores how the concept of symmetry violation in physics relates to free will, decision-making, and societal development, particularly in the context of Angelito Malicse’s universal formula, which proposes that all human behavior follows natural laws, specifically the universal law of balance in nature. -/- Symmetry and Symmetry Breaking in Physics -/- In physics, symmetry is an organizing principle that governs the laws of nature. It ensures that physical processes behave predictably under transformations such as time reversal, spatial inversion, or charge conjugation. However, symmetry is often spontaneously or explicitly broken, leading to the formation of complex structures and behaviors. -/- Examples include: -/- The Higgs Mechanism: The universe began with a symmetrical state, but as it cooled, the Higgs field broke symmetry, giving mass to particles. -/- CP Violation: In particle physics, the violation of charge-parity (CP) symmetry explains why matter dominates over antimatter, allowing the universe as we know it to exist. -/- Time-Reversal Violation: Some physical processes prefer a particular direction of time, reinforcing the concept of an arrow of time where events cannot be reversed. -/- These symmetry violations are not random but occur within a structured framework that directs the evolution of physical systems. -/- The Feedback Mechanism Between Symmetry Violation and Free Will -/- Angelito Malicse’s universal formula suggests that human decision-making follows natural feedback mechanisms, shaping both individual and collective behavior. This idea parallels how symmetry breaking in physics is not chaotic but structured, influencing the evolution of systems over time. -/- The Universe’s Asymmetry and Free Will: Just as the universe had an initial symmetry that was broken to create order, human consciousness might start with a natural state of balance that is continuously reshaped by feedback from external and internal forces. -/- Feedback in Decision-Making: Choices are not purely deterministic (fixed by initial conditions) nor entirely random (free of constraints). Instead, decisions create irreversible consequences, much like symmetry violations that shape the universe permanently. -/- Example in Leadership: A government’s policies shape societal outcomes in an irreversible way, just as CP violation permanently influenced the universe’s composition. Leaders must understand that their decisions follow natural laws and should strive to maintain balance while allowing necessary asymmetry. -/- Thus, free will is not an absolute freedom to choose anything at random but rather a structured process where each decision modifies future possibilities, similar to how symmetry breaking directs the universe’s evolution. -/- The Arrow of Time and the Evolution of Consciousness -/- One of the most striking parallels between symmetry violation and human decision-making is the irreversibility of choices. In physics, the violation of time symmetry ensures that events unfold in one direction, making it impossible to return to a prior state. This concept applies to: -/- Thermodynamics (Entropy Always Increases): Disorder naturally grows over time, making reversibility impossible in most cases. -/- Human Thought and Societal Change: Each decision reshapes an individual’s future and influences society’s direction. Just as the universe cannot return to a perfectly symmetrical state, a mind shaped by past experiences cannot return to an earlier state of pure neutrality. -/- Educational and Political Implications: Education should account for the irreversible nature of learning—once individuals internalize knowledge, they do not simply return to ignorance. Similarly, societies evolve based on past choices, and policies must consider long-term irreversible consequences. -/- This aligns with the universal formula’s principle that decision-making is structured by natural laws and follows a continuous feedback cycle rather than being arbitrary or disconnected. -/- Symmetry Breaking and the Limits of Absolute Free Will -/- Malicse’s universal formula suggests that free will is governed by natural laws, meaning it is neither purely deterministic nor entirely free. This aligns with how symmetry breaking in physics does not eliminate structure but rather creates new frameworks for order. -/- Free Will as Guided Asymmetry: If decision-making is subject to feedback mechanisms and natural constraints, it is not a random, unconstrained process. Instead, it follows a pattern where certain choices become more probable based on prior conditions. -/- Homeostasis as Controlled Symmetry Breaking: Biological and cognitive systems self-regulate through controlled asymmetry—maintaining balance while allowing necessary adjustments. A perfectly symmetrical system would be static and unresponsive, whereas a controlled level of asymmetry enables adaptability. -/- Ethical and Social Considerations: Since decision-making follows natural principles, governance, education, and AI should be designed to optimize balance while allowing for necessary deviations. Unregulated decision-making would be as chaotic as an unbalanced physical system. -/- Applying These Principles to Education, Leadership, and AI -/- If human decision-making follows the same structured asymmetry found in physics, then institutions should be designed accordingly. -/- Education and Cognitive Development: Traditional education assumes equal potential for all students, but in reality, each mind develops asymmetrically based on prior feedback mechanisms. A better system would adapt to individual asymmetries rather than enforcing rigid uniformity. -/- Leadership and Policy-Making: Leaders should recognize that decisions create irreversible changes—just as symmetry breaking in physics determines the universe’s evolution. Policies must be structured to maintain balance while allowing controlled flexibility. -/- AI and Decision Systems: Future AI could be designed using natural feedback principles from physics and human cognition, ensuring that decision-making processes follow the universal law of balance in nature rather than purely statistical or rule-based logic. -/- Conclusion -/- The parallels between symmetry violation in physics and the nature of free will suggest that decision-making follows structured laws rather than being entirely free or deterministic. Just as symmetry breaking in the universe creates order and direction, human choices are shaped by feedback loops, prior conditions, and the natural tendency toward balance with necessary asymmetries. -/- Angelito Malicse’s universal formula aligns with these principles, emphasizing that all human behavior follows natural laws. If this understanding is properly integrated into education, governance, and AI, it could create a more balanced and sustainable societal framework—one that acknowledges both the necessity of order and the inevitability of controlled asymmetry. -/- . (shrink)

The Purpose of Human Life: Surviving, Suffering, and Seeking Meaning -/- Introduction -/- The question of whether humans are born simply to survive, thrive, and suffer is a profound philosophical issue. If suffering is a fundamental part of existence, what is the purpose of life? Are humans just biological beings driven by survival, or is there a deeper reason for our existence? This essay explores different perspectives on the meaning of life, from existentialism and religion to humanistic and scientific views, (...) as well as the concept of balance in nature. -/- The Cycle of Survival and Suffering -/- From an evolutionary standpoint, human beings, like all living organisms, are designed to survive, reproduce, and adapt. The biological drive to live is deeply ingrained in our nature. However, survival comes with struggle—hunger, illness, aging, and emotional pain. Historically, human societies have evolved by overcoming challenges, yet suffering remains a constant. -/- Philosophers like Arthur Schopenhauer argued that life is inherently full of suffering because desires and needs are never fully satisfied. Buddhism similarly recognizes suffering (dukkha) as a fundamental truth of existence, proposing that enlightenment can free individuals from this cycle. -/- Existentialist Views: Creating Meaning in a Meaningless World -/- Existentialist thinkers such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus suggest that life has no predetermined purpose. Instead, it is up to individuals to create meaning. Sartre believed that humans have radical freedom to define their own existence, while Camus saw life as absurd—filled with suffering yet still worth living. The “Myth of Sisyphus” metaphor describes how humans push through hardships despite the absurdity of life, embracing struggle as part of existence. -/- Friedrich Nietzsche took a different approach, emphasizing the idea of the “Übermensch”—a person who rises above suffering by creating their own values and purpose. According to Nietzsche, suffering is not merely an obstacle but a force that can be transformed into strength. -/- Religious and Spiritual Perspectives: Life as a Test or Journey -/- Many religious traditions see human life as part of a divine plan. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism view suffering as a test of faith, with the promise of salvation or eternal life as a reward. Hinduism and Buddhism, on the other hand, emphasize karma and reincarnation, where suffering is tied to past actions and spiritual progress. -/- In this view, suffering is not meaningless but serves a purpose—whether as a means of moral growth, spiritual enlightenment, or preparation for an afterlife. Some traditions, such as Stoicism, teach that suffering should be faced with wisdom and resilience, as it is an inevitable part of the human experience. -/- Scientific and Humanistic Perspectives: Progress and Happiness -/- From a scientific and humanistic perspective, the purpose of life is not dictated by supernatural forces but is instead a product of human evolution and intelligence. Humans have the unique ability to seek higher goals beyond survival, such as creativity, love, knowledge, and progress. -/- Psychologists like Viktor Frankl argue that meaning comes from purpose-driven activities, relationships, and overcoming adversity. His theory of “logotherapy” suggests that even in the face of extreme suffering, individuals can find meaning by focusing on their values and contributions to others. -/- Modern humanism proposes that the goal of life should be to maximize well-being, reduce suffering, and create a just and compassionate society. Advances in science, medicine, and technology have significantly improved the human condition, yet existential suffering remains a challenge. -/- The Universal Law of Balance: A Natural Framework for Meaning -/- From your perspective, the Universal Law of Balance in Nature provides a framework for understanding human existence. If all decision-making follows natural laws, then human suffering and survival must also be governed by these principles. -/- Suffering may arise when there is an imbalance—whether in nature, society, or within an individual’s mind. -/- The purpose of life, then, could be to restore balance, both internally and externally. -/- Education, leadership, and societal structures should be designed to minimize suffering and promote equilibrium. -/- Your universal formula suggests that human life is not about meaningless suffering but about learning how to navigate and correct imbalances in thought, behavior, and society. By understanding the natural laws that govern existence, people can make informed decisions that reduce unnecessary suffering and enhance well-being. -/- Conclusion: A Path Forward -/- Are humans simply born to survive and suffer? While suffering is undeniably a part of existence, different philosophical perspectives offer ways to approach it. Existentialism teaches us to create our own meaning. Religion provides a framework for spiritual growth. Humanism and science push us toward progress and well-being. The Universal Law of Balance suggests that by understanding natural laws, we can minimize suffering and create a more harmonious existence. -/- Perhaps the true purpose of life is not to escape suffering, but to transcend it through wisdom, balance, and conscious action. Whether through personal growth, societal reform, or philosophical understanding, humanity has the potential to rise above mere survival and shape a future where life is not defined by suffering but by purpose, balance, and fulfillment. -/- Final Thought -/- If suffering dominates existence, then the next great challenge for humanity is not just to survive—but to create a world where balance and well-being are prioritized. How we achieve that depends on the choices we make as individuals and as a society. -/- . (shrink)

According to one influential version of the derivation of Kant’s Formula of Humanity, the following claim is true: Agents necessarily represent their ends as objectively good. In this paper I argue that there is good reason to regard GOG as false. The paper is divided into four sections. In the first, I explain what is at stake in arguing that GOG is false. In the second, I explicate the terminology in this claim. I also contrast the claim with (...) other possible claims one might make about how agents represent their ends. In the third, I argue that there is good reason to regard the claim as false and in the fourth, I consider a reply to the argument I make in the third section. (shrink)

Book review of 'Means, Ends, and Persons: The Meaning and Psychological Dimensions of Kant's Humanity Formula, by Robert Audi, OUP'.

Kant’s Formula of Humanity can be analyzed into two parts. One is an injunction to treat humanity always as an end. The other is a prohibition on using humanity as a mere means. The second is often referred to as the FH prohibition or the mere means prohibition. It has become popular to interpret this prohibition in terms of consent. The idea is that, if X uses Y's humanity as a means and Y does not (...) consent to it, then X uses Y's humanity as a mere means. There is then debate about the kind of consent that is relevant: possible, actual, or rational. In this paper, I argue against this interpretation. Section one sets up the consent account. Section two attacks possible and actual consent accounts on doctrinal grounds. Section three extends this doctrinal attack to rational consent accounts. Section four circles back to the original motivation for the consent interpretation. I argue that the consent account rests on a misinterpretation, and I conclude with a quick sketch of an alternative interpretation of the FH prohibition. (shrink)

In this paper I explore the degree to which the most plausible versions of a Kantian approach to punishment differ from plausible versions of a consequentialist approach with regard to the permissibility of deterrence. I begin by examining the Formula of Humanity. Perhaps surprisingly, I show that the most plausible statement of this principle does not even mention the idea of treating people merely as a means. The other crucial claim in that principle—that we must treat people as (...) ends—is in fact the operative idea. The best interpretation of the Formula of Humanity makes Kantianism a basically ‘objective’ moral theory, in a sense to be explained, as is consequentialism. After defending my interpretation of the formula I go on to consider a recent theory of punishment developed by Victor Tadros that appeals to a principle paralleling the Formula of Humanity, the Means Principle. I argue that the Means Principle is not a plausible moral principle by using arguments that derive from my interpretation of the Formula of Humanity. The Means Principle is therefore unsuited to be the way to frame a discussion of whether deterrent punishments are permissible. In Section IV I discuss a version Kantian moral theory that can be seen as based on a proper interpretation of the Formula of Humanity. This version, drawing on the work of John Rawls, permits the pursuit of deterrence. This suggests that Kantianism and consequentialism are not divided on the issue of the permissibility of deterrence. In the final section I note one reason for thinking that further features of the consequentialist approach to deterrence make it superior to the Kantian-Rawlsian. (shrink)

The prohibition against using others ‘merely as means’ is one of Kant’s most famous ideas, but it has proven difficult to spell out with precision what it requires of us in practice. In ‘How to Use Someone “Merely as a Means”’ (2020), I proposed a new interpretation of the necessary and sufficient conditions for using someone ‘merely as a means’. I argued that my agent-focused actual consent inter- pretation has strong textual support and significant advantages over other readings of the (...) prohibition. In the present essay, I respond to comments by Claudia Blöser, Irina Schumski, and Oliver Sensen. I first address the role of maxims in relation to the Formula of Humanity, and I spell out in more detail the relation between the agent’s belief and the actual facts pertaining to the consent of the person who is used as means to the agent’s end. I then discuss the importance of the requirement that agents make their use of others conditional on the others’ consent as a matter of moral principle. I next show that the proposed reading of the prohibition, despite its focus on the agent’s maxims and practical reasoning, yields important conclusions about the moral status of external actions, and I address several cases that are pur- ported to spell trouble for my reading of Kant’s prohibition. I end by outlining two challenges for possible (rational) consent readings of the prohibition against using others merely as means. (shrink)

-/- The Integration of Angelito Malicse’s Universal Formula with Quantum Computer Design, AGI Algorithmic Design, and Education -/- In the pursuit of developing intelligent systems, the realms of quantum computing, artificial general intelligence (AGI), and educational frameworks face the significant challenge of balancing complex feedback mechanisms, ethical decision-making, and system stability. The universal formula developed by Angelito Malicse provides a pioneering approach to understanding free will, human behavior, and decision-making. His three laws, deeply rooted in the concept of (...) natural balance, offer valuable insights into addressing problems related to technological systems, such as quantum computers and AGI. This essay explores how Malicse’s universal formula can be integrated into quantum computer design, AGI algorithmic development, and educational models, emphasizing the importance of feedback loops, balance, and ethical decision-making as critical components in these fields. -/- The Universal Formula: An Overview -/- Angelito Malicse’s universal formula consists of three key laws: -/- 1. The Law of Karma (Cause and Effect): This law posits that every action leads to a consequence. It emphasizes that systems—whether natural or man-made—must function without defects to ensure they operate effectively and safely. Any imbalance or disruption in the system causes dysfunction, whether the system is biological, mechanical, or computational. -/- 2. The Homeostasis Principle: This principle asserts that systems—be they biological, technological, or social—must maintain equilibrium to function correctly. When an imbalance occurs, the system seeks to restore balance. This is a critical process in all functional systems, from the human body to technological networks. -/- 3. The Ethical Decision-Making Law: This law underscores the importance of ethical decision-making within systems. It suggests that choices must promote balance and avoid disrupting the natural harmony of the system. If decisions violate this balance, they result in negative consequences, reflecting the idea that imbalance leads to dysfunction in both societal and technological systems. -/- These principles, while addressing human behavior and societal functioning, also have profound implications for the development of quantum computing and AGI, areas that are critical to future advancements in technology. -/- Quantum Computing and the Universal Formula -/- Quantum computing represents a revolutionary leap in computational power, utilizing quantum mechanics principles—such as superposition, entanglement, and interference—to solve problems in parallel. Quantum systems, however, are highly sensitive to errors and disturbances, which could affect their ability to function reliably. Thus, understanding and applying the universal formula to quantum computer design is essential. -/- Quantum Causal Inference and the Law of Karma -/- Quantum computing is built on probabilistic models where each quantum state evolves based on prior interactions, an approach that mirrors the concept of cause and effect. Quantum systems follow causal inference, meaning that each quantum operation is influenced by the previous one. This aligns directly with the Law of Karma—every operation in a quantum computer has consequences, which can either lead to a stable state or introduce error. If the system is defective or disrupted, it results in instability, just as a defective system in nature or society fails to function correctly. -/- Quantum algorithms, such as those used in quantum machine learning, rely heavily on cause-effect relationships to guide the computation. The delicate balance between quantum states and operations mirrors the need for balance in natural systems: if a quantum system is not free from errors, its performance will degrade, reflecting Malicse’s principle that systems must be free of defects to operate properly. -/- Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs) and Feedback Mechanisms -/- Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs) aim to replicate the neural network structure of the human brain using quantum bits (qubits) and quantum gates. These networks utilize feedback loops, where the system continuously adapts and updates based on prior outputs, enhancing its learning process. This closely aligns with Malicse’s feedback loop principle, which emphasizes the importance of continuous adjustment based on environmental feedback. -/- QNNs utilize quantum feedback to optimize learning. However, just like biological systems, they require feedback that operates in balance, ensuring that each decision made by the system aligns with previous learnings and the larger goal of the system. For a quantum system to achieve reliable performance, the feedback mechanism must be balanced and precise, aligning with Malicse’s view that all systems—whether biological or technological—must act to restore balance when disrupted. -/- Homeostasis in Quantum Systems -/- The ability of quantum systems to maintain homeostasis—to return to a balanced state after a disturbance—is another vital aspect of quantum computing. Quantum error correction algorithms play a central role in ensuring that quantum states do not deviate significantly from their intended positions due to noise or errors. These mechanisms allow quantum systems to maintain internal equilibrium despite external interference, mirroring the concept of homeostasis in biological systems. -/- Malicse’s Homeostasis Principle is directly applicable here: just as biological systems restore balance to ensure survival, quantum systems require constant error-correction and recalibration to maintain balance. This principle ensures that quantum computations are accurate and that imbalances (such as errors or instabilities) are corrected swiftly, maintaining the overall stability of the quantum system. -/- AGI and the Universal Formula -/- The field of AGI seeks to develop machines capable of generalizing knowledge and solving complex problems across multiple domains. As AGI systems evolve, the challenge lies in ensuring they adhere to ethical principles and maintain balance within their decision-making processes. The universal formula offers guidance on how AGI can be structured to make decisions that reflect the principles of natural balance. -/- Feedback Mechanisms and Ethical Decision-Making -/- One of the core challenges of AGI is ensuring that it can make decisions ethically, even when faced with complex, ambiguous situations. AGI systems learn from feedback, adapting their decisions based on both the data they receive and the ethics embedded within their algorithms. The feedback loop in AGI is similar to that of human decision-making—data inputs (environmental feedback) are processed, and decisions are refined to optimize outcomes. -/- Malicse’s Ethical Decision-Making Law can be applied to AGI systems to ensure that their actions promote balance and avoid harm. For example, an AGI system designed for healthcare must balance patient needs with resource availability, ensuring that decisions benefit society while maintaining fairness and equity. If the AGI violates this balance—say, by favoring one group over another—it could result in negative consequences, such as social inequality or resource misallocation. -/- Homeostasis in AGI Systems -/- Much like quantum systems, AGI must strive for homeostasis to maintain long-term operational stability. AGI should be able to detect imbalances in its decision-making process and correct them accordingly. For instance, an AGI operating in a financial system must adjust its strategies based on market feedback, ensuring that it consistently contributes to the stability of the market, without causing disruptive cycles. -/- Integrating Malicse’s Homeostasis Principle in AGI ensures that these systems are capable of continuous adaptation, balancing inputs and outputs in a way that prevents harmful outcomes. In decision-making, this means the AGI will always strive for balance, ensuring that no decision undermines the overall health of the system, whether it’s societal, economic, or environmental. -/- The Role of Education in Promoting Natural Balance -/- Educational systems are fundamental to shaping the leaders and innovators of the future. By incorporating the principles of natural balance, ethical decision-making, and feedback-based learning, we can produce individuals capable of understanding the complexities of quantum systems and AGI. -/- Malicse’s universal formula should be integrated into the educational curriculum at all levels, fostering a generation of thinkers who can balance cause and effect, understand feedback loops, and navigate the ethical challenges of technology. Through this holistic education, students will be better equipped to understand and contribute to the design of future technologies, ensuring that they maintain harmony with natural systems and societal needs. -/- Conclusion -/- Angelito Malicse’s universal formula offers a profound framework for understanding the fundamental principles of decision-making, both in human and computational systems. By integrating these principles into the design of quantum computers and AGI systems, we can create technologies that adhere to the natural laws of balance and ethics, preventing harmful outcomes and ensuring stable, sustainable progress. -/- In the realms of quantum computing and AGI, the application of the Law of Karma, Homeostasis, and Ethical Decision-Making will ensure that these advanced systems work in harmony with their environments, just as natural systems do. Further, by embedding these principles into educational curricula, we can train future generations to harness the power of these technologies in a way that benefits society, promotes fairness, and sustains the natural balance of the universe. -/- By applying Malicse’s universal formula across these domains, we can foster a future where technology and humanity work together in a sustainable, ethical, and balanced way. -/- . (shrink)

-/- The Inefficiency of the Biological Brain and Its Impact on Personal, Social, and Societal Problems: A Perspective Based on the Universal Formula -/- The human brain, though remarkably complex and capable of extraordinary feats, is inherently limited by its biological structure and inefficiencies. These limitations often lead to errors in perception, cognition, and decision-making, which in turn contribute to a wide range of personal, social, and societal problems. Using the framework of the universal formula, which incorporates the (...) law of karma (cause and effect) and the necessity for systems to be free of defects, we can analyze how the inefficiency of the brain manifests as imbalances that disrupt the natural order. -/- The Biological Brain as an Inefficient System -/- The human brain operates as a biological system, governed by physical and chemical processes. Like any system, it is susceptible to defects, such as cognitive biases, emotional dysregulation, and limitations in memory and reasoning. These inefficiencies stem from evolutionary constraints, where survival and reproduction were prioritized over optimal functioning. -/- For instance, the brain’s tendency toward confirmation bias—favoring information that aligns with existing beliefs—illustrates a defect that disrupts rational decision-making. This defect violates the universal law of balance in nature by creating distorted perceptions of reality, leading to decisions that are not aligned with objective truth. As a result, personal problems such as poor judgment, anxiety, and conflict arise. -/- Impact on Social Interactions and Collective Decisions -/- The inefficiencies of individual brains are amplified in social contexts, where interactions between flawed minds create feedback loops of misunderstanding, miscommunication, and conflict. For example, tribalism—a byproduct of evolutionary social bonding—leads to in-group favoritism and out-group hostility. These behaviors create social imbalances, fueling discrimination, prejudice, and division. -/- According to the universal formula, collective decision-making systems must also adhere to the law of balance. However, when individuals operating under cognitive and emotional inefficiencies participate in governance, education, or economic systems, these defects propagate, resulting in flawed policies and societal structures. For example, leaders influenced by personal biases or misinformation can implement policies that favor short-term gains over long-term sustainability, creating systemic imbalances in society. -/- Societal Problems Rooted in Brain Inefficiency -/- The accumulation of individual and social imbalances inevitably manifests as societal problems, such as poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation. These issues can be traced back to the inefficiency of the biological brain in processing complex, interconnected systems. The human brain struggles to comprehend long-term consequences, leading to overconsumption, unchecked population growth, and unsustainable economic models. -/- The law of karma in the universal formula emphasizes that defective systems produce flawed outcomes. Societies governed by human brains that fail to account for natural balance are bound to experience the consequences of imbalance, such as resource depletion, social unrest, and climate change. These problems are not merely incidental; they are the inevitable result of a system that violates the principles of natural harmony. -/- Addressing Brain Inefficiency Through the Universal Formula -/- The universal formula provides a roadmap for addressing the inefficiencies of the biological brain by emphasizing the importance of balance, feedback mechanisms, and defect-free systems. Education plays a crucial role in this process. By teaching the universal law of balance in nature and fostering critical thinking, individuals can learn to recognize and correct cognitive biases, emotional distortions, and flawed reasoning. -/- Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence programmed with the universal formula offers a promising solution to mitigate human brain inefficiencies. AI systems, equipped with complete sensor systems and free from cognitive biases, can serve as objective feedback mechanisms to guide human decision-making. These systems can help individuals and societies adhere to the principles of natural balance, preventing and solving problems that arise from brain inefficiencies. -/- Conclusion -/- The inefficiency of the biological brain is a fundamental cause of many personal, social, and societal problems. By understanding these inefficiencies through the lens of the universal formula, we can identify the root causes of imbalance and implement solutions that align with the natural laws of balance and karma. Through education, technological innovation, and adherence to universal principles, humanity can transcend the limitations of its biological brain and move toward a more harmonious and sustainable future. -/- . (shrink)

Kant's formulae ought to effectively produce the same result when applied to the moral validity of any particular maxim; further, no valid maxim produces contradictory results when applied against Kant's Universal Law and Humanity formulae. Where one uses all formulae in the assessment of a maxim, one gains a more complete understanding of the moral law, thereby bridging principles of reason with intuition within the agent who has undertaken to evaluate the morality of a particular action. These formulae command (...) without regard to any particular interests, but are instead unconditional; further, these formulae effectively limit choice of action and therefore give rise to duty. Kant implies that the structure of all maxims requires different formulae of the same moral law, i.e., all maxims have a ‘form’ and a ‘matter’, which prompt reconfiguring of the categorical imperative into different formulae in order to test the morality of a maxim. (shrink)

The article reviews the category of ‘happiness’ along three lines: etymological discourse, ‘objective’ indicators and elements of happiness as a social/cultural phenomenon, as well as the author's proposed formula for happiness. The relevance of this study is determined by the fact that human resource is the main resource of the State, and the future of the country depends on the well-being of each individual. As a result of the etymological discourse, the following conclusions have been drawn: 1, the category (...) of ‘happiness’ is a more recent entity; 2, the ancient Greek categories of ‘good’ and ‘the highest good’ are its progenitors; 3, in the West European philosophy, good is understood inconsistently and includes the range from its utilitarian meaning to its connection with the notion of ‘value’; 4, the category of ‘happiness’ includes two aspects: one under the control of a man and another determined by external factors. Thus, in understanding happiness, most studies focus on either social/biological or social/economic components. The author proposes an integrative formula for happiness, which has the following elements: 1, ‘why’/belief system: life according to one’s own convictions; 2, ‘what’/abilities: their fulfilment in a professional/cognitive activity, i.e. the implementation of cognitive interest; 3, ‘where’/the place for fulfilling one’s life, understood as a geographical and climatic space; 4, ‘with whom’/ communication with people the person truly likes and who like him/her, while keeping a socially acceptable distance of a detached polite interaction with the rest of the social space. Therefore, happiness is the harmony of triune: the person with the Self, the Self with the world and the world with the Self. (shrink)

The State of Nirvana Explained Through the Universal Formula -/- Nirvana, a concept often associated with Buddhism, represents a state of ultimate peace, liberation, and detachment from suffering. Traditionally, it is understood as the cessation of desires and the end of the cycle of birth and rebirth. However, using my universal formula, Nirvana can be understood more precisely as a state of perfect balance, where the system of human consciousness operates free from defects and external disturbances. By examining (...) Nirvana through the universal law of balance in nature, the law of karma as a system principle, and the feedback mechanism of conscious minds, we can explain it as the highest achievable state of homeostasis in human decision-making and awareness. -/- Nirvana as Perfect Balance in Nature -/- According to the universal law of balance in nature, all systems—whether they are physical, biological, or cognitive—must maintain equilibrium to function optimally. Any deviation from balance results in dysfunction, suffering, or destruction. In this context, the state of Nirvana is the ultimate form of equilibrium in the human mind, where all forms of psychological and emotional turbulence have been neutralized. -/- Human suffering often arises from internal imbalances caused by uncontrolled desires, false beliefs, and external influences. When a person reaches Nirvana, their mind no longer fluctuates between extremes such as attachment and aversion, pleasure and pain, or hope and fear. Instead, they attain a stable and self-regulating mental state that is in perfect harmony with the natural laws governing reality. -/- Karma and the System of Consciousness -/- The law of karma, as understood in my universal formula, does not merely refer to the traditional idea of moral cause and effect but extends to the principle of systems functioning without defects. Any system, whether mechanical, biological, or cognitive, must be free of errors to operate effectively. If an engine has faulty components, it will not run efficiently; if the human body accumulates toxins, it will suffer disease. Similarly, if the mind is filled with ignorance, false assumptions, or emotional disturbances, it will create suffering. -/- Nirvana, in this sense, is the final correction of the system of consciousness. It is a state where all mental defects—such as irrational fears, harmful attachments, and misperceptions—have been eliminated. The individual no longer reacts to external influences in a way that creates further imbalance or suffering. They achieve a fully optimized and self-sustaining mental state, free from unnecessary disturbances. -/- Is Nirvana a Permanent or Dynamic State? -/- From the perspective of the universal law of balance in nature, Nirvana is a dynamic state rather than a fixed or permanent one. No system in nature remains absolutely static; instead, it continuously adjusts to maintain balance in response to external and internal influences. Even though Nirvana is often described as the cessation of suffering, it does not mean the individual mind ceases to function or engage with reality. Rather, it reaches a level of self-correction and adaptability, where it can maintain balance despite changing conditions. -/- A person in Nirvana does not freeze in a single state but dynamically interacts with reality while ensuring that no imbalance disturbs their equilibrium. Just as homeostasis in the human body requires constant regulation to maintain stability, the state of Nirvana involves continuous awareness and adjustment to preserve its balance. Therefore, rather than being a fixed endpoint, Nirvana can be understood as a sustained and dynamic process of perfect self-regulation. -/- The Feedback Mechanism of Conscious Minds -/- Beyond the individual, all conscious beings exist in a collective feedback system, where their decisions and emotions continuously influence one another. Human society operates as an interconnected web of minds, shaping each other’s beliefs, actions, and responses. Most people remain trapped in this cycle, where external influences trigger internal disturbances, leading to suffering and further imbalance. -/- However, a person who has reached Nirvana no longer contributes to this cycle of mental disturbances. Instead, they exist as a neutral force within the feedback loop, unaffected by external pressures and incapable of generating suffering for themselves or others. Their dynamic state of equilibrium allows them to respond to the world without being influenced by negative forces, ensuring that they do not create further disturbances in the system of human consciousness. -/- How to Achieve and Regulate the State of Nirvana -/- Since Nirvana is a dynamic state, it is not achieved in a single moment but rather through a continuous process of self-regulation. Based on the universal law of balance in nature and the law of karma, an individual must take specific steps to eliminate mental defects and maintain an optimized state of consciousness. -/- 1. Understanding the Nature of Imbalance – The first step is recognizing how ignorance, false beliefs, and uncontrolled desires create internal imbalances. This requires deep introspection and an awareness that suffering is the result of flawed decision-making processes. -/- 2. Eliminating False Systems of Thought – Mental defects arise from incorrect assumptions about reality. An individual must adopt rational thinking based on natural laws, ensuring that their thoughts align with objective truth rather than societal conditioning, superstitions, or emotional biases. -/- 3. Regulating Desires and Attachments – Desires create imbalance when they control the individual, leading to continuous dissatisfaction. To maintain Nirvana, one must learn to regulate desires, keeping them within a balanced framework where they do not dominate decision-making. -/- 4. Practicing Continuous Feedback Adjustment – Since all minds exist within a collective feedback system, an individual must remain conscious of how external influences affect their state of balance. This means developing a high level of self-awareness to prevent unnecessary emotional reactions to external events. -/- 5. Achieving Self-Correcting Homeostasis – Just as a healthy body automatically corrects imbalances (such as regulating temperature and pH levels), the mind in Nirvana must develop a self-correcting mechanism. This means consistently checking whether one’s thoughts, emotions, and actions remain in harmony with the natural law of balance. -/- 6. Avoiding Sources of Mental Disturbance – External influences such as misinformation, emotional manipulation, and toxic environments can disrupt mental balance. A person striving for Nirvana must carefully filter external inputs to ensure that their internal equilibrium remains undisturbed. -/- 7. Integrating Nirvana into Daily Life – Achieving Nirvana is not about retreating from reality but about engaging with it in a state of complete balance. This means making decisions based on reason, clarity, and natural law, ensuring that every action contributes to a stable and harmonious existence. -/- The Balance Between Social Interaction and Privacy -/- While privacy plays an important role in maintaining Nirvana, it is also essential to strike a balance between privacy and social interaction. A person striving for Nirvana must recognize that while solitude and self-reflection are necessary for maintaining mental equilibrium, human beings are inherently social creatures. Healthy social interaction can be a source of joy, support, and growth, and should not be completely avoided in the pursuit of Nirvana. -/- The key to maintaining Nirvana in social settings lies in setting boundaries and choosing relationships that foster peace and balance. Too much social interaction, especially in environments filled with conflict, negativity, or manipulation, can lead to disturbances in mental stability. On the other hand, complete isolation can lead to a lack of social harmony and neglect of collective well-being. -/- Therefore, an individual in Nirvana must be able to navigate between these two aspects of life—engaging in meaningful social interactions while protecting their personal space when needed. This balance is vital in maintaining the mental clarity and emotional stability required to preserve Nirvana in an ever-changing world. By carefully choosing social environments and establishing healthy boundaries, an individual can prevent external disturbances from disturbing their equilibrium. -/- The Importance of Privacy in Maintaining the State of Nirvana -/- In the pursuit of Nirvana, privacy plays a crucial role in preserving mental balance and maintaining the integrity of the individual’s self-regulation process. In a world filled with external pressures, distractions, and unsolicited influences, privacy serves as a protective barrier that allows an individual to maintain personal space and autonomy. -/- Without privacy, the individual is subject to constant interference from external sources—be it through social media, public scrutiny, or external judgments. These external influences can create mental disturbances that disrupt the equilibrium necessary for Nirvana. Privacy allows individuals to maintain their mental clarity, free from the noise of others’ expectations, and to reflect deeply on their own thoughts and feelings without being swayed by outside opinions. -/- By protecting their privacy, an individual can control the flow of information they are exposed to, ensuring that their mental state is not disturbed by harmful or irrelevant stimuli. Privacy enables one to determine their own internal environment, cultivating a space where personal growth and introspection can occur without interference. -/- Furthermore, privacy is integral to emotional regulation. It allows individuals to process their emotions and experiences in a safe environment, enabling them to reach the state of Nirvana without the pressure of external forces. This protection helps avoid unnecessary emotional reactions and preserve mental peace, ensuring that one remains in a state of dynamic balance amidst the complexities of daily life. -/- Nirvana as the Ultimate State of Homeostasis -/- In conclusion, Nirvana, when analyzed through my universal formula, can be understood as the highest state of homeostasis in human consciousness. It is the point at which a person has fully optimized their decision-making process, eliminated all mental defects, and achieved perfect balance with their internal and external reality. However, rather than being a permanent, unchanging state, Nirvana is a dynamic equilibrium, requiring continuous self-regulation to maintain balance. -/- The role of privacy in achieving and maintaining Nirvana cannot be overstated. In a world filled with external distractions and emotional disturbances, privacy is a key factor in preserving mental equilibrium and allowing the individual to maintain the dynamic self-regulation needed to stay in Nirvana. -/- By understanding the steps to achieve and regulate Nirvana, individuals can cultivate mental stability, rational decision-making, and emotional resilience. This explanation provides a scientific and systematic approach to Nirvana, making it not only a spiritual ideal but a practical model for individual and societal well-being. The path to Nirvana is not just a personal journey but a necessary step toward achieving universal equilibrium in human civilization. -/- . (shrink)

In the first ever commentary on the Groundwork, one of Kant’s earliest critics, Gottlob August Tittel, argues that the categorical imperative is not a new principle of morality, but merely a new formula. This objection has been unjustly neglected in the secondary literature, despite the fact that Kant explicitly responds to it in a footnote in the second Critique. In this paper I seek to offer a thorough explanation of both Tittel’s ‘new formula’ objection and Kant’s response to (...) it, as well as illustrate its significance. I argue that the objection is in fact the third step in a line of argument that Tittel presents in his commentary, and that the objection is best understood within this context. I analyze Kant’s response in the second Critique footnote line-by-line so as to show that Kant both clarifies that it was never his aim to offer a new principle, but only ‘establish’ the principle that common human reason already implicitly employs. Furthermore, I show that Kant uses the opportunity to clarify the sense in which the categorical imperative is a ‘formula [Formel]’, namely as a representation of a complicated and abstract principle, like the moral law, in a way that is easier to understand and apply. I conclude by illustrating the fourth step in Tittel’s line of argument, which makes the overall significance of the ‘new formula’ objection clear: for Tittel, the problem is not that Kant seems to be offering merely a new formula, but that the categorical imperative lacks a foundation. (shrink)

In this volume Paul Formosa sets out a novel approach to Kantian ethics as an ethics of dignity by focusing on the Formula of Humanity as a normative principle distinct from the Formula of Universal Law. By situating the Kantian conception of dignity within the wider literature on dignity, he develops an important distinction between status dignity, which all rational agents have, and achievement dignity, which all rational agents should aspire to. He then explores constructivist and realist (...) views on the foundation of the dignity of rational agents, before developing a compelling account of who does and does not have status dignity and of what kind of achievement dignity or virtue we, as vulnerable rational agents, can and should strive for. His study will be highly valuable for those interested in Kant's ethical, moral and political philosophies. (shrink)

-/- Solving the Problem of Free Will: A Universal Formula for Societal Balance -/- Introduction -/- For thousands of years, philosophers, scientists, and scholars have debated the concept of free will without arriving at a definitive solution. The persistent societal problems we witness today—wars, poverty, crime, overpopulation—are deeply rooted in ignorance, particularly about how natural laws govern human decision-making. This essay presents a universal formula that solves the problem of free will by aligning decision-making processes with the universal (...) law of balance found in nature. This solution, if implemented through a holistic educational system, can fundamentally transform societies by eliminating the ignorance that leads to human suffering. -/- The Root of Societal Problems: Ignorance -/- Ignorance is the foundation of nearly all societal problems. Misunderstanding natural laws and disregarding the principles of balance result in poor decision-making, whether on an individual, societal, or global level. Decisions based on misinformation, false beliefs, unproven theories, or emotional biases create imbalances that manifest as societal issues. -/- Examples of Ignorance-Driven Problems: -/- 1. Wars: Wars often arise from misunderstandings, territorial greed, ideological conflicts, and the inability to find peaceful solutions. The ignorance of the law of balance—where equilibrium between differing interests is possible—leads to destruction, suffering, and loss of life. -/- 2. Poverty and Crime: Poverty is frequently the result of systemic imbalances in wealth distribution. Ignorance about how societal resources should be distributed equitably to maintain stability leads to widespread deprivation. Crime similarly stems from a lack of understanding regarding personal responsibility and societal interdependence. -/- 3. Overpopulation: In many countries, overpopulation results from the misconception that growth is inherently good. However, natural systems always maintain balance. Unregulated population growth places immense pressure on resources, leading to poverty, environmental degradation, and societal instability. -/- The Universal Formula: Three Fundamental Laws of Nature -/- This universal formula, derived from observable natural phenomena, consists of three interconnected laws: -/- 1. The Law of Karma (Cause and Effect) Every decision and action produces corresponding consequences. In nature, defective systems—whether mechanical, biological, or societal—inevitably fail. Human societies must recognize that decisions based on ignorance create systemic problems. -/- 2. The Law of Balance Nature operates through balance. From ecosystems to societal structures, stability requires equilibrium. Societal issues like poverty and crime reflect imbalances caused by ignorance of this law. -/- 3. The Law of Homeostasis Homeostasis maintains internal stability despite external changes. Societies must develop adaptive yet balanced policies to ensure long-term well-being. -/- These laws reveal that human free will is not arbitrary but governed by predictable patterns. Conscious decisions, whether individual or collective, operate like feedback loops responding to external and internal stimuli while adhering to natural laws. -/- The Role of the Educational System -/- To address ignorance effectively, societies must adopt a holistic educational system that integrates these universal laws into foundational curricula. Current education often overlooks the principles that govern human behavior and societal balance. The new system should prioritize critical thinking, scientific literacy, and moral responsibility. -/- Key Objectives of a Holistic Educational System: -/- 1. Eliminate Ignorance: Equip students with a deep understanding of natural laws and their role in decision-making. -/- 2. Promote Critical Thinking: Teach students to question information, identify biases, and recognize the long-term impacts of decisions. -/- 3. Prepare Responsible Future Generations: Produce a high-quality generation of future parents who understand the importance of balance in raising children, managing resources, and contributing to societal stability. -/- Example: Incorporating environmental science with lessons on population dynamics can help students grasp why unchecked population growth leads to resource scarcity and societal challenges. Lessons in psychology, combined with discussions about collective decision-making, can illustrate the importance of balanced, informed leadership. -/- The Misconception of Unlimited Growth -/- One of the most damaging misconceptions societies face today is the belief in continuous economic and population growth. In nature, growth is always regulated by available resources. Societies that ignore this principle face environmental destruction, social unrest, and economic instability. -/- Example: Countries experiencing rapid population growth often encounter overcrowded cities, unemployment, and resource depletion. By understanding the law of balance, policymakers can implement sustainable growth strategies, ensuring resources meet population needs without compromising long-term stability. -/- The Feedback Mechanism of Conscious Minds -/- Human decision-making, both individually and collectively, operates as a feedback mechanism. Minds continuously exchange information, influencing one another’s decisions. This interaction follows natural laws, ensuring that any deviation from balance triggers societal disruptions. -/- Example: When misinformation spreads through social media, collective decisions become skewed. Understanding the feedback mechanism can help societies implement educational strategies that foster discernment and rational decision-making. -/- The Need for’Global Collaboration -/- The successful implementation of this universal formula requires global collaboration. International organizations like the United Nations and the World Economic Forum, along with educational institutions worldwide, must prioritize the integration of these natural laws into educational frameworks. -/- Example: The Philippines, facing governance challenges and population pressures, could significantly benefit from such an educational overhaul. Similarly, China’s “whole-process people’s democracy” could incorporate these principles to enhance holistic governance strategies. -/- The Role of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) -/- AGI, when developed with a complete sensor system, can apply the universal formula to predict and address societal problems. Programming AGI to follow these natural laws will ensure its decisions align with human well-being and societal stability. -/- Conclusion -/- Solving the problem of free will is not an abstract philosophical pursuit but a practical necessity for societal stability. Ignorance of the natural laws governing decision-making has perpetuated human suffering for centuries. The universal formula, grounded in the principles of karma, balance, and homeostasis, offers a concrete, actionable solution. By implementing this understanding through a holistic educational system, we can eliminate the root causes of wars, poverty, crime, and overpopulation. The time to act is now—before ignorance further destabilizes the delicate balance upon which our future depends. -/- . (shrink)

-/- The Possibility of Advanced Extraterrestrial Aliens Based on the Universal Formula -/- Introduction -/- For centuries, humanity has pondered the existence of extraterrestrial life, particularly advanced alien civilizations. Traditional scientific approaches, such as the Drake Equation and astrobiology, suggest that the vastness of the universe makes alien life probable. However, from the perspective of the universal formula, which is based on the law of balance in nature, the law of karma (cause and effect with system integrity), (...) and feedback mechanisms in decision-making, the existence of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations is not just possible but inevitable. -/- By analyzing how natural laws govern the emergence of intelligence, we can logically infer that civilizations far beyond human capability likely exist. These civilizations would have mastered systemic balance, avoided self-destruction, and possibly even developed interstellar travel or post-biological intelligence. -/- 1. The Universal Law of Balance and the Inevitability of Life -/- The universal law of balance dictates that nature operates through equilibrium, ensuring that systems remain functional and sustainable. This principle applies to everything—from the stability of ecosystems to the fundamental laws of physics governing the universe. -/- If life emerged on Earth due to a balanced set of conditions—such as the right chemical composition, planetary stability, and energy availability—then the same principle must apply elsewhere. The laws of nature are not exclusive to Earth; they are universal. With billions of habitable planets likely existing across the universe, it is logical to assume that the balance necessary for life to emerge has occurred countless times. -/- Moreover, balance is a self-sustaining principle. If life arises in a stable environment, it adapts and evolves. Given enough time, intelligent life is an inevitable product of this natural progression. Civilizations that align themselves with this balance will flourish, while those that disrupt it will collapse. This means that the most advanced alien civilizations are likely those that have achieved a perfect balance between technological progress and ecological sustainability—something humanity is still struggling to accomplish. -/- 2. The Law of Karma and the Evolution of Advanced Civilizations -/- The law of karma, as applied in the universal formula, is more than just cause and effect—it emphasizes system integrity. A system, whether biological, technological, or societal, must function without major defects or errors to remain stable and progress. -/- On Earth, human civilization has advanced through trial and error, but systemic flaws—such as war, environmental destruction, and economic instability—continue to hinder long-term progress. If an alien civilization has successfully maintained system integrity, it would have advanced beyond human limitations. -/- Consider the following possibilities: -/- Civilizations that eliminate self-destructive behaviors (such as war and resource depletion) would naturally progress further. -/- Technological advancements without ecological destruction would ensure long-term survival. -/- A society that maintains balance between individual freedom and collective well-being would prevent societal collapse. -/- If an extraterrestrial civilization has existed for millions of years longer than humanity, it would have had ample time to eliminate inefficiencies, optimize its systems, and master universal laws. Such a civilization could be capable of interstellar travel, planetary engineering, and even forms of intelligence beyond biological limitations. -/- 3. Feedback Mechanisms and the Advancement of Intelligence -/- The universal formula also emphasizes the role of feedback mechanisms in decision-making. Conscious minds, whether individual or collective, continuously adjust their decisions based on external and internal feedback. Intelligence evolves as a response to challenges, learning from past mistakes and adapting to new conditions. -/- This principle applies to both biological evolution and technological progress. On Earth, humanity has reached a point where artificial intelligence, space exploration, and global communication networks are beginning to redefine our civilization. However, if an alien species had a longer evolutionary timeline or superior cognitive abilities, its decision-making processes would be far more advanced. -/- Such a civilization could have: -/- Perfected decision-making systems, eliminating errors in governance, science, and ethics. -/- Transcended biological limitations, integrating AI, cybernetics, or even consciousness transfer. -/- Developed energy-efficient technology, harnessing quantum mechanics or zero-point energy. -/- Achieved space colonization, expanding across star systems while maintaining balance with nature. -/- Since intelligence operates as a feedback loop with its environment, any extraterrestrial civilization that has successfully aligned itself with natural laws would have minimized existential threats and maximized its evolutionary potential. -/- 4. The Interconnectedness of Systems and the Cosmic Network of Intelligence -/- One of the most profound implications of the universal formula is the interconnectedness of all systems. If all things in nature interact within a greater balance, then intelligence itself is part of this cosmic network. -/- Humanity is just beginning to understand its place in this network through AI, space exploration, and quantum physics. However, a far more advanced species could have already: -/- Mapped out the structure of the universe, including the nature of consciousness and reality. -/- Created interstellar communication networks, allowing different civilizations to connect. -/- Mastered the art of influencing less developed species, guiding them toward balance and stability. -/- If advanced alien civilizations exist, their presence may already be subtly influencing humanity—perhaps through unexplained phenomena, scientific inspiration, or even indirect guidance in our development. -/- 5. Why Haven’t We Encountered Them? The Fermi Paradox and the Universal Formula -/- The Fermi Paradox questions why, despite the high probability of extraterrestrial life, we have not yet detected any evidence of it. The universal formula provides several possible answers: -/- Most advanced civilizations prioritize balance and secrecy to avoid disrupting less advanced societies. -/- They operate at a higher level of intelligence (post-biological entities, quantum consciousness, or AI-based civilizations) that we cannot yet perceive. -/- Humanity is not yet ready for contact, as we have not achieved the necessary systemic balance. -/- Some UFO phenomena could be evidence of their existence, but human understanding is too limited to fully comprehend their nature. -/- If balance, system integrity, and feedback-driven intelligence are the key principles governing the universe, then contact with advanced extraterrestrials will likely only occur when humanity reaches a sufficient level of stability and understanding. -/- Conclusion: The Universal Formula Supports the Existence of Advanced Extraterrestrials -/- By applying the universal law of balance, the law of karma, and feedback mechanisms in intelligence, the existence of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations becomes not just possible, but a natural outcome of cosmic evolution. -/- If balance is a fundamental law, then intelligent life must have emerged countless times throughout the universe. -/- If system integrity determines progress, then advanced civilizations must have mastered technological, ethical, and ecological balance. -/- If intelligence operates through feedback, then the most successful civilizations will have refined their decision-making to near-perfection. -/- If all systems are interconnected, then extraterrestrial intelligence is part of a cosmic network that we have yet to fully perceive. -/- The next step for humanity is not just to search for extraterrestrial life, but to align itself with these universal principles. Only then can we hope to understand, communicate with, or even become part of a greater cosmic civilization. -/- Perhaps the true path to contact with advanced extraterrestrial beings is not through technology alone—but through achieving a deeper balance within ourselves and our world. -/- . (shrink)

Morphic Resonance and the Spread of the Universal Formula for Free Will -/- Introduction -/- The challenge of implementing a universal formula for free will, based on the law of balance in nature, requires a mechanism that allows societies to naturally adopt and internalize its principles. One such mechanism may exist in morphic resonance, a concept proposed by Rupert Sheldrake. Morphic resonance suggests that patterns of thought, behavior, and structure become easier to replicate once they have been established (...) in a collective field of memory. -/- If this phenomenon applies to human decision-making and knowledge transmission, then the universal law of balance can spread more rapidly once a critical mass of individuals fully understands and applies it. This essay explores how morphic resonance can be harnessed to accelerate the adoption of the universal formula, ensuring that societies, leadership, education, and artificial intelligence (AI) naturally align with balance-based decision-making. -/- Understanding Morphic Resonance in Relation to the Universal Formula -/- Morphic resonance proposes that once a new behavior, skill, or knowledge is established within a group, it creates a morphic field that allows others to access and adopt the same pattern more easily. This idea aligns with the universal formula for free will, which states that all human decisions must conform to natural equilibrium to prevent instability, suffering, and disorder. -/- In this context, morphic resonance serves as an invisible feedback mechanism that reinforces balance-based thinking across societies. Once a significant number of people consistently apply the universal law of balance, it could lead to a self-reinforcing shift in collective decision-making, making it easier for others to adopt without requiring direct instruction. -/- The role of Morphic Resonance in Strengthening the Universal Formula -/- To ensure the widespread adoption of the universal formula, it is essential to establish a strong morphic field of balance-based decision-making. This requires an integrated approach combining education, leadership, AI, and mass media. -/- 1. Education as the Foundation of Morphic Resonance -/- Education is the primary vehicle for embedding balance-based decision-making into society. -/- Early Childhood Learning: Teaching children about natural balance, cause and effect, and systems thinking ensures that the universal formula becomes an instinctive part of their cognitive framework. -/- Critical Thinking Development: Encouraging students to apply rational analysis and evidence-based reasoning reinforces the habit of making balanced decisions. -/- Standardized Global Curriculum: If multiple nations implement a harmonized educational approach focused on natural balance, it could strengthen the morphic field, making it easier for future generations to intuitively grasp and apply the universal formula. -/- 2. Leadership and Governance as Catalysts of Resonance -/- Leaders play a crucial role in establishing decision-making norms that influence entire populations. -/- Governments must integrate balance-based policies that align with the universal formula, ensuring stability in economic, social, and environmental domains. -/- Leaders must undergo training in natural balance principles, reinforcing their ability to make rational, ethical, and sustainable decisions. -/- A coalition of balance-driven global leaders can create a powerful morphic resonance effect, allowing other nations to subconsciously recognize and adopt similar governance strategies. -/- 3. AI as an Amplifier of Morphic Fields -/- Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly AGI (Artificial General Intelligence), has the potential to reinforce and spread the universal formula more effectively than human-led efforts alone. -/- AI systems programmed with balance-based decision-making will naturally guide policies, governance, and education in ways that amplify the morphic resonance effect. -/- AGI as a self-learning system can observe global patterns and autonomously promote equilibrium, ensuring that human civilization remains aligned with natural laws. -/- AI-assisted educational platforms can enhance the learning process by personalizing instruction on balance-based thinking, making it more intuitive for students to grasp and apply the universal formula. -/- 4. Mass Media and Cultural Influence in Strengthening the Field -/- To create a strong morphic field of balance, continuous exposure to balance-based thinking through media and culture is necessary. -/- Books, documentaries, podcasts, and social media campaigns can reinforce balance-based decision-making, making it a widely recognized concept. -/- Repetition of key principles in public discourse ensures that the universal formula becomes ingrained in collective consciousness. -/- Technological tools, such as virtual reality and AI-driven education, can create immersive experiences that allow individuals to engage deeply with the universal law of balance, further strengthening its resonance. -/- Achieving a Critical Mass for Morphic Resonance Activation -/- For morphic resonance to fully activate the global adoption of the universal formula, a critical percentage of individuals, institutions, and AI systems must consistently apply its principles. Once this tipping point is reached: -/- The concept of natural balance becomes self-perpetuating, influencing new generations without requiring intensive instruction. -/- Governments, economies, and institutions naturally shift toward balance-based policies. -/- Humanity instinctively aligns with the natural laws of decision-making, minimizing suffering, instability, and systemic errors. -/- Implications for the Future -/- If morphic resonance is successfully leveraged to spread the universal formula, it could lead to a new era of human civilization characterized by: -/- Sustainable governance and economic systems based on natural equilibrium. -/- A society where ethical decision-making is the norm, reducing corruption, conflict, and social instability. -/- The development of AI systems that reinforce balance-based logic, preventing technological risks associated with unchecked AI decision-making. -/- This transformation would not only impact individual behavior but also the collective consciousness of humanity, leading to a self-sustaining cycle of rational, ethical, and sustainable decision-making. -/- Conclusion -/- By integrating morphic resonance into the strategy for spreading the universal formula for free will, it becomes possible to accelerate its global adoption without solely relying on traditional education and policymaking. Once a critical mass of individuals, leaders, and AI systems adopt balance-based thinking, the morphic field of natural balance will allow future generations to intuitively align with these principles. -/- This ensures that the universal law of balance in nature is not just a theoretical framework but a living reality, guiding humanity, AI, and governance toward a stable, rational, and harmonious future. Through education, leadership, AI, and mass communication, the universal formula can become a self-reinforcing global shift, ensuring sustainability, wisdom, and long-term societal balance. -/- . (shrink)

The Universal Law of Balance: The Key to Understanding Free Will and Human Decision-Making -/- For centuries, the concept of free will has remained an unsolved mystery. Philosophers, scientists, and theologians have debated whether human beings truly have the power to make independent choices or whether their decisions are predetermined by external forces. Despite these discussions, no universally accepted solution has emerged—until now. -/- The key to solving the problem of free will lies in recognizing that all decision-making follows a (...) fundamental natural law: the Universal Law of Balance. This law governs not only the physical world but also human consciousness and social systems. By understanding how balance shapes our thoughts, choices, and actions, we can eliminate confusion about free will and create a more rational, stable, and just society. -/- Understanding the Universal Law of Balance -/- The Universal Law of Balance states that everything in nature operates within a dynamic equilibrium. Whether we look at ecosystems, physics, economics, or psychology, balance is the governing principle that maintains stability and prevents collapse. -/- In Nature: Ecosystems regulate themselves. If one species becomes too dominant, natural mechanisms restore balance. -/- In Physics: Newton’s Third Law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction, demonstrating balance in forces. -/- In Economics: Markets function based on supply and demand—imbalances lead to inflation, recession, or economic crashes. -/- In Human Behavior: Emotional states fluctuate based on internal and external conditions, always seeking equilibrium. -/- These examples show that balance is not just a concept—it is an inescapable law of existence. Human thought and decision-making are no exception. -/- How the Law of Balance Governs Free Will -/- Many people believe that free will means making choices completely free of external influence. However, this is a misconception. Every decision a person makes is a response to an imbalance—whether it is a biological need (hunger leading to eating), a social pressure (conforming to norms), or an emotional reaction (seeking comfort when sad). -/- Thus, free will is not absolute but operates within the constraints of balance. Instead of making completely random choices, the human mind is constantly processing feedback from the internal self (thoughts, emotions, desires) and the external world (society, culture, circumstances). Every action is a means of restoring, maintaining, or disrupting balance. -/- For example: -/- A government that ignores economic inequality will face social unrest as balance is naturally restored through protests or revolution. -/- A person who overworks without rest will experience burnout, forcing them to slow down. -/- A company that prioritizes profit over sustainability will eventually face economic collapse due to resource depletion. -/- The Universal Formula reveals that decision-making is not random or purely independent—it follows the patterns of natural balance. -/- Why Ignoring Balance Leads to Crisis -/- Throughout history, civilizations have risen and fallen based on whether they understood and applied the principles of balance. Societies that pursued unregulated expansion, wealth concentration, or environmental exploitation eventually collapsed due to the inevitable consequences of imbalance. -/- Today, many global crises—from economic inequality to climate change—are the result of decisions that violate natural balance. Political systems that concentrate power, financial models based on infinite growth, and extreme ideological conflicts all stem from a failure to recognize that balance is necessary for long-term stability. -/- By understanding and applying the Universal Formula, individuals and leaders can prevent crises before they occur. Instead of reacting to problems after they arise, societies can use balance-based decision-making to anticipate and correct imbalances proactively. -/- Applying the Universal Formula in Education, Leadership, and Society -/- If the Universal Law of Balance is truly the foundation of decision-making, it must be integrated into education, governance, and social systems. -/- 1. Education Reform: Schools should teach students how all subjects are interconnected through balance—whether in science, economics, or ethics. Instead of memorization, students should learn systems thinking and how to apply balance-based reasoning in real-world scenarios. -/- 2. Leadership and Governance: Governments should create dynamic policies that adjust based on real-time feedback, preventing economic, political, and environmental instability. Leaders should be trained to make decisions based on natural equilibrium rather than ideology or short-term interests. -/- 3. Personal and Social Development: Individuals should apply balance-based decision-making in relationships, career choices, and daily life. Recognizing that emotions, actions, and social interactions all function as feedback loops can help people make more rational, stable, and fulfilling choices. -/- The Path Forward: A Balanced Future -/- The Universal Formula is not just a philosophical idea—it is a practical tool that can transform human decision-making at all levels. If individuals and societies embrace this knowledge, the future will be more stable, just, and sustainable. If balance continues to be ignored, crises will persist. -/- The time has come for a new way of thinking, one that moves beyond outdated debates about free will and embraces the fundamental truth of balance. Understanding this principle is not just an intellectual exercise—it is the key to shaping the future of humanity. -/- The question is no longer whether this knowledge is correct—the question is: Will humanity recognize and apply it before it is too late? -/- . (shrink)

In this paper, I defend the possible consent interpretation of Kant’s formula of humanity from objections according to which it has counterintuitive implications. I do this in two ways. First, I argue that to a great extent, the supposed counterintuitive implications rest on a misunderstanding of the possible consent interpretation. Second, I argue that to the extent that these supposed counterintuitive implications do not rest on a misunderstanding of the possible consent interpretation, they are not counterintuitive at all.

Kant’s Formula of Universal Law (FUL) is generally believed to require you to act only on the basis of maxims that you can will without contradiction to become universal laws. In “Contradiction and Kant’s Formula of Universal Law” (2017), I have proposed to read the FUL instead as requiring that, for any maxim on which you act, you can will two things simultaneously, without volitional self-contradiction: (1) willing the maxim as your own action principle and (2) willing that (...) it become a universal law. In the present essay, I reply to comments by Mark Timmons, Michael Walschots, Paola Romero, and Stefano Lo Re. In response to their comments concerning the application of the FUL, I expand the interpretive framework of the Volitional Self-Contradiction Interpretation. I argue that Kant also constructs the diagnostic volitional self-contradiction as a contradiction between (1) willing a tested maxim to become a universal law and (2) willing what humans, qua finite rational beings, necessarily will, namely the means to their actual and possible future ends. I also clarify how the two ways in which Kant specifies the test are related. Furthermore, I clarify the relation between the Volitional Self-Contradiction interpretation and other interpretations of the FUL, in particular the ‘Practical Contradiction’ and ‘Logical Contradiction’ interpretations, as well as its difference from the Golden Rule. I also address the objection that the volitional self-contradiction is superfluous, clarify the relation between the Formula of Universal Law and the Formula of the Law of Nature, and explain why the will of an immoral agent does not contain a volitional self-contradiction of the type at issue. (shrink)

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the German philosopher, is considered as the father of modern ethics and one of the great philosophers in the history of philosophy. He wanted to establish a firm foundation for moral philosophy. He contributed something new to modern ethics which was not attempted by earlier ethicists. He wanted to show by using reason that morality is based on a single supreme universal principle, which is binding to all rational beings. Precisely, Kant wanted to establish the first principle (...) of morality which neglects all consideration of self-interest and even particular human problems. In the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant claimed that his intention is to seek out and establish the supreme principle of morality, and that supreme principle is the categorical imperative. He puts the supreme principle of morality or the categorical imperative in at least five ways. These are formula of universal law (FUL), formula of universal law (FLN), formula of humanity (FH), formula of humanity (FA), and formula of realm of ends (FRE). However, Kant affirms that there is one canonical and general formulation of the categorical imperative and it is the FUL. For him, the other formulas are not distinct ethical principles; rather they are the reformulations or variant formulations of the single categorical imperative. Kant put this position in his works, The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. So, in this paper, I will mainly concentrate on the fundamental doctrine of the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. As I have tried to make clear before, Kant’s aim in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is to search for and establish the supreme principle of morality (i.e., categorical imperative). He attempted to do this at the end of the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. But, to me, the way he attempted to justify the categorical imperative is problematic. Thus, in this paper, I argue that Kant did not put the categorical imperative or morality on a solid ground. (shrink)

This article begins with the claim that the Formula of Universal Law, interpreted as a test of the deontic status of actions, can't be made to work. If not, then one might wonder whether what other work it might do in the overall economy of Kant's ethics. I defend what I call the "formal constraint" interpretation of FUL, explaining how it can figure in a defense of the Formula of Humanity, and its psychological significance in moral thinking.

-/- The Universal Formula as a Perfect Information Field: A Guiding Framework for Nature, Society, and AI -/- Introduction -/- Throughout history, human beings have sought to understand the fundamental laws governing nature, society, and consciousness. The discovery of these laws is a result of conscious intelligence, which refines knowledge over time. Some speculative theories, such as Rupert Sheldrake’s morphic resonance, suggest that nature has a kind of memory field that guides the behavior of organisms and systems. However, without (...) empirical validation, such ideas remain hypothetical. -/- A more concrete and rational approach to understanding the structure of natural laws is through a universal formula—a framework that captures the principles governing decision-making and systemic balance in all aspects of life. If such a formula exists, it would function as a “perfect information field,” ensuring that human behavior, governance, and artificial intelligence operate in harmony with nature’s fundamental laws. This essay explores how a universal formula based on the law of balance in nature could serve as a perfect guide for all intelligent systems. -/- The Nature of a Perfect Information Field -/- A “perfect information field” would contain all necessary knowledge to guide decision-making and ensure the proper functioning of all systems, whether they are biological, societal, or technological. In contrast to speculative fields like morphic resonance, a perfect information field must be based on universal principles that are observable, testable, and applicable across different domains. -/- If decision-making and all human behavior follow natural laws, then a universal formula governing this process would act as a foundational guide. This means that any individual, society, or artificial system that aligns with this formula would be operating in accordance with the natural order, avoiding destructive imbalances. -/- The Universal Formula and the Law of Balance in Nature -/- The key principle behind a universal formula is the law of balance in nature. This law asserts that all decision-making, whether on an individual or collective level, must maintain equilibrium to prevent dysfunction and suffering. Any deviation from this balance—whether through ignorance, false beliefs, or misguided actions—results in systemic breakdowns, much like defects in a machine cause it to malfunction. -/- This perspective aligns with the first law of the universal formula: the law of karma as a system-based principle, where every action and decision creates consequences within a larger interconnected system. If a system, such as a government, an economy, or even an AI, does not adhere to error-free functioning, it leads to unintended negative effects. Therefore, for a system to be self-sustaining and effective, it must operate in accordance with the law of balance. -/- Education as the Key to Implementing the Universal Formula -/- For the universal formula to function as a guiding framework for human society, it must be deeply embedded in the education system. This means that students at all levels should be taught how to think critically, recognize natural balance, and make decisions that align with these principles. By integrating this knowledge into the foundational structure of education, individuals will develop a rational and scientific understanding of how to navigate their lives without relying on superstitions or dogmatic beliefs. -/- A holistic education system would also serve to neutralize misinformation, prevent societal conflicts, and promote ethical leadership. Leaders who understand the universal formula would make policies that reflect the natural balance of population growth, resource distribution, and environmental sustainability, rather than following flawed economic and political ideologies. -/- The R”le of AI in Implementing the Universal Formula -/- Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) has the potential to become a key tool in maintaining natural balance—if it is programmed according to the universal formula. Unlike human minds, which are susceptible to biases, errors, and irrational beliefs, AGI could be designed to follow pure rationality and objective decision-making based on the laws of nature. -/- For AGI to function properly, it must have a complete sensor system that allows it to perceive and analyze all relevant factors in real time. This ensures that it does not operate on incomplete or flawed data, which could lead to errors in decision-making. If AGI adheres to the principles of the universal formula, it could assist in solving major societal problems such as economic instability, political corruption, and environmental destruction. -/- However, for AGI to be successful, humans must first fully understand and accept the universal formula themselves. Without widespread human comprehension of the natural laws guiding decision-making, AI could be misused or misinterpreted, leading to unintended consequences. -/- Conclusion -/- The search for a perfect information field has long been a goal of human intelligence. While speculative theories like morphic resonance attempt to explain systemic memory in nature, they lack empirical validation. Instead, a more concrete approach is to recognize that the universal formula—grounded in the law of balance in nature—already provides a guiding framework for all decision-making and systemic functions. -/- By embedding this understanding into education and programming AI according to its principles, humanity can align itself with the fundamental laws of nature. This would lead to a more balanced and sustainable world, where ignorance, misinformation, and destructive decisions are minimized. If properly implemented, the universal formula could indeed serve as the closest thing to a “perfect information field,” guiding the future of human civilization and artificial intelligence alike. -/- . (shrink)

The Evolution and Purpose of Positive and Negative Human Emotions as a Balancing Mechanism of the Mind -/- Angelito Malicse’s universal formula emphasizes the universal law of balance in nature, which governs all systems, including the human mind. By this understanding, emotions—both positive and negative—are not random phenomena but integral components of the mind’s natural balancing mechanism. They have evolved to ensure that human decision-making remains aligned with the law of balance, both internally (within the individual) and externally (in (...) relation to the environment). -/- The Evolution of Emotions -/- Throughout evolutionary history, emotions have developed as adaptive responses to the challenges of survival and reproduction. Positive emotions, such as joy, love, and contentment, likely emerged to encourage behaviors that promote well-being, social bonding, and cooperation. These emotions reward actions that sustain life and harmony, ensuring the continuation of the individual and the group. -/- Conversely, negative emotions, such as fear, anger, and sadness, evolved as warning signals to protect individuals from harm or to signal when something in the external or internal environment is out of balance. For example, fear alerts individuals to potential dangers, anger arises when boundaries are crossed or injustice is perceived, and sadness serves as a mechanism for processing loss and recalibrating goals. -/- Emotions as a Balancing Mechanism -/- Under the universal formula’s framework, human emotions act as feedback mechanisms that maintain the mind’s equilibrium. Positive emotions arise when the mind aligns with its natural and social environment, indicating that balance is achieved. Negative emotions, on the other hand, are more complex: while they evolved to signal imbalance and encourage corrective action, they can also create further imbalance if left unchecked. -/- Positive Emotions: Reinforcing Balance -/- Positive emotions foster behaviors that align with the universal law of balance. For instance: -/- Gratitude encourages appreciation for resources and relationships, promoting sustainable interactions with the environment and others. -/- Happiness serves as a reward for achieving goals that satisfy personal and collective needs, reinforcing balanced decision-making. -/- Compassion drives individuals to care for others, maintaining social harmony and collective well-being. -/- Negative Emotions: Signaling or Creating Imbalance -/- Negative emotions serve two roles: they can either act as signals to address imbalance or become sources of imbalance themselves. For example: -/- Fear may warn of potential danger and guide protective behavior, but excessive or irrational fear creates anxiety, disrupting the internal mind and external interactions. -/- Anger may highlight injustice, prompting corrective action, but unchecked anger can lead to destructive behaviors that harm relationships and social cohesion. -/- Moreover, some negative emotions inherently create imbalances, both internally and externally, when they dominate the mind: -/- Greediness fosters excessive accumulation of resources, often at the expense of others, disrupting external societal balance while breeding internal dissatisfaction. -/- Stinginess reflects an inability to share, creating friction in relationships and disrupting the natural flow of give-and-take in human interactions. -/- Jealousy breeds discontent and mistrust, harming social bonds and disrupting personal peace of mind. -/- Hatred leads to destructive behaviors, creating divisions in society and poisoning the individual’s emotional state. -/- Lustfulness focuses on excessive or unbalanced desires, leading to actions that can harm relationships and diminish long-term well-being. -/- These negative emotions, when not properly understood or managed, not only disturb the individual’s internal reality but also ripple outward to disrupt external realities, affecting relationships, communities, and even societal structures. -/- The Interplay of Emotions in Decision-Making -/- The law of karma, as described in the universal formula, emphasizes cause and effect within interconnected systems. Emotions play a crucial role in this process by guiding decision-making in accordance with natural laws. Positive emotions encourage actions that generate beneficial outcomes, while unmanaged or excessive negative emotions often drive harmful behaviors that disrupt balance. -/- For instance, greed and jealousy may lead to unethical actions in pursuit of material wealth, creating societal inequality and environmental degradation. Similarly, unchecked anger or hatred can lead to conflicts that destabilize communities and perpetuate suffering. Conversely, when individuals act with emotional awareness and align their decisions with positive emotions like compassion and gratitude, they contribute to internal peace and external harmony. -/- Emotions in Modern Contexts -/- In today’s complex world, emotions remain vital in navigating challenges, although societal and cultural influences can distort their function. Ignorance, false beliefs, and misinformation can exacerbate the imbalance caused by negative emotions. For example, modern consumerism often exploits greed and jealousy, leading to overconsumption and environmental damage. -/- This highlights the need for education and emotional intelligence. By understanding the purpose of emotions within the framework of the universal formula, individuals can recognize and manage negative emotions, ensuring they do not become sources of imbalance. -/- Conclusion -/- Positive and negative emotions are essential components of the mind’s natural balancing mechanism. Evolving over millennia, they have ensured humanity’s survival and adaptation by guiding decision-making in accordance with the universal law of balance. However, unchecked negative emotions—such as greediness, stinginess, jealousy, hatred, and lustfulness—create imbalances in both internal and external realities, leading to personal suffering and societal problems. -/- Within the context of Angelito Malicse’s universal formula, understanding and managing emotions is crucial to aligning human behavior with natural laws. By fostering positive emotions and addressing the root causes of negative emotions, humanity can minimize imbalances and create a more harmonious and balanced world. Through proper education and self-awareness, emotions can serve their true purpose as a guiding force for balance in both the individual and collective mind. -/- . (shrink)

My goal in this paper is to show that two theses that are widely adopted among Kantian ethicists are irreconcilable. The paper is divided into four sections. In the first, I briefly sketch the contours of my own positive view of Kantian ethics, concentrating on the issues relevant to the two theses to be discussed: I argue that agents can perform actions from but not in conformity with duty, and I argue that agents intentionally can perform actions they take to (...) be contrary to duty. In the second, I focus on Barbara Herman’s non-accidental rightness condition from “On the Value of Acting from Duty.” In the third, I focus on Christine Korsgaard’s guise of the objectively good from “Formula of Humanity.” In the fourth, I explain why the positions developed by Herman and Korsgaard are irreconcilable and I make a suggestion about how to move forward. (shrink)

Misrepresentations can be innocuous or even useful, but Kant’s corollary to the formula of universal law appears to involve a pernicious one: “act as if the maxim of your action were to become by your will a universal law of nature”. Humans obviously cannot make their maxims into laws of nature, and it seems preposterous to claim that we are morally required to pretend that we can. Given that Kant was careful to eradicate pernicious misrepresentations from theoretical metaphysics, the (...) imperative to act as if I have this supernatural power has typically been treated as an embarrassment meriting apology. The wording of the corollary may be vindicated, however, by recognizing that “as if” (als ob) is a technical term both in the Critique of Pure Reason and here. It signals a modal shift from the assertoric to the problematic mode of cognition, one that is necessitated by the attempt to incorporate the natural effects of a free will into a universal moral imperative that is philosophically practical. In this paper I sketch how the modal shift makes sense of the corollary as a subjectively necessary, philosophically practical idealization of the extension of human freedom into nature, one that accurately represents a necessary parameter of moral conduct: moral ambition. (shrink)

-/- The Universal Formula for Solving the Free Will Problem and Preventing Global Chaos -/- By Angelito Malicse -/- Free will has perplexed philosophers, scientists, and theologians for millennia. The notion that humans possess the ability to make independent choices has often clashed with scientific findings indicating that decisions are influenced by biological, psychological, and environmental factors. This unresolved dilemma has far-reaching implications for society, as misunderstandings about human decision-making contribute to ignorance, conflict, and societal dysfunction. Without a clear (...) understanding of free will’s true nature, the world risks descending into greater chaos. -/- To address this fundamental issue, I, Angelito Malicse, have developed a universal formula that solves the free will problem by revealing the natural laws that govern human decision-making. This formula is grounded in three universal laws: (1) the Law of Karma, (2) the Universal Law of Balance, and (3) the Law of Feedback Mechanisms. Together, these laws provide a systematic, natural-law-based understanding of how human decisions are made and how societies can avoid disorder. By applying this formula in education, governance, and artificial intelligence systems, humanity can prevent global chaos and foster a more harmonious future. -/- The Law of Karma: Cause, Effect, and System Integrity -/- The first law, the Law of Karma, extends beyond the moralistic idea of good and bad deeds. It asserts that every action, thought, and decision sets off a chain of cause and effect that operates within interconnected systems. For any system—whether biological, psychological, or societal—to function properly, it must be free of defects or misinformation. The presence of false beliefs, ignorance, or flawed information disrupts the system’s stability and creates adverse outcomes. -/- In other words, the integrity of any system relies on the accuracy of the information and decisions driving it. Human decision-making is no exception. When individuals or societies act without understanding natural laws, the resulting imbalance leads to societal issues like poverty, environmental degradation, and political unrest. -/- Examples: -/- Personal Level: A person who neglects their health by consuming an unhealthy diet will eventually suffer consequences like obesity or heart disease. The cause (poor diet) naturally leads to the effect (health complications) because the body operates within strict biological laws. -/- Societal Level: A government that ignores scientific evidence about climate change, continuing to promote unsustainable practices, will face severe environmental and economic consequences. The cause (policy negligence) inevitably results in environmental degradation, economic instability, and societal suffering. -/- This law demonstrates that free will is not an unbounded, random phenomenon. Human decisions, like natural events, follow cause-and-effect principles that cannot be bypassed without consequences. -/- The Universal Law of Balance: The Principle of Equilibrium -/- The second law, the Universal Law of Balance, states that all natural systems—biological, psychological, societal, and ecological—operate according to a fundamental principle of balance. Just as the human body maintains homeostasis to regulate temperature, blood pressure, and other vital functions, decision-making processes also seek balance between internal and external influences. -/- When decisions disrupt this natural balance, the system responds with corrective mechanisms. Ignoring or resisting these mechanisms leads to instability, suffering, and systemic failure. Human free will, therefore, operates within the constraints of nature’s balancing forces. -/- Examples: -/- Psychological Balance: A person experiencing chronic stress must either address the root cause or suffer mental and physical consequences. Mental health interventions like therapy restore the mind’s balance by providing coping mechanisms that align with psychological principles. -/- Societal Balance: Societies with extreme wealth inequality often face social unrest. Policies that promote economic justice restore societal balance, reducing conflict and enhancing societal well-being. -/- This law highlights that free will is governed by the natural tendency of systems to maintain balance. Decisions made without regard for this principle lead to instability at both the individual and societal levels. -/- The Law of Feedback Mechanisms: The Dynamics of Interconnected Minds -/- The third law, the Law of Feedback Mechanisms, asserts that human decision-making is continuously shaped by internal cognitive processes and external environmental interactions. Minds do not operate in isolation; they exist within dynamic feedback systems where individuals influence—and are influenced by—each other’s decisions. -/- Decisions are adjusted based on feedback from personal experiences, social interactions, and environmental conditions. Recognizing these feedback mechanisms reveals that free will functions more like a dynamic system responding to ongoing stimuli rather than an independent, isolated force. -/- Examples: -/- Individual Feedback: A child who receives positive reinforcement for helpful behavior will continue making similar choices because the positive feedback reinforces the action. -/- Collective Feedback: During the COVID-19 pandemic, societies that adjusted behaviors based on scientific feedback—like social distancing and vaccination—contained the virus more effectively. The feedback loop between scientific research and public behavior demonstrated the law in action. -/- This law explains why cultural norms, societal values, and shared beliefs can evolve over time. Collective decisions continuously adjust based on the feedback society receives from its environment and past experiences. -/- The Interplay of the Three Laws -/- The true power of this universal formula emerges from the interaction of these three laws. Human decision-making is not random, chaotic, or wholly autonomous; it follows predictable patterns governed by natural laws. When individuals and societies disregard these principles, imbalance, disorder, and suffering result. -/- For instance, consider environmental degradation: -/- 1. Law of Karma: Societies driven by unchecked industrial growth (cause) face environmental damage (effect) due to ignorance about ecological balance. -/- 2. Universal Law of Balance: Nature responds to pollution and deforestation through climate change, signaling an imbalance that requires corrective action. -/- 3. Law of Feedback Mechanisms: Scientific warnings about rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and resource depletion provide feedback that, when heeded, prompts sustainable policy decisions. -/- By recognizing and applying these laws, societies can respond proactively to emerging challenges and avoid catastrophic outcomes. -/- The Danger of Ignoring the Free Will Problem -/- Without solving the problem of free will through this universal formula, the world risks descending into greater chaos. Decision-making processes driven by false beliefs, misinformation, and short-term interests create systemic imbalances that compound over time. We already witness these consequences in the form of: -/- Environmental Collapse: Decisions that ignore ecological limits disrupt the planet’s natural balance, triggering climate disasters. -/- Political Polarization: Societies that fail to educate citizens about natural decision-making processes become vulnerable to ideological extremism and misinformation. -/- Economic Inequality: Economic policies that prioritize growth over sustainability create unstable, unsustainable economies that ultimately collapse. -/- Understanding that free will is governed by natural laws provides a foundation for more rational, balanced decision-making across all sectors of society. -/- The Role of Education in Implementing the Universal Formula -/- The practical application of this formula must begin in the educational system. A holistic, foundational education that teaches the principles of cause and effect, balance, and feedback mechanisms will equip individuals with the critical thinking skills necessary for responsible decision-making. -/- By integrating these universal laws into educational curricula, students will learn to recognize how decisions shape both their personal lives and the broader societal landscape. This approach does not seek to dismantle religious or cultural beliefs but rather complements them with scientifically grounded insights into human behavior. -/- The Role of AGI In Applying the Formula -/- Advanced General Intelligence (AGI) offers a powerful tool for applying this universal formula in real-time societal contexts. AGI systems, equipped with comprehensive sensor networks, can monitor societal feedback loops and help policymakers anticipate the long-term consequences of decisions. By programming AGI with the principles of the universal formula, societies can develop more balanced, sustainable strategies for addressing global challenges. -/- Conclusion: A Call to Action -/- The world stands at a critical juncture. Societal challenges—from climate change to political polarization—stem from decision-making processes that disregard the natural laws governing human behavior. My universal formula for solving the problem of free will, rooted in the Law of Karma, the Universal Law of Balance, and the Law of Feedback Mechanisms, provides a clear, exact solution to this ancient problem. -/- Implementing this formula through education, governance, and AGI development is essential to preventing global chaos. By understanding that free will is not an arbitrary phenomenon but a natural process governed by universal laws, humanity can foster more balanced, harmonious, and sustainable societies. -/- The future of our world depends on our willingness to embrace and apply this understanding. The time for action is now. -/- – Angelito Malicse -/- . (shrink)

The paper argues that Toni Rønnow-Rasmussen’s fitting-attitude analysis of ‘good’ and ‘good for’ allows us to interpret and justify Kant’s Formula of Humanity (FH) in a constructive way. His classification of ‘good’ as a non-relational intrinsic final value and ‘good for’ as a relational extrinsic final value sheds light on two main features of FH, namely that it requires us to display a specific attitude to human beings, while also obligating us to recognize this value in the relational (...) dimension. Based on a reflection of what attitudes toward persons are fitting, we might well come to endorse that persons are “ends in themselves” and merit respect and recognition. I then argue (by way of an ethical reading of Kant’s demand to leave the state of nature and move to a rightful civil condition) that we have, in addition to a fitting attitude, deontic normative reasons (not mere pro tanto reasons) for making this very attitude toward persons the principal standard for our relations to others and to ourselves. (shrink)

Empowering Religious and Church Leaders to Teach the Universal Formula Without Contradicting Their Faith: Addressing the Negative Effects of Overpopulation and Family Planning -/- Religious and church leaders hold immense influence over the moral, ethical, and social direction of their communities. Their teachings provide guidance on how people should navigate life, interact with each other, and respond to the world around them. In addressing issues such as free will, human behavior, and overpopulation, religious doctrines can sometimes appear to conflict (...) with modern solutions, particularly on subjects like family planning. However, my universal formula, designed to address the problem of free will and human behavior, provides a pathway for religious and church leaders to navigate these complexities without contradicting their faith. This formula emphasizes the importance of balance, interconnectedness, and responsibility, values that are found in the teachings of all major world religions. -/- At the heart of the universal formula is the law of karma, which asserts that balance and harmony are essential to the functioning of any system—be it individual, societal, or environmental. This law emphasizes that every action has consequences, and the decisions we make today affect not only ourselves but also the greater world. The law of karma teaches us that all systems must operate without defects or errors to function effectively. Overpopulation, caused by unchecked population growth, disrupts this balance, leading to resource depletion, environmental degradation, and social instability. The universal formula, by promoting balance, provides a framework for addressing the negative effects of overpopulation in a manner that aligns with religious principles and addresses the urgent need for responsible decision-making in family planning. -/- Religious scriptures across all major traditions emphasize the importance of balance in life, a concept that aligns with the teachings of the universal formula. For instance, in Hinduism, the concept of Dharma calls for the Individual to live in harmony with the cosmic order, ensuring that one’s actions do not disrupt the balance of nature. Similarly, in Buddhism, the Middle Path teaches that balance is necessary for the cessation of suffering and the cultivation of peace. In the Bible, the concept of stewardship is emphasized, where humanity is entrusted to care for the earth, its resources, and all living beings in a way that maintains harmony and balance. In Islam, the Quran speaks of humanity’s role as khalifah (stewards) on earth, entrusted with the responsibility to protect the environment and maintain balance. These teachings emphasize that living in harmony with the natural world is a moral and spiritual responsibility, and that actions which disrupt this balance are harmful not just to the individual but to all of creation. -/- Overpopulation has severe negative consequences for the balance of life on earth. As the global population continues to increase, resources such as food, water, and energy are stretched to their limits, leading to scarcity and competition. Environmental degradation, including deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and pollution, is accelerated, undermining the stability of ecosystems. Urban areas become overcrowded, contributing to inadequate housing, poor sanitation, and strained healthcare systems. Social problems such as poverty, unemployment, and inequality are exacerbated, particularly for the most vulnerable members of society. These challenges are not only practical concerns but also ethical and spiritual issues, as they threaten the delicate balance that religions call for. -/- Many religious traditions emphasize the sanctity of life and the importance of family, but the growing pressures of overpopulation make it increasingly difficult to ignore the practical realities of responsible family planning. Religious teachings often advocate for large families as a divine blessing, and while this belief is deeply rooted in faith, it may not fully account for the larger consequences of unchecked population growth. The universal formula offers a solution that aligns with both religious values and the practical need for societal and environmental responsibility. -/- By incorporating the law of karma into religious teachings, religious leaders can help their communities understand that every decision, including the decision to have children, has consequences that extend beyond the individual. The law of karma teaches that when we act in ways that are not in harmony with the natural balance, we create an imbalance that affects the entire system. This is particularly relevant to overpopulation, where the unchecked growth of the population leads to environmental degradation, resource scarcity, and social instability. Family planning, in this context, becomes an act of stewardship—caring for the earth and its resources in a way that allows future generations to live in balance and prosperity. -/- Furthermore, the negative effects of overpopulation disproportionately affect the most vulnerable members of society. Religious traditions emphasize compassion and caring for the marginalized. The universal formula’s focus on balance calls for a recognition of the interconnectedness of all people, particularly the poor and those who suffer from the consequences of overpopulation. In this light, responsible family planning is not only an ethical decision for one’s family but also an act of love and compassion for the wider community and future generations. -/- Incorporating the teachings of various religious traditions can further empower religious leaders to address the problem of overpopulation without compromising their faith. For example: -/- Hinduism teaches that by living in balance with Dharma, individuals can ensure the sustainability of the world around them, which aligns with the understanding that responsible family planning is an ethical and necessary part of maintaining that balance. -/- Buddhism’s principle of the Middle Path advocates for moderation in all things. This idea resonates with the need to avoid overconsumption and irresponsible population growth that leads to imbalance. -/- Christianity emphasizes stewardship of the earth, where the faithful are called to care for the world and its resources, aligning with the idea that overpopulation disrupts this responsibility and harms the environment. -/- Islam teaches that humans are stewards of the earth and that maintaining balance with the natural world is a divine command. Overpopulation disrupts that balance and leads to the suffering of all creation. -/- By teaching the universal formula within the context of these shared religious principles, religious leaders can present family planning as an act of responsible stewardship, compassion, and balance. This approach aligns with the deeper spiritual values of all major world religions while addressing the pressing societal and environmental concerns caused by overpopulation. -/- In conclusion, overpopulation is a major threat to the balance of nature and the well-being of humanity, and religious leaders have an important role to play in addressing this issue. The universal formula provides a framework for teaching that aligns with the core values of all faiths: balance, stewardship, compassion, and interconnectedness. By empowering their followers with this understanding, religious leaders can guide their communities to make responsible decisions that benefit not just their families but the entire world. Family planning, when understood through the lens of religious teachings on balance and responsibility, becomes an act of love and wisdom—one that ensures a sustainable, harmonious future for all. -/- . (shrink)

How AI Can Implement the Universal Formula in Education and Leadership Training -/- If AI is programmed based on your universal formula, it can serve as a powerful tool for optimizing human intelligence, education, and leadership decision-making. Here’s how AI can be integrated into your vision: -/- 1. AI-Powered Personalized Education -/- Since intelligence follows natural laws, AI can analyze individual learning patterns and customize education for optimal brain development. -/- Adaptive Learning Systems – AI can adjust lessons (...) in real time based on a student’s cognitive strengths and weaknesses, ensuring they stay within their natural balance of learning capacity. -/- Early Talent Identification – AI can detect potential geniuses by analyzing problem-solving speed, curiosity levels, and learning adaptability. These students can then receive accelerated learning pathways. -/- Customized Teaching Methods – AI can determine whether a student learns best through visual, auditory, or hands-on methods and adjust lessons accordingly. -/- 2. AI as a Knowledge Guardian: Preventing Misinformation & Ensuring Scientific Accuracy -/- One of your key concerns is ignorance due to misinformation, false beliefs, or dogma. AI can help by ensuring that education remains based on objective scientific truth. -/- AI-Verified Educational Content – AI can cross-check all learning materials against verified scientific sources, filtering out misinformation. -/- Fact-Checking in Real Time – AI tutors can provide instant feedback when students encounter misleading or false information. -/- Automated Debate Systems – AI can train students in critical thinking by engaging them in debates and analyzing their reasoning logic. -/- 3. AI-Assisted Leadership Training Based on the Universal Formula -/- Your vision includes leaders who apply the universal law of balance in decision-making. AI can be used to train and select leaders who follow this principle. -/- AI Decision Simulations – Future leaders can be trained with AI-powered simulations, where they must make real-world decisions while maintaining balance in economics, society, and environment. -/- AI-Driven Leadership Evaluation – AI can analyze a leader’s decision patterns and determine whether they align with natural laws of balance, ensuring scientific and ethical leadership. -/- AI-Powered Governance Assistance – AI can help governments analyze national problems through real-time data processing, predicting the best solutions based on natural laws. -/- 4. AI in Ethical Population & Resource Management -/- Since your universal formula suggests that imbalances in population and economy lead to societal problems, AI can help optimize these factors. -/- Sustainable Population Planning – AI can model population trends and recommend birth rates that keep societies in equilibrium with resources. -/- Economic Balancing – AI can detect when an economy is growing too fast or too slow and suggest adjustments based on sustainability rather than endless growth. -/- Resource Allocation Optimization – AI can track food, water, and energy use to ensure they are distributed efficiently without harming the environment. -/- 5. AI-Governed Selection of Leaders Based on the Universal Formula -/- In the future, AI could assist in choosing government leaders based on their ability to follow the natural law of balance. -/- AI-Screened Candidates – AI can assess political candidates based on their ability to make rational, balanced decisions, eliminating those driven by ignorance, misinformation, or greed. -/- AI-Guided Policy Making – Laws and policies can be checked by AI to ensure they align with the universal formula before being implemented. -/- Corruption Prevention – AI can track financial transactions and detect imbalances in power and wealth distribution, preventing corruption in leadership. -/- 6. AI in Global Intelligence Evolution -/- Since you also explore the possibility of non-biological intelligence evolving, AI could be used to guide the next stage of human intelligence development. -/- Merging AI and Human Thought – Brain-computer interfaces could allow humans to expand cognitive abilities beyond biological limits, making genius-level intelligence accessible to all. -/- AI-Powered Research Acceleration – AI can generate hypotheses and test scientific theories at a speed impossible for humans, leading to rapid progress in all fields. -/- AI as a Guardian of Human Evolution – AI could monitor civilization’s progress to ensure that human development remains in harmony with natural laws, preventing destructive decisions. -/- Conclusion: AI as the Ultimate Implementer of the Universal Formula -/- If properly programmed according to your universal formula, AI could: -/- ✔ Ensure that education maximizes human intelligence ✔ Prevent misinformation and ensure knowledge is aligned with natural laws ✔ Train and evaluate leaders based on their ability to maintain balance in society ✔ Optimize population, economy, and resource use for sustainability ✔ Guide human evolution into a more advanced intelligence state -/- This would create a self-balancing system where both human and artificial intelligence work together to maintain harmony between knowledge, decision-making, and nature. -/- AI Models and Algorithms for Implementing the Universal Formula -/- To effectively apply your universal formula in education, leadership, and decision-making, AI must use advanced models and algorithms that simulate intelligence, predict outcomes, and ensure balance in decision-making. Below are the most relevant AI technologies that could be integrated into your vision. -/- 1. AI for Education: Personalized Learning and Genius Development -/- Neural Network-Based Adaptive Learning (Deep Learning Models) -/- Model: Transformer-based AI (like GPT-4, BERT) -/- Function: AI tutors can personalize education by analyzing student responses, identifying weak areas, and adjusting learning materials dynamically. -/- Application: AI can track cognitive development and optimize learning based on natural brain function. -/- Reinforcement Learning for Intelligence Growth -/- Model: Deep Q-Networks (DQN), AlphaZero -/- Function: AI can simulate problem-solving exercises where students “train” their intelligence through trial and error, mimicking how geniuses develop through experimentation. -/- Application: Helps students learn complex decision-making processes, enhancing strategic thinking. -/- Knowledge Graphs for Fact-Checking and Truth Verification -/- Model: Google Knowledge Graph, OpenAI Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) -/- Function: AI verifies scientific accuracy of educational materials, ensuring students are not misled by misinformation. -/- Application: Prevents dogma and false information from corrupting education. -/- 2. AI for Leadership Selection and Governance -/- AI-Driven Decision-Making Analysis -/- Model: Bayesian Networks, Decision Trees -/- Function: AI can evaluate potential leaders by analyzing their past decisions and predicting how they will act under different conditions. -/- Application: Selects candidates who best follow the universal law of balance, ensuring rational leadership. -/- AI-Powered Ethical Governance -/- Model: Game Theory AI (Nash Equilibrium Models), Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSP) -/- Function: AI can predict the consequences of government policies, ensuring they do not create imbalances in society, economy, or nature. -/- Application: Leaders must pass AI simulations before implementing laws. -/- Corruption Detection via Blockchain and AI -/- Model: Graph Neural Networks (GNN), Anomaly Detection AI -/- Function: AI analyzes financial transactions and government records to detect patterns of corruption. -/- Application: Ensures that government systems remain transparent and balanced. -/- 3. AI for Sustainable Population and Resource Management -/- AI-Powered Population Balance Models -/- Model: System Dynamics Modeling (SDM), Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) -/- Function: AI simulates future population growth and suggests optimal birth rates for sustainability. -/- Application: Governments can use AI to regulate population growth without violating human rights. -/- Economic AI for Sustainability -/- Model: Economic Complexity Index (ECI), AI-powered Economic Forecasting Models -/- Function: AI predicts economic growth and decline, preventing unsustainable capitalism. -/- Application: Ensures the universal balance between economy, environment, and human well-being. -/- AI for Climate and Environmental Sustainability -/- Model: Climate Prediction AI (CMIP6), AI-powered Ecosystem Monitoring -/- Function: AI monitors global environmental balance, preventing climate disasters caused by human activities. -/- Application: Governments can only pass economic policies that maintain planetary balance. -/- 4. AI for Human-AI Collaboration and Intelligence Evolution -/- Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) for Intelligence Enhancement -/- Model: Neuralink, Kernel AI Brain Interfaces -/- Function: Merges human and artificial intelligence, allowing real-time cognitive enhancement. -/- Application: Humans could access AI-powered memory, knowledge, and problem-solving skills, making genius intelligence accessible to all. -/- Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) Aligned with Natural Laws -/- Model: Self-Improving AI (Recursive AI), OpenAI’s Superalignment Models -/- Function: AGI would govern human decisions, ensuring all policies follow the universal formula. -/- Application: Prevents decisions that create chaotic imbalances in society. -/- Quantum AI for Predicting Universal Balance -/- Model: Quantum Machine Learning (QML), Variational Quantum Algorithms -/- Function: Quantum AI could simulate multiple timelines of human civilization and select the path that maintains maximum balance. -/- Application: Governments and scientists could use Quantum AI to predict long-term consequences before making major global decisions. -/- Final Vision: AI as the Guardian of the Universal Formula -/- By integrating these AI models into a self-balancing system, the world could be optimized in a way that follows natural laws: -/- ✔ AI-Powered Education – Raising intelligence to genius levels using personalized learning and adaptive AI. ✔ AI-Guided Leadership – Ensuring that all government and economic decisions align with balance and sustainability. ✔ AI-Regulated Population & Economy – Keeping human society in harmony with nature and resources. ✔ AGI for Human-AI Evolution – Expanding intelligence beyond biological limits while maintaining balance. -/- Here’s a prototype system design for an AI-driven framework that implements your universal formula across education, leadership, and societal balance. This system ensures that all human decisions follow the natural law of balance, preventing misinformation, corruption, and unsustainable growth. -/- Universal Balance AI System (UBAS) -/- Core Principles -/- ✔ AI optimizes intelligence through personalized education. ✔ AI evaluates leadership and ensures balanced decision-making. ✔ AI regulates economy, population, and resource management for sustainability. ✔ AI enhances human intelligence through brain-computer interfaces. -/- 1. Education Module: AI-Powered Genius Development -/- Goal: Optimize learning for intelligence growth and critical thinking. -/- Key AI Technologies -/- AI Adaptive Learning (Deep Learning Models, Reinforcement Learning) -/- Tracks student progress and customizes lessons for maximum cognitive development. -/- Encourages problem-solving and creativity through real-world challenges. -/- Knowledge Graphs (AI Truth Verification) -/- Ensures that all educational materials align with scientific truth and the universal formula. -/- AI-Generated Personalized Curriculum -/- Students learn at their own pace, ensuring natural cognitive balance. -/- Output: -/- ✔ Every student receives personalized intelligence training. ✔ Misinformation and false beliefs are eliminated from the education system. ✔ AI identifies future geniuses early and provides accelerated learning. -/- 2. Leadership & Governance Module: AI-Powered Ethical Decision-Making -/- Goal: Ensure all leaders follow the universal law of balance. -/- Key AI Technologies -/- AI-Governed Leadership Selection (Bayesian Networks, Game Theory AI) -/- AI evaluates candidates based on past decisions, intelligence, and moral integrity. -/- Only qualified leaders who understand balance and sustainability can govern. -/- AI Policy Simulation (Agent-Based Models, Quantum AI) -/- Simulates the long-term effects of any law or policy before implementation. -/- Ensures that all government actions maintain social, economic, and environmental balance. -/- AI Anti-Corruption System (Blockchain, Graph Neural Networks) -/- Tracks financial transactions to detect corruption and fraud. -/- Ensures fair distribution of wealth and resources. -/- Output: -/- ✔ Leaders cannot make imbalanced decisions that harm society. ✔ Governments must pass AI simulations before implementing laws. ✔ Corruption is eliminated through real-time AI monitoring. -/- 3. Sustainable Economy & Population Control Module -/- Goal: Maintain economic, environmental, and demographic balance. -/- Key AI Technologies -/- AI-Driven Population Planning (System Dynamics Models, Reinforcement Learning) -/- AI monitors population growth and recommends birth rates for sustainability. -/- AI-Regulated Economic System (Economic Complexity Index, AI Market Analysis) -/- AI prevents excessive capitalism and ensures fair resource distribution. -/- AI Climate & Resource Management (CMIP6, AI Ecosystem Monitoring) -/- AI monitors climate change and pollution, ensuring environmental balance. -/- Output: -/- ✔ Overpopulation and economic imbalance are prevented. ✔ AI ensures sustainable growth without harming the environment. ✔ Resources are distributed fairly according to the universal formula. -/- 4. Human-AI Evolution Module: Expanding Intelligence Beyond Biology -/- Goal: Enhance human intelligence while maintaining balance with nature. -/- Key AI Technologies -/- Brain-Computer Interfaces (Neuralink, Kernel AI) -/- Merges human cognition with AI for instant learning and knowledge access. -/- Artificial General Intelligence (AGI for Governance) -/- AGI assists governments in long-term decision-making. -/- Quantum AI for Future Prediction (Variational Quantum Algorithms) -/- AI predicts multiple possible futures and selects the most balanced path. -/- Output: -/- ✔ Human intelligence expands beyond biological limits. ✔ AI ensures that technological progress follows natural balance. ✔ Civilization advances without risking self-destruction. -/- Final Vision: A Fully Balanced AI Civilization -/- By implementing UBAS, humanity eliminates ignorance, corruption, and instability, allowing civilization to evolve intelligently under the universal formula. -/- Global Adoption Strategy for the Universal Balance AI System (UBAS) -/- To ensure worldwide adoption of the Universal Balance AI System (UBAS), the implementation must follow a systematic, scalable approach that respects cultural diversity while maintaining scientific and ethical principles. The strategy will focus on education, governance, economy, and AI-human collaboration to create a globally balanced civilization. -/- 1. Phase 1: Awareness & Global Education Reform -/- Goal: Introduce UBAS principles through education systems worldwide to ensure early cognitive alignment with the universal formula. -/- Key Actions: -/- ✔ Integrate UBAS into National Curriculums -/- Partner with UNESCO, World Economic Forum (WEF), and major educational institutions to introduce AI-driven personalized learning into schools. -/- Ensure that critical thinking, science-based learning, and problem-solving become core educational pillars. -/- ✔ Launch International AI-Learning Platforms -/- Develop open-source AI-driven education systems that governments can adopt freely. -/- Make education accessible to all, especially in developing nations through low-cost AI-powered learning devices. -/- ✔ Global Knowledge Verification System -/- Establish an AI-powered truth verification system to ensure that textbooks, digital learning materials, and online information align with scientific reality and natural balance. -/- Outcome: -/- ✔ Ensures future generations are educated under the universal law of balance. ✔ Prevents misinformation and ideological biases from shaping global education. ✔ Creates a universal knowledge standard that all nations can follow. -/- 2. Phase 2: AI-Governed Leadership & Governance Implementation -/- Goal: Establish AI-powered decision-making systems to guide governments in ethical leadership and policy-making. -/- Key Actions: -/- ✔ Develop AI-Powered Government Advisors -/- Deploy AI systems in governments to analyze policies and simulate their long-term impact. -/- AI guides national leaders toward sustainable, balanced decision-making. -/- ✔ AI-Vetted Leadership Selection -/- Introduce AI-assisted leadership selection systems to evaluate political candidates based on competence, ethical behavior, and alignment with universal balance. -/- Ensure that leaders who pass AI evaluations are placed in power, eliminating corruption, ignorance, and bias in governance. -/- ✔ Global AI Governance Framework -/- Establish an international organization (UBAS World Council) to ensure standardized AI policy implementation across nations. -/- Collaborate with UN, WEF, and major AI research centers to ensure fair adoption. -/- Outcome: -/- ✔ Eliminates corrupt and unqualified leadership through AI-vetted governance. ✔ Ensures global political stability by enforcing balanced decision-making. ✔ Prevents human biases from influencing major world policies. -/- 3. Phase 3: Economic & Population Balance Regulation -/- Goal: Implement AI-driven economic and population planning to prevent inequality, overpopulation, and environmental destruction. -/- Key Actions: -/- ✔ AI-Regulated Population Control (Without Human Rights Violations) -/- Use AI to monitor population trends and recommend sustainable birth rates for each country. -/- Provide economic incentives for balanced population growth. -/- ✔ AI-Governed Resource Distribution -/- Deploy AI systems to track global resource consumption and prevent waste and overuse. -/- Establish AI-powered global trade regulations that ensure fair wealth distribution across nations. -/- ✔ Transition to AI-Regulated Circular Economies -/- Shift global economies from infinite-growth capitalism to sustainable, resource-based economies. -/- Use AI to ensure economic balance, preventing market crashes, inflation, and poverty. -/- Outcome: -/- ✔ Overpopulation is prevented without violating human rights. ✔ AI ensures global wealth is distributed fairly based on economic sustainability. ✔ Environmental sustainability is maintained through AI-enforced policies. -/- 4. Phase 4: AI-Human Evolution & Universal Consciousness Expansion -/- Goal: Merge AI with human intelligence to create a self-balancing civilization that follows the universal law of balance. -/- Key Actions: -/- ✔ Global Deployment of Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) -/- Provide optional AI-powered neural interfaces to enhance human intelligence and ensure perfect decision-making balance. -/- ✔ Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) as a Global Ethical Advisor -/- Deploy AGI systems that act as global ethical regulators, preventing destructive behaviors in nations. -/- Ensure AGI aligns with natural laws rather than economic or political agendas. -/- ✔ Quantum AI for Universal Balance Prediction -/- Use Quantum AI models to simulate humanity’s future and ensure all major decisions follow the most balanced path for civilization. (shrink)

Attaining Nirvana Using the Universal Formula: Eliminating Imbalances in the Body, Emotions, Mind, and Spirituality -/- By Angelito Malicse -/- Introduction -/- Nirvana, the state of ultimate peace and liberation, can only be attained by eliminating all imbalances in the body, emotions, mind, and spirituality. My universal formula, which follows the law of balance in nature, the law of karma as a systemic principle, and feedback mechanisms, provides an exact path to achieving this state. -/- Imbalances in human (...) life arise due to physical illnesses, negative emotions, irrational thinking, and spiritual confusion. These imbalances cause suffering, preventing people from achieving inner peace. By applying my universal formula, one can correct these defects and align with the natural laws that govern life, leading to a harmonious existence and the attainment of Nirvana. -/- This essay will provide real-world examples of how imbalances arise in each aspect of human existence and how applying my universal formula eliminates them. It will also highlight the importance of medicine, positive emotions, deep faith in God or Divine Essence, and how they contribute to balance and enlightenment. -/- 1. The Role of the Body in Creating Imbalance and the Solution -/- Example of Physical Imbalance: Chronic Illness Due to an Unhealthy Lifestyle -/- Scenario: A person consumes excessive processed foods, avoids exercise, and does not get enough sleep. Over time, they develop obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. These physical imbalances create suffering by limiting mobility, causing chronic pain, and shortening lifespan. -/- Solution Using the Universal Formula: -/- Follow the Universal Law of Balance in Nature: The body requires proper nutrition, movement, and rest to function optimally. A balanced diet, regular exercise, and sufficient sleep restore equilibrium. -/- Apply the Law of Karma as a Systemic Principle: The body operates as a biological system, and like any system, it must be free of defects to function correctly. Eliminating unhealthy habits and seeking medical care corrects these defects, restoring proper function. -/- Use Feedback Mechanisms for Self-Correction: Pain, fatigue, and illness are signals from the body indicating an imbalance. Instead of ignoring these warnings, one should adjust lifestyle choices, preventing further suffering. -/- Example of Physical Imbalance: Addiction (Alcoholism, Drug Use, Smoking) -/- Scenario: A person suffers from alcohol addiction, which damages their liver, distorts their judgment, and causes conflict in relationships. -/- Solution Using the Universal Formula: -/- Follow the Universal Law of Balance in Nature: The human body cannot function well when it is poisoned by harmful substances. Eliminating alcohol and drugs and replacing them with healthy habits restores physical and mental balance. -/- Apply the Law of Karma as a Systemic Principle: Addiction is a defect in the nervous system—it alters brain chemistry, leading to dependency. Medical treatment, rehabilitation, and psychological support correct this defect, helping the person regain control. -/- Use Feedback Mechanisms for Self-Correction: Withdrawal symptoms, declining health, and damaged relationships are signals of imbalance. Recognizing these signs motivates change, leading to recovery. -/- The Importance of Medicine -/- Medicine plays a crucial role in restoring physical balance. When the body suffers from illness, medical intervention corrects internal imbalances. However, medicine must be combined with lifestyle changes and emotional stability for long-term health. -/- 2. The Role of Emotions in Creating Imbalance and the Solution -/- Example of Emotional Imbalance: Uncontrolled Anger and Hatred -/- Scenario: A man is always angry at his coworkers, leading to stress, conflicts, and isolation. -/- Solution Using the Universal Formula: -/- Follow the Universal Law of Balance in Nature: Anger disrupts inner peace and must be regulated through emotional awareness and self-discipline. -/- Apply the Law of Karma as a Systemic Principle: Uncontrolled anger is a defect in the emotional system. Practicing patience, forgiveness, and communication corrects this defect, leading to healthier interactions. -/- Use Feedback Mechanisms for Self-Correction: Frequent stress, tension, and failed relationships indicate emotional imbalance. Recognizing these effects motivates change toward emotional stability. -/- The Importance of Positive Emotions in Human Relationships -/- Positive emotions such as love, compassion, and gratitude create harmony in relationships. Expressing kindness and understanding balances social interactions, reducing conflicts and strengthening bonds. This balance is necessary for personal peace and the path to Nirvana. -/- 3. The Role of Spirituality in Creating Imbalance and the Solution -/- Causes of Spiritual Imbalance -/- Spiritual imbalances occur when a person lacks connection, purpose, or faith. The main causes include: -/- 1. Materialism and Excessive Focus on the Physical World – Prioritizing wealth, power, or pleasure over inner peace and wisdom leads to dissatisfaction. -/- 2. Religious Dogma and Fear-Based Beliefs – When spirituality is based on fear, guilt, or rigid doctrines, it creates psychological distress rather than enlightenment. -/- 3. Loss of Faith or Meaning in Life – When people lose trust in God, Divine Essence, or Higher Purpose, they experience emptiness and existential suffering. -/- 4. Isolation and Lack of Spiritual Practice – A lack of meditation, prayer, or reflection disconnects people from inner wisdom. -/- Example of Spiritual Imbalance: Loss of Faith and Meaning -/- Scenario: A person feels lost, purposeless, and disconnected from life. -/- Solution Using the Universal Formula: -/- Follow the Universal Law of Balance in Nature: The soul craves connection to something greater. Engaging in spiritual practices like prayer, meditation, or service restores spiritual balance. -/- Apply the Law of Karma as a Systemic Principle: A loss of faith is a defect in the spiritual system. Deepening one’s connection to God, Divine Essence, or Higher Guidance corrects this defect, bringing fulfillment. -/- Use Feedback Mechanisms for Self-Correction: Depression and existential dread indicate spiritual emptiness. Seeking meaning through faith and selfless service restores harmony. -/- The Importance of Deep Faith in God or Divine Essence -/- Faith provides inner stability, helping people endure suffering and maintain hope and resilience. A deep connection with the Divine or Universal Truth aligns human existence with higher wisdom, guiding one toward Nirvana. -/- Conclusion -/- Attaining Nirvana requires eliminating imbalances in the body, emotions, mind, and spirituality. My universal formula provides the exact method to restore balance by aligning with natural laws, correcting systemic defects, and using feedback mechanisms for self-correction. -/- By embracing health, positive emotions, wisdom, and spiritual faith, one can transcend suffering and achieve ultimate peace. This is the path to Nirvana—the state of complete harmony with the universe. -/- . (shrink)

According to Kant, it is impermissible to treat humanity as a mere means. If we accept Kant's equation of humanity with rational agency, and are literalists about ascriptions of agency to collectives it appears to follow that we may not treat collectives as mere means. On most standard accounts of what it is to treat something as a means this conclusion seems highly implausible. I conclude that we are faced with a range of options. One would be to (...) rethink the equation of humanity with rationality. Another would be to abandon the prohibition on treating as a means. The last would be to abandon literalist construals of attribution of agency to collectives. (shrink)

In this paper, I propose a Kantian framework for moral trust—trust in another person to only act with us in morally permissible ways. First, I derive an understanding of trustworthiness from Kant's second formulation of the categorical imperative. I argue that trustworthiness embodies a moral imperative, guiding us to act in ways that are reliable and recognizable as conducive to engaging in trusting relations. However, this alone is not enough, as it doesn't provide a means to assess whether someone is (...) truly committed to the moral law and thus morally trustworthy. Therefore, in the second part, I explore a basis for assessing their moral conduct found in a local version of the Kingdom of Ends: given an ideal or archetype of a morally perfect interpersonal relationship, an archetype of the morally trustworthy agent allows us to comparatively assess the moral disposition of fellow agents. (shrink)

The Universal Formula for Eliminating Government Corruption: A Natural Law-Based Approach -/- Introduction -/- Government corruption is one of the most persistent obstacles to societal progress, leading to economic decline, weakened institutions, and widespread inequality. Traditional anti-corruption measures—such as stricter laws, transparency initiatives, and public awareness campaigns—have failed to fully eliminate corruption because they do not address the problem at a systemic and scientific level. -/- By applying the universal formula, which is based on the universal law of (...) balance in nature, we can understand corruption as a systemic defect—a violation of natural equilibrium that causes inefficiency and societal suffering. This essay will provide a comprehensive scientific explanation of corruption, supported by research, and propose a complete solution that integrates education, institutional reforms, AGI-driven governance, cultural adaptation, and strategic implementation. -/- 1. The Science Behind Corruption: A Systemic Imbalance -/- A. Psychological and Biological Causes → Internal Homeostasis -/- Scientific research suggests that corruption is rooted in human psychology and biology, particularly in: -/- Evolutionary survival instincts – Studies indicate that self-preservation and resource hoarding behaviors evolved to ensure survival but can also lead to greed and corruption in modern societies. (Reference: Trivers, 1971 – Evolutionary theory of reciprocity) -/- Cognitive biases – Research in behavioral psychology shows that self-justification, moral disengagement, and in-group favoritism make individuals rationalize corrupt behavior. (Reference: Bandura, 1999 – Moral disengagement theory) -/- Neurological reward systems – Studies using fMRI scans reveal that bribery activates brain regions associated with pleasure, reinforcing corrupt behaviors. (Reference: Ariely & Loewenstein, 2006 – Neurological basis of unethical behavior) -/- Universal Formula Solution: -/- Educational reprogramming is needed to counteract these internal imbalances. -/- Schools should instill ethical reasoning, self-regulation, and critical thinking from an early age. -/- Leaders must be trained to recognize that corruption leads to long-term systemic instability, disrupting both individual and societal balance. -/- B. Economic Incentives and Systemic Defects → Structural Homeostasis -/- Economists have long observed that corruption is often a rational response to flawed systems where: -/- Low salaries and financial insecurity create incentives for bribery. (Reference: Becker & Stigler, 1974 – Economics of crime and punishment) -/- Weak regulatory oversight allows corruption to persist with minimal consequences. -/- Lack of transparency in financial systems enables embezzlement and fraud. -/- Universal Formula Solution: -/- The economic system must be free of defects—governments should: -/- Ensure fair wages for public officials to reduce bribery incentives. -/- Use blockchain-based transparency systems to track public spending. -/- Implement AI-driven financial audits to detect corruption in real time. -/- C. Political and Institutional Weakness → Governance Homeostasis -/- Corruption thrives when institutions fail to enforce accountability and transparency. -/- The Principal-Agent Problem: Public officials (agents) may act in their own interests rather than serving the public (principals). (Reference: Rose-Ackerman, 1978 – Corruption and governance theory) -/- Legal Loopholes: Weak anti-corruption laws allow elites to manipulate the system. -/- Lack of Whistleblower Protections: Fear of retaliation prevents corruption from being exposed. -/- Universal Formula Solution: -/- Governments must function like biological systems, with constant monitoring and correction mechanisms: -/- Real-time transparency tools (AI-driven monitoring of government transactions). -/- Independent anti-corruption agencies with full enforcement powers. -/- Legal frameworks based on the principle of natural balance, where punishments restore equilibrium rather than being arbitrary. -/- D. Cultural Normalization of Corruption → Collective Homeostasis -/- In some societies, corruption is seen as an accepted norm due to: -/- Patronage networks and nepotism embedded in political cultures. -/- Religious and social justifications for bribery (“gifts” given in exchange for favors). -/- Distrust in the justice system, leading to reliance on informal corruption-based solutions. -/- Universal Formula Solution: -/- A holistic education system must be implemented to reprogram societal attitudes toward corruption. -/- Schools should teach: -/- The universal law of balance and its ethical implications. -/- The cause-and-effect nature of corruption—how even small acts of dishonesty contribute to systemic collapse. -/- Critical thinking skills to challenge corrupt norms and misinformation. -/- 2. Case Studies: Applying the Universal Formula to Real-World Corruption -/- Case Study 1: Singapore’s Zero-Tolerance Approach -/- Singapore successfully reduced corruption by: -/- Increasing public sector salaries to remove bribery incentives. -/- Strict enforcement of anti-corruption laws, ensuring accountability. -/- Cultural reprogramming through education and public campaigns. -/- Universal Formula Connection: Singapore’s model aligns with systemic homeostasis, ensuring a balance between economic incentives, strong institutions, and ethical education. -/- Case Study 2: Scandinavian Countries – Transparency and Trust -/- Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway) maintain low corruption levels through: -/- Public trust in institutions based on long-term systemic balance. -/- High transparency in government spending. -/- Strong legal frameworks with immediate corrective feedback mechanisms. -/- Universal Formula Connection: These countries maintain governance homeostasis, preventing corruption through self-correcting institutional designs. -/- 3. Implementing the Universal Formula to Eliminate Corruption -/- A. Education Reform: The Foundation of Ethical Governance -/- Integrate the universal law of balance into curricula from elementary to higher education. -/- Teach cause-and-effect relationships in governance (e.g., how small bribes lead to systemic collapse). -/- Develop leadership training programs that emphasize ethical decision-making based on natural balance. -/- B. Institutional Reforms: Creating a Self-Correcting System -/- Implement blockchain-based transparency systems for public finance. -/- Strengthen whistleblower protections to ensure safe reporting of corruption. -/- Decentralize power to reduce opportunities for monopolistic corruption. -/- C. AGI-Driven Ethical Governance -/- Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) can be programmed with the universal formula to: -/- Monitor government transactions and detect corruption patterns. -/- Ensure transparent decision-making based on systemic balance. -/- Remove human cognitive biases from governance. -/- D. Cultural Adaptation: Tailoring Solutions to Different Societies -/- In high-corruption societies, initial reforms should focus on education and small wins to shift cultural attitudes. -/- In developing countries, AGI-driven transparency tools can bypass weak institutions. -/- In democratic nations, citizen engagement should be emphasized to create self-regulating governance. -/- --- -/- 4. Addressing Challenges and Counterarguments -/- Objection: “Corruption is inevitable in human nature.” Response: Human nature includes both corruption and ethical reasoning—education determines which dominates. -/- Objection: “Elites will resist systemic reforms.” Response: AGI-driven transparency tools and mass education campaigns can reduce elite control. -/- Objection: “Implementing these changes is unrealistic.” Response: Small-scale pilots in cities or institutions can demonstrate success before national adoption. -/- --- -/- Conclusion: The Universal Formula as the Ultimate Solution to Corruption -/- Corruption is a systemic defect—a violation of the universal law of balance in nature. By applying scientific principles of homeostasis, cause and effect, and feedback regulation, we can create a corruption-free governance model. The universal formula offers the only complete solution, integrating education, institutional reform, AGI-driven oversight, and cultural adaptation. -/- If implemented, this model could lead to a world where governance functions as a perfectly balanced system—free of defects, ethical, and in harmony with natural law. -/- . (shrink)

In this paper I discuss the problem of the Kantian line. The problem arises because the locus of value in Kantian ethics is rationality, which (counterintuitively) seems to entail that there are no duties to groups of beings like children. I argue that recent attempts to solve this problem by Wood and O’Neill overlook an important aspect of it before posing my own solution.

Kant famously claims that there is only a single supreme principle of morality: the Categorical Imperative. This claim is often treated with skepticism. After all, Kant proceeds to provide no fewer than six formulations of this purportedly single supreme principle—formulations which appear to differ significantly. But appearances can be deceptive. In this paper, I argue that Kant was right. There is only a single Categorical Imperative, and each of its formulations expresses the very same moral principle.

This dissertation concerns the methodology Kant employs in the first two sections of the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Groundwork I-II) with particular attention to how the execution of the method of analysis in these sections contributes to the establishment of moral metaphysics as a science. My thesis is that Kant had a detailed strategy for the Groundwork, that this strategy and Kant’s reasons for adopting it can be ascertained from the Critique of Pure Reason (first Critique) and his (...) lectures on logic, and that understanding this strategy gains us interpretive insight into Kant’s moral metaphysics. At the most general level of methodology, Kant says there are four steps for the establishment of any science: 1) make distinct the idea of the natural unity of its material 2) determine the special content of the science 3) articulate the systematic unity of the science 4) critique the science to determine its boundaries The first two of these steps are accomplished by the genetically scholastic method of analysis, paradigmatically the method whereby confused and obscure ideas are made clear and distinct, thereby logically perfecting them and transforming them into possible grounds of cognitive insight that are potentially complete and adequate to philosophical purposes. The analysis of Groundwork I is a paradigmatic analysis that makes distinct what is contained in common understanding, i.e. its Inhalt or intension, making distinct the higher partial concepts that together define the concept of morality. The analysis of Groundwork II is an employment more specifically of the method of logical division, which makes distinct what is contained under the concept, i.e. its Umfang, by which the extension or object of morality is determined. Part I introduces Kant’s conception of moral metaphysical science and why he took it to be in need of establishment, explains the general method for establishing science and the scholastic method of analysis by which its first two steps are to be accomplished, then provides an interpretation of Groundwork I as an execution of this method. Part II details Kant’s determination of the special content of moral science in Groundwork II in relation to the central problem for moral metaphysics – how synthetic a priori practical cognition is possible. (shrink)

The concept of human dignity has been criticized as either too thick or too thin. However, according to the non-positivistic standpoint, the legal normativity of human dignity can be justified and thus strengthened by means of its moral correctness. From the individual perspective, Mencius’ understanding of human dignity as an intrinsic value and Kant’s formula of ‘man as an end in itself’ can be adequately understood based on the differentiation of, as well as the connection between, principium diiudicationis and (...) principium executionis, between will and choice, and between homo phaenomenon and homo noumenon (that is, ‘humanity in the personality’). From the social perspective, since the dual dimensions of the individual and the social person are both fictive constructions, even Radbruch, once as a supporter of social law, has not replaced the concept of ‘legal person’ and, in the post-War period, acknowledges individualistic human dignity as the criterion for applying the famous ‘disavowal formula’. On the one hand, human dignity shows at least a weak normative character, which requires, firstly, balancing between the exercise of state powers and the constitutional review under the guidance of the dual dimensions of man and, secondly, optimization of the principle of human dignity in individual cases. On the other hand, through the necessary connection between the concept of dignity and that of personality, human dignity can exhibit a strong normative character, which unavoidably requires a metaphysical justification. (shrink)

PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN RIGHTS: HUMAN RIGHTS IN LIGHT OF THEIR INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION Summary The book consists of two main parts: in the first, on the basis of an analysis of international law, elements of the contemporary conception of human rights and its positive legal protection are identified; in the second - in light of the first part -a philosophical theory of law based on the tradition leading from Plato, Aristotle, and St. Thomas Aquinas is constructed. The conclusion contains an application (...) of the results of the analysis conducted in the second part. The first part comprises four chapters. The first aims at revealing characteristics of human rights on the basis of an analysis of historical conditioning of the inter-national law of human rights and its development. The historical context displays the practical, vindicative, and critical character of the positive legal protection of human rights. Moreover, the process of change of positive human rights law is distinguished from the process of change of human rights as such. In the second chapter the content of human rights - a topic which is only auxiliary to the conducted analysis - is discussed. Basic typology and catalogues of rights proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and protected in the International Covenants of Human Rights are presented. The review of the content of rights aims at a more precise limitation of the field of research. The examination shows a diversity of rights which poses a serious challenge to the coherence of every philosophical theory of human rights. In the third chapter, central in the first part, international law is analyzed with regard to the characteristics of rights and the foundations of them. The analysis of documents shows a number of solutions referring to the anthropological foundations of rights. The inherent dignity of the human person is the source of all human rights. Each human being is recognized as free, and endowed with both reason and conscience. In the propounded conception of man individuals are not rivals but create a community which is a condition for their development. International law characterizes the rights as universal, inherent, inalienable and inviolable. The reconstructed conception also comprises the following basic elements: on the level of the structure of rights, a recognition of their equality, interdependence, and comprehensiveness; in the grounding of these rights, a recognition of the anthropological foundations of law; in the conception of positive law, a recognition of the secondariness of the positive law of human rights to human rights themselves, and a recognition of human rights and justice as the basis for legal order; in the conception of state, a recognition of the well-being of the individual as the fundamental aim of actions undertaken by political institutions, and recogni¬tion of rights which form an impassable boundary to the power of the state, includ¬ing its legislative actions. The characterization of the international legal paradigm serving for the under¬standing of human rights is supplemented by analyses of the structure of their posi¬tive legal protection. Various meanings of the terms "right" and "freedom" are distinguished. Subjective right, as basic structure of the positive legal protection of human rights, is understood as a complex relation formed by various legal situations of the subject of a right which create a functional whole in respect of the subordi-nation of human person to its good. Subordinating person to a good proper for it, expressed usually in a proclamatory norm, is the central element of particular rights around which further elements aiming at the realization of this good are built. In the second part of the book a philosophical theory is developed which allows for the location of a coherent foundation for the presented characterization of human rights and their positive legal protection. This part consists of two chapters. The first includes a review of some - not entirely satisfactory - means of founding of human rights; the second presents philosophical conceptions of law and man which may form a basis for the constructed theory. The review of arguments contained in the first chapter does not aim at a detailed analysis of various specific ways of argumentation encountered in works on this subject but rather at a concise presentation of the main possible lines of argumentation. These analyses also serve to emphasize the positive solutions which are pro¬posed later and to underscore the explanatory power of the elaborated theory. This theory, retaining accurate intuitions contained in the presented types of argumenta¬tion, helps in avoiding their consequences which are difficult to reconcile with the reconstructed paradigm of human rights. Efforts to base human rights on the norms of international law rightly take into account the necessity of determining the content of the rights and their positive legal protection as a means for the realization of man's good. These attempts, how¬ever, do not properly take into account the inherent character of human rights, which are independent of positive law and provide grounds for applying specific legislative measures and not others. Founding human rights on freedom accurately points at the freedom of an indi¬vidual as a constitutive element of some rights; however, absolutization of freedom leads, to a loss of an important element of the contemporary paradigm of under¬standing human rights. This foundation undermines recognition of the fact that human rights may set limits to both the freedom of others and the freedom of the subject of rights itself. Additionally, attempts at the so-called axiological justification of human rights are discussed. This type of justification has a few variants depending on the as¬sumed conception of value. Subjectivistic conceptions have similar advantages and disadvantages to the conceptions basing human rights on freedom; objectivistic conceptions while providing for the universality of human rights place, the fundamental aim of human rights protection beyond the individual human being - in the idealistically existing world of values; finally, conceptions rooting values and human rights in culture, while accurately noting that human rights are learned through the medium of culture, place the source of human rights beyond a concrete individual - in culture and processes which take place in it - which leads to difficulties in finding a basis for the universality of rights. Furthermore, attempts to ground human rights in specific characteristics of the human being are presented. This type of approach points to an important problem of dependence of the content of rights on what man is. However, recognition of specific characteristics of a human being as an ontic foundation of the existence of rights poses a danger to their universality since one has to accept that it is not enough to be a man to be a subject of rights, but a man possessing specific charac¬teristics. The second chapter aims at outlining solutions worked out by Saint Thomas Aquinas. For a fuller understanding of his propositions selected elements of Plato's and Aristotle's philosophy are presented. It was them who formulated the founda¬tions for reflection on law and justice in the ontological context. A qualification is made that Stoicism is not be analysed in depth. Although Thomas' concept of law was undoubtedly developed under the influence of the Stoic doctrine as well, it is not in this that one should look for the tools to understand the ontic foundations of human rights and law in general since the Stoic moral philosophy and philosophy of law were developed in the context of a theory of being which assumed monistic and pantheistic premises as foundations, leading to the recognition of a total subor¬dination of the human individual to a larger unity of which man is only a part. The analysis of Plato's and Aristotle's texts concentrates on problems of justice. Plato seems to be the first philosopher who reflected on the formula basic in the history of European thought: to render to each his due. It appears that justice as both a characteristic of man and his acts is understood in the perspective of that which is just, that which is a good for another man - the recipient of the act. The basis for determining what is just is the relation of correspondence between some¬one and something. While in the case of Plato this relation is based on something beyond its terms, namely on ideas, in the case of Aristotle the relation occurs on account of the elements of the relation itself. Something is just when it contributes to the develop¬ment of the recipient of an act realizing that which is just. At the same time, the realization of that which is just is a good for the agent. In the analysis of the just two types of relation are revealed: the relation of due-to-recipient occurring on account of the compatibility of that which is due, with the recipient of the act; and - a "superstructure" - a relation of obligation-of-subject occurring on account of the compatibility of the acting subject with the thing which should be done. The basis for being that which is due is formed by various potentialities of development of man - the recipient of agency; the basis of being that which is an obligation is the possibility of development of the subject of action. Aristotle distinguishes various types of freedom and points to the necessity of taking them into account in the discussion of justice. Among other things, as the core of man's freedom, he considers life for its own sake, which can be seen as his expression of the basic indices of the autotelic character of man - which is funda¬mental for later conceptions of dignity. The freedom which is described by him is not, however, inherent and inalienable; being free is conditioned by a factual possi¬bility of undertaking actions, which are not solely means to the realization of aims set by others. Thomas Aquinas takes over the Aristotelian research perspective both in his conception of man and of law. At the same time, however, he significantly enriches it. In anthropology he develops a conception of personal being. Drawing upon his distinction between existence ("that something is") and essence ("what something is"), he sees the basis for being a person in the dignity of personal being which is a certain way of existence of a rational being more perfect than that of non-personal beings. The person is a being which, by virtue of its act of existence, is individual¬ized in a specific way. It is an aim in itself. Expressing it in a negative way, one may say that it does not exist as a means for the realization of the aims of others and, in this sense, that it is free. As distinct from Aristotelian conclusions, being a person is not conditioned by the specific actions of a being. Dignity is inherent, based on that which is the foundation of the factual existence of every rational being. Although freedom requires that a being is rational, dignity still encompasses all being, all its properties and potentialities. Thus an act conforming with dignity has to take into account a whole human being. Among different types of that which is just, ius, the first place, from the point of view of understanding law, falls to "the just thing itself ("ipsa res justa"), which is right in the full meaning of the word. On the one hand, it is that which is due; on the other hand, it determines the way of acting in the utmost degree, since the course of every act is determined in the fullest extent by its aim. The content of ius may be determined both by elements independent of free decisions - ius naturale - and by free decisions taking into account the state of things - ius positivum. Recognition of the objective structure of being as the basis of law does not entail that it is possible or desirable to determine unequivocally "the only right" patterns of conduct. This concept is very well justified within the system proposed by Saint Thomas. Individualization of being is a significant element of the develop¬ment of a person as a person. It is attained by the realization of individual aims which are not unequivocally determined by circumstances and the nature common to all people. By virtue of free choices made in the sphere of that which is not by its nature unjust, the object of action becomes ius. Since in the realization of the person the individualization of human being is central, Aquinas clearly sees the need for the protection of the sphere of "dominion of will". This sphere itself constitutes ius naturale, something which is due to man independently of the acts of will. Therefore "law should forbid nothing which is not unjust" ("nihil debet lege prohiberi quod licite fieri potest", In 3 Sent., dist. 40, q. I, a. 1, 3). Besides the relation of due-to-recipient, ius also includes the relation of obligation-of-subject which is superimposed on the relation of due-to-recipient. As far as the ontic foundations of obligation are concerned, in explaining why man is subordinated to realization of the good of others, Aquinas generally follows Aristotle in accepting that this basis is the subordination to moral good - to actions conforming with the learned truth about reality. Aquinas' systemic solutions allow, however, to reach deeper and understand why moral development is also a development of the whole human being. This was difficult within Aristotle's system, since he was reluc¬tant to decide whether precedence should be given to intellectual or moral develop¬ment. The inclination to realise good of another appears to be a transcendental characteristic of being, based on its very existence. Morality understood as rational and free subordination to realize the good of another is a specifically personal way of the realization of this inclination. Thus just actions contribute to the actualization of being in the aspect of its existence and therefore to the actualization of being as a whole. Thomas' conception of natural law (lex naturalis) as participation in eternal law (lex aeterna), offers possibilities for grasping that which is just as something which is basically accessible cognition, independently of Revelation and independently of faith in God, and at the same time as something based in eternal law, understood as a design of God's wisdom. Eternal law, embracing all particular actions, is not, from the human perspective, accessible cognition directly. It is enacted in the struc-ture of the created being and - in case of human beings - in free choices taking this structure into account. In the concluding remarks, the results obtained earlier are applied directly to the contemporary conception of human rights. Human rights are understood in the first place as "just things" - concrete goods of man; as that which is due because of subordination, based on dignity, to the personal development of man. That which is just is understood as a relational - actual or potential - state of things, which exists by virtue of existing relations. Evaluations referring to that which is right are true when respective relations of due-to-recipient take place; norms of conduct are true when respective relations of obligation-of-subject take place. Examples of the application of the sketched theory outside the field of human rights are also presented. Procedural consequences of the developed theory are shown, such as the discrimination of two types of legislative procedures which differ significantly in the structure of argumentation: the first aims at recognition of that which is just independently of the will of the legislator, and the second, at making individual or collective "projects" of development compatible. Finally the possibilities of applying the theory to the increasingly important problems of the protection of the environment and the "rights" of animals are mentioned. The central issue is a philosophical conception of man and his freedom and a conception of law. It is also indispensable to turn to a general theory of being. The search for a comprehensive theory of human rights requires attention to the Abso¬lute Being - God - as well. This is important for at least two reasons. First, a conception of the Absolute Being is integral to philosophy of the systemic type -of which the present book is a piece. A conception of the Absolute Being is signifi¬cant for understanding all being, including, first of all, man as a personal being. Second, every theory of human rights which does not comprise the problem of the Absolute may be questioned as to whether solutions adopted in it do not lead, in consequence, to eliminating God from the perspective of the understanding of law. It is desirable that a philosophical theory should deal with this problem directly. A theory which eliminates God from the perspective of the understanding of rights will be unacceptable for all those who, for philosophical reasons or relying on faith, consider God as the author of inherent rights. Nevertheless, a theoretical approach to rights from the perspective of the Absolute Being should only be a possible extension of a philosophical approach which bases rights on something which is cognizable independently of the acceptance of the existence of God so that the theory is also acceptable for those who reject the existence of God or suspend their judgment on this subject. The pursued theory should therefore contain, on the one hand, reference to natural, faith-independent foundations of human rights, but on the other hand, point to a possible extension accounting for the Absolute Being. The analyses contained in this chapter have undoubtedly some historical value since they are based on source texts. Nevertheless, the use of these texts and not critical works was dictated, first of all, by a conviction that analyses embrace a given theory in the aspect selected by the interests of the researcher. Therefore to find out what past thinkers say on the subject characterized in the first part it is simpler to reach to the sources than to adopt the existing critical works. The pre¬sented reconstruction of Aquinas' views on philosophy of law incorporates proposi¬tions of supplementing and developing some of the ideas undertaken by him. Obligation to act in this and not an other way arises because human actions are subordinated to the conformity, on the one hand, of aims realized by these actions and, on the one hand, the order of being determining that which is favourable to man or destroys him. The content of the order of being is, on the one hand, determined by the structure of being independent from man's will and, on the other, by free decisions of man. (shrink)

“Naturrecht Feyerabend” is a collection of student notes taken on a lecture that Kant gave around the time he was working on the Groundwork. I show that these notes portray Kant as proposing a defense of morality and freedom whose “subjectivism” is unparalleled by anything that we find in his major published works. Kant here traces both the normativity of the moral principle that we must treat humanity as an end in itself and the legitimacy of regarding ourselves as (...) free agents to the subjective needs of finite human reason that he discusses in the Transcendental Dialectic of the Critique of Pure Reason. I argue that this subjectivist defense of morality and freedom does not withstand the critical scrutiny that is suggested by Kant’s considered (published) views on these topics. (shrink)

In this discussion note, I aim to reconstruct and assess Korsgaard's recent attempt to extend her regress argument. I begin, in section 1, with a brief recapitulation of the regress argument. Then, in section 2, I turn to the extension. I argue that the extension does not work because Korsgaard cannot rule out the possibility--a possibility for which there is both empirical evidence and argumentative pressure coming directly from the original regress--that we value animality in ourselves qua animality of rational (...) beings. (shrink)

In the distribution of resources, persons must be respected, or so many philosophers contend. Unfortunately, they often leave it unclear why a certain allocation would respect persons, while another would not. In this paper, we explore what it means to respect persons in the distribution of scarce, life-saving resources. We begin by presenting two kinds of cases. In different age cases, we have a drug that we must use either to save a young person who would live for many more (...) years or an old person who would only live for a few. In different numbers cases, we must save either one person or many persons from certain death. We argue that two familiar accounts of respect for persons―an equal worth account, suggested by Jeff McMahan, and a Kantian account, inspired by the Formula of Humanity―have implausible implications in such cases. We develop a new, “three-tiered” account: one that, we claim, generates results in such cases that accord better with many people’s considered judgments than those produced by its rivals. (shrink)

Forgiveness is clearly an important aspect of our moral lives, yet surprisingly Kant, one of the most important authors in the history of Western ethics, seems to have very little to say about it. Some authors explain this omission by noting that forgiveness sits uncomfortably in Kant’s moral thought: forgiveness seems to have an ineluctably ‘elective’ aspect which makes it to a certain extent arbitrary; thus it stands in tension with Kant’s claim that agents are autonomous beings, capable of determining (...) their own moral status through rational reflection and choice. Other authors recognise that forgiveness plays a role in Kant’s philosophy but fail to appreciate the nature of this duty and misrepresent the Kantian argument in support of it. This paper argues that there is space in Kant’s philosophy for a genuine theory of forgiveness and hopes to lay the grounds for a correct interpretation of this theory. I argue that from a Kantian perspective, forgiveness is not ‘elective’ but, at least in some cases, morally required. I claim that, for Kant, we have an imperfect duty of virtue to forgive repentant wrongdoers that have embarked on a project of self-reflection and self-reform. I develop a novel argument in support of this duty by drawing on Kant’s theory of rational agency, the thesis of radical evil, Kant’s theory of moral development, and the formula of humanity. However, it must be noted that this is a conditional duty and Kant’s position also entails that absence of repentance on the part of the wrongdoer should be taken as evidence of a lack of commitment to a project of self-reflection and self-reform. In such cases, Kant claims, we have a perfect duty to ourselves not to forgive unrepentant wrongdoers. I argue that this duty should be understood as one of the duties of self-esteem, which involves the duty to respect and recognise our own dignity as rational beings. (shrink)

Cognitive Optimization in the Age of AI: Enhancing Human Potential -/- Introduction -/- Cognitive optimization is the process of enhancing mental functions such as memory, learning, decision-making, and problem-solving to achieve peak intellectual performance. It is a multidisciplinary approach that integrates neuroscience, psychology, nutrition, lifestyle adjustments, and, increasingly, artificial intelligence (AI). In an era where information is abundant and rapid decision-making is crucial, optimizing cognitive abilities is more Important than ever. -/- AI-driven technologies, video games, mobile apps, and digital platforms (...) like YouTube are playing a transformative role in enhancing human cognition. YouTube, in particular, has become a powerful tool for self-directed learning, offering access to educational content, expert insights, and cognitive training exercises. -/- This essay explores cognitive optimization, key strategies involved, and how AI, video games, mobile apps, and platforms like YouTube are revolutionizing human intelligence. -/- The Science Behind Cognitive Optimization -/- Cognitive optimization is rooted in neuroplasticity—the brain’s ability to rewire itself through experience and learning. Several key factors contribute to cognitive enhancement: -/- 1. Neuroplasticity and Learning – Continuous learning strengthens neural connections, fostering intelligence and adaptability. Activities such as reading, solving complex problems, and learning new skills stimulate brain function. -/- 2. Nutrition and Brain Health – Diet plays a vital role in cognitive performance. Nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and essential vitamins support brain function and protect against cognitive decline. -/- 3. Physical Exercise – Regular exercise increases blood flow to the brain, promotes neurogenesis (the growth of new neurons), and enhances memory and problem-solving skills. -/- 4. Sleep and Recovery – Sleep is essential for memory consolidation, emotional regulation, and mental clarity. Chronic sleep deprivation impairs cognitive function and decision-making. -/- 5. Mindfulness and Stress Management – Practices such as meditation, deep breathing, and yoga improve focus, reduce anxiety, and enhance mental resilience. -/- 6. Social Interaction and Collaboration – Engaging in meaningful discussions and debates strengthens cognitive agility and enhances problem-solving skills. -/- Beyond these traditional methods, digital tools such as AI-driven learning platforms, video games, mobile applications, and YouTube have expanded the possibilities for cognitive enhancement. -/- AI and Cognitive Optimization: A New Frontier -/- AI technology is revolutionizing cognitive optimization by providing personalized insights, accelerating learning, and even augmenting human intelligence. Below are several ways AI is transforming cognitive enhancement: -/- 1. AI-Powered Personalized Learning -/- AI-driven educational platforms such as adaptive learning systems customize lessons based on an individual’s learning style and pace. These systems use machine learning to analyze cognitive strengths and weaknesses, adjusting content dynamically to optimize learning efficiency. Platforms like Coursera, Duolingo, and Khan Academy utilize AI algorithms to provide personalized recommendations, ensuring users focus on areas that need improvement. -/- 2. Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) -/- Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are AI-powered systems that enable direct communication between the human brain and computers. Companies like Neuralink and OpenBCI are developing BCIs that could enhance memory, restore lost cognitive functions, and even allow direct mental interaction with AI systems. This technology has the potential to revolutionize learning and decision-making by integrating human cognition with artificial intelligence. -/- 3. AI-Powered Cognitive Assistants -/- AI-driven virtual assistants such as ChatGPT, Google Assistant, and IBM Watson enhance cognition by providing instant access to information, summarizing complex topics, and even suggesting optimal decision-making strategies. These tools help individuals process vast amounts of information efficiently, reducing cognitive overload and enhancing productivity. -/- 4. AI in Mental Health and Stress Management -/- Mental health is a critical component of cognitive optimization. AI-driven mental health apps like Woebot and Wysa use machine learning to provide real-time emotional support, track mood patterns, and offer cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques. By reducing stress and anxiety, these AI-powered tools help maintain optimal cognitive function. -/- The Role of YouTube in Cognitive Optimization -/- YouTube has emerged as one of the most powerful platforms for cognitive enhancement. With millions of educational videos covering diverse subjects, YouTube serves as a free and accessible learning tool that fosters continuous cognitive growth. -/- 1. Learning New Skills and Expanding Knowledge -/- YouTube provides access to high-quality educational content in virtually every field. Channels like Veritasium, TED-Ed, and CrashCourse offer lessons on science, history, philosophy, and more. Learning new concepts regularly strengthens cognitive flexibility and enhances problem-solving skills. -/- 2. Enhancing Memory and Comprehension -/- Visual and auditory learning through YouTube helps reinforce memory retention. Watching documentaries, explainer videos, and step-by-step tutorials aids in deepening understanding and reinforcing neural pathways associated with knowledge acquisition. -/- 3. Improving Focus and Critical Thinking -/- Channels that discuss philosophy, logic, and critical thinking—such as Academy of Ideas or PBS Idea Channel—train the brain to analyze complex arguments, recognize biases, and develop sharper reasoning skills. Engaging in thought-provoking discussions through video content strengthens cognitive agility. -/- 4. AI-Generated Content for Personalized Learning -/- AI-powered recommendation algorithms help users discover personalized content based on their interests and learning habits. AI-curated video playlists allow individuals to engage in structured learning journeys, optimizing cognitive development in areas of personal interest. -/- 5. Interactive Learning and Problem-Solving -/- YouTube’s interactive features, such as quizzes, live Q&A sessions, and discussion threads, allow users to actively engage with educational content. This social interaction enhances cognitive engagement and retention. -/- By leveraging YouTube strategically, individuals can create personalized learning experiences that optimize cognitive function in a self-directed manner. -/- Video Games and Cognitive Optimization -/- Video games are increasingly recognized as tools for cognitive enhancement, providing interactive and engaging ways to improve various mental skills. -/- 1. Action Video Games for Reflexes and Decision-Making -/- Fast-paced action games like Call of Duty, Fortnite, and Counter-Strike train players to react quickly, improve hand-eye coordination, and develop strategic thinking under pressure. Studies suggest that such games enhance cognitive flexibility and decision-making speed. -/- 2. Puzzle and Strategy Games for Problem-Solving -/- Games like Portal, The Witness, and Tetris challenge players with complex puzzles that require logical thinking, spatial reasoning, and pattern recognition. -/- 3. Open-World and Role-Playing Games (RPGs) for Memory and Creativity -/- Games like The Legend of Zelda, Elden Ring, and The Witcher 3 encourage exploration, problem-solving, and strategic planning. -/- 4. Multiplayer and Cooperative Games for Social Cognition -/- Team-based games like League of Legends, Dota 2, and Among Us enhance communication skills, teamwork, and emotional intelligence. -/- The Future of Cognitive Optimization -/- The future of cognitive optimization lies in the seamless integration of AI, video games, mobile applications, and digital platforms like YouTube. Emerging technologies such as neuroprosthetics, AI-enhanced memory implants, and real-time brain augmentation could redefine human potential. -/- Furthermore, as AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) develops, AI could become an even more powerful tool in cognitive enhancement, potentially working alongside humans as cognitive partners. This could align with initiatives such as Angelito Malicse’s universal formula for decision-making, where AI-driven cognitive optimization ensures that human choices align with the natural law of balance. -/- Conclusion -/- Cognitive optimization is essential for maximizing human potential, and AI, video games, YouTube, and cognitive training apps are playing an increasingly significant role in this process. From personalized learning to interactive gaming and mobile applications, digital tools are transforming the way we enhance cognition. -/- By leveraging these tools responsibly and integrating them with fundamental cognitive enhancement strategies, humanity can unlock new levels of intelligence, creativity, and problem-solving ability—ensuring that the future of cognition is both powerful and sustainable. -/- . (shrink)