The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Philosophy is a collection of essays on important texts and figures in the history of Chinese thought. The essays cover both well-known texts such as the Analects and the Zhuangzi as well as many of the lesser-known thinkers in the classical and post-classical Chinese tradition. Most of the chapters focus on thinkers or texts in one of three important historical movements: Classical ("pre-Qin") Chinese philosophy, Chinese Buddhism, and (...) the Confucian response to Buddhism ("neo-Confucianism" broadly construed). (shrink)

本文通过对德国著名汉学家、翻译家卫礼贤的最后一部哲学论著《中国哲学导 论》(1929)的翻译和研究,整理归纳了卫礼贤对中国哲学的核心词“道”的五种不同译法, 深入剖析了他如何用“一词多译”的方法,对中国哲学史上不同文本、不同哲学家、不同时代 及不同思想维度中的“道”进行诠释。同时,本文以术语学(Terminologie)为研究方法,聚焦 于卫礼贤用来翻译“道”的几个德语哲学术语,并对这些词汇进行溯源。以此为切入点, 本文 分析了卫礼贤作为对中国哲学与德国哲学均有深刻理解的汉学家,有意识地从跨文化比较哲学 的角度出发,将“道”转换为德国哲学中与之相匹配的哲学概念,并将其介绍给德国思想界的 路径。重新审视卫礼贤对“道”的“一词多译”,在加强当今中外文化互鉴和中文著作外译方面 具有积极且重要的作用。[This contribution is based on the translation and study of the book Chinesische Philosophie: Eine Einführung (Chinese Philosophy: An Introduction, 1929). It is the last philosophy-related work by the famous German sinologist and translator Richard Wilhelm. The article provides a compilation, summary, and in-depth analysis concerning Wilhelm's handling of the translation of "Dao", the "Urwort" (Heidegger) of Chinese philosophy. The study provides insight into how Wilhelm has (...) used a poly-perspective method to interpret the word “Dao" by using five different translation terms in relation to divergent texts, various philosophers, and different periods in the history of Chinese philosophy. Some of the German philosophical terms that were applied in these translations are investigated by tracing their etymological origins and general semantics. Richard Wilhelm was a sinologist with a deep understanding of both Chinese and German philosophical traditions. He deliberately imparted the different philosophical meanings of "Dao" in a way that was compatible with the context of the contemporary German intellectual community. In parts, he presented this semantic field from the perspective of transcultural philosophy. We believe that a re-examination of Richard Wilhelm's variational approaches to translate the term "Dao" can provide important methodological inspirations for the translation of complex Chinese texts as well as concerning the improvement of mutual cultural understanding between Chinese and other cultures.]. (shrink)

Ancient Chinese history holds a quality which has syncretized traditional thought with its cultural wealth unified of mystical and mythological figures in the background. Such that classical documents, which had begun to be written before Common Era, has directly influenced the political regime, education system and status of society in China. One of the most prominent features of these works is to propound collective knowledge about perception of cosmology, attitudes to earthiness, community standards, policy and morality. Among Five (...) Classics works of these masterpieces of Chinese philosophy, Book of Changes which stands closest to metaphysical narrative, mainly consists of the texts about prophecy. While this piece of work had been referred as a divination guide in Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC), it turned into a cosmological text that included a range of philosophical commentary during Warring States Period (475-221 BC). The mainstay of this remarkable change is the direct correlation of all the concepts and terms that characterize the worldly beyond along with the relevant text, especially yin-yang dualism, which symbolizes an extraordinary harmony in early Chinese thought. Traditional idea suggests reciprocity in which heaven, earth and man are interconnected to maintain natural order. However, the superiority attributed to human beings also brings compulsive responsibilities to idealize a compatible society. This paper aims to discuss influences of cosmological and anthropological items on human behaviors explained in prescriptive perspective. (shrink)

Voltaire called fanaticism the "monster that pretends to be the child of religion". Philosophers, politicians, and cultural critics have decried fanaticism and attempted to define the distinctive qualities of the fanatic, whom Winston Churchill described as "someone who can't change his mind and won't change the subject". Yet despite fanaticism's role in the long history of social discord, human conflict, and political violence, it remains a relatively neglected topic in the history of philosophy. In this outstanding inquiry (...) into the philosophical history of fanaticism a team of international contributors examine the topic from antiquity to the present day. Organised into four sections, topics covered include: Fanaticism in ancient Greek, Indian and Chinese philosophy; Fanaticism and superstition from Hobbes to Hume, including chapters on Locke and Montesquieu, Shaftesbury, and Hutcheson; Kant, Germaine de Stael, Hegel, Nietzsche, William James, and Jorge Portilla on fanaticism; Fanaticism and terrorism; and extremism and gender, including the philosophy and morality of the 'manosphere'; Closed-mindedness and political and epistemological fanaticism. Spanning themes from superstition, enthusiasm and misanthropy to the emotions, purity and the need for certainty, Fanaticism and the History of Philosophy is a landmark volume for anyone researching and teaching the history of philosophy, particularly ethics and moral philosophy. It is also a valuable resource for those studying fanaticism in related fields such as religion, the history of political thought, sociology, and the history of ideas. (shrink)

Wang Yangming (1472-1529) and his School of Mind dominated the intellectual world of sixteenth-century Ming China (1368-1644), and his Confucian philosophy has since remained an essential component of East Asian philosophical discourse. Yet, the volume of publications on him in the Western-language literature has consistently paled in comparison to the volume of scholarship on classical Chinese philosophy, modern Chinese philosophy, Buddhism, and Daoism. Studying Wang Yangming: History of a Sinological Field explains the history (...) of writing in the West about the famed Ming dynasty scholar-official. From eighteenth-century French Jesuit books to English-language publications in 2020, this book provides a historical overview and summary of a literature published by scholars attempting to grapple with one of the most influential Confucians in the history of China, East Asia, and the world. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Philosophies versus Philosophy:In Defense of a Flexible DefinitionRein RaudIt is strange that no one has taken up Carine Defoort's clearly formulated and timely argument about the intercultural tensions in interpreting what philosophy is, although the issue deserves at least a roundtable, if not an international conference.1 I doubt that this is because there is a general consensus that the matter is now settled, and I would therefore (...) like to develop the argument a bit further and offer a few additional factors to consider. It is also obvious that the problem is not limited to the subject of Chinese philosophy alone: all traditions of thought from all over the world, but most notably the Indian, Islamic, and Japanese heritages, are affected by the positions we adopt. As in most debates about the commensurability of cultural traditions, we can find differences when we look for them, and similarities if these are what we would like to see, so the "conflict of sensitivities"2 is also a matter of attitudes. My own position is that regardless of what we prefer to call the practice of deeper thought (and 'philosophy' is a very good name), it would be extremely useful for all of its participants, whatever their origin and upbringing, to find a common denominator for them to be able to exchange ideas and mutually enrich each other on its basis. In what follows I shall try to sketch a perspective from which this could, in my opinion, be theoretically grounded.Four PositionsDefoort has identified four possible points of view on the problem of whether classical Chinese thought could or should be called 'philosophy,' which could be summarized as follows.1. Chinese classical thought is not philosophy, because it does not satisfy the conditions of philosophy as it is generally and traditionally understood in the West.2. Chinese classical thought is philosophy, because it reveals the necessary characteristics if analyzed with the help of an appropriate (Western-type) observation language.3. Chinese classical thought can be called philosophy, but only if we redefine philosophy in order to accommodate some of its nontypical or clearly deviant features.4. Chinese classical thought should not be called philosophy, because philosophy is a culturally closed Western phenomenon with a limited scope and incapable of understanding fundamentally different modes of thought. [End Page 618]If we dismiss the birthright variety of the first position, we could label it essentialist, and its weakest point is certainly that Western philosophy has not remained unchanged during the course of history. It is highly doubtful that Socrates, Diogenes, scholastics, Nietzsche, and Gareth Evans could all be members of the same set if the same strict criteria were applied to all periods and all cultural settings in the same way, and, as Defoort herself stresses,3 the fact that seventeenth-century Jesuits (the basis of whose original worldview, we should think, was much farther from the Chinese than ours) had no problem in calling Chinese thought philosophy should show us that the paradigm shift of the thing called 'philosophy' has occurred in the West and is, so to speak, our problem and not theirs.Now, it is also possible that in some circles even some prominent names in the Western tradition do not qualify as real philosophers, in the sense in which Hegel was treated by Bertrand Russell4 and Heidegger was dismissed by Alfred Ayer5 in their respective histories of philosophy (while they nevertheless felt compelled to include chapters or passages on them). A definition of philosophy that puts forward such criteria that a considerable number of thinkers would have to remain outside its borders should be labeled sectarian-and it can still be met, even if ever less often, in some analytical schools of philosophy. It is my conviction, however, that in our globalizing world any definition that would leave non-European philosophy outside the borders of 'philosophy proper' should be considered sectarian in nature. The main problem that I have with Defoort's family model6 is precisely that in it the head of the family, who makes the decisions as to who can be adopted and who cannot, is always Western, and the... (shrink)

Ancient philosophy has, for the most part, focused particularly around the history and philosophies of the Pre-Socratics, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, with broader representations of some other non-Greek philosophical traditions such as the Chinese, Indian and Iranian philosophies. However, a distinctive Eurocentric bias towards ancient Egypt, to which many ancient Greek philosophers looked to as the cradle of wisdom and philosophy, has blatantly disregarded the poignant place of African philosophy in the pedagogy of ancient (...) class='Hi'>philosophy. Thus, this paper argues for re-centering ancient Egyptian philosophy, and by extension, African philosophy in the study of ancient philosophy. The paper, firstly, traces the historical originality and rich elements of philosophy that ancient Egypt possesses, and then, identifies how these served as the theoretical springboard for the emergence of Greek philosophy. Any comprehensive study of ancient philosophy should not deliberately exclude this important aspect of development in philosophical thought. The paper, therefore, concludes with recommendations on repositioning African philosophy within the pedagogical context of ancient philosophy. (shrink)

Abstract: Perhaps dating back to the fourth century BCE, Shinto traditions in Japan have evolved through the years and have become distinct as Buddhist and Chinese influences have migrated eastward. Kami, supernatural creatures that live in heaven or exist on Earth as sacrosanct forces in nature, are a distinctive aspect of Shinto, which continues to permeate modern Japanese culture. The term "Shinto" refers to the religious ideas and customs that are said to have originated in Japan before the sixth (...) century CE, when Asian religious traditions began to be imported into the country. With a few historical exceptions, the Japanese have avoided attempting to spread Shinto outside of their country because they consider it to be the core of their cultural identity and legacy. Contrary to popular belief, Shinto has had a significant influence on world history. Shinto had a significant impact on how Japan interacted with foreign cultures. Furthermore, it is still a significant religious and cultural institution in modern Japan. Keywords: Shinto, kami, Buddhism, monk, Japan, worship, political dominance, shrine. (shrink)

During the first quarter of the twentieth century, the French philosopher Henri Bergson became an international celebrity, profoundly influencing contemporary intellectual and artistic currents. While Bergsonism was fashionable, L. Susan Stebbing, Bertrand Russell, Moritz Schlick, and Rudolf Carnap launched different critical attacks against some of Bergson’s views. This book examines this series of critical responses to Bergsonism early in the history of analytic philosophy. Analytic criticisms of Bergsonism were influenced by William James, who saw Bergson as an ‘anti-intellectualist’ (...) ally of American Pragmatism, and Max Scheler, who saw him as a prophet of Lebensphilosophie. Some of the main analytic objections to Bergson are answered in the work of Karin Costelloe-Stephen. Analytic anti-Bergsonism accompanied the earlier refutations of idealism by Russell and Moore, and later influenced the Vienna Circle’s critique of metaphysics. It eventually contributed to the formation of the view that ‘analytic’ philosophy is divided from its ‘continental’ counterpart. (shrink)

In this paper, it is argued that the late twentieth century conception of consciousness in analytic philosophy emerged from the idea of consciousness as givenness, via the behaviourist idea of “raw feels”. In the post-behaviourist period in philosophy, this resulted in the division of states of mind into essentially unconscious propositional attitudes plus the phenomenal residue of qualia: intrinsic, ineffable and inefficacious sensory states. It is striking how little in the important questions about consciousness depends on this conception, (...) or on this particular division of mental states. So accepting this division and its associated conceptions of intentionality and consciousness is not an obligatory starting point for the philosophy of mind. A historical investigation of how these ideas came to be seen as inevitable can also help us see how we might reasonably reject them. (shrink)

In this paper, we will reconsider the history of dualistic idealism (i.e., the main stream of western philosophy: chiefly, Plato, Descartes, Kant, Wittgenstein, etc.) under the quantum mechanical worldview. Recall that quantum mechanics also has the aspect of being a scientifically complete form of dualistic idealism. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that almost all unsolved problems of philosophy (i.e., dualistic idealism) can be clarified under the linguistic Copenhagen interpretation. In this paper, we will show that the (...) expectation is completely realized. (shrink)

This paper investigates the meaning of the neo-Confucian concept of 'li'. From early on, it has the sense of a pattern designating how things are and ought to be. But it takes on the appearance of something transcendent to the world only at a certain point in history, when it becomes juxtaposed to 'qi'. Zhu Xi has been criticized for this 'li-qi' dichotomization and the transcendentalization of 'li'. The paper re-examines this putative dualism and transcendentalism, looking into both Zhu's (...) discussions and pre- and post-Zhu discussions of 'li', and concludes it to be an inter-connective threading immanent to the world. (shrink)

Зборници Историја српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању представљају главни резултат рада на пројекту „Историја српске филозофије“ (евиденциони број 179064) који од 2011. године подржава Министарство просвете, науке и технолошког развоја Републике Србије. Пројекат, чији је носилац Филозофски факултет Универзитета у Београду, успешно се реализује у сарадњи са готово десет научно-истраживачких институција широм земље, укључујући и Аутономну Покрајину Косово и Метохија. Иако је првобитно планирано да пројекат траје само четири године, он се тренутно налази у десетој години постојања, а уз то је (...) и проширен већим бројем млађих колега доктораната. Од нарочитог значаја јесте то што радове за Историју српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању не достављају само чланови пројекта, већ и други професори, сарадници, истраживачи, како из Србије, тако и из других земаља: Русије, Хрватске, Босне и Херцеговине, Црне Горе. На тај начин, пројекат полако, али сигурно, задобија међународни значај. Аутори радова у зборницима Историја српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању бирали су теме у складу са властитим интересовањима, као и у договору са руководиоцем и осталим сарадницима пројекта. Премда је рад на истраживању српске филозофије још увек пионирског карактера, сарадници пројекта су дошли до сасвим нових открића, попут средњевековних, српских преписа старословенске прераде расправе Теодора Раитуског. Ваља напоменути да су сарадници пројекта „Историја српске филозофије“ објавили и већи број чланака у истакнутим националним и међународним часописима, поглавља у монографијама, низ монографских научних студија, те остварили учешћа на више значајних међународних и националних научних скупова. Будући да су аутори ових публикација истакнути професори, универзитетски радници и интелектуалци запослени у научним институцијама широм земље (Београд, Косовска Митровица, Нови Сад, итд), омогућена је садржинска разноврсност публикованих текстова у којима се разматрају дела српских мислилаца из најразличитијих позиција и перспектива. За известан број радова у зборнику може се рећи да су интердисциплинарног карактера. Предмет истраживања пројекта јесте историја српске филозофије, односно критичко и теоријско разматрање развоја филозофских идеја, институција, рукописа и часописа у српској култури, почевши од средњег века па до данас. Нит водиља у истраживању српске филозофске баштине јесте уверење да постоји континуитет и идентитет српске филозофије, који се формирао у плодном дијалогу са страним, углавном европским узорима, идејама и мислиоцима. Истражујући однос између српске и других филозофија настојимо да расветлимо у којој мери и на који начин су страни филозофски писци утицали на радове домаћих аутора у оном историјском периоду у којем су настајали. Тако ће се утврдити у којој мери су њихова дела само рецептивног карактера, а у којој имају и оригиналан печат. Српска филозофија се од почетка развијала под страним утицајима, прво византијске филозофије, а потом у модерно и савремено доба под утицајем западноевропских и руских водећих праваца у филозофији. О овим сложеним односима критички и систематски се расправљало у већем броју студија у сва четири тома зборника посвећених српској филозофији и њеној историји. Српски филозофски писци не могу се издвојено посматрати од својих чланака, књига или превода. Исто тако је њихов рад неодвојив од њихове педагошке и политичке активности. Истраживање сарадника на пројекту стога је усмерено на критичко преиспитивање целине рада српских филозофа, где се у средишту налазе њихови филозофски текстови. Српска филозофија је интегрални део српске културе, те је нераскидиво повезана како са природним наукама, тако и са другим областима духовног стваралаштва као што су књижевност, теологија и уметности. Стога је значајно проучавање односа филозофије и других дисциплина, уочавањем њихових сличности и разлика, као и указивањем на то шта је у одређеним творевинама људског духа специфично филозофског карактера. За српску филозофску мисао карактеристично је и то што она често, нарочито у прошлости, није излагана у облику филозофских студија и расправа, већ је артикулисана у другим, књижевним жанровима, као што су средњовековна житија светаца или у модерно доба писма, дијалози или шире схваћени есеји. Исто тако потребно је показати како су у српској академској заједници неговане основне филозофске дисциплине (метафизика, онтологија, логика, епистемологија, филозофија језика, филозофија природе, етика, естетика, филозофија психологије, политичка филозофија, филозофија права и друге). При томе je један од задатака био да се процени колики је допринос наших филозофа поменутим дисциплинама. У периоду 2011–2019. сарадници пројекта ,,Историја српске филозофије’’ спровели су истраживања која нам пружају знатно дубљи, прегледнији увид у српску филозофију, најзначајније периоде у њеном развоју, писце и њихова дела, формирање и развој одређених филозофских дисциплина, као и њихов однос према наукама и другим областима стваралаштва. Показано је на који начин се артикулише однос српске филозофије према другим европским филозофијама, и то, како у погледу рецепције, тако и у погледу узајамних утицаја и сучељавања. Пошто је израда библиографија услов без ког озбиљно истраживање у хуманистичким наукама не може ни започети, неки од резултата овог пројекта јесу библиографије о српским филозофима и њиховим делима, о српској филозофској периодици, као и настави филозофије у југословенским земљама. Филозофија је камен-темељац природних и хуманистичких наука, те стваралаштва уопште. Она спада у суштински моменат опште образованости, како светске, тако и националне културе. Ниједна национална култура не може се целовито и темељно изучити уколико се из тог истраживања изостави њена филозофска традиција. У том смислу је потреба за изучавањем српске филозофске баштине од изузетног значаја за наше саморазумевање. Постоји читав низ делимично или потпуно неистражених тема и области, неутврђених чињеница, полусачуваних или готово нечитких рукописа које тек треба истражити, критички размотрити и систематизовати. Најцеловитију студију под називом Развитак филозофије у Срба (1804–1944) објавио је Андрија Стојковић 1972. године. Ово значајно дело је, међутим, не посматра српску филозофију у целини од њених средњовековних почетака. Године 1978. Бранко Павловић је покренуо први пројекат о српској филозофији на Институту за филозофију Филозофског факултета у Београду, који, на жалост, није заживео. Почетак српске филозофије везује се за преводе, коментаре и рецепцију византијске филозофије. У сва четири тома зборника налазе се текстови посвећени управо овим темама, а то су: формирање српске филозофске терминологије, рецепција старогрчке и модерне европске филозофије код српских писаца, однос филозофије и књижевности, као и однос филозофије и теолошке мисли у делима српских аутора. После губитка независне државе, српска филозофија се развијала под руским и немачким утицајима. Најзначајнији српски мислиоци XVIII века су Руђер Бошковић (1711–1787), Дубровчанин, српско-италијанског порекла, као и Доситеј Обрадовић (?–1811). Различити аспекти њихових дела били су предмет критичког разматрања у огледима публикованим у сва четири тома зборника. Српској филозофији XIX и XX века био је посвећен највећи број радова сарадника на пројекту. Које су то филозофске идеје у књижевном тексту, како се у њему манифестују, те може ли се реконструисати филозофско становиште једног књижевника јесу питања којима су се бавили радови објављени у свим до сада публикованим томовима зборника. Предмет њиховог преиспитивања биле су, између осталог, филозофске идеје и рефлексије у књижевним делима Петра II Петровића Његоша (1813–1851), Лазе Костића (1841–1910) или Станислава Винавера (1891–1955), итд. Сарадници пројекта бавили су се и српском, академском филозофијом у XIX и XX веку: хегелијанцем Димитријем Матићем (1821–1884), оригиналном концепцијом еволуције Божидара Кнежевића (1862–1905), а затим и једним од најзначајнијих српских филозофа Браниславом Петронијевићем (1875–1954). Када је реч о првој половини XX века, нарочита пажња посвећена је феноменолошком покрету у Србији: часопису Philosophia и рефлексијама Загорке Мићић (1903–1982). Такође, водеће идеје српске политичке филозофије, идеолошки сукоби на линији левица-десница биле су истражене. Делом једног од најутицајнијих српских филозофа, академика Михаила Марковића (1923–2010), бавило се више сарадника овог пројекта. Такође, истраживана су дела Ксеније Атанасијевић (1894–1981), Бранка Павловића (1934–1985), те рецепција античке филозофије у делима Анице Савић-Ребац (1892–1953). Спроведена истраживања показала су, између осталог, на који начин је српска филозофија интегрисана у европску и светску историју филозофије. Рад на истраживању наше филозофске прошлости и критичком оцењивању садашњости није само од историјског значаја. Наши средњовековни писци су активно учествовали у конституисању византијске образовне парадигме. Српски научник и филозоф светског гласа, српско-италијанског порекла, Дубровчанин, Руђер Бошковић (1711–1787) снажно је утицао на развој западноевропске науке. Да је наша савремена филозофија такође постигла завидне резултате, чији значај превазилази националне оквире, понајбоље сведоче појаве изабраних дела наших најистакнутијих мислилаца, почевши од Бранислава Петронијевића (1875–1954), преко Михаила Марковића (1923–2010), Љубомира Тадића (1925–2013), Михаила Ђурића (1925–2011), Светозара Стојановића (1931–2010), Александра Крона (1937–2000). Неопходно је да се укратко осврнемо и на садржину претходна три објављена тома Историје српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању, како би се стекао увид у то које су посебне теме, филозофи и њихова дела били предмет критичког преиспитивања наших аутора. У публикованим зборниима готово да нема краћих рада, већ у њима доминирају огледи и студије. Студије првог тома проучавају филозофске идеје у широком историјском раздобљу почевши од оснивања српске државе и почетака филозофије код Срба, све до филозофа и мислилаца двадесетог века. У овом тому, аутори су се, између осталог, бавили средњовековном српском логиком, онтолошким основама филозофије природе и савременом рецепцијом методолошких идеја Руђера Бошковића (1711–1787) којем су посвећена два прилога, идејама и правцима просветитељства у делима Доситеја Обрадовића (1744–1811), потом економским идејама идејама Светозара Марковића (1846–1875) које су по први пут на системски начин истраживане, Слободана Јовановића (1869–1958) Владимира Дворниковића (1888–1956), Михаила Марковића (1923–2010). Теме проучавања су били: рано раздобље у филозофији Душана Недељковића (1899–1984) естетичка позиција Милана Ранковића (1932–2012), као и рецепција Спинозиног појма супстанције код Радмиле Шајковић (1924–2016). Две студије посвећене су Јустину Поповићу (1894–1979), од којих се у једној расправљало о односу Јустина Поповића, руских религијских филозофа и Канта. Други том је подељен у следеће тематске целине: Српска филозофија у XVIII, XIX и првој половини XX века, Српска филозофија и филозофска терминологија у словенском контексту, Српска филозофија од друге половине XIX века до данас и Библиографија српске филозофске периодике. У њему је било речи о рецепцији дела Лазе Костића (1841–1910) у српској естетици, о научној метафизици Бранислава Петронијевића (1875–1954), затим о филозофским и књижевним аспектима мистичке еротологије Анице Савић-Ребац (1892–1953), те о доприносу Милоша Н. Ђурића (1892–1967) стварању српске филозофске терминологије. Публиковани су и радови о песнику-филозофу Бранку Миљковићу (1934–1961), естетичару Мирку Зуровцу (1941-) и недавно преминулом филозофу Милету Савићу (1957– 2015). Аутори зборника проучавали су српске мислиоце од осамнаестог века па до данас. Други део књиге посвећен је, између осталог, српској филозофској терминологији у ширем, словенском контексту. Објављени су и прилози о Миливоју Јовановићу (1869–1942), Јустину Поповићу (1894–1979), у којем је по први пут публикована преписка између Григорија Флоровског и Јустина Поповића, о хетеро-онтолошком заснивању естетике Милана Дамњановића (1924–1994), као и о филозофском становишту Радивоја Керовића (1961–). У овом броју уведена је посебна рубрика посвећена библиографијама српске филозофске периодике или пак дела филозофских аутора, чији је аутор Добрило Аранитовић. У другом тому публикована је библиографија часописа: Архив за философију, педагогију и друштвене науке, покренутог 1898. године, а који су уређивали Миливоје Јовановић и Стеван Окановић. Трећи том, подељен у четири тематске целине: О српској филозофији, књижевности и естетици, Српска филозофија од средњег века до XVIII и XIX века, Српска филозофија прве половине XX века до данас и Библиографија српске филозофске периодике, захватио је широко историјско раздобље: студије о преводу збирке дела Дионисија Ареопагите Инока Исаије (XIV век), о Доситејевом (1744–1811) телеолошком доказу постојања Бога, о делу Петра II Петровића Његоша (1813–1851), Божидара Кнежевића (1862–1954), Светомира Ристића (1886–1971), Николе Милошевића (1929–2007), Светозара Стојановића (1931–2010), Јована Аранђеловића (1935-), Николе Грахека (1949–2003). Било је речи и о филозофији природних наука Симе Марковића (1888–1939), као и о заснивању филозофије смисла у делу Богдана Шешића (1909–1999). Теме којима се аутори прилога у претходна три тома баве укључују и улогу Естетичког друштва Србије у развоју естетике у српској филозофији, појам и лик филозофије Срба у Републици Српској, затим потребу утемељења филозофије медија у културном амбијенту Републике Србије, књижевно-историјско заснивање српске националне литературе, естетичку мисао босанскохерцеговачких Срба, као и филозофске аспекте косовског мита и предања. Четврти том Историје српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању такође је подељен у четири тематске целине: Српски мислиоци XIX и XX века, Српска филозофија у националном, европском и медијском контексту, Библиографије српских филозофа и Сећања. И у овом тому прилога за проучавање српске филозофије садржани су тематски врло разнородни текстови почевши од оних који разматрају рефлексије најзначајнијих српских филозофа преко радова што се баве поетском и уопште уметничком артикулацијом филозофских идеја све до текстова који истражују однос филозофије и природно-научних дисциплина. Такође се расправило и о српској, религијској филозофији, о ауторима и темама из српске филозофије историје, политике као и о филозофији медија коју је код нас утемељила Дивна Вуксановић. Немали број радова посвећен је најзначајнијим српским филозофима XIX и XX века. Акрибичан текст о Божидару Кнежевићу, аутора Бориса Милосављевића, представља предложак за неку будућу монографију о најоригиналнијом српском филозофу. Милосављевићев текст спаја Кнежевићев живот, политичка уверења са његовим најзначајнијим делима и њиховом критичком рецепцијом. Рад о Загорки Мицић (1903–1982), хрватског филозофа Жељка Павића, показује да се њен филозофски допринос састоји у наглашавању етичких аспеката Хусерлове феноменологије. Феноменологија је утицала и на српску естетику, те Уна Поповић у системски промишљеном тексту открива разлоге зашто и на које начине је феноменологија утицала на формирање естетичких становишта српских филозофа. Три текстa су посвећена значајним, савременим српским филозофима попут Гаје Петровића (1927–1993), Светозара Стојановића (1931–2010) и Николе Грахека (1949–2003). Критички разматрајући основне ставове Гаје Петровића (1927–1993), Мирко Аћимовић не узима у обзир само Петровићев уџбеник Логике, него и његове постхумне радове који се баве историјом логике. У студији о Светозару Стојановићу (1931–2010) Јовица Тркуља се залаже за критичко преиспитивање Стојановићеве теоријске и политичке еволуције. У тексту о одређењу бола у филозофији бола Николе Грахека (1949–2003), Мирослава Трајковски разликује појмове „болно осећање“ и „болност“, те испитује могућност да се Грахекова теза о болу као паралелном нервном механизму прецизира помоћу феноменолошке анализе свести коју даје Франц Брентано. Илија Марић и Ирина Деретић своје радове посвећују српској рецепцији античке филозофије. Илија Марић проучава Недељковићеву (1899–1984) књигу о Хераклиту објављену 1924. за коју је А. Маркези превела све Ефежанинове аутентичне фрагменте. У рукопису другог издања, које до сада није објављено, Недељковић је унео низ промена и проширења. Поређењем објављене књиге и рукописа Марић открива Недељковићеву филозофску еволуцију од хераклитовца до дијалектичког материјалисте. У раду о Ксенији Атанасијевић (1894–1981), Ирина Деретић проучава њене радове о Епикуру, укључујући и француску књигу L’atomisme d’Épicure [Епикуров атомизам], настојећи да критички преиспита како веродостојност и актуелност интерпретације Епикура Ксеније Атанасијећ, тако и само Епикурово учење о миними и његову теорију о задовољству. С правом полазећи од тога да је потребно “предузети редефинисање просвјетитељски и позитивистички схваћеног „рационалног” знања, наиме треба признати епистемички статус не само исказима науке (тј. научне рационалности) него и изразима религиозног искуства, умјетничког искуства, па дакако и изразима искуства „народног духа” – Богољуб Шијаковић истражује етички смисао српских народних пословица у тексту „Мудрост у контексту: пословице и филозофије“. Исто тако, изрази песничког искуства имају филозофски смисао и значај. У огледу Загонетка и тајна: Лаза Костић и Бранко Миљковић око Хераклитове ватре, Богољуб Шијаковић тражи споне између два велика српска песника Лазе Костића (1841–1910) и Бранка Миљковића (1934–1961), при чему се обојица „окрећу“ Хераклитовој ватри, настојећи да одговоре на питање о томе да ли наука, филозофија, уметност и вера имају неко дубље јединство. Присуством филозофског у поезији бави се и Срђан Дамјановић у раду под називом Филозофски песимизам у поезији Симе Пандуровића (1883–1960), који, полазећи од промишљања Исидоре Секулић (1883–1960), Јована Скерлића (1877–1914) и Ксеније Атанасијевић (1894–1981) о Пандуровићевом поетском песимизму, тематизује разлику у типологији песимизма коју је уочио Јован Деретић (1934–2002). Два текста разматрају светосавље и то из различитих перспектива. Миленко Бодин проучава светосавље као специфично српски духовни образац мишљења у ширем контексту источно-хришћанског наслеђа европског културног миљеа филозофије. Владимир Цветковић преиспитује религијску филозофију Јустина Поповића (1894–1979) и Николаја Велимировића (1883–1956) нарочито у контексту њихове критике европског хуманизма, рационализма и индивидуализма, користећи се идејама руске религијске ренесансе, а пре свих идејама Свечовека, односно Богочовека, целовитог сазнања и саборности. Односом филозофије и природних наука баве се три текста у овом тому зборника. У тексту Математичка феноменологија Михаила Петровића (1868–1943), Горан Рујевић истражује основе разумевања математике у пројекту Петровићеве математичке феноменологије, из којег ће се показати да је веома близак логицизму, али да садржи и специфичне конвенционалистичке елементе. У раду Филозофске идеје Косте Стојановића (1867–1921), Александар Кандић разматра филозофске садржаје у његовим списима и Стојановићеву тезу о јединству наука и научних дисциплина, утемељену на метафизичком ставу о јединству стварности. Милош Миловановић истражује феноменологију Михаила Петровића (1868–1943) и његове спектре. Неки радови зборника посвећени су разматрању односа филозофије историје и политике, као и политичког ангажмана. Јован Аранђеловић, полазећи од хегелијанске разлике између разума и ума, те Хегелове филозофије историје, формира властите погледе о томе како се треба односити према кризном времену у коме живимо. Стојан Шљука показује значај активног ангажмана интелектуалне елите у српским државотворним настојањима. Часлав Копривица проучава оне моменте који заузимају најистакнутије место у делима недавно преминулог српског филозофа Александра Никитовића (1967–2016). Богомир Ђукић истражује филозофију историје савременог српског филозофа Ристе Тубића (1933–2018) у контексту историје српске филозофије. Иако у оваквом свету у ери владавине медијске културе питање слободе (имагинације) делује као пуко техничко-технолошко, Дивна Вуксановић, утемељивачица дисциплине филозофија медија у нашем академском систему, како је и напред наведено, покушала је да одговори на питање ,,да ли је савремена комуникациона технологија у стању да мења светове уметности и (медијске) културе (па тако и саму стварност), и ако јесте – на које то начине чини’’, а Јован Буковала је, настојећи да у нашем истраживачком дискурсу нагласи значај филозофије позоришта, која спаја филозофију и театрологију, преиспитивао улогу филозофије у позоришту анализирајући капитална дела Хане Арент Живот духа и Предавања о Кантовој политичкој филозофији, захваљујући томе што је ауторка ослонац нашла управо у утемељивачима филозофије позоришта – филозофима: Платону, Августину, Гетеу, Хегелу и Ничеу, док се Доброслав Смиљанић, на примеру Коларчеве задужбине, бавио дисолуцијом и етичким императивом јединства људског знања. У трећој целини Бибиографије српских филозофа, наш реномирани библиограф Добрило Аранитовић представио нам је био-библиографију Драгана М. Јеремића (1925–1986), једног од најзначајнијих српских естетичара. Аранитовић је, у свом препознатљивом стилу, дао комплетан преглед целокупне грађе овог покојног редовног професора Филозофског факултета Универзитета у Београду на предметима Еестетика и Социологија уметности, али и истакнутог књижевног критичара. На жалост, у протеклих пар година смо остали без својих највећих филозофа. Стога је четврта целина, под називом Сећања, посвећена управо њима, јер су обележили наше време и српску филозофију уопште. Oдласком професора Филозофског факултета, Универзитета у Београду професорке теорије сазнања Светлане Књазев Адамовић (1931–2016), класичне филолошкиње Љиљане Црепајац (1931–2018), логичара Косте Дошена (1954–2017), социолошкиње и антрополошкиње Загорке Голубовић (1930–2019), естетичара Александра Зистакиса (1961–2019), остао нам је немерљив губитак. Напустили су нас, такође, и професори овог факултеа и универзитета који су свој рад посветили историји филозофије: Симо Елаковић (1940–2016), Слободан Жуњић (1949–2019) и Иван Вуковић (1970–2017). Према томе, имајући у виду основне тематско-проблемске целине, као што су филозофски писци, филозофска дела и часописи писани на српском језику, однос српске и других филозофија, израда библиографија српске филозофске литературе, филозофски рукописи писани у српској варијанти старословенског језика или пак књиге српских филозофа писаних на страним језицима, филозофске дисциплине и њихова повезаност са наукама и другим областима људског стваралаштва, историја институција попут српских универзитета и Српског филозофског друштва, очекује се да ће сарадници пројекта и у наредним годинама наставити да публикују есеје и научне радове у истакнутим националним и међународним часописима, поглавља у монографијама, односно комплетне монографске студије у којима би се на аналитички и интердисциплинаран начин, кад год је то неопходно, бавили поменутим областима српске филозофије. Резултати ових истраживања биће представљени и на релевантним међународним и националним научним скуповима. Главни циљ рада на пројекту и даље је публиковање обимних зборника радова динамиком коју допуштају финансијски услови, чиме би се истраживање српске филозофије институционализовало у трајној форми. Овом приликом веома се захваљујемо Вишњи Кнежевић и Јовану Буковали на великој помоћи око рада на овом зборнику, укључујући архивске податке, али, пре свега, на њиховим саветима и лектури. (shrink)

Recently we proposed “quantum language”which was characterized as the metaphysical and linguistic turn of quantum mechanics. This turn from physics to language does not only realize the remarkable extension of quantum mechanics but also yield the quantum mechanical world view. And thus, the turn urges us to dream that Western philosophies (i.e., Parmenides, Plato, Descartes, John Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, Wittgenstein, etc.) can be understood in quantum language. In this paper, from the quantum linguistic point of view, we give the (...) answers of the following two problems. (i): Has western philosophy made progress? Or what is the measure of "progress"? (ii):Why has useless western philosophy been prospering? (shrink)

This book contains a selection of papers from the workshop *Women in the History of Analytic Philosophy* held in October 2019 in Tilburg, the Netherlands. It is the first volume devoted to the role of women in early analytic philosophy. It discusses the ideas of ten female philosophers and covers a period of over a hundred years, beginning with the contribution to the Significs Movement by Victoria, Lady Welby in the second half of the nineteenth century, and (...) ending with Ruth Barcan Marcus’s celebrated version of quantified modal logic after the Second World War. The book makes clear that women contributed substantially to the development of analytic philosophy in all areas of philosophy, from logic, epistemology, and philosophy of science, to ethics, metaphysics, and philosophy of language. It illustrates that although women's voices were no different from men's as regards their scope and versatility, they had a much harder time being heard. The book is aimed at historians of philosophy and scholars in gender studies. (shrink)

On the History of Political Philosophy: Great Political Thinkers from Thucydides to Locke is a lively and lucid account of the major political theorists and philosophers of the ancient Greek, Roman, medieval, renaissance, and early modern periods. The author demonstrates the continuing significance of some political debates and problems that originated in the history of political philosophy. Topics include discussions concerning human nature, different views of justice, the origin of government and law, the rise and development (...) of different forms of government, idealism and realism in international relations, the distinction between just and unjust war, and the sources of public authority and the nature of legitimate sovereignty. The organizing principle of the book is the idea that the great political thinkers were searching for the best political order and a criterion for human conduct in both domestic and international politics. The book presupposes no previous knowledge of political philosophy. It will therefore be a valuable introductory book for students of philosophy, politics, and international relations. As it opens eyes to the perceptions that historical knowledge may convey, it will also be an illuminating and engaging reading for a general reader. (shrink)

With fifty-four chapters charting the development of moral philosophy in the Western world, this volume examines the key thinkers and texts and their influence on the history of moral thought from the pre-Socratics to the present day. Topics including Epicureanism, humanism, Jewish and Arabic thought, perfectionism, pragmatism, idealism and intuitionism are all explored, as are figures including Aristotle, Boethius, Spinoza, Hobbes, Hume, Kant, Hegel, Mill, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre and Rawls, as well as numerous key ideas and schools of (...) thought. Chapters are written by leading experts in the field, drawing on the latest research to offer rigorous analysis of the canonical figures and movements of this branch of philosophy. The volume provides a comprehensive yet philosophically advanced resource for students and teachers alike as they approach, and refine their understanding of, the central issues in moral thought. (shrink)

This essay is a case study of the self-destruction that occurs in the work of a social-constructionist historian of science who embraces a radical philosophy of science. It focuses on Thomas Laqueur's Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud in arguing that a history of science committed to the social construction of science and to the central theses of Kuhnian, Duhemian, and Quinean philosophy of science is incoherent through self-reference. Laqueur's text is examined in (...) detail in order to make the main point; a similar phenomenon in the work of the feminist historian of science Evelyn Fox Keller is then briefly discussed. (shrink)

In this paper, we will reconsider the history of dualistic idealism (i.e., the main stream of western philosophy: chiefly, Plato, Descartes, Kant, Wittgenstein, etc.) under the quantum mechanical worldview. Recall that quantum mechanics also has the aspect of being a scientifically complete form of dualistic idealism. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that almost all unsolved problems of philosophy (i.e., dualistic idealism) can be clarified under the linguistic Copenhagen interpretation. In this paper, we will show that the (...) expectation is completely realized. For example, it is shown that most unsolved problems (e.g. Hempel's raven) can be solved by separating analytic philosophy (philosophy of science) from mathematical logic and reconstructing it under a quantum mechanical worldview. (shrink)

The chapter draws a very rough (and rather idiosyncratic) map of the terrain of the contemporary scene in the philosophy of language, as it was set out in the work of Frege, Russell and the early Wittgenstein – the presupposed common background, taught to beginners in the discipline, for the themes to be further explored from a present-day perspective in the rest of the book. The chapter outlines some core issues as they are presented in the insightful systematic articulation (...) of Frege’s and Russell’s themes in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Then it sums up the main issues, describes some contributions to them in Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein and other historical landmarks, and indicates how they are approached today, as presented in the book's chapters. The introduction concludes with a brief discussion of research methods and problems in the field. (shrink)

This book is invaluable as a synopsis of some of the work of one the greatest philosophers of recent times. There is much value in analyzing his responses to the basic confusions of philosophy, and in the generally excellent attempts to connect classical Chinese thought to modern philosophy. I take a modern Wittgensteinian view to place it in perspective. This book is a unique attempt to correlate classical Chinese philosophy with that of Searle (S), whom (...) I regard as the best since Wittgenstein (W) and his intellectual heir. The quality of the articles is unusually high for such a collection, which must be due to Mou’s careful selection of papers. Readers will find it instructive to compare this with another recent volume of papers on S’s philosophy – “Thinking About the Real World”— another book on which I have written one of the very few reviews. As with W, everything that S writes is a treasure, but sadly this tome has attracted so little attention that this appears to be the only review, even though it appeared 6 years ago. Its only real deficiency is the failure to print S’s reply to Allinson, since it would correct his numerous substantial mistakes. As noted in my other reviews, such mistakes are of interest since they are the universal defaults of our psychology due to the fact that our language lacks perspicuity, as W first noted in the BBB (Blue and Brown Books) ¾ of a century ago. As the conference was taped, I tried to get the video or a transcript of S’s reply from Mou, S, Allinson and 3 persons at HKUST but nobody would help. The issue of spirituality is inevitably mixed in with the language issues of philosophy in some of the papers here. The many subtleties on the road to dispelling the illusion of the ego and the attaining of enlightenment are another issue entirely, although as in all other arenas, philosophical confusions inevitably arise when talking about religion, as opposed to practicing it. That is, philosophy in the broad sense, as musing on ethics, religion, morality, how we ought to live or feel about our life and the world is not the narrower sense in which W and S are practicing it, though inevitably and almost universally the broad sense gets mixed with issues about how language (the mind as W showed us) works. -/- Those wishing a comprehensive up to date framework for human behavior from the modern two systems view may consult my book ‘The Logical Structure of Philosophy, Psychology, Mind and Language in Ludwig Wittgenstein and John Searle’ 2nd ed (2019). Those interested in more of my writings may see ‘Talking Monkeys--Philosophy, Psychology, Science, Religion and Politics on a Doomed Planet--Articles and Reviews 2006-2019 3rd ed (2019), The Logical Structure of Human Behavior (2019), and Suicidal Utopian Delusions in the 21st Century 4th ed (2019) . (shrink)

A polemical account of Australian philosophy up to 2003, emphasising its unique aspects (such as commitment to realism) and the connections between philosophers' views and their lives. Topics include early idealism, the dominance of John Anderson in Sydney, the Orr case, Catholic scholasticism, Melbourne Wittgensteinianism, philosophy of science, the Sydney disturbances of the 1970s, Francofeminism, environmental philosophy, the philosophy of law and Mabo, ethics and Peter Singer. Realist theories especially praised are David Armstrong's on universals, David (...) Stove's on logical probability and the ethical realism of Rai Gaita and Catholic philosophers. In addition to strict philosophy, the book treats non-religious moral traditions to train virtue, such as Freemasonry, civics education and the Greek and Roman classics. (shrink)

This book is invaluable as a synopsis of some of the work of one the greatest philosophers of recent times. There is much value in analyzing his responses to the basic confusions of philosophy, and in the generally excellent attempts to connect classical Chinese thought to modern philosophy. I take a modern Wittgensteinian view to place it in perspective. -/- Those wishing a comprehensive up to date account of Wittgenstein, Searle and their analysis of behavior from the (...) modern two systems view may consult my article The Logical Structure of Philosophy, Psychology, Mind and Language as Revealed in Wittgenstein and Searle (2016). Those interested in all my writings in their most recent versions may download from this site my e-book ‘Philosophy, Human Nature and the Collapse of Civilization Michael Starks (2016)- Articles and Reviews 2006-2016’ by Michael Starks First Ed. 662p (2016). -/- All of my papers and books have now been published in revised versions both in ebooks and in printed books. -/- Talking Monkeys: Philosophy, Psychology, Science, Religion and Politics on a Doomed Planet - Articles and Reviews 2006-2017 (2017) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B071HVC7YP. -/- The Logical Structure of Philosophy, Psychology, Mind and Language in Ludwig Wittgenstein and John Searle--Articles and Reviews 2006-2016 (2017) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B071P1RP1B. -/- Suicidal Utopian Delusions in the 21st century: Philosophy, Human Nature and the Collapse of Civilization - Articles and Reviews 2006-2017 (2017) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0711R5LGX -/- . (shrink)

Philosophy of action in the context of Classical China is radically different from its counterpart in the contemporary Western philosophical narrative. Classical Chinese philosophers began from the assumption that relations are primary to the constitution of the person, hence acting in the early Chinese context necessarily is interacting and co-acting along with others –human and nonhuman actors. This book is the first monograph dedicated to the exploration and rigorous reconstruction of an extraordinary strategy for efficacious relational action (...) devised by Classical Chinese philosophers in order to account for the interdependent and embedded character of human agency –what the author has denominated “adapting” or “adaptive agency” (yin 因). As opposed to more unilateral approaches to action also conceptualized in the Classical Chinese corpus, such as forceful and prescriptive agency, adapting requires great capacity of self and other-awareness, equanimity, flexibility, creativity, and response, which allows the agent to co-raise courses of action ad-hoc: unique and temporary solutions to specific, non-permanent, and non-generalizable life problems. Adapting is one of the world’s oldest philosophies of action, and yet it is shockingly new for contemporary audiences, who will find in it an unlikely source of inspiration to deal with our current global problems. This book explores the core conception of adapting both on autochthonous terms and by cross-cultural comparison, drawing on the European and Analytic philosophical traditions as well as on scholarship from other disciplines, opening a brand-new topic in Chinese and comparative philosophy. (shrink)

Although African philosophy has become a part of the world philosophic heritage that can no longer be neglected, no comprehensive history of it is available yet. This lacuna is due to the numerous problems that affect any attempt to outline such a history. Among these problems are those inherent in the historiography of philosophy in general and many others specific to African philosophy. They include the absence of scholarly unanimity over the exact nature of (...) class='Hi'>philosophy and, by extension, African philosophy; the dispute over the beginning of philosophy in Ancient Egypt, as well as the Afrocentrist assertion of the origin of Greek philosophy in Egypt; the problem of periodization; the status of ethnophilosophy, etc. These difficulties do not make a comprehensive history of African philosophy an impossible or irrelevant task. On the contrary, such a history is a necessity that promises to exert an enormous positive influence on the future development of African philosophy. (shrink)

The chapter begins with an initial survey of ups and downs of contextualist history of philosophy during the twentieth century in Britain and America, which finds that historically serious history of philosophy has been on the rise. It then considers ways in which the study of past philosophy has been used and is used in philosophy, and makes a case for the philosophical value and necessity of a contextually oriented approach. It examines some uses (...) of past texts and of history that reveal limits to noncontextual history, including Strawson's Kant, Rorty's grand diagnosis of the Western tradition, and Friedman on Kant's philosophy of mathematics. It then considers ways in which the history of philosophy may become philosophically deeper by becoming more historical, and instances in which history of philosophy of various stripes has or may deliver a philosophical payoff. Along the way, it urges historians of philosophy to attend not only to individual philosophers and their problems and projects, but also to the larger shape of the history of philosophy and its narrative themes. (shrink)

[from the publisher's website] Questions about the existence and attributes of God form the subject matter of natural theology, which seeks to gain knowledge of the divine by relying on reason and experience of the world. Arguments in natural theology rely largely on intuitions and inferences that seem natural to us, occurring spontaneously—at the sight of a beautiful landscape, perhaps, or in wonderment at the complexity of the cosmos—even to a nonphilosopher. In this book, Helen De Cruz and Johan De (...) Smedt examine the cognitive origins of arguments in natural theology. They find that although natural theological arguments can be very sophisticated, they are rooted in everyday intuitions about purpose, causation, agency, and morality. Using evidence and theories from disciplines including the cognitive science of religion, evolutionary ethics, evolutionary aesthetics, and the cognitive science of testimony, they show that these intuitions emerge early in development and are a stable part of human cognition. -/- De Cruz and De Smedt analyze the cognitive underpinnings of five well-known arguments for the existence of God: the argument from design, the cosmological argument, the moral argument, the argument from beauty, and the argument from miracles. Finally, they consider whether the cognitive origins of these natural theological arguments should affect their rationality. (shrink)

Philosophy of science and history of science both have a significant relation to science itself; but what is their relation to each other? That question has been a focal point of philosophical and historical work throughout the second half of this century. An analysis and review of the progress made in dealing with this question, and especially that made in philosophy, is the focus of this thesis. Chapter one concerns logical positivist and empiricist approaches to philosophy (...) of science, and the significance of the criticisms levelled at them by analytic epistemologists such as Willard Quine and 'historicist' philosophers, especially Thomas Kuhn. Chapter two details the attempts by Kuhn and Lakatos to integrate these historicist criticisms with historically oriented philosophy of science, in their separate attempts at providing rational explanations of historical developments. Kuhn's latest work seeks to mend fences with philosophy, but his efforts remain too closely tied to the epistemological approaches strongly criticized in his earlier work. Lakatos' treatment of history is much more subtle than most have understood it to be, but the conception of scientific rationality that arises out of it is transformed into an abstract cultural product, more reminiscent of Hegel's geist than of individual human rationality. Chapters three and four discuss the recommendations of Lakatos and Laudan to historians with regard to historiography, and the actual historiographies and philosophy of history of practicing historians and historians of science. The philosophers' contributions indicate little concern for the historians' own methods, materials, and purposes; and the historians' writings present methodologies for history of science that are independent of the normative demarcations of philosophy of science, pace Lakatos and Laudan. Chapter five develops a philosophical position that fosters a more productive engagement between philosophy and history of science, a 'methodological historicism' that embraces the possibility of an important role for social and political factors in a philosophical study of scientific development. The epistemological relativism that might accompany such a historicist position need not be the radical epistemological anarchism of Feyerabend, though it will allow for a significant underdetermination of scientific development by reason nonetheless. (shrink)

A lot of words investigated by philosophers get their inception for conventional or extra-philosophical dialect. Yet the idea of substance is basically a philosophical term of art. Its employments in normal dialect tend to derive, often in a twisted way, different from its philosophical usage. Despite this, the idea of substance differs from philosophers, reliant upon the school of thought in which it is been expressed. There is an ordinary concept in play when philosophers discuss “substance”, and this is seen (...) in the concept of object, or thing when this is contrasted with properties, attributes or events. There is also a difference in view when in the sense that while the realists would develop a materialistic theory of substance, the idealist would develop a metaphysical theory of substance. The problem surrounding substance spans through the history of philosophy. The queries have often been what is substance of? And can there be substance without its attributes? This paper tends to expose the historical problems surrounding substance. This paper criticizes the thinking which presupposes that there could be a substance without its attributes or substance existing alone. This paper adopts complimentary ontology principles which state that for anything to exist, it must serve as a missing connection to reality. This suggests that everything interconnects to each other and substance cannot exist in isolation. (shrink)

open journal of Philosophical Investigations (PI) is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancements in philosophy. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of philosophy. -/- All manuscripts to be prepared in English or Persian and are subject to a rigorous and fair peer-review process. Generally, accepted papers will appear online. The journal publishes papers including (...) the following fields: -/- · Analytic Philosophy · Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy · Art Aesthetics · Comparative Philosophy West and Chinese · Eastern Philosophy . Islamic philosophy · Epistemology · Ethics · Hermeneutics · History of Religious Thought · History of Western Philosophy · Language Logic . (shrink)

The professionalization of the study of history in the Nineteenth Century made possible a new way of thinking about the history of philosophy: the thought emerged that philosophy itself might be relative to time, historical culture, and nationality. The simultaneous demise of speculative metaphysics scattered philosophers’ confidence that the historical variance of philosophical systems could be viewed in terms of the teleological self-realization of reason. Towards the late Nineteenth Century, philosophers began to explicitly address the worry (...) that all philosophical systems might have only relative validity. This paper compares two key figures in late-nineteenth-century debates concerning historical relativism: Wilhelm Windelband and Wilhelm Dilthey. Beneath the deep disagreements between these two authors, it reveals their common concern to immunize philosophy from the threat of historical relativism. The paper traces how both philosophers sought to fend off relativism by defending the idea of an ahistorical and permanent stratum of philosophical thinking. And it argues that although they succeeded in blocking historical versions of relativism, they did so at the cost of incurring a relativism vis-à-vis philosophical systems. This relativism turned out to be rooted not in the historicity of philosophy but in the timeless essence of philosophical reasoning itself. (shrink)

There is a standard story told about the rise and fall of ordinary language philosophy: it was a widespread, if not dominant, approach to philosophy in Great Britain in the aftermath of World War II up until the early 1960s, but with the development of systematic approaches to the study of language—formal semantic theories on one hand and Gricean pragmatics on the other—ordinary language philosophy more or less disappeared. In this paper we present quantitative evidence to evaluate (...) the standard story of the rise and fall of ordinary language philosophy, building on the topic model of over 30,000 philosophy articles in Weatherson (2022). Using a combination of qualitative judgment and a topic-model-based measurement of similarity between individual articles, we find evidence that supports the first part of the standard story, according to which ordinary language philosophy arises in the 1940s, peaks between the early 1950s and the late 1960s, and then rapidly declines. But we argue that there is also evidence of a "new wave" of ordinary language philosophy in the early 21st century that defies the second part of the standard story. (shrink)

This paper examines the fortunes of non-European philosophies in histories of philosophy written by European and American philosophers from the 17th century to the present day. It charts the shift from inclusive histories of philosophy, which included non-European philosophies, to exclusive histories of philosophy, which excluded and/or marginalized non-European philosophies, at the end of the 18th century. This shift was motivated by racial Eurocentrism, which cast a long shadow over histories of philosophy written during the 19th (...) and 20th centuries. The paper also considers recent attempts to produce a more inclusive history of philosophy. By examining the history of the inclusion and exclusion of non-European philosophies in histories of philosophy, this paper seeks to challenge the assumption that philosophy began and has been practised exclusively by European or western thinkers. (shrink)

The humanism of modernity, in its exclusive reliance on rationality and the scientific method, has been viewed as a pejorative understanding of ‘man’ that deliberately isolates it from the divine. This paper attempts to regain humanism from its position that seems to jeopardize the human tendency for the Transcendent through a synthesis of Chinese philosophy and the major tenets of Christianity. A close analysis of the predominant Chinese thought in Lao Tzu and Confucius shows that its entire (...) history is characterized by humanism, defined, not as that which denies the divine but as one that "proposes the unity of man and Heaven." This consilience between man and Heaven is realized in the sage. Similarly, Christianity, albeit the antagonism of humanism, is in fact "the greatest humanism that has ever appeared [and] that could ever appear," manifested by its adherence to theosis – God becoming man, so that man might become God. From this standpoint, humanism still proves to be relevant for those with religious inclinations in the light of its fuller understanding through its dialectic with Chinese and Christian philosophy. (shrink)

From ancient conceptions of becoming a philosopher to modern discussions of psychedelic drugs, the concept of transformation plays a fascinating part in the history of philosophy. However, until now there has been no sustained exploration of the full extent of its role. Transformation and the History of Philosophy is an outstanding survey of the history, nature, and development of the idea of transformation, from the ancient period to the twentieth century. Comprising twenty-two specially commissioned chapters (...) by an international team of contributors, the volume is divided into four clear parts: -/- - Philosophy as Transformative: Ancient China, Greece, India, and Rome - Transformation Between the Human and the Divine: Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy - Transformation After the Copernican Revolution: Post-Kantian Philosophy - Treatises, Pregnancies, Psychedelics, and Epiphanies: Twentieth-Century Philosophy. -/- Each of these sections begins with an introduction by the editors. Transformation and the History of Philosophy is essential reading for students and researchers in the history of western and non-western philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, and aesthetics. It will also be extremely useful for those in related disciplines such as religion, sociology, and the history of ideas. (shrink)

This bibliographical guide gives a comprehensive overview of the historiography of philosophy and thought in the Japanese language through an extensive and thematically organized collection of relevant literature. Comprising over one thousand entries, the bibliography shows not only how extensive and complex the Japanese tradition of philosophical and intellectual historiography is, but also how it might be structured and analyzed to make it accessible to a comparative and intercultural approach to the historiography of philosophy worldwide. The literature is (...) categorized and organized according to thematic focus areas such as geographical regions and continents, nations or peoples, religious traditions and philosophical teachings such as Buddhism, Islam, Shintō, and Confucianism, as well as disciplines such as ethics, aesthetics, and political thought. The bibliography is accompanied by an introduction outlining the research method as well as quantitative and qualitative approaches to analyzing the material, followed by a chronological overview of the historiography of philosophy and thought in the Japanese language and of the Japanese tradition of writing “world histories of philosophy.” As a first step towards a “history of the historiography of philosophy” in non-European languages, we hope that this guide will provide a useful tool for interculturally oriented scholarship aimed at a non-Eurocentric and diversified historiography of philosophy in a global perspective. (Open access, see link below.). (shrink)

In this essay I offer an alternative perspective on how to organize class material for courses in Chinese philosophy for predominately American students. Instead of selecting topics taken from common themes in Western discourses, I suggest a variety of organizational strategies based on themes from the Chinese texts themselves, such as tradition, ritual, family, and guanxi (關係), which are rooted in the Chinese tradition but flexible enough to organize a broad range of philosophical material.

The Polish philosophy of mathematics in the 19th century is not a well-researched topic. For this period, only five philosophers are usually mentioned, namely Jan Śniadecki, Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński, Henryk Struve, Samuel Dickstein, and Edward Stamm. This limited and incomplete perspective does not allow us to develop a well-balanced picture of the Polish philosophy of mathematics and gauge its influence on 19th- and 20th-century Polish philosophy in general. To somewhat complete our picture of the history of (...) the Polish philosophy of mathematics in those times, we here present the profiles of some lesser-known Polish Romantic philosophers of the 19th century, namely Karol Libelt, Bronisław Trentowski, and Józef Kremer. We discuss their contributions to the philosophy of mathematics and their metaphysical perspectives, and we also show how their metaphysical ideas have found some continuity in the studies of some Catholic philosophers. (shrink)

Nietzsche promises to “translate man back into nature,” but it remains unclear what he meant by this and to what extent he succeeded at it. To help come to grips with Nietzsche’s conceptions of drive (Trieb), instinct (Instinkt) and virtue (Tugend and/or Keuschheit), I develop novel digital humanities methods to systematically track his use of these terms, constructing a near-comprehensive catalogue of what he takes these dispositions to be and how he thinks they are related. Nietzsche individuate drives and instincts (...) by the type of actions they motivate. One way in which the “translation” of man back into nature might succeed is through naturalistic explanation and reduction of moral notions such as virtue in terms of amoral, naturalistic notions, such as drives and instincts. I go on to show that this is indeed Nietzsche’s project: for him, a virtue is a well-calibrated drive. Such calibration relates both to the rest of the agent’s psychic economy (her other drives) and to her social context (what’s considered praiseworthy and blameworthy in her community). (shrink)

In this article I trace some of the main tenets of the struggle between nominalism and realism as identified by John Deely in his Four ages of understanding. The aim is to assess Deely’s claim that the Age of Modernity was nominalist and that the coming age, the Age of Postmodernism — which he portrays as a renaissance of the late middle ages and as starting with Peirce — is realist. After a general overview of how Peirce interpreted the nominalist-realist (...) controversy, Deely gives special attention to Thomas Aquinas’s On being and essence and the realism it entails. A subsequent discussion of the Modern Period shows that the issue of nominalism and realism is very much tied up with di¤erent conceptions of the intellect. Deely credits the theory of evolution with bringing us a conception of the intellect that is closer to that of the Middle Ages and that opens the way for a truly realistic ‘‘fourth age’’ of the understanding. (shrink)

The text was originally a conference speech. In principle, it was prepared for teachers of philosophy and people interested in philosophy, therefore it has the character of an essay and only to a small extent refers to the literature of the subject. However, I am deeply convinced of the validity of the thesis that I propose in it, even if they may seem only to a small extent supported by references to the state of research. -/- Synthetical studies (...) take a special place in the research on the history of ancient philosophy. They demonstrate the existing perspective by performing a selection and arrangement of the material, presenting the periodisation, accentuating and determining what is “philosophically significant.” This article points out that despite the great progress made in detailed research that has taken place over the last few decades, the general framework of development of philosophy, derived from Hegel’s thought, has remained unchanged for two centuries. Hegel’s perspective has instilled a certain pattern that encompasses a whole series of debatable solutions. These include (1) development of a certain understanding of what “philosophy” is and thus separating it from a wide spectrum of literature, rhetoric, medicine, and religion; (2) introduction of a dubious periodisation (e.g. the distinction between the Presocratic period and Socrates’ breakthrough in the form of a departure from the philosophy of nature and return to ethical considerations; (3) adoption of philosophy of Plato and Aristotle as the apex of thought. The author highlights the need to change the approach to the history of ancient philosophy and modify the existing paradigm. He calls for paying greater attention to the intertextual element and to the fact that the assessment of originality and relevance of preserved works is falsified due to the disappearance of comparative material. The proposal to establish a new reconstructive paradigm is based on the belief that during further research on ancient philosophy it would be advisable (1) to expand the research perspective and enrich it with the fields of education, medicine, the great sphere of literature, the spheres of fine arts and music, (2) to focus more on the issue of transmission and reception of texts thanks to which it is possible to deepen and extend the reconstructed context of philosophical discussions, (3) to come to the realisation that the abstract character of description, connected with all the syntheses of the philosophical thought in antiquity lead to its oversimplification and impoverishment by presenting it out of the context and depriving of what is individual and specific for a particular thinker. (shrink)

Marathi Translation of Bertrand Russell's Preface of History of Western Philosophy.

A fresh and original presentation that is easy and affordable for students, instructors, and general readers to use. This well-written, insightful history of philosophy is basic enough to be understood by those with no prior experience with philosophy but sophisticated enough to inform further those with some knowledge of philosophy. -/- Based on the author’s 20-plus years of teaching philosophy and learning what works for students, How We Are and How We Got Here is designed (...) to connect with students to help them understand philosophy and why it matters to them, regardless of their major. Its straightforward conversational presentation of philosophy includes readers in philosophy’s long conversation. Its chronological presentation places philosophers in their historical context, showing how philosophy is an ongoing interaction with society seeking practical knowledge useful to us in everyday life. -/- Key Features that fill multiple gaps in existing textbooks: -/- * Shows students how innovations in philosophy have interacted with and changed history, leading to how we are today. * Presents philosophy as a vital part of our lives, not as a set of isolated theoretical problems, avoiding the disconnected and fragmented silo approach of most textbooks. * Avoids the sink-or-swim approach of anthologies that plunges students into a hodgepodge of disjoint readings without adequate guidance. * Does not duplicate material covered in other introductory courses of ethics and logic but focuses on the rest of philosophy. * Focuses on explaining the ideas of the philosophers, allowing instructors to choose, at their option, primary texts from the plentifully available royalty-free sources. * Extensively covers vital areas of philosophy ignored by most textbooks, including pragmatism, phenomenology, social and political philosophy, postmodernism, feminist philosophy, and philosophy of race. * Always remains engaging and accessible to the reader. Neither dumbs down the material nor over complicates it. * Provides clear and direct text unencumbered by bells and whistles and other extraneous materials. -/- How We Are and How We Got Here provides students of all backgrounds with a clear and whole understanding of philosophy and its role in history and society, making the 2,400-year history of Western philosophy vital and relevant to today. It shows that philosophy is not a cold analytical academic procedure but exciting and alive, and reveals how we are all philosophers. (shrink)