In this paper, we will reconsider the history of dualistic idealism (i.e., the main stream of western philosophy: chiefly, Plato, Descartes, Kant, Wittgenstein, etc.) under the quantum mechanical worldview. Recall that quantum mechanics also has the aspect of being a scientifically complete form of dualistic idealism. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that almost all unsolved problems of philosophy (i.e., dualistic idealism) can be clarified under the linguistic Copenhagen interpretation. In this paper, we will show that (...) the expectation is completely realized. (shrink)

Recently we proposed “quantum language”which was characterized as the metaphysical and linguistic turn of quantum mechanics. This turn from physics to language does not only realize the remarkable extension of quantum mechanics but also yield the quantum mechanical world view. And thus, the turn urges us to dream that Western philosophies (i.e., Parmenides, Plato, Descartes, John Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, Wittgenstein, etc.) can be understood in quantum language. In this paper, from the quantum linguistic point of view, we give (...) the answers of the following two problems. (i): Has western philosophy made progress? Or what is the measure of "progress"? (ii):Why has useless western philosophy been prospering? (shrink)

In this paper, we will reconsider the history of dualistic idealism (i.e., the main stream of western philosophy: chiefly, Plato, Descartes, Kant, Wittgenstein, etc.) under the quantum mechanical worldview. Recall that quantum mechanics also has the aspect of being a scientifically complete form of dualistic idealism. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that almost all unsolved problems of philosophy (i.e., dualistic idealism) can be clarified under the linguistic Copenhagen interpretation. In this paper, we will show that (...) the expectation is completely realized. For example, it is shown that most unsolved problems (e.g. Hempel's raven) can be solved by separating analytic philosophy (philosophy of science) from mathematical logic and reconstructing it under a quantum mechanical worldview. (shrink)

Marathi Translation of Bertrand Russell's Preface of History of Western Philosophy.

A fresh and original presentation that is easy and affordable for students, instructors, and general readers to use. This well-written, insightful history of philosophy is basic enough to be understood by those with no prior experience with philosophy but sophisticated enough to inform further those with some knowledge of philosophy. -/- Based on the author’s 20-plus years of teaching philosophy and learning what works for students, How We Are and How We Got Here is designed (...) to connect with students to help them understand philosophy and why it matters to them, regardless of their major. Its straightforward conversational presentation of philosophy includes readers in philosophy’s long conversation. Its chronological presentation places philosophers in their historical context, showing how philosophy is an ongoing interaction with society seeking practical knowledge useful to us in everyday life. -/- Key Features that fill multiple gaps in existing textbooks: -/- * Shows students how innovations in philosophy have interacted with and changed history, leading to how we are today. * Presents philosophy as a vital part of our lives, not as a set of isolated theoretical problems, avoiding the disconnected and fragmented silo approach of most textbooks. * Avoids the sink-or-swim approach of anthologies that plunges students into a hodgepodge of disjoint readings without adequate guidance. * Does not duplicate material covered in other introductory courses of ethics and logic but focuses on the rest of philosophy. * Focuses on explaining the ideas of the philosophers, allowing instructors to choose, at their option, primary texts from the plentifully available royalty-free sources. * Extensively covers vital areas of philosophy ignored by most textbooks, including pragmatism, phenomenology, social and political philosophy, postmodernism, feminist philosophy, and philosophy of race. * Always remains engaging and accessible to the reader. Neither dumbs down the material nor over complicates it. * Provides clear and direct text unencumbered by bells and whistles and other extraneous materials. -/- How We Are and How We Got Here provides students of all backgrounds with a clear and whole understanding of philosophy and its role in history and society, making the 2,400-year history of Western philosophy vital and relevant to today. It shows that philosophy is not a cold analytical academic procedure but exciting and alive, and reveals how we are all philosophers. (shrink)

This paper argues that one part of the picture of thinking about decolonising the philosophy curriculum should include problematising the notion of Western philosophy. I argue that there are many problems with the idea of Western philosophy, and with the idea that decolonising the curriculum should involve rejecting so-called Western philosophy. Doing this could include granting the West a false narrative about its origins, influences and interactions, perpetuating exclusions within contemporary and recent North (...) American and European philosophy, perpetuating exclusions and failed acknowledgements within the history of so-called Western philosophy, while at the same time rejecting a tradition which has included in itself so many topics and methodologies that what is left after excluding it would leave other traditions with limited resources, at the same time as wrongly granting the West proprietary rights over any ideas it has happened to investigate, rather than seeing these as belonging to all of humanity. I therefore conclude that a central part of curriculum change should be problematising Western philosophy, including our learning more about, and teaching, more complex views of its history and interactions with other traditions. (shrink)

With fifty-four chapters charting the development of moral philosophy in the Western world, this volume examines the key thinkers and texts and their influence on the history of moral thought from the pre-Socratics to the present day. Topics including Epicureanism, humanism, Jewish and Arabic thought, perfectionism, pragmatism, idealism and intuitionism are all explored, as are figures including Aristotle, Boethius, Spinoza, Hobbes, Hume, Kant, Hegel, Mill, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre and Rawls, as well as numerous key ideas and schools (...) of thought. Chapters are written by leading experts in the field, drawing on the latest research to offer rigorous analysis of the canonical figures and movements of this branch of philosophy. The volume provides a comprehensive yet philosophically advanced resource for students and teachers alike as they approach, and refine their understanding of, the central issues in moral thought. (shrink)

This paper employs the metaphor of hunting to discuss intellectual investigation. Drawing on the example of Chrysippus’ dog, an animal whose behaviour supposedly reflects disjunctive syllogistic reasoning, the article traces the history of thought. It concludes by summarizing the contribution of Chrysippus’ dog to the fields of literature, philosophy and the visual arts. -/- .

The chapter begins with an initial survey of ups and downs of contextualist history of philosophy during the twentieth century in Britain and America, which finds that historically serious history of philosophy has been on the rise. It then considers ways in which the study of past philosophy has been used and is used in philosophy, and makes a case for the philosophical value and necessity of a contextually oriented approach. It examines some uses (...) of past texts and of history that reveal limits to noncontextual history, including Strawson's Kant, Rorty's grand diagnosis of the Western tradition, and Friedman on Kant's philosophy of mathematics. It then considers ways in which the history of philosophy may become philosophically deeper by becoming more historical, and instances in which history of philosophy of various stripes has or may deliver a philosophical payoff. Along the way, it urges historians of philosophy to attend not only to individual philosophers and their problems and projects, but also to the larger shape of the history of philosophy and its narrative themes. (shrink)

From ancient conceptions of becoming a philosopher to modern discussions of psychedelic drugs, the concept of transformation plays a fascinating part in the history of philosophy. However, until now there has been no sustained exploration of the full extent of its role. Transformation and the History of Philosophy is an outstanding survey of the history, nature, and development of the idea of transformation, from the ancient period to the twentieth century. Comprising twenty-two specially commissioned chapters (...) by an international team of contributors, the volume is divided into four clear parts: -/- - Philosophy as Transformative: Ancient China, Greece, India, and Rome - Transformation Between the Human and the Divine: Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy - Transformation After the Copernican Revolution: Post-Kantian Philosophy - Treatises, Pregnancies, Psychedelics, and Epiphanies: Twentieth-Century Philosophy. -/- Each of these sections begins with an introduction by the editors. Transformation and the History of Philosophy is essential reading for students and researchers in the history of western and non-western philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, and aesthetics. It will also be extremely useful for those in related disciplines such as religion, sociology, and the history of ideas. (shrink)

Spengler’s work is typically represented as speculative philosophy of history. However, I argue that there is good reason to consider much of his thought as preoccupied with existential and phenomenological questions about the nature and ends of human existence, rather than with history per se. In this paper I consider Spengler’s work in comparison with Heidegger’s history of Being and analysis of technological modernity. I argue that Spengler’s considerable proximity to much of Heidegger’s thought compels us (...) to reconsider the nature and scope of Spengler’s philosophical project. (shrink)

This paper examines the fortunes of non-European philosophies in histories of philosophy written by European and American philosophers from the 17th century to the present day. It charts the shift from inclusive histories of philosophy, which included non-European philosophies, to exclusive histories of philosophy, which excluded and/or marginalized non-European philosophies, at the end of the 18th century. This shift was motivated by racial Eurocentrism, which cast a long shadow over histories of philosophy written during the 19th (...) and 20th centuries. The paper also considers recent attempts to produce a more inclusive history of philosophy. By examining the history of the inclusion and exclusion of non-European philosophies in histories of philosophy, this paper seeks to challenge the assumption that philosophy began and has been practised exclusively by European or western thinkers. (shrink)

This chapter provides a quick sketch of the history of western philosophy of religion as it bears on theism.

From famous figures in the history of philosophy to questions in religious theology to the relationship between knowledge and power, The Handy Western Philosophy Answer Book: Ancient Greek to Its Influence on Philosophy Today takes the sometimes esoteric ideas and the jumble of names and makes them easy to understand, enriching readers' lives and answering the question "What do the ancient Greek philosophers have to teach us about contemporary culture?".

‘Transcendence’ has been a key subject of Western philosophy of religion and history of ideas. The meaning of transcendence, however, has changed over time. The article looks at some perspectives o ered by the nineteenth and the twentieth century Anglo‐American and con‐ tinental European philosophers of religion and presents their views in relation to the concept of transcendence formulated by the Bengali Hindu traditionalist Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati (1874–1937). The questions raised are what transcendence in the philosophy of (...) religion is, how one can speak of it, and what its goal is. The paper points to parallels and di erences in epistemology, ontology and practice. One di erence is that the nineteenth and the twentieth century Western philosophy of religion tended to assume an ontological di erence between self and transcendence inherited om personalities such as Søren Kierkegaard, but also to explore the concept of transcendence beyond the idea of a metaphysical God. Bhaktisiddhanta, whose foundational thought mirrors medieval Hindu philosophy of religion and the theistic schools of Vedānta, suggests that transcendence has a metaphysical and personal dimension that is to some degree ontologically similar to and directly knowable by the self. Bhaktisid‐ dhanta’s approach to transcendence di ers om Kierkegaard’s and other Western philosophers’ and revolves around the idea of God as a transcendent person that can be directly known mor‐ phologically and ontologically through devotion. The article is a contribution to the history of ideas and the philosophy of religion in Eurasia and beyond. (shrink)

In this review of John Shand's book on the history of western philosophy, I point out that the book is only concerned with epistemology and metaphysics, and only considers in detail the work of twenty individual philosophers. There are no entries on Socrates, Hobbes, Bentham, Schopenhauer, Mill, Kierkegaard, Marx, James, Frege, or Heidegger, and the final chapter on "Recent Philosophy" is only six and a half pages long, with each of the thirteen philosophers given a single (...) paragraph each. Within these narrow limits, Shand does an excellent job of presenting the epistemology and metaphysics of each major philosopher considered. (shrink)

The book is a history of the concept of experience in philosophy. Minakov focuses mainly on Western 19-20th century philosophical movements and their use of the experience concept. Author uses topological method to describe growth of the conseptual content of experience, as well as decline in its use in the end of 20th century.

This piece was originally titled "Racism, Chauvinism and Prejudice in the History of Philosophy" but was later retitled "How Western Philosophy Became Racist" by the publisher.

In this article the possibilities of expanding the boundaries of the knowledge and tradition of art philosophy in Turkey through the works of names outside the discipline of philosophy are investigated. For this purpose the production of architectural historian Doğan Kuban is discussed. Kuban’s works are evaluated from a philosophical perspective and it is tried to justify that they should be included in the philosophy of art literature. It has been accepted by the researchers that aesthetics/philosophy (...) of art in Turkey started with the effect of westernization after the Tanzimat. The main problems of the few studies that follow the development of aesthetics are that they examine aesthetics, which developed mainly through literary figures and philosophers who had less space than them, until the establishment of the Republic, only through the works of professional philosophers since the Republic, and they exclude the idea of tradition by not establishing a connection between the local thinkers they have examined and ending their development line with İsmail Tunalı. Common problems in research create the impression that the acceptance of aesthetics or philosophy of art as an activity that only the philosopher can do is accepted as a prejudice. However, philosophy of art is not a field specific to philosophers and limiting the development and accumulation of philosophy of art in Turkey to the work of philosophers narrows the scope of discussion. When a philosophical approach to the subject is sought other than philosophers, the opportunity to meet important names in different disciplines and to read them with a new eye increases. When approached from this perspective, Doğan Kuban’s (1926-2021) works deserve to be questioned in terms of art philosophy. It is noteworthy that Kuban’s production which started in the 1950s and lasted for about 70 years presents a wide field of data and interpretation and that he often attempts theory by reminding the absence of criticism and philosophy in our culture. There are also thinkers who refer to Kuban’s interest in philosophy, aesthetics and philosophy of art. However, Kuban’s relevance to philosophy and aesthetics/art philosophy has not been studied extensively. In the article firstly answers will be sought to the questions of what philosophy and philosophy of art are, and then Kuban’s philosophy of art will be revealed according to the criteria to be determined here. Kuban’s philosophy of art will be examined in three stages. His own theoretical approach will be analyzed by reviewing his objections to the tradition of philosophy of art. In the next step, his views on the philosophy of architecture and the philosophy of Turkish art, which he pursued throughout his production as a quest, will be examined. Finally the problems in Kuban’s philosophy of art will be pointed out and its possibilities will be emphasized. Philosophy is the ability to redefine the concepts starting from the most basic/original problems in any field where one doubts the answers, to determine the principles of the field, to answer the sub-questions with principles in line with consistency and validity, and to construct his own explanation model for the structure of the field by associating these answers. In order to make philosophy of art and philosophy of architecture it is necessary to answer the basic questions of the relevant field, to reach conceptual and principled goals, and to present a model of explanation of the structure of the field within a certain method. In the context of the criteria of art philosophy determined here, Kuban’s thoughts can be questioned in terms of philosophy of art. The philosophy of art, the philosophy of architecture and the philosophy of Turkish art, which became evident by the bringing together of different pieces in Kuban’s works, is a continuous and mutually determined effort. The thinker who criticizes the thinking styles and provisions of Western aesthetics, has created his own concept map with redefinitions and conceptualizations. Kuban redefined the concepts in the field of study, based on these he constructed his understanding of art, the philosophy of architecture and tried to create a model of explanation of Turkish art in which he revealed its history, evolution and basic features. Criticizing the views of C. E. Arseven, J. Strzygowski, E. Diez and O. Aslanapa, Kuban tried to define Turkish art in his own way and tried to explain the basic principles of Turkish art through monumental and civil architecture. Even though this model of explanation has deficiencies it offers new research opportunities to history of art and philosophy researchers with the questions it asks, the concepts it highlights and its unresolved aspects. With his philosophical awareness, criticisms of the philosophy of art, the philosophy of architecture and the attempt to construct the theory of Turkish art, Kuban should be included in the subject area of the philosophy of art studies in Turkey. Evaluation of Kuban’s thoughts by including them in the accumulation of art philosophy in our history of thought will both broaden and diversify the horizon of the field of art philosophy and will enable the philosophy of art to be considered in the context of new relationships between individuals and disciplines by following the traces of thinkers from such different fields. (shrink)

FROM THE HISTORY OF PHYSICS TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICS By Antonino Drago, formerly at Naples University “Federico II”, Italy – drago@unina,.it (Size : 391.800 bytes 75,400 words) The book summarizes a half a century author’s work on the foundations of physics. For the forst time is established a level of discourse on theoretical physics which at the same time is philosophical in nature (kinds of infinity, kinds of organization) and formal (kinds of mathematics, kinds of (...) logic). This double side of the two dichotomies assures a deep comprehension of theoretical physics by avoiding both a purely philosophical analysis and a purely formal analysis, each manifestly insufficient for representing all the aspects of theoretical physics. Among the many formulations of a physical theory, e.g. Mechanics, also Mach(1) recognized technical differences only, Instead my suggestion is to consider their differences as revealing the characteristic features of their foundations. No more radical differences may exist than those concerning both their kinds of Mathematics and their kinds of Logic. As a fact, after the 20th Century within each of these sciences there exist two antagonist foundations, within Mathematics either the classical one or the constructive one(2); within Mathematical Logic either the classical logic or the intuitionist one(3). Let us take Mechanics as an instance. Being the choices of the Newton’s formulation respectively the actual infinity of the differential equations relying on the infinitesimals and the classical logic, a formulation based on the alternative choices is Lazare Carnot’s,(4) whose mathematics is no more than algebraic-trigonometric and the logic is the intuitionist one, because this formulation makes use of doubly negated propositions, whose corresponding affirmative propositions are idealistic or false; i.e. in these cases the law of double negation fails, as in intuitionist logic occurs. By considering these two dichotomies as the foundations of the physical theories, each couple of choices upon them fashions one out four models of scientific theory, which are baptized through the authors of their most representative theories: Newtonian, Carnotian, Lagrangian, Descartesian. In correspondence four versions of the principle of inertia are recognized, as suggested by respectively: Descartes. Lazare Carnot, Enriques and Cavalieri.(5) All that suggests that the four models of scientific theory may be graphically represented as a compass orientating our minds amid the so numerous physical theories. By taking these dichotomies as interpretative categories, a new interpretative history of Physics including both classical and modern physics results according to a quadrilinear development. The birth of modern physics is characterized by the two theories - Einstein’s paper on special relativity and Einstein’s first paper on quanta - whose choices are the alternative ones to those of the previously dominant physical theory, Newtonian mechanics: in the latter paper Einstein i) declares the dichotomy on the kinds of mathematics (“Introduction”) and then he chooses the discrete mathematics; ii) by using doubly negated propositions he organizes his theory in an alternative way to the deductive-axiomatic one.(6) Moreover, a new history of Philosophy of knowledge results. Kant’s first two a priori transcendental categories represent the physical interpretation of the two choices out of the four pairs of choices on the two dichotomies, i.e. the choices of the dominant theory of mechanics, Newton’s. Hegel’s dialectic was a misleading attempt of anticipating the subsequent intuitionist logic. The book starts by a comparison of different formulations of thermodynamics in order to recognize the first dichotomy on the kind of organization. In chapter 2 the dichotomy on the kind of infinity is recognized through a comparison of Newrton’s mechanics and Lazare Carnot’s. A quickly history of the other classical physical theories is illustrated in chapter 3; it results a foundational conflict between the last two theories, and hence a conflict between their opposite couples of choices. The two main theories of modern physics, special realtivity and quantum mechanics confirm the foundational role played by the two dichotomies which gives reason for the radical change in the history of theoretical physics. Indeed, the opposition of the two main pairs of choices gives reason of the crisis in theoretical physics in the early 1900s. As a global result, the book represents the first interpretation of the entire history of Physics, both classical and modern; This fact proves that the four models of scientific theories can works as a compass (that of the front cover) suggesting a direction among the many physical theories. This new history of physics leads to re-visit both Koyré’s and Kuhn’s historiographies. Their interpretative categories are interpreted and explained through the two dichotomies so that it is possible to suggest à la Koyré categories based on the alternative choices theories to Newton’s as the suitable categories for interpreting the alternative theories to Newton’s mechanics. All that suggests a new interpretation of the crucial step in the history of Western philosophy of knowledge, i.e. the passage from Leibniz to Kant: Leibniz’s suggestion of the two labyrinths of human minds may be seen as a close anticipation of the two above dichotomies. Kant applied them in order to construct the well-known four cosmological proofs, which however he misinterpreted as leading to contradictions, instead to tow different methods of investigation corresponding to the two different kinds of logic.(7) Bibliography 1. Mach E. (1883), Die Mechanik, Leipzig: Brockhaus, Chap. IV, Sect. III. 2. Bishop E. (1967), Constructive Analysis, New York: Mc Graw-Hill. 3. Heyting A. (1962), Intuitionism. An Introduction, Amsterdam: North-Holland. 4. L. Carnot (1783), Essai on the Machines en général, Defay, Dijion (Enlish translation: Springer, Berlin, 2020). Drago A. (2004), “A new appraisal of old formulations of mechanics”, Am. J. Phys., 72(3), pp. 407-9. 5. Vella M.R. (2007), “Le quattro versioni del principio di inerzia”, in M. Leone et al. (eds.), L’eredità di Fermi, Majorana e altri Temi. Napoli: ESI, pp. 147-151. 6. Drago A. (2014), “The emergence of two options from Einstein°s first paper on Quanta”, in Pisano R., Capecchi D., Lukesova A. (eds.), Physics, Astronomy and Engineering. Critical Problems in the History of Science and Society, Scientia Socialis P., Siauliai, 2013, pp. 227-234. 7. This and all in the above points are illustrated by the book Drago A. (2017), Dalla Storia della Fisica ai Fondamenti della Scienza, Roma: Aracne. (shrink)

Although Nicholas of Cusa occasionally discussed how the universe must be understood as the unfolding of the absolutely infinite in time, he left open questions about any distinction between natural time and historical time, how either notion of time might depend upon the nature of divine providence, and how his understanding of divine providence relates to other traditional philosophical views. From texts in which Cusanus discussed these questions, this paper will attempt to make explicit how Cusanus understood divine providence. The (...) paper will also discuss how Nicholas of Cusa’s view of the question of providence might shed light on Renaissance philosophy’s contribution in the historical transition in Western philosophy from an overtly theological or eschatological understanding of historical time to a secularized or naturalized philosophy of history. (shrink)

Luck egalitarianism is a family of egalitarian theories of distributive justice that give a special place to luck, choice, and responsibility. These theories can be understood as responding to perceived weaknesses in influential earlier theories of both the left – in particular Rawls’ liberal egalitarianism (1971) – and the right – Nozick’s libertarianism (1974) stands out here. Rawls put great emphasis on the continuity of his theory with the great social contract theories of modern political thought, particularly emphasising its Kantian (...) character, while Nozick overtly develops his theory as an elaboration of John Locke’s account of property. By contrast, how luck egalitarianism is related to the history of political thought or philosophy more generally has been left unexplored by its proponents. Perhaps this is because they see luck egalitarianism, with its focus on individual choice and association with such contemporary concerns as equality of opportunity, as without significant predecessors in the canon. My purpose in this chapter is to make the tentative first steps towards identifying some historical antecedents of luck egalitarianism among the main works of Western political thought, in particular Aristotle, Machiavelli, and Locke. (shrink)

The essay operates an itemisation of the three main streams in the history of emotions: the history of individual emotions, the study of the role that emotions have in historical processes, and the reflection on the influence of emotions on history writing. The second part of the article is devoted to the methodological and theoretical status of the study of past emotions. It highlights how many studies in the history of emotions remain heavily conditioned by an (...) idea of culture typical of Western philosophy of history. (shrink)

Philosophers have gotten something of a bad reputation for widespread—and perhaps closed-minded—atheism. The reality, however, is quite otherwise. For most of their history, philosophy and religion have been intertwined in one way or another, and the vast majority of philosophers have had some kind of religious beliefs, oftentimes central to their philosophy, whether or not they have made the links explicit. This is not without good reason. Though their methods (sometimes) differ, philosophy and religion have always (...) shared a number of similar goals in terms of seeking answers to life’s “Big Questions,” questions about the ultimate nature of reality, our purpose or place in the world, the meaning of life and how we should live it. This chapter addresses philosophy's reputation of closed-mindedness towards the end, but first it addresses the historical point. (shrink)

The content of Boscovich’s Theoria philosophiae naturalis was well-known to his contemporaries, but both scientists and philosophers chiefly discussed it during the 19th century. The observations that Boscovich presented in this text, and that he himself defined as “philosophicas metitationes”, soon showed their being a good programme for the forthcoming atomic physics, and contributed to get rid of the mechanistic paradigm in science. In this paper I’ll go back to some meaningful moments of the history of Boscovich’s reception in (...) the era of contemporary philosophy, by referring to what authors such as Popper, Cassirer, Nietzsche and Fechner wrote about him. These thinkers, indeed, particularly stressed the importance of the Theoria in the history of Western thought, and showed that it can easily be evaluated beyond the plane of a pure scientific investigation. (shrink)

Wang Yangming (1472-1529) and his School of Mind dominated the intellectual world of sixteenth-century Ming China (1368-1644), and his Confucian philosophy has since remained an essential component of East Asian philosophical discourse. Yet, the volume of publications on him in the Western-language literature has consistently paled in comparison to the volume of scholarship on classical Chinese philosophy, modern Chinese philosophy, Buddhism, and Daoism. Studying Wang Yangming: History of a Sinological Field explains the history of (...) writing in the West about the famed Ming dynasty scholar-official. From eighteenth-century French Jesuit books to English-language publications in 2020, this book provides a historical overview and summary of a literature published by scholars attempting to grapple with one of the most influential Confucians in the history of China, East Asia, and the world. (shrink)

The aim of this book is to explain economic dualism in the history of modern Europe. The emergence of the manorial-serf economy in the Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary in the 16th and the 17th centuries was the result of a cumulative impact of various circumstantial factors. The weakness of cities in Central Europe disturbed the social balance – so characteristic for Western-European societies – between burghers and the nobility. The political dominance of the nobility hampered the development of (...) cities and limited the influence of burghers, paving the way to the rise of serfdom and manorial farms. These processes were accompanied by increased demand for agricultural products in Western Europe. (shrink)

In tracing historically the development of Filipino philosophy as traditionally conceived, the author discovered that the early Filipino philosophers were Enlightenment thinkers. This was the direct consequence of the Filipino colonial experience and the explanation why the trajectory of Filipino philosophy is basically Western in orientation.

The History of Western Philosophy enhanced Russell’s broad reputation among members of the public and helped secure his finances. But the academic community was less enthusiastic about the text and tended to treat it with contempt. My paper is a critical investigation of one of the central chapters of Russell’s History: namely, Russell’s rendition of David Hume’s views on the self. My argument is that Russell’s concise treat­ment of le bon David’s provocative views on the self (...) must be read with great care—otherwise a misunderstanding of Russell’s interpreta­tion is likely to be foisted on this popular and influential twentieth­-century text. (shrink)

Phenomenology and ancient Greek philosophy. The title of this book, indicating these topics as its two main subjects, could give the impression that the subjects are held together by a circumstantial “and.” The title would then indicate a connection between phenomenology and a topic, ancient Greek philosophy, the way titles such as Art and Phenomenology, Phenomenology and Psychological Research, Phenomenology and Virtue Ethics do. This impression would be wrong. First, ancient Greek philosophers take pride of place in the (...) dialogues initiated by many phenomenologists with various figures from the history of philosophy. Second, this is not just because phenomenological philosophers have tended to regard ancient Greek philosophy as the revered beginning of Western thought, reflection upon which may help illuminate any topic modern human beings wish to inquire into or give it a kind of historical dignity. It is first and foremost because ancient Greek philosophy, understood as the scientific attempt to understand the world, ourselves, and our place in the world, in the phenomenological tradition is regarded as one important origin of contemporary Western philosophy and science, even if contemporary philosophy and science is also determined by a new ideal of philosophy that emerges in early modernity. Indeed, for most phenomenologists, Greek philosophy can be regarded as the roots supporting this new ideal—even if these roots are sometimes hidden from sight or forgotten. The main rationale for confronting ancient Greek philosophy phenomenologically is accordingly the attempt to bring to light in its full radicality the phenomenon “philosophy.” Unearthing philosophy as it was originally understood by Greek thinkers may, according to many phenomenologists at least, help us understand what philosophy in the full sense of the word was, has been, and may be again, but also what it has become or even degenerated into in modern times, for instance positivism. It is this way of approaching ancient Greek philosophy that we wish to concentrate on in this book, in the hope that the volume will prove instructive both to people who have an interest in ancient Greek philosophy and wish to know more about the phenomenological approach to it and to people who work within phenomenology and wish to know more about the various approaches to ancient Greek philosophy characterizing the phenomenological movement. We have therefore sought to make the introduction and the individual chapters accessible to non-experts, for instance by transliterating all Greek text, and confining quotes in other languages than English to footnotes and glosses. (shrink)

There is a perplexing transition in Dr. Reza Davari's thought, when he problematizes the relation between Iranian and Western history/cultures, on which this paper is focusing. The interperative objective is to clarify this transition on the basis of the implicit relation between the two most fundamental concepts in his earlier and later thought respectively westernization and underdevelopment. Although, by this transition, the level of discussion transits from an ontologico-philosophical to an intellectualist one. So, there are two different levels (...) of problematization in his thought which differ deeply. Therefore, we are not just dealing with the substitution of fundamental concepts, but with different problematizations and different levels of discussion. Obviously, there will be new problems arising which are not just concerning with the justification of the transition but with the problematization of westernization itself. Finally, it's been concluded that in order to clarify these new problems, we should step back to the level of philosophical discussion, and first of all to the clarification of the I-not-I relation which has been neglected thoroughly in the whole project. (shrink)

The important feature of Dao as a philosophic category in early Confucian philosophy is its prominent practical and historical properties, which make it different from those western metaphysic categories. Confucianism emphasizes that the Dao can not be separated with the practice and the history of human being, thus the Tao should be explored in peoples’ social activities and history. They believe that the Tao only lives in the historical tradition and can only be demonstrated by the (...) narrative of history. The historical and practical properties of Dao incarnated the unity of epistemology and axiology, and integrated the value of both “Dao” and “De”. It also spots the conjunction between Confucianism and the historical materialism that persists on the standpoint of dialectic and practice. (shrink)

本文通过对德国著名汉学家、翻译家卫礼贤的最后一部哲学论著《中国哲学导 论》(1929)的翻译和研究,整理归纳了卫礼贤对中国哲学的核心词“道”的五种不同译法, 深入剖析了他如何用“一词多译”的方法,对中国哲学史上不同文本、不同哲学家、不同时代 及不同思想维度中的“道”进行诠释。同时,本文以术语学(Terminologie)为研究方法,聚焦 于卫礼贤用来翻译“道”的几个德语哲学术语,并对这些词汇进行溯源。以此为切入点, 本文 分析了卫礼贤作为对中国哲学与德国哲学均有深刻理解的汉学家,有意识地从跨文化比较哲学 的角度出发,将“道”转换为德国哲学中与之相匹配的哲学概念,并将其介绍给德国思想界的 路径。重新审视卫礼贤对“道”的“一词多译”,在加强当今中外文化互鉴和中文著作外译方面 具有积极且重要的作用。[This contribution is based on the translation and study of the book Chinesische Philosophie: Eine Einführung (Chinese Philosophy: An Introduction, 1929). It is the last philosophy-related work by the famous German sinologist and translator Richard Wilhelm. The article provides a compilation, summary, and in-depth analysis concerning Wilhelm's handling of the translation of "Dao", the "Urwort" (Heidegger) of Chinese philosophy. The study provides insight into how Wilhelm has used a (...) poly-perspective method to interpret the word “Dao" by using five different translation terms in relation to divergent texts, various philosophers, and different periods in the history of Chinese philosophy. Some of the German philosophical terms that were applied in these translations are investigated by tracing their etymological origins and general semantics. Richard Wilhelm was a sinologist with a deep understanding of both Chinese and German philosophical traditions. He deliberately imparted the different philosophical meanings of "Dao" in a way that was compatible with the context of the contemporary German intellectual community. In parts, he presented this semantic field from the perspective of transcultural philosophy. We believe that a re-examination of Richard Wilhelm's variational approaches to translate the term "Dao" can provide important methodological inspirations for the translation of complex Chinese texts as well as concerning the improvement of mutual cultural understanding between Chinese and other cultures.]. (shrink)

It is undeniable Poincaré was a very famous and influential scientist. So, possibly because of it, it was relatively easy for him to participate in the heated discussions of the foundations of mathematics in the early 20th century. We can say it was “easy” because he didn't get involved in this subject by writing great treatises, or entire books about his own philosophy of mathematics (as other authors from the same period did). Poincaré contributed to the philosophy of (...) mathematics by writing short essays and letters. (shrink)

This paper argues that the recent renewal of interest in the philosophy of Oswald Spengler, particularly concerning its warnings of the imminent demise of Western Civilisation, is misplaced. Arguments concerning the accuracy of his predictions or cultural analysis have overlooked the necessity of evaluating the coherence of the philosophical system that Spengler used to generate and justify his speculative declarations. Such an evaluation indicates a number of apparent contradictions at the heart of Spengler’s historical model. The attempt to (...) resolve these contradictions has resulted in a sharp division of interpretation amongst Spengler commentators, into positivist and relativist camps. Neither interpretation, I suggest, is capable of rendering Spengler’s historical system coherent. It is therefore argued that Spengler’s philosophy is fundamentally flawed. (shrink)

Herder is known to have disliked systems that impose universal laws on humans, also for his defense of nationalism and his concern for the cultural ethos of nations. Above all, he is known to believe that the development of any nation is within. However, Hegel avers that freedom that leads to development is recognized and practiced in modem Europe; therefore, the world’s other primitive people can acquire freedom only if Europeans impose their civilization upon them. Through this imposition denies freedom (...) to colonized peoples, this denial is justifiable for Hegel because it is the sole condition on which these peoples can gain freedom and development in the longer term. The essence of this article is to explore the implications of Herder and Hegel's Philosophy of History with respect to the development of Africa. This paper flaws Hegel's assumptions using proven facts from colonialism as well as western imposing globalism in which African countries are faced with. This paper also praised Herder's attempt for understanding the uniqueness of every culture which in turn could lead to their development. With the philosophical tools of exposition, critical analysis and prescription this work is been carried out. (shrink)

The doctrine of the spiritual senses has played a significant role in the history of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox spirituality. What has been largely unremarked is that the doctrine also played a significant role in classical Protestant thought, and that analogous concepts can be found in Indian theism. In spite of the doctrine’s significance, however, the only analytic philosopher to consider it has been Nelson Pike. I will argue that his treatment is inadequate, show how the development of (...) the doctrine in Puritan thought and spirituality fills a serious lacuna in Pike’s treatment, and conclude with some suggestions as to where the discussion should go next. (shrink)

During the first quarter of the twentieth century, the French philosopher Henri Bergson became an international celebrity, profoundly influencing contemporary intellectual and artistic currents. While Bergsonism was fashionable, L. Susan Stebbing, Bertrand Russell, Moritz Schlick, and Rudolf Carnap launched different critical attacks against some of Bergson’s views. This book examines this series of critical responses to Bergsonism early in the history of analytic philosophy. Analytic criticisms of Bergsonism were influenced by William James, who saw Bergson as an ‘anti-intellectualist’ (...) ally of American Pragmatism, and Max Scheler, who saw him as a prophet of Lebensphilosophie. Some of the main analytic objections to Bergson are answered in the work of Karin Costelloe-Stephen. Analytic anti-Bergsonism accompanied the earlier refutations of idealism by Russell and Moore, and later influenced the Vienna Circle’s critique of metaphysics. It eventually contributed to the formation of the view that ‘analytic’ philosophy is divided from its ‘continental’ counterpart. (shrink)

In this paper, it is argued that the late twentieth century conception of consciousness in analytic philosophy emerged from the idea of consciousness as givenness, via the behaviourist idea of “raw feels”. In the post-behaviourist period in philosophy, this resulted in the division of states of mind into essentially unconscious propositional attitudes plus the phenomenal residue of qualia: intrinsic, ineffable and inefficacious sensory states. It is striking how little in the important questions about consciousness depends on this conception, (...) or on this particular division of mental states. So accepting this division and its associated conceptions of intentionality and consciousness is not an obligatory starting point for the philosophy of mind. A historical investigation of how these ideas came to be seen as inevitable can also help us see how we might reasonably reject them. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Philosophies versus Philosophy:In Defense of a Flexible DefinitionRein RaudIt is strange that no one has taken up Carine Defoort's clearly formulated and timely argument about the intercultural tensions in interpreting what philosophy is, although the issue deserves at least a roundtable, if not an international conference.1 I doubt that this is because there is a general consensus that the matter is now settled, and I would therefore (...) like to develop the argument a bit further and offer a few additional factors to consider. It is also obvious that the problem is not limited to the subject of Chinese philosophy alone: all traditions of thought from all over the world, but most notably the Indian, Islamic, and Japanese heritages, are affected by the positions we adopt. As in most debates about the commensurability of cultural traditions, we can find differences when we look for them, and similarities if these are what we would like to see, so the "conflict of sensitivities"2 is also a matter of attitudes. My own position is that regardless of what we prefer to call the practice of deeper thought (and 'philosophy' is a very good name), it would be extremely useful for all of its participants, whatever their origin and upbringing, to find a common denominator for them to be able to exchange ideas and mutually enrich each other on its basis. In what follows I shall try to sketch a perspective from which this could, in my opinion, be theoretically grounded.Four PositionsDefoort has identified four possible points of view on the problem of whether classical Chinese thought could or should be called 'philosophy,' which could be summarized as follows.1. Chinese classical thought is not philosophy, because it does not satisfy the conditions of philosophy as it is generally and traditionally understood in the West.2. Chinese classical thought is philosophy, because it reveals the necessary characteristics if analyzed with the help of an appropriate (Western-type) observation language.3. Chinese classical thought can be called philosophy, but only if we redefine philosophy in order to accommodate some of its nontypical or clearly deviant features.4. Chinese classical thought should not be called philosophy, because philosophy is a culturally closed Western phenomenon with a limited scope and incapable of understanding fundamentally different modes of thought. [End Page 618]If we dismiss the birthright variety of the first position, we could label it essentialist, and its weakest point is certainly that Western philosophy has not remained unchanged during the course of history. It is highly doubtful that Socrates, Diogenes, scholastics, Nietzsche, and Gareth Evans could all be members of the same set if the same strict criteria were applied to all periods and all cultural settings in the same way, and, as Defoort herself stresses,3 the fact that seventeenth-century Jesuits (the basis of whose original worldview, we should think, was much farther from the Chinese than ours) had no problem in calling Chinese thought philosophy should show us that the paradigm shift of the thing called 'philosophy' has occurred in the West and is, so to speak, our problem and not theirs.Now, it is also possible that in some circles even some prominent names in the Western tradition do not qualify as real philosophers, in the sense in which Hegel was treated by Bertrand Russell4 and Heidegger was dismissed by Alfred Ayer5 in their respective histories of philosophy (while they nevertheless felt compelled to include chapters or passages on them). A definition of philosophy that puts forward such criteria that a considerable number of thinkers would have to remain outside its borders should be labeled sectarian-and it can still be met, even if ever less often, in some analytical schools of philosophy. It is my conviction, however, that in our globalizing world any definition that would leave non-European philosophy outside the borders of 'philosophy proper' should be considered sectarian in nature. The main problem that I have with Defoort's family model6 is precisely that in it the head of the family, who makes the decisions as to who can be adopted and who cannot, is always Western, and the... (shrink)

Зборници Историја српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању представљају главни резултат рада на пројекту „Историја српске филозофије“ (евиденциони број 179064) који од 2011. године подржава Министарство просвете, науке и технолошког развоја Републике Србије. Пројекат, чији је носилац Филозофски факултет Универзитета у Београду, успешно се реализује у сарадњи са готово десет научно-истраживачких институција широм земље, укључујући и Аутономну Покрајину Косово и Метохија. Иако је првобитно планирано да пројекат траје само четири године, он се тренутно налази у десетој години постојања, а уз то је (...) и проширен већим бројем млађих колега доктораната. Од нарочитог значаја јесте то што радове за Историју српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању не достављају само чланови пројекта, већ и други професори, сарадници, истраживачи, како из Србије, тако и из других земаља: Русије, Хрватске, Босне и Херцеговине, Црне Горе. На тај начин, пројекат полако, али сигурно, задобија међународни значај. Аутори радова у зборницима Историја српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању бирали су теме у складу са властитим интересовањима, као и у договору са руководиоцем и осталим сарадницима пројекта. Премда је рад на истраживању српске филозофије још увек пионирског карактера, сарадници пројекта су дошли до сасвим нових открића, попут средњевековних, српских преписа старословенске прераде расправе Теодора Раитуског. Ваља напоменути да су сарадници пројекта „Историја српске филозофије“ објавили и већи број чланака у истакнутим националним и међународним часописима, поглавља у монографијама, низ монографских научних студија, те остварили учешћа на више значајних међународних и националних научних скупова. Будући да су аутори ових публикација истакнути професори, универзитетски радници и интелектуалци запослени у научним институцијама широм земље (Београд, Косовска Митровица, Нови Сад, итд), омогућена је садржинска разноврсност публикованих текстова у којима се разматрају дела српских мислилаца из најразличитијих позиција и перспектива. За известан број радова у зборнику може се рећи да су интердисциплинарног карактера. Предмет истраживања пројекта јесте историја српске филозофије, односно критичко и теоријско разматрање развоја филозофских идеја, институција, рукописа и часописа у српској култури, почевши од средњег века па до данас. Нит водиља у истраживању српске филозофске баштине јесте уверење да постоји континуитет и идентитет српске филозофије, који се формирао у плодном дијалогу са страним, углавном европским узорима, идејама и мислиоцима. Истражујући однос између српске и других филозофија настојимо да расветлимо у којој мери и на који начин су страни филозофски писци утицали на радове домаћих аутора у оном историјском периоду у којем су настајали. Тако ће се утврдити у којој мери су њихова дела само рецептивног карактера, а у којој имају и оригиналан печат. Српска филозофија се од почетка развијала под страним утицајима, прво византијске филозофије, а потом у модерно и савремено доба под утицајем западноевропских и руских водећих праваца у филозофији. О овим сложеним односима критички и систематски се расправљало у већем броју студија у сва четири тома зборника посвећених српској филозофији и њеној историји. Српски филозофски писци не могу се издвојено посматрати од својих чланака, књига или превода. Исто тако је њихов рад неодвојив од њихове педагошке и политичке активности. Истраживање сарадника на пројекту стога је усмерено на критичко преиспитивање целине рада српских филозофа, где се у средишту налазе њихови филозофски текстови. Српска филозофија је интегрални део српске културе, те је нераскидиво повезана како са природним наукама, тако и са другим областима духовног стваралаштва као што су књижевност, теологија и уметности. Стога је значајно проучавање односа филозофије и других дисциплина, уочавањем њихових сличности и разлика, као и указивањем на то шта је у одређеним творевинама људског духа специфично филозофског карактера. За српску филозофску мисао карактеристично је и то што она често, нарочито у прошлости, није излагана у облику филозофских студија и расправа, већ је артикулисана у другим, књижевним жанровима, као што су средњовековна житија светаца или у модерно доба писма, дијалози или шире схваћени есеји. Исто тако потребно је показати како су у српској академској заједници неговане основне филозофске дисциплине (метафизика, онтологија, логика, епистемологија, филозофија језика, филозофија природе, етика, естетика, филозофија психологије, политичка филозофија, филозофија права и друге). При томе je један од задатака био да се процени колики је допринос наших филозофа поменутим дисциплинама. У периоду 2011–2019. сарадници пројекта ,,Историја српске филозофије’’ спровели су истраживања која нам пружају знатно дубљи, прегледнији увид у српску филозофију, најзначајније периоде у њеном развоју, писце и њихова дела, формирање и развој одређених филозофских дисциплина, као и њихов однос према наукама и другим областима стваралаштва. Показано је на који начин се артикулише однос српске филозофије према другим европским филозофијама, и то, како у погледу рецепције, тако и у погледу узајамних утицаја и сучељавања. Пошто је израда библиографија услов без ког озбиљно истраживање у хуманистичким наукама не може ни започети, неки од резултата овог пројекта јесу библиографије о српским филозофима и њиховим делима, о српској филозофској периодици, као и настави филозофије у југословенским земљама. Филозофија је камен-темељац природних и хуманистичких наука, те стваралаштва уопште. Она спада у суштински моменат опште образованости, како светске, тако и националне културе. Ниједна национална култура не може се целовито и темељно изучити уколико се из тог истраживања изостави њена филозофска традиција. У том смислу је потреба за изучавањем српске филозофске баштине од изузетног значаја за наше саморазумевање. Постоји читав низ делимично или потпуно неистражених тема и области, неутврђених чињеница, полусачуваних или готово нечитких рукописа које тек треба истражити, критички размотрити и систематизовати. Најцеловитију студију под називом Развитак филозофије у Срба (1804–1944) објавио је Андрија Стојковић 1972. године. Ово значајно дело је, међутим, не посматра српску филозофију у целини од њених средњовековних почетака. Године 1978. Бранко Павловић је покренуо први пројекат о српској филозофији на Институту за филозофију Филозофског факултета у Београду, који, на жалост, није заживео. Почетак српске филозофије везује се за преводе, коментаре и рецепцију византијске филозофије. У сва четири тома зборника налазе се текстови посвећени управо овим темама, а то су: формирање српске филозофске терминологије, рецепција старогрчке и модерне европске филозофије код српских писаца, однос филозофије и књижевности, као и однос филозофије и теолошке мисли у делима српских аутора. После губитка независне државе, српска филозофија се развијала под руским и немачким утицајима. Најзначајнији српски мислиоци XVIII века су Руђер Бошковић (1711–1787), Дубровчанин, српско-италијанског порекла, као и Доситеј Обрадовић (?–1811). Различити аспекти њихових дела били су предмет критичког разматрања у огледима публикованим у сва четири тома зборника. Српској филозофији XIX и XX века био је посвећен највећи број радова сарадника на пројекту. Које су то филозофске идеје у књижевном тексту, како се у њему манифестују, те може ли се реконструисати филозофско становиште једног књижевника јесу питања којима су се бавили радови објављени у свим до сада публикованим томовима зборника. Предмет њиховог преиспитивања биле су, између осталог, филозофске идеје и рефлексије у књижевним делима Петра II Петровића Његоша (1813–1851), Лазе Костића (1841–1910) или Станислава Винавера (1891–1955), итд. Сарадници пројекта бавили су се и српском, академском филозофијом у XIX и XX веку: хегелијанцем Димитријем Матићем (1821–1884), оригиналном концепцијом еволуције Божидара Кнежевића (1862–1905), а затим и једним од најзначајнијих српских филозофа Браниславом Петронијевићем (1875–1954). Када је реч о првој половини XX века, нарочита пажња посвећена је феноменолошком покрету у Србији: часопису Philosophia и рефлексијама Загорке Мићић (1903–1982). Такође, водеће идеје српске политичке филозофије, идеолошки сукоби на линији левица-десница биле су истражене. Делом једног од најутицајнијих српских филозофа, академика Михаила Марковића (1923–2010), бавило се више сарадника овог пројекта. Такође, истраживана су дела Ксеније Атанасијевић (1894–1981), Бранка Павловића (1934–1985), те рецепција античке филозофије у делима Анице Савић-Ребац (1892–1953). Спроведена истраживања показала су, између осталог, на који начин је српска филозофија интегрисана у европску и светску историју филозофије. Рад на истраживању наше филозофске прошлости и критичком оцењивању садашњости није само од историјског значаја. Наши средњовековни писци су активно учествовали у конституисању византијске образовне парадигме. Српски научник и филозоф светског гласа, српско-италијанског порекла, Дубровчанин, Руђер Бошковић (1711–1787) снажно је утицао на развој западноевропске науке. Да је наша савремена филозофија такође постигла завидне резултате, чији значај превазилази националне оквире, понајбоље сведоче појаве изабраних дела наших најистакнутијих мислилаца, почевши од Бранислава Петронијевића (1875–1954), преко Михаила Марковића (1923–2010), Љубомира Тадића (1925–2013), Михаила Ђурића (1925–2011), Светозара Стојановића (1931–2010), Александра Крона (1937–2000). Неопходно је да се укратко осврнемо и на садржину претходна три објављена тома Историје српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању, како би се стекао увид у то које су посебне теме, филозофи и њихова дела били предмет критичког преиспитивања наших аутора. У публикованим зборниима готово да нема краћих рада, већ у њима доминирају огледи и студије. Студије првог тома проучавају филозофске идеје у широком историјском раздобљу почевши од оснивања српске државе и почетака филозофије код Срба, све до филозофа и мислилаца двадесетог века. У овом тому, аутори су се, између осталог, бавили средњовековном српском логиком, онтолошким основама филозофије природе и савременом рецепцијом методолошких идеја Руђера Бошковића (1711–1787) којем су посвећена два прилога, идејама и правцима просветитељства у делима Доситеја Обрадовића (1744–1811), потом економским идејама идејама Светозара Марковића (1846–1875) које су по први пут на системски начин истраживане, Слободана Јовановића (1869–1958) Владимира Дворниковића (1888–1956), Михаила Марковића (1923–2010). Теме проучавања су били: рано раздобље у филозофији Душана Недељковића (1899–1984) естетичка позиција Милана Ранковића (1932–2012), као и рецепција Спинозиног појма супстанције код Радмиле Шајковић (1924–2016). Две студије посвећене су Јустину Поповићу (1894–1979), од којих се у једној расправљало о односу Јустина Поповића, руских религијских филозофа и Канта. Други том је подељен у следеће тематске целине: Српска филозофија у XVIII, XIX и првој половини XX века, Српска филозофија и филозофска терминологија у словенском контексту, Српска филозофија од друге половине XIX века до данас и Библиографија српске филозофске периодике. У њему је било речи о рецепцији дела Лазе Костића (1841–1910) у српској естетици, о научној метафизици Бранислава Петронијевића (1875–1954), затим о филозофским и књижевним аспектима мистичке еротологије Анице Савић-Ребац (1892–1953), те о доприносу Милоша Н. Ђурића (1892–1967) стварању српске филозофске терминологије. Публиковани су и радови о песнику-филозофу Бранку Миљковићу (1934–1961), естетичару Мирку Зуровцу (1941-) и недавно преминулом филозофу Милету Савићу (1957– 2015). Аутори зборника проучавали су српске мислиоце од осамнаестог века па до данас. Други део књиге посвећен је, између осталог, српској филозофској терминологији у ширем, словенском контексту. Објављени су и прилози о Миливоју Јовановићу (1869–1942), Јустину Поповићу (1894–1979), у којем је по први пут публикована преписка између Григорија Флоровског и Јустина Поповића, о хетеро-онтолошком заснивању естетике Милана Дамњановића (1924–1994), као и о филозофском становишту Радивоја Керовића (1961–). У овом броју уведена је посебна рубрика посвећена библиографијама српске филозофске периодике или пак дела филозофских аутора, чији је аутор Добрило Аранитовић. У другом тому публикована је библиографија часописа: Архив за философију, педагогију и друштвене науке, покренутог 1898. године, а који су уређивали Миливоје Јовановић и Стеван Окановић. Трећи том, подељен у четири тематске целине: О српској филозофији, књижевности и естетици, Српска филозофија од средњег века до XVIII и XIX века, Српска филозофија прве половине XX века до данас и Библиографија српске филозофске периодике, захватио је широко историјско раздобље: студије о преводу збирке дела Дионисија Ареопагите Инока Исаије (XIV век), о Доситејевом (1744–1811) телеолошком доказу постојања Бога, о делу Петра II Петровића Његоша (1813–1851), Божидара Кнежевића (1862–1954), Светомира Ристића (1886–1971), Николе Милошевића (1929–2007), Светозара Стојановића (1931–2010), Јована Аранђеловића (1935-), Николе Грахека (1949–2003). Било је речи и о филозофији природних наука Симе Марковића (1888–1939), као и о заснивању филозофије смисла у делу Богдана Шешића (1909–1999). Теме којима се аутори прилога у претходна три тома баве укључују и улогу Естетичког друштва Србије у развоју естетике у српској филозофији, појам и лик филозофије Срба у Републици Српској, затим потребу утемељења филозофије медија у културном амбијенту Републике Србије, књижевно-историјско заснивање српске националне литературе, естетичку мисао босанскохерцеговачких Срба, као и филозофске аспекте косовског мита и предања. Четврти том Историје српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању такође је подељен у четири тематске целине: Српски мислиоци XIX и XX века, Српска филозофија у националном, европском и медијском контексту, Библиографије српских филозофа и Сећања. И у овом тому прилога за проучавање српске филозофије садржани су тематски врло разнородни текстови почевши од оних који разматрају рефлексије најзначајнијих српских филозофа преко радова што се баве поетском и уопште уметничком артикулацијом филозофских идеја све до текстова који истражују однос филозофије и природно-научних дисциплина. Такође се расправило и о српској, религијској филозофији, о ауторима и темама из српске филозофије историје, политике као и о филозофији медија коју је код нас утемељила Дивна Вуксановић. Немали број радова посвећен је најзначајнијим српским филозофима XIX и XX века. Акрибичан текст о Божидару Кнежевићу, аутора Бориса Милосављевића, представља предложак за неку будућу монографију о најоригиналнијом српском филозофу. Милосављевићев текст спаја Кнежевићев живот, политичка уверења са његовим најзначајнијим делима и њиховом критичком рецепцијом. Рад о Загорки Мицић (1903–1982), хрватског филозофа Жељка Павића, показује да се њен филозофски допринос састоји у наглашавању етичких аспеката Хусерлове феноменологије. Феноменологија је утицала и на српску естетику, те Уна Поповић у системски промишљеном тексту открива разлоге зашто и на које начине је феноменологија утицала на формирање естетичких становишта српских филозофа. Три текстa су посвећена значајним, савременим српским филозофима попут Гаје Петровића (1927–1993), Светозара Стојановића (1931–2010) и Николе Грахека (1949–2003). Критички разматрајући основне ставове Гаје Петровића (1927–1993), Мирко Аћимовић не узима у обзир само Петровићев уџбеник Логике, него и његове постхумне радове који се баве историјом логике. У студији о Светозару Стојановићу (1931–2010) Јовица Тркуља се залаже за критичко преиспитивање Стојановићеве теоријске и политичке еволуције. У тексту о одређењу бола у филозофији бола Николе Грахека (1949–2003), Мирослава Трајковски разликује појмове „болно осећање“ и „болност“, те испитује могућност да се Грахекова теза о болу као паралелном нервном механизму прецизира помоћу феноменолошке анализе свести коју даје Франц Брентано. Илија Марић и Ирина Деретић своје радове посвећују српској рецепцији античке филозофије. Илија Марић проучава Недељковићеву (1899–1984) књигу о Хераклиту објављену 1924. за коју је А. Маркези превела све Ефежанинове аутентичне фрагменте. У рукопису другог издања, које до сада није објављено, Недељковић је унео низ промена и проширења. Поређењем објављене књиге и рукописа Марић открива Недељковићеву филозофску еволуцију од хераклитовца до дијалектичког материјалисте. У раду о Ксенији Атанасијевић (1894–1981), Ирина Деретић проучава њене радове о Епикуру, укључујући и француску књигу L’atomisme d’Épicure [Епикуров атомизам], настојећи да критички преиспита како веродостојност и актуелност интерпретације Епикура Ксеније Атанасијећ, тако и само Епикурово учење о миними и његову теорију о задовољству. С правом полазећи од тога да је потребно “предузети редефинисање просвјетитељски и позитивистички схваћеног „рационалног” знања, наиме треба признати епистемички статус не само исказима науке (тј. научне рационалности) него и изразима религиозног искуства, умјетничког искуства, па дакако и изразима искуства „народног духа” – Богољуб Шијаковић истражује етички смисао српских народних пословица у тексту „Мудрост у контексту: пословице и филозофије“. Исто тако, изрази песничког искуства имају филозофски смисао и значај. У огледу Загонетка и тајна: Лаза Костић и Бранко Миљковић око Хераклитове ватре, Богољуб Шијаковић тражи споне између два велика српска песника Лазе Костића (1841–1910) и Бранка Миљковића (1934–1961), при чему се обојица „окрећу“ Хераклитовој ватри, настојећи да одговоре на питање о томе да ли наука, филозофија, уметност и вера имају неко дубље јединство. Присуством филозофског у поезији бави се и Срђан Дамјановић у раду под називом Филозофски песимизам у поезији Симе Пандуровића (1883–1960), који, полазећи од промишљања Исидоре Секулић (1883–1960), Јована Скерлића (1877–1914) и Ксеније Атанасијевић (1894–1981) о Пандуровићевом поетском песимизму, тематизује разлику у типологији песимизма коју је уочио Јован Деретић (1934–2002). Два текста разматрају светосавље и то из различитих перспектива. Миленко Бодин проучава светосавље као специфично српски духовни образац мишљења у ширем контексту источно-хришћанског наслеђа европског културног миљеа филозофије. Владимир Цветковић преиспитује религијску филозофију Јустина Поповића (1894–1979) и Николаја Велимировића (1883–1956) нарочито у контексту њихове критике европског хуманизма, рационализма и индивидуализма, користећи се идејама руске религијске ренесансе, а пре свих идејама Свечовека, односно Богочовека, целовитог сазнања и саборности. Односом филозофије и природних наука баве се три текста у овом тому зборника. У тексту Математичка феноменологија Михаила Петровића (1868–1943), Горан Рујевић истражује основе разумевања математике у пројекту Петровићеве математичке феноменологије, из којег ће се показати да је веома близак логицизму, али да садржи и специфичне конвенционалистичке елементе. У раду Филозофске идеје Косте Стојановића (1867–1921), Александар Кандић разматра филозофске садржаје у његовим списима и Стојановићеву тезу о јединству наука и научних дисциплина, утемељену на метафизичком ставу о јединству стварности. Милош Миловановић истражује феноменологију Михаила Петровића (1868–1943) и његове спектре. Неки радови зборника посвећени су разматрању односа филозофије историје и политике, као и политичког ангажмана. Јован Аранђеловић, полазећи од хегелијанске разлике између разума и ума, те Хегелове филозофије историје, формира властите погледе о томе како се треба односити према кризном времену у коме живимо. Стојан Шљука показује значај активног ангажмана интелектуалне елите у српским државотворним настојањима. Часлав Копривица проучава оне моменте који заузимају најистакнутије место у делима недавно преминулог српског филозофа Александра Никитовића (1967–2016). Богомир Ђукић истражује филозофију историје савременог српског филозофа Ристе Тубића (1933–2018) у контексту историје српске филозофије. Иако у оваквом свету у ери владавине медијске културе питање слободе (имагинације) делује као пуко техничко-технолошко, Дивна Вуксановић, утемељивачица дисциплине филозофија медија у нашем академском систему, како је и напред наведено, покушала је да одговори на питање ,,да ли је савремена комуникациона технологија у стању да мења светове уметности и (медијске) културе (па тако и саму стварност), и ако јесте – на које то начине чини’’, а Јован Буковала је, настојећи да у нашем истраживачком дискурсу нагласи значај филозофије позоришта, која спаја филозофију и театрологију, преиспитивао улогу филозофије у позоришту анализирајући капитална дела Хане Арент Живот духа и Предавања о Кантовој политичкој филозофији, захваљујући томе што је ауторка ослонац нашла управо у утемељивачима филозофије позоришта – филозофима: Платону, Августину, Гетеу, Хегелу и Ничеу, док се Доброслав Смиљанић, на примеру Коларчеве задужбине, бавио дисолуцијом и етичким императивом јединства људског знања. У трећој целини Бибиографије српских филозофа, наш реномирани библиограф Добрило Аранитовић представио нам је био-библиографију Драгана М. Јеремића (1925–1986), једног од најзначајнијих српских естетичара. Аранитовић је, у свом препознатљивом стилу, дао комплетан преглед целокупне грађе овог покојног редовног професора Филозофског факултета Универзитета у Београду на предметима Еестетика и Социологија уметности, али и истакнутог књижевног критичара. На жалост, у протеклих пар година смо остали без својих највећих филозофа. Стога је четврта целина, под називом Сећања, посвећена управо њима, јер су обележили наше време и српску филозофију уопште. Oдласком професора Филозофског факултета, Универзитета у Београду професорке теорије сазнања Светлане Књазев Адамовић (1931–2016), класичне филолошкиње Љиљане Црепајац (1931–2018), логичара Косте Дошена (1954–2017), социолошкиње и антрополошкиње Загорке Голубовић (1930–2019), естетичара Александра Зистакиса (1961–2019), остао нам је немерљив губитак. Напустили су нас, такође, и професори овог факултеа и универзитета који су свој рад посветили историји филозофије: Симо Елаковић (1940–2016), Слободан Жуњић (1949–2019) и Иван Вуковић (1970–2017). Према томе, имајући у виду основне тематско-проблемске целине, као што су филозофски писци, филозофска дела и часописи писани на српском језику, однос српске и других филозофија, израда библиографија српске филозофске литературе, филозофски рукописи писани у српској варијанти старословенског језика или пак књиге српских филозофа писаних на страним језицима, филозофске дисциплине и њихова повезаност са наукама и другим областима људског стваралаштва, историја институција попут српских универзитета и Српског филозофског друштва, очекује се да ће сарадници пројекта и у наредним годинама наставити да публикују есеје и научне радове у истакнутим националним и међународним часописима, поглавља у монографијама, односно комплетне монографске студије у којима би се на аналитички и интердисциплинаран начин, кад год је то неопходно, бавили поменутим областима српске филозофије. Резултати ових истраживања биће представљени и на релевантним међународним и националним научним скуповима. Главни циљ рада на пројекту и даље је публиковање обимних зборника радова динамиком коју допуштају финансијски услови, чиме би се истраживање српске филозофије институционализовало у трајној форми. Овом приликом веома се захваљујемо Вишњи Кнежевић и Јовану Буковали на великој помоћи око рада на овом зборнику, укључујући архивске податке, али, пре свега, на њиховим саветима и лектури. (shrink)

Kant: Philosophy of Mind Immanuel Kant was one of the most important philosophers of the Enlightenment Period in Western European history. This encyclopedia article focuses on Kant’s views in the philosophy of mind, which undergird much of his epistemology and metaphysics. In particular, it focuses on metaphysical and epistemological doctrines forming the … Continue reading Kant: Philosophy of Mind →.

This book contains a selection of papers from the workshop *Women in the History of Analytic Philosophy* held in October 2019 in Tilburg, the Netherlands. It is the first volume devoted to the role of women in early analytic philosophy. It discusses the ideas of ten female philosophers and covers a period of over a hundred years, beginning with the contribution to the Significs Movement by Victoria, Lady Welby in the second half of the nineteenth century, and (...) ending with Ruth Barcan Marcus’s celebrated version of quantified modal logic after the Second World War. The book makes clear that women contributed substantially to the development of analytic philosophy in all areas of philosophy, from logic, epistemology, and philosophy of science, to ethics, metaphysics, and philosophy of language. It illustrates that although women's voices were no different from men's as regards their scope and versatility, they had a much harder time being heard. The book is aimed at historians of philosophy and scholars in gender studies. (shrink)

The term “Presocratics” refers to a group of Greek thinkers who lived not later than Socrates and who were not decisively influenced by him. They are often referred to as the first philosophers as they represent the dawn of human speculation in the West. The essay examines the fragments of major Presocratics - Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Parmenides, Empidocles and Anaxagoras, which contain their views and arguments as reported by subsequent authors. Although these fragments are incomplete and are based (...) on secondary quotations, it is possible to sift through them and develop coherent and logical interpretations that approximate the original idea and intentions of these philosophers. The aim of this essay is to shed light on the philosophical meaning and significance of the concept of Arche (ἀρχή) – an untranslatable Greek word that connotes origin, principle, first in the series, or source, which constitutes the central thread of speculation among the Presocratics and their most influential contribution to the history of Western thought. (shrink)

On the History of Political Philosophy: Great Political Thinkers from Thucydides to Locke is a lively and lucid account of the major political theorists and philosophers of the ancient Greek, Roman, medieval, renaissance, and early modern periods. The author demonstrates the continuing significance of some political debates and problems that originated in the history of political philosophy. Topics include discussions concerning human nature, different views of justice, the origin of government and law, the rise and development (...) of different forms of government, idealism and realism in international relations, the distinction between just and unjust war, and the sources of public authority and the nature of legitimate sovereignty. The organizing principle of the book is the idea that the great political thinkers were searching for the best political order and a criterion for human conduct in both domestic and international politics. The book presupposes no previous knowledge of political philosophy. It will therefore be a valuable introductory book for students of philosophy, politics, and international relations. As it opens eyes to the perceptions that historical knowledge may convey, it will also be an illuminating and engaging reading for a general reader. (shrink)

In this article I offer an interpretation of the fundamental problem of phenomenology in terms of a philosophy of revelation proposing in this way the renewal of the last important development of Western philosophy both in terms of its metaphysical aspiration and scientific relevance. After the general introduction, I outline the philosophical problem of revelation. I show how this philosophy influenced early phenomenology. I explain the underlying subject matter in the history of phenomenology, i.e. the (...) notion of disclosure. I also outline what I term “apocalyptic phenomenology” in order to focus on the understanding of revelation. In this part I offer details of the notion of newness and the appropriate method applied here. Finally, I summarize the scientific relevance of my approach in the context of logic, methodology, disciplinarity with a special emphasis on the study of religion. (shrink)

Should one read T.H. Irwin’s three volume history of Western ethics, or parts of it? Here one might turn to reviews. The journal The Philosophical Forum uses the sensible strategy of getting different specialists to review different parts of the book. There are two chapters on Rawls, each one reviewed by a Rawlsian. I wish to register discontent with Steven Ross’s review.

Nagarjuna and Quantum physics. Eastern and Western Modes of Thought. Summary. The key terms. 1. Key term: ‘Emptiness’. The Indian philosopher Nagarjuna is known in the history of Buddhism mainly by his keyword ‘sunyata’. This word is translated into English by the word ‘emptiness’. The translation and the traditional interpretations create the impression that Nagarjuna declares the objects as empty or illusionary or not real or not existing. What is the assertion and concrete statement made by this interpretation? (...) That nothing can be found, that there is nothing, that nothing exists? Was Nagarjuna denying the external world? Did he wish to refute that which evidently is? Did he want to call into question the world in which we live? Did he wish to deny the presence of things that somehow arise? My first point is the refutation of this traditional translation and interpretation. 2. Key terms: ‘Dependence’ or ‘relational view’. My second point consists in a transcription of the keyword of ‘sunyata’ by the word ‘dependence’. This is something that Nagarjuna himself has done. Now Nagarjuna’s central view can be named ‘dependence of things’. Nagarjuna is not looking for a material or immaterial object which can be declared as a fundamental reality of this world. His fundamental reality is not an object. It is a relation between objects. This is a relational view of reality. Reality is without foundation. Or: Reality has the wide open space as foundation. 3. Key terms: ‘Arm in arm’. But Nagarjuna did not stop there. He was not content to repeat this discovery of relational reality. He went on one step further indicating that what is happening between two things. He gave indications to the space between two things. He realised that not the behaviour of bodies, but the behaviour of something between them may be essential for understanding the reality. This open space is not at all empty. It is full of energy. The open space is the middle between things. Things are going arm in arm. The middle might be considered as a force that bounds men to the world and it might be seen as well as a force of liberation. It might be seen as a bondage to the infinite space. 4. Key term: Philosophy. Nagarjuna, we are told, was a Buddhist philosopher. This statement is not wrong when we take the notion ‘philosophy’ in a deep sense as a love to wisdom, not as wisdom itself. Philosophy is a way to wisdom. Where this way has an end wisdom begins and philosophy is no more necessary. A.N. Whitehead gives philosophy the commission of descriptive generalisation. We do not need necessarily a philosophical building of universal dimensions. Some steps of descriptive generalisation might be enough in order to see and understand reality. There is another criterion of Nagarjuna’s philosophy. Not his keywords ‘sunyata’ and ‘pratityasamutpada’ but his 25 philosophical examples are the heart of his philosophy. His examples are images. They do not speak to rational and conceptual understanding. They speak to our eyes. Images, metaphors, allegories or symbolic examples have a freshness which rational ideas do not possess. Buddhist dharma and philosophy is a philosophy of allegories. This kind of philosophy is not completely new and unknown to European philosophy. Since Plato’s allegory of the cave it is already a little known. The German philosopher Hans Blumenberg has underlined the importance of metaphors in European philosophy. -/-. (shrink)