The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Philosophy is a collection of essays on important texts and figures in the history of Chinese thought. The essays cover both well-known texts such as the Analects and the Zhuangzi as well as many of the lesser-known thinkers in the classical and post-classical Chinese tradition. Most of the chapters focus on thinkers or texts in one of three important historical movements: Classical ("pre-Qin") Chinese philosophy, Chinese Buddhism, and (...) the Confucian response to Buddhism ("neo-Confucianism" broadly construed). (shrink)

本文通过对德国著名汉学家、翻译家卫礼贤的最后一部哲学论著《中国哲学导 论》(1929)的翻译和研究,整理归纳了卫礼贤对中国哲学的核心词“道”的五种不同译法, 深入剖析了他如何用“一词多译”的方法,对中国哲学史上不同文本、不同哲学家、不同时代 及不同思想维度中的“道”进行诠释。同时,本文以术语学(Terminologie)为研究方法,聚焦 于卫礼贤用来翻译“道”的几个德语哲学术语,并对这些词汇进行溯源。以此为切入点, 本文 分析了卫礼贤作为对中国哲学与德国哲学均有深刻理解的汉学家,有意识地从跨文化比较哲学 的角度出发,将“道”转换为德国哲学中与之相匹配的哲学概念,并将其介绍给德国思想界的 路径。重新审视卫礼贤对“道”的“一词多译”,在加强当今中外文化互鉴和中文著作外译方面 具有积极且重要的作用。[This contribution is based on the translation and study of the book Chinesische Philosophie: Eine Einführung (Chinese Philosophy: An Introduction, 1929). It is the last philosophy-related work by the famous German sinologist and translator Richard Wilhelm. The article provides a compilation, summary, and in-depth analysis concerning Wilhelm's handling of the translation of "Dao", the "Urwort" (Heidegger) of Chinese philosophy. The study provides insight into how Wilhelm has (...) used a poly-perspective method to interpret the word “Dao" by using five different translation terms in relation to divergent texts, various philosophers, and different periods in the history of Chinese philosophy. Some of the German philosophical terms that were applied in these translations are investigated by tracing their etymological origins and general semantics. Richard Wilhelm was a sinologist with a deep understanding of both Chinese and German philosophical traditions. He deliberately imparted the different philosophical meanings of "Dao" in a way that was compatible with the context of the contemporary German intellectual community. In parts, he presented this semantic field from the perspective of transcultural philosophy. We believe that a re-examination of Richard Wilhelm's variational approaches to translate the term "Dao" can provide important methodological inspirations for the translation of complex Chinese texts as well as concerning the improvement of mutual cultural understanding between Chinese and other cultures.]. (shrink)

Ancient Chinese history holds a quality which has syncretized traditional thought with its cultural wealth unified of mystical and mythological figures in the background. Such that classical documents, which had begun to be written before Common Era, has directly influenced the political regime, education system and status of society in China. One of the most prominent features of these works is to propound collective knowledge about perception of cosmology, attitudes to earthiness, community standards, policy and morality. Among Five (...) Classics works of these masterpieces of Chinese philosophy, Book of Changes which stands closest to metaphysical narrative, mainly consists of the texts about prophecy. While this piece of work had been referred as a divination guide in Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC), it turned into a cosmological text that included a range of philosophical commentary during Warring States Period (475-221 BC). The mainstay of this remarkable change is the direct correlation of all the concepts and terms that characterize the worldly beyond along with the relevant text, especially yin-yang dualism, which symbolizes an extraordinary harmony in early Chinese thought. Traditional idea suggests reciprocity in which heaven, earth and man are interconnected to maintain natural order. However, the superiority attributed to human beings also brings compulsive responsibilities to idealize a compatible society. This paper aims to discuss influences of cosmological and anthropological items on human behaviors explained in prescriptive perspective. (shrink)

Voltaire called fanaticism the "monster that pretends to be the child of religion". Philosophers, politicians, and cultural critics have decried fanaticism and attempted to define the distinctive qualities of the fanatic, whom Winston Churchill described as "someone who can't change his mind and won't change the subject". Yet despite fanaticism's role in the long history of social discord, human conflict, and political violence, it remains a relatively neglected topic in the history of philosophy. In this outstanding inquiry (...) into the philosophical history of fanaticism a team of international contributors examine the topic from antiquity to the present day. Organised into four sections, topics covered include: Fanaticism in ancient Greek, Indian and Chinese philosophy; Fanaticism and superstition from Hobbes to Hume, including chapters on Locke and Montesquieu, Shaftesbury, and Hutcheson; Kant, Germaine de Stael, Hegel, Nietzsche, William James, and Jorge Portilla on fanaticism; Fanaticism and terrorism; and extremism and gender, including the philosophy and morality of the 'manosphere'; Closed-mindedness and political and epistemological fanaticism. Spanning themes from superstition, enthusiasm and misanthropy to the emotions, purity and the need for certainty, Fanaticism and the History of Philosophy is a landmark volume for anyone researching and teaching the history of philosophy, particularly ethics and moral philosophy. It is also a valuable resource for those studying fanaticism in related fields such as religion, the history of political thought, sociology, and the history of ideas. (shrink)

Wang Yangming (1472-1529) and his School of Mind dominated the intellectual world of sixteenth-century Ming China (1368-1644), and his Confucian philosophy has since remained an essential component of East Asian philosophical discourse. Yet, the volume of publications on him in the Western-language literature has consistently paled in comparison to the volume of scholarship on classical Chinese philosophy, modern Chinese philosophy, Buddhism, and Daoism. Studying Wang Yangming: History of a Sinological Field explains the history (...) of writing in the West about the famed Ming dynasty scholar-official. From eighteenth-century French Jesuit books to English-language publications in 2020, this book provides a historical overview and summary of a literature published by scholars attempting to grapple with one of the most influential Confucians in the history of China, East Asia, and the world. (shrink)

The examination of "Taiwanese Philosophy" is intricately influenced by the complex meanings of its terms4, fostering a range of interpretations and understandings that play a crucial role in the methodological discussions on how Taiwanese philosophical ideas are analyzed and developed. I highlight that the conventional approaches to interpreting "Taiwanese Philosophy" are mainly divided into two models: the PIT framework, signifying "Philosophical activities in Taiwan," and the TP framework, indicating "Taiwanese Philosophy noted for its unique subjectivity" (see Hung (...) & Gao 2018)5. In the early twentieth century, Mou Zongsan's emergence of New Confucianism shaped the academic reception towards the PIT model and elicited critiques of the TP perspective. This trend guided scholars in Chinese philosophy towards the CPIT (Chinese Philosophy in Taiwan) approach for deciphering "Taiwanese Philosophy," typically viewing it as a form of "Chinese philosophical endeavors in Taiwan." The prevailing contemporary academic opinion posits that initial supporters of New Confucianism failed to recognize Taiwanese philosophy’s unique characteristics and position following colonialism, reducing it to the CPIT model. This stance places "Taiwanese Philosophy" within the broader realm of Chinese Philosophy, highlighting the hierarchical differences between Chinese and Taiwanese philosophical traditions, which later drew substantial critique from supporters of Western liberalism and decolonization efforts. Recently, the importance of "Taiwanese Philosophy" and "Taiwanese Theory" has been increasingly acknowledged, with a growing agreement that "Taiwanese Philosophy," ideally interpreted through the TP model6, mirrors Taiwan's collective ethos and academic value rather than the more exhaustive PIT classification, which encompasses diverse philosophical lineages. Proponents of TP recognize the historical importance of the PIT model in documenting the evolution of Taiwanese Philosophy but strongly dispute its completeness for grasping the essence of "Taiwanese Philosophy." I intend to argue that, notwithstanding the recent criticisms against the PIT approach, revisiting PIT with the aid of extensive textual collections, cultural archives, and the study of intellectual history might offer a solid basis for a deeper appreciation of TP. It will explore how the PIT model can lead to significant misunderstandings by introducing two main biases: the belief that PIT sufficiently encapsulates "Taiwanese Philosophy," and the limitation of PIT to a mere geographical context. In addressing these biases, I offer a potential amicable reinterpretation and reassess the critical elements for a metaphysical description of the subjectivity emphasized in TP. -/- Keywords: Optimal interpretation of Taiwanese Philosophy, Subjectivity and Agency, Genealogy of Knowledge, Methodology of Constructing Theories, Characteristics of Regional Philosophy. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Philosophies versus Philosophy:In Defense of a Flexible DefinitionRein RaudIt is strange that no one has taken up Carine Defoort's clearly formulated and timely argument about the intercultural tensions in interpreting what philosophy is, although the issue deserves at least a roundtable, if not an international conference.1 I doubt that this is because there is a general consensus that the matter is now settled, and I would therefore (...) like to develop the argument a bit further and offer a few additional factors to consider. It is also obvious that the problem is not limited to the subject of Chinese philosophy alone: all traditions of thought from all over the world, but most notably the Indian, Islamic, and Japanese heritages, are affected by the positions we adopt. As in most debates about the commensurability of cultural traditions, we can find differences when we look for them, and similarities if these are what we would like to see, so the "conflict of sensitivities"2 is also a matter of attitudes. My own position is that regardless of what we prefer to call the practice of deeper thought (and 'philosophy' is a very good name), it would be extremely useful for all of its participants, whatever their origin and upbringing, to find a common denominator for them to be able to exchange ideas and mutually enrich each other on its basis. In what follows I shall try to sketch a perspective from which this could, in my opinion, be theoretically grounded.Four PositionsDefoort has identified four possible points of view on the problem of whether classical Chinese thought could or should be called 'philosophy,' which could be summarized as follows.1. Chinese classical thought is not philosophy, because it does not satisfy the conditions of philosophy as it is generally and traditionally understood in the West.2. Chinese classical thought is philosophy, because it reveals the necessary characteristics if analyzed with the help of an appropriate (Western-type) observation language.3. Chinese classical thought can be called philosophy, but only if we redefine philosophy in order to accommodate some of its nontypical or clearly deviant features.4. Chinese classical thought should not be called philosophy, because philosophy is a culturally closed Western phenomenon with a limited scope and incapable of understanding fundamentally different modes of thought. [End Page 618]If we dismiss the birthright variety of the first position, we could label it essentialist, and its weakest point is certainly that Western philosophy has not remained unchanged during the course of history. It is highly doubtful that Socrates, Diogenes, scholastics, Nietzsche, and Gareth Evans could all be members of the same set if the same strict criteria were applied to all periods and all cultural settings in the same way, and, as Defoort herself stresses,3 the fact that seventeenth-century Jesuits (the basis of whose original worldview, we should think, was much farther from the Chinese than ours) had no problem in calling Chinese thought philosophy should show us that the paradigm shift of the thing called 'philosophy' has occurred in the West and is, so to speak, our problem and not theirs.Now, it is also possible that in some circles even some prominent names in the Western tradition do not qualify as real philosophers, in the sense in which Hegel was treated by Bertrand Russell4 and Heidegger was dismissed by Alfred Ayer5 in their respective histories of philosophy (while they nevertheless felt compelled to include chapters or passages on them). A definition of philosophy that puts forward such criteria that a considerable number of thinkers would have to remain outside its borders should be labeled sectarian-and it can still be met, even if ever less often, in some analytical schools of philosophy. It is my conviction, however, that in our globalizing world any definition that would leave non-European philosophy outside the borders of 'philosophy proper' should be considered sectarian in nature. The main problem that I have with Defoort's family model6 is precisely that in it the head of the family, who makes the decisions as to who can be adopted and who cannot, is always Western, and the... (shrink)

Ancient philosophy has, for the most part, focused particularly around the history and philosophies of the Pre-Socratics, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, with broader representations of some other non-Greek philosophical traditions such as the Chinese, Indian and Iranian philosophies. However, a distinctive Eurocentric bias towards ancient Egypt, to which many ancient Greek philosophers looked to as the cradle of wisdom and philosophy, has blatantly disregarded the poignant place of African philosophy in the pedagogy of ancient (...) class='Hi'>philosophy. Thus, this paper argues for re-centering ancient Egyptian philosophy, and by extension, African philosophy in the study of ancient philosophy. The paper, firstly, traces the historical originality and rich elements of philosophy that ancient Egypt possesses, and then, identifies how these served as the theoretical springboard for the emergence of Greek philosophy. Any comprehensive study of ancient philosophy should not deliberately exclude this important aspect of development in philosophical thought. The paper, therefore, concludes with recommendations on repositioning African philosophy within the pedagogical context of ancient philosophy. (shrink)

Abstract: Perhaps dating back to the fourth century BCE, Shinto traditions in Japan have evolved through the years and have become distinct as Buddhist and Chinese influences have migrated eastward. Kami, supernatural creatures that live in heaven or exist on Earth as sacrosanct forces in nature, are a distinctive aspect of Shinto, which continues to permeate modern Japanese culture. The term "Shinto" refers to the religious ideas and customs that are said to have originated in Japan before the sixth (...) century CE, when Asian religious traditions began to be imported into the country. With a few historical exceptions, the Japanese have avoided attempting to spread Shinto outside of their country because they consider it to be the core of their cultural identity and legacy. Contrary to popular belief, Shinto has had a significant influence on world history. Shinto had a significant impact on how Japan interacted with foreign cultures. Furthermore, it is still a significant religious and cultural institution in modern Japan. Keywords: Shinto, kami, Buddhism, monk, Japan, worship, political dominance, shrine. (shrink)

In the history of Chinese philosophy, Mozi calls music a “waste of resources,” considering it an aristocratic extravagance that does not benefit the everyday people. In its defense, Confucians highlight music’s moral and metaphysical qualities, arguing that music aids in moral cultivation and that music’s form mimics the structure of reality. The aim of this paper is to show that Korean philosophers provide yet another reason to think music is important. Music, and art in general, was used (...) to express a national identity at a time Korean philosophers were beginning to develop their own aesthetic consciousness in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. A cultural movement called Joseonpoong (조선풍), “Joseon wind”, marked a shift away from Sinocentrism and towards Korea’s own unique value and practices. The new attempt to justify art’s value apart from its relationship to morality or metaphysics set Joseon thinkers apart from their Chinese predecessors. Using art for identity expression allowed the Koreans to reconceive art’s value while Sinocentric cosmological and cultural views were being challenged with the introduction of western knowledge. Art also became a tool for reversing hermeneutic injustice as new artistic practices and standards allowed the Koreans to meaningfully engage with previously neglected aspects of their lived lives. (shrink)

From James Legge’s first attempt to translate the Yijing in the English speaking world in 1854, to the latest translation, The Original Meaning of the Yijing, by Joseph A. Adler in 2019, the process of translating the Yijing into English has been continuing for nearly 170 years, and there are countless translations by numerous translators. Historically, these English translations of the Yijing reveal five trends: first, the translations rely on the authoritative, traditional commentaries on the Yijing; secondly, some translations rely (...) on the personal help and interpretations of Yijing scholars in China; thirdly, some translations depend on recently unearthed documents of the Yijing; fourthly, Yili and Xiangshu are more or less involved in these translations, although the focus of each translation is not always the same; fifthly, most translations strive for the “original” meaning of the Yijing, especially with the unearthed documents of the Yijing since the 1970s. It could be safely concluded that the ultimate goal of the English translators of the Yijing is to provide English readers with the Yijing that is closest to the original/authentic meaning so that people in theWest can truly understand the essence of Chinese philosophy represented by the Yijing. (shrink)

This paper investigates the meaning of the neo-Confucian concept of 'li'. From early on, it has the sense of a pattern designating how things are and ought to be. But it takes on the appearance of something transcendent to the world only at a certain point in history, when it becomes juxtaposed to 'qi'. Zhu Xi has been criticized for this 'li-qi' dichotomization and the transcendentalization of 'li'. The paper re-examines this putative dualism and transcendentalism, looking into both Zhu's (...) discussions and pre- and post-Zhu discussions of 'li', and concludes it to be an inter-connective threading immanent to the world. (shrink)

During the first quarter of the twentieth century, the French philosopher Henri Bergson became an international celebrity, profoundly influencing contemporary intellectual and artistic currents. While Bergsonism was fashionable, L. Susan Stebbing, Bertrand Russell, Moritz Schlick, and Rudolf Carnap launched different critical attacks against some of Bergson’s views. This book examines this series of critical responses to Bergsonism early in the history of analytic philosophy. Analytic criticisms of Bergsonism were influenced by William James, who saw Bergson as an ‘anti-intellectualist’ (...) ally of American Pragmatism, and Max Scheler, who saw him as a prophet of Lebensphilosophie. Some of the main analytic objections to Bergson are answered in the work of Karin Costelloe-Stephen. Analytic anti-Bergsonism accompanied the earlier refutations of idealism by Russell and Moore, and later influenced the Vienna Circle’s critique of metaphysics. It eventually contributed to the formation of the view that ‘analytic’ philosophy is divided from its ‘continental’ counterpart. (shrink)

This book contains a selection of papers from the workshop *Women in the History of Analytic Philosophy* held in October 2019 in Tilburg, the Netherlands. It is the first volume devoted to the role of women in early analytic philosophy. It discusses the ideas of ten female philosophers and covers a period of over a hundred years, beginning with the contribution to the Significs Movement by Victoria, Lady Welby in the second half of the nineteenth century, and (...) ending with Ruth Barcan Marcus’s celebrated version of quantified modal logic after the Second World War. The book makes clear that women contributed substantially to the development of analytic philosophy in all areas of philosophy, from logic, epistemology, and philosophy of science, to ethics, metaphysics, and philosophy of language. It illustrates that although women's voices were no different from men's as regards their scope and versatility, they had a much harder time being heard. The book is aimed at historians of philosophy and scholars in gender studies. (shrink)

The Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) was the first stable, long-lasting and politically powerful Chinese empire. This meant a formative period during which the administrative structure and political and cultural patterns that were largely followed by subsequent Chinese dynasties were established. Additionally, the conception of the world was developed and systematized which influenced not only the traditional but also the contemporary Chinese understanding of the world. Although it is a key period of Chinese (...) class='Hi'>history, the philosophy of the Han dynasty, and thus its conception of the world, has not been sufficiently explored. As a contribution to the understanding of the thought of the period, this paper examines the philosophical reflection on the world focusing on the key texts of the Western Han period. The aim of this paper is to present the basic features of the conception of the world and to provide a hermeneutic framework for their explanation. It will be shown that the conception of the world in the philosophy of the Western Han dynasty is based on the conception of order and the categorical apparatus that supports it, which is the theory of correlativity, the principles of accumulation and radial order. This understanding of the world will have implications for the new place and role of man, his relationship with other living beings, as well as the ontological status of human work. Namely, man is assigned the role of the one who "completes" natural processes through moral and any other correct action, which opens up the possibility of realization "of great peace." This conception of the world manifests the language of incorporation and accommodation typical of the Han dynasty period, and can be understood as a result of the historical and social circumstances and cultural and philosophical tendencies of the first stable empire. (shrink)

This essay is a case study of the self-destruction that occurs in the work of a social-constructionist historian of science who embraces a radical philosophy of science. It focuses on Thomas Laqueur's Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud in arguing that a history of science committed to the social construction of science and to the central theses of Kuhnian, Duhemian, and Quinean philosophy of science is incoherent through self-reference. Laqueur's text is examined in (...) detail in order to make the main point; a similar phenomenon in the work of the feminist historian of science Evelyn Fox Keller is then briefly discussed. (shrink)

In this paper, we will reconsider the history of dualistic idealism (i.e., the main stream of western philosophy: chiefly, Plato, Descartes, Kant, Wittgenstein, etc.) under the quantum mechanical worldview. Recall that quantum mechanics also has the aspect of being a scientifically complete form of dualistic idealism. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that almost all unsolved problems of philosophy (i.e., dualistic idealism) can be clarified under the linguistic Copenhagen interpretation. In this paper, we will show that the (...) expectation is completely realized. (shrink)

On the History of Political Philosophy: Great Political Thinkers from Thucydides to Locke is a lively and lucid account of the major political theorists and philosophers of the ancient Greek, Roman, medieval, renaissance, and early modern periods. The author demonstrates the continuing significance of some political debates and problems that originated in the history of political philosophy. Topics include discussions concerning human nature, different views of justice, the origin of government and law, the rise and development (...) of different forms of government, idealism and realism in international relations, the distinction between just and unjust war, and the sources of public authority and the nature of legitimate sovereignty. The organizing principle of the book is the idea that the great political thinkers were searching for the best political order and a criterion for human conduct in both domestic and international politics. The book presupposes no previous knowledge of political philosophy. It will therefore be a valuable introductory book for students of philosophy, politics, and international relations. As it opens eyes to the perceptions that historical knowledge may convey, it will also be an illuminating and engaging reading for a general reader. (shrink)

Remarks on method in the history of Chinese philosophy for analytic philosophy. (Published in a Chinese Translation.).

The humanism of modernity, in its exclusive reliance on rationality and the scientific method, has been viewed as a pejorative understanding of ‘man’ that deliberately isolates it from the divine. This paper attempts to regain humanism from its position that seems to jeopardize the human tendency for the Transcendent through a synthesis of Chinese philosophy and the major tenets of Christianity. A close analysis of the predominant Chinese thought in Lao Tzu and Confucius shows that its entire (...) history is characterized by humanism, defined, not as that which denies the divine but as one that "proposes the unity of man and Heaven." This consilience between man and Heaven is realized in the sage. Similarly, Christianity, albeit the antagonism of humanism, is in fact "the greatest humanism that has ever appeared [and] that could ever appear," manifested by its adherence to theosis – God becoming man, so that man might become God. From this standpoint, humanism still proves to be relevant for those with religious inclinations in the light of its fuller understanding through its dialectic with Chinese and Christian philosophy. (shrink)

The history of the methodology of African philosophy can be divided into two periods: the nascent stage that’s characterized by a rigor-demand, and the contemporary stage that’s characterized by a relevance-demand. In this, paper, I argue for one way to strike the appropriate balance between relevance and rigor in African philosophy. Specifically, I argue that the unconscious rejection of conceptual analysis as a philosophical method by contemporary African philosophers played a major role in how African philosophy (...) came to be characterized by a relevance-demand. Consequently, I submit that even though being only or excessively relevance-oriented is not bad, African philosophy would become rich enough to compete with other regional philosophies—Western, Chinese, and so on—if it re-installs conceptual analysis as part of its methodology. (shrink)

open journal of Philosophical Investigations (PI) is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancements in philosophy. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of philosophy. -/- All manuscripts to be prepared in English or Persian and are subject to a rigorous and fair peer-review process. Generally, accepted papers will appear online. The journal publishes papers including (...) the following fields: -/- · Analytic Philosophy · Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy · Art Aesthetics · Comparative Philosophy West and Chinese · Eastern Philosophy . Islamic philosophy · Epistemology · Ethics · Hermeneutics · History of Religious Thought · History of Western Philosophy · Language Logic . (shrink)

I have recently proposed ‘quantum language’ (i.e. language in a world of dualistic idealism), which can be characterized as a metaphysical and linguistic turn of quantum mechanics (according to the Copenhagen interpretation). The turn from physics to language not only realizes a remarkable extension of quantum mechanics, but also brings about a quantum mechanical worldview. And this turn gives rise to the expectation that Western philosophy can be scientifically understood within a quantum-mechanical worldview. This means that Socrates’ absolutism is (...) realized through quantum language (= the language of the world of dualistic idealism). (shrink)

When studying historical thinkers, it helps enormously to know on which issues they had philosophically systematic views. For example, if attributing to Mencius the view that all existence is process-like rather than substance-like, it is very useful to know whether Mencius had philosophically systematic views about the (process-like or substance-like) nature of existence in the first place, or whether speculation about this particular issue is more constructive on the part of interpreters. In this paper, I offer a rough-and-ready account of (...) philosophical systematicity, talk about what would count as evidence of this sort of systematicity, and what implications it should have for one's interpretation if one can or cannot provide such evidence. The historical tradition that I am most concerned with is the pre-modern Chinese one, but my conclusions should hold for philosophical interpretations of thinkers of most times and traditions. (shrink)

After the discoveries of such scholars as J. H. Poincaré, E. N. Lorenz, I. Prigogine, etc. the term ‘chaos’ is used actively by representatives of various scientific fields; however, one important aspect remains uninvestigated: which attitude one should have toward chaotic phenomena. This is a philosophical question and my dissertation aims to find the answer in the history of philosophy, where chaos theme has had its investigators from ancient philosophy to the philosophical theories of the 21st century. (...) My dissertation is based on the idea that sciences and philosophy can achieve significant success in exploring chaos theme when their efforts are combined. This dissertation research is designed to help in the planning of conscious, rational actions towards chaotic phenomena, since it is aimed at exploration and systematic presentation, as well as comprehension of possible systems of such actions – philosophical strategies for interacting with chaos. -/- Results of the dissertation are the following. I reveal, reconstruct, and explain the content of six possible strategies for interacting with chaos that were worked out in history of philosophical thought: ordering, avoiding, transfiguring, preventing, controlling, and integrating. I argue that the first philosophical strategies for interacting with chaos were worked out in the 19th century by German philosophers K. W. F. Schlegel and F. W. Nietzsche on the basis of their rethinking the ideas which were expressed by different thinkers during classical antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the modern period. I show that ideas of strategic views towards chaos were also elaborated by such 20th-century thinkers as H. Rickert, N. Berdyaev, I. Prigogine, H. Haken, G. Deleuze, Q. Meillassoux, and others. I outline the main stages of the evolution of philosophical strategies for interacting with chaos as well as its regularities. The dissertation shows perspectives of further development of each one of the six strategies for interacting with chaos. -/- In contemporary scientific and philosophical research on chaos, my exploration contributes to the new approach to improving the understanding of aims of acts towards chaotic phenomena. I think that knowing a range of different strategic views of chaos help researchers of chaotic phenomena to choose the most appropriate and rational reactions. In the area of history of philosophy, my research contributes detailed data about development and conceptual transformations of the notion of ‘chaos’ through all periods of Western philosophy. -/- The dissertation consists of five chapters: 1) Literature Review, Methodology and Key Research Terms, 2) Ancient and Medieval Philosophical Ideas about Chaos, 3) Genesis of the First Strategies for Interacting with Chaos, 4) Strategies for Interacting with Chaos in the 20th and 21st Centuries, 5) Regularities and Prospects of the Development of Philosophical Strategies for Interacting with Chaos. In the first chapter I analyze more than five hundred books, articles, and other philosophical and scientific sources in which the chaos theme is raised. I also argue the necessity of applying methods such as analysis, the structural method, the hermeneutic method of interpretation, and the comparative method in my dissertation research. Moreover, in this chapter, I define key terms for my dissertation – ‘chaos’ and ‘philosophical strategies for interacting with chaos.’ -/- Then, in the next chapter, I analyze the appearance and development of Ancient and Medieval philosophical ideas about chaotic phenomena and order. Particularly, I explore thoughts of philosophers such as Anaxagoras, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Empedocles, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine of Hippo, Bernard Silvestris, Ramon Llull, etc. In this chapter I also compare the first Western ideas about chaos with similar thoughts from Eastern philosophy, analyzing Indian and Chinese philosophical ideas about disorder. -/- In the third chapter I explore transformations in understanding the meaning of the term ‘chaos’ in philosophy from the 15th to the end of the 19th century. I analyze ideas about chaos and order from thinkers such as M. Ficino, Paracelsus, F. Bacon, P. Bayle, Voltaire, J. G. Herder, I. Kant, F. W. J. Schelling and other philosophers from the Renaissance, the Age of Enlightenment, and the German idealist period, showing that these thinkers’ new approaches to interpreting the notion of ‘chaos’ were the background for K. W. F. Schlegel’s and F. W. Nietzsche’s creations of the first strategies for interacting with chaos in the 19th century. I finish the chapter with detailed analysis of K. W. F. Schlegel’s strategy for transfiguring chaos and F. W. Nietzsche’s strategy for ordering chaos. -/- The development of philosophical strategies for interacting with chaos in the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century is the topic of the fourth chapter. I research new ideas about ordering chaos (H. Rickert) and transfiguring chaos (N. Berdyaev). Also, I reveal thoughts about avoiding chaos (A. Camus), preventing chaos (J. Ortega y Gasset), integrating chaos (G. Deleuze, Q. Meillassoux). Moreover, I analyze a philosophical component of the strategy for chaos control (I. Prigogine, H. Haken). In the final fifth chapter of the dissertation I trace the major features of philosophical strategies for interacting with chaos and find out the main conditions and periods of their development. Then I outline the prospects for the development of the philosophical strategies for interacting with chaos and show the most productive ways of their progress. (shrink)

Зборници Историја српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању представљају главни резултат рада на пројекту „Историја српске филозофије“ (евиденциони број 179064) који од 2011. године подржава Министарство просвете, науке и технолошког развоја Републике Србије. Пројекат, чији је носилац Филозофски факултет Универзитета у Београду, успешно се реализује у сарадњи са готово десет научно-истраживачких институција широм земље, укључујући и Аутономну Покрајину Косово и Метохија. Иако је првобитно планирано да пројекат траје само четири године, он се тренутно налази у десетој години постојања, а уз то је (...) и проширен већим бројем млађих колега доктораната. Од нарочитог значаја јесте то што радове за Историју српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању не достављају само чланови пројекта, већ и други професори, сарадници, истраживачи, како из Србије, тако и из других земаља: Русије, Хрватске, Босне и Херцеговине, Црне Горе. На тај начин, пројекат полако, али сигурно, задобија међународни значај. Аутори радова у зборницима Историја српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању бирали су теме у складу са властитим интересовањима, као и у договору са руководиоцем и осталим сарадницима пројекта. Премда је рад на истраживању српске филозофије још увек пионирског карактера, сарадници пројекта су дошли до сасвим нових открића, попут средњевековних, српских преписа старословенске прераде расправе Теодора Раитуског. Ваља напоменути да су сарадници пројекта „Историја српске филозофије“ објавили и већи број чланака у истакнутим националним и међународним часописима, поглавља у монографијама, низ монографских научних студија, те остварили учешћа на више значајних међународних и националних научних скупова. Будући да су аутори ових публикација истакнути професори, универзитетски радници и интелектуалци запослени у научним институцијама широм земље (Београд, Косовска Митровица, Нови Сад, итд), омогућена је садржинска разноврсност публикованих текстова у којима се разматрају дела српских мислилаца из најразличитијих позиција и перспектива. За известан број радова у зборнику може се рећи да су интердисциплинарног карактера. Предмет истраживања пројекта јесте историја српске филозофије, односно критичко и теоријско разматрање развоја филозофских идеја, институција, рукописа и часописа у српској култури, почевши од средњег века па до данас. Нит водиља у истраживању српске филозофске баштине јесте уверење да постоји континуитет и идентитет српске филозофије, који се формирао у плодном дијалогу са страним, углавном европским узорима, идејама и мислиоцима. Истражујући однос између српске и других филозофија настојимо да расветлимо у којој мери и на који начин су страни филозофски писци утицали на радове домаћих аутора у оном историјском периоду у којем су настајали. Тако ће се утврдити у којој мери су њихова дела само рецептивног карактера, а у којој имају и оригиналан печат. Српска филозофија се од почетка развијала под страним утицајима, прво византијске филозофије, а потом у модерно и савремено доба под утицајем западноевропских и руских водећих праваца у филозофији. О овим сложеним односима критички и систематски се расправљало у већем броју студија у сва четири тома зборника посвећених српској филозофији и њеној историји. Српски филозофски писци не могу се издвојено посматрати од својих чланака, књига или превода. Исто тако је њихов рад неодвојив од њихове педагошке и политичке активности. Истраживање сарадника на пројекту стога је усмерено на критичко преиспитивање целине рада српских филозофа, где се у средишту налазе њихови филозофски текстови. Српска филозофија је интегрални део српске културе, те је нераскидиво повезана како са природним наукама, тако и са другим областима духовног стваралаштва као што су књижевност, теологија и уметности. Стога је значајно проучавање односа филозофије и других дисциплина, уочавањем њихових сличности и разлика, као и указивањем на то шта је у одређеним творевинама људског духа специфично филозофског карактера. За српску филозофску мисао карактеристично је и то што она често, нарочито у прошлости, није излагана у облику филозофских студија и расправа, већ је артикулисана у другим, књижевним жанровима, као што су средњовековна житија светаца или у модерно доба писма, дијалози или шире схваћени есеји. Исто тако потребно је показати како су у српској академској заједници неговане основне филозофске дисциплине (метафизика, онтологија, логика, епистемологија, филозофија језика, филозофија природе, етика, естетика, филозофија психологије, политичка филозофија, филозофија права и друге). При томе je један од задатака био да се процени колики је допринос наших филозофа поменутим дисциплинама. У периоду 2011–2019. сарадници пројекта ,,Историја српске филозофије’’ спровели су истраживања која нам пружају знатно дубљи, прегледнији увид у српску филозофију, најзначајније периоде у њеном развоју, писце и њихова дела, формирање и развој одређених филозофских дисциплина, као и њихов однос према наукама и другим областима стваралаштва. Показано је на који начин се артикулише однос српске филозофије према другим европским филозофијама, и то, како у погледу рецепције, тако и у погледу узајамних утицаја и сучељавања. Пошто је израда библиографија услов без ког озбиљно истраживање у хуманистичким наукама не може ни започети, неки од резултата овог пројекта јесу библиографије о српским филозофима и њиховим делима, о српској филозофској периодици, као и настави филозофије у југословенским земљама. Филозофија је камен-темељац природних и хуманистичких наука, те стваралаштва уопште. Она спада у суштински моменат опште образованости, како светске, тако и националне културе. Ниједна национална култура не може се целовито и темељно изучити уколико се из тог истраживања изостави њена филозофска традиција. У том смислу је потреба за изучавањем српске филозофске баштине од изузетног значаја за наше саморазумевање. Постоји читав низ делимично или потпуно неистражених тема и области, неутврђених чињеница, полусачуваних или готово нечитких рукописа које тек треба истражити, критички размотрити и систематизовати. Најцеловитију студију под називом Развитак филозофије у Срба (1804–1944) објавио је Андрија Стојковић 1972. године. Ово значајно дело је, међутим, не посматра српску филозофију у целини од њених средњовековних почетака. Године 1978. Бранко Павловић је покренуо први пројекат о српској филозофији на Институту за филозофију Филозофског факултета у Београду, који, на жалост, није заживео. Почетак српске филозофије везује се за преводе, коментаре и рецепцију византијске филозофије. У сва четири тома зборника налазе се текстови посвећени управо овим темама, а то су: формирање српске филозофске терминологије, рецепција старогрчке и модерне европске филозофије код српских писаца, однос филозофије и књижевности, као и однос филозофије и теолошке мисли у делима српских аутора. После губитка независне државе, српска филозофија се развијала под руским и немачким утицајима. Најзначајнији српски мислиоци XVIII века су Руђер Бошковић (1711–1787), Дубровчанин, српско-италијанског порекла, као и Доситеј Обрадовић (?–1811). Различити аспекти њихових дела били су предмет критичког разматрања у огледима публикованим у сва четири тома зборника. Српској филозофији XIX и XX века био је посвећен највећи број радова сарадника на пројекту. Које су то филозофске идеје у књижевном тексту, како се у њему манифестују, те може ли се реконструисати филозофско становиште једног књижевника јесу питања којима су се бавили радови објављени у свим до сада публикованим томовима зборника. Предмет њиховог преиспитивања биле су, између осталог, филозофске идеје и рефлексије у књижевним делима Петра II Петровића Његоша (1813–1851), Лазе Костића (1841–1910) или Станислава Винавера (1891–1955), итд. Сарадници пројекта бавили су се и српском, академском филозофијом у XIX и XX веку: хегелијанцем Димитријем Матићем (1821–1884), оригиналном концепцијом еволуције Божидара Кнежевића (1862–1905), а затим и једним од најзначајнијих српских филозофа Браниславом Петронијевићем (1875–1954). Када је реч о првој половини XX века, нарочита пажња посвећена је феноменолошком покрету у Србији: часопису Philosophia и рефлексијама Загорке Мићић (1903–1982). Такође, водеће идеје српске политичке филозофије, идеолошки сукоби на линији левица-десница биле су истражене. Делом једног од најутицајнијих српских филозофа, академика Михаила Марковића (1923–2010), бавило се више сарадника овог пројекта. Такође, истраживана су дела Ксеније Атанасијевић (1894–1981), Бранка Павловића (1934–1985), те рецепција античке филозофије у делима Анице Савић-Ребац (1892–1953). Спроведена истраживања показала су, између осталог, на који начин је српска филозофија интегрисана у европску и светску историју филозофије. Рад на истраживању наше филозофске прошлости и критичком оцењивању садашњости није само од историјског значаја. Наши средњовековни писци су активно учествовали у конституисању византијске образовне парадигме. Српски научник и филозоф светског гласа, српско-италијанског порекла, Дубровчанин, Руђер Бошковић (1711–1787) снажно је утицао на развој западноевропске науке. Да је наша савремена филозофија такође постигла завидне резултате, чији значај превазилази националне оквире, понајбоље сведоче појаве изабраних дела наших најистакнутијих мислилаца, почевши од Бранислава Петронијевића (1875–1954), преко Михаила Марковића (1923–2010), Љубомира Тадића (1925–2013), Михаила Ђурића (1925–2011), Светозара Стојановића (1931–2010), Александра Крона (1937–2000). Неопходно је да се укратко осврнемо и на садржину претходна три објављена тома Историје српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању, како би се стекао увид у то које су посебне теме, филозофи и њихова дела били предмет критичког преиспитивања наших аутора. У публикованим зборниима готово да нема краћих рада, већ у њима доминирају огледи и студије. Студије првог тома проучавају филозофске идеје у широком историјском раздобљу почевши од оснивања српске државе и почетака филозофије код Срба, све до филозофа и мислилаца двадесетог века. У овом тому, аутори су се, између осталог, бавили средњовековном српском логиком, онтолошким основама филозофије природе и савременом рецепцијом методолошких идеја Руђера Бошковића (1711–1787) којем су посвећена два прилога, идејама и правцима просветитељства у делима Доситеја Обрадовића (1744–1811), потом економским идејама идејама Светозара Марковића (1846–1875) које су по први пут на системски начин истраживане, Слободана Јовановића (1869–1958) Владимира Дворниковића (1888–1956), Михаила Марковића (1923–2010). Теме проучавања су били: рано раздобље у филозофији Душана Недељковића (1899–1984) естетичка позиција Милана Ранковића (1932–2012), као и рецепција Спинозиног појма супстанције код Радмиле Шајковић (1924–2016). Две студије посвећене су Јустину Поповићу (1894–1979), од којих се у једној расправљало о односу Јустина Поповића, руских религијских филозофа и Канта. Други том је подељен у следеће тематске целине: Српска филозофија у XVIII, XIX и првој половини XX века, Српска филозофија и филозофска терминологија у словенском контексту, Српска филозофија од друге половине XIX века до данас и Библиографија српске филозофске периодике. У њему је било речи о рецепцији дела Лазе Костића (1841–1910) у српској естетици, о научној метафизици Бранислава Петронијевића (1875–1954), затим о филозофским и књижевним аспектима мистичке еротологије Анице Савић-Ребац (1892–1953), те о доприносу Милоша Н. Ђурића (1892–1967) стварању српске филозофске терминологије. Публиковани су и радови о песнику-филозофу Бранку Миљковићу (1934–1961), естетичару Мирку Зуровцу (1941-) и недавно преминулом филозофу Милету Савићу (1957– 2015). Аутори зборника проучавали су српске мислиоце од осамнаестог века па до данас. Други део књиге посвећен је, између осталог, српској филозофској терминологији у ширем, словенском контексту. Објављени су и прилози о Миливоју Јовановићу (1869–1942), Јустину Поповићу (1894–1979), у којем је по први пут публикована преписка између Григорија Флоровског и Јустина Поповића, о хетеро-онтолошком заснивању естетике Милана Дамњановића (1924–1994), као и о филозофском становишту Радивоја Керовића (1961–). У овом броју уведена је посебна рубрика посвећена библиографијама српске филозофске периодике или пак дела филозофских аутора, чији је аутор Добрило Аранитовић. У другом тому публикована је библиографија часописа: Архив за философију, педагогију и друштвене науке, покренутог 1898. године, а који су уређивали Миливоје Јовановић и Стеван Окановић. Трећи том, подељен у четири тематске целине: О српској филозофији, књижевности и естетици, Српска филозофија од средњег века до XVIII и XIX века, Српска филозофија прве половине XX века до данас и Библиографија српске филозофске периодике, захватио је широко историјско раздобље: студије о преводу збирке дела Дионисија Ареопагите Инока Исаије (XIV век), о Доситејевом (1744–1811) телеолошком доказу постојања Бога, о делу Петра II Петровића Његоша (1813–1851), Божидара Кнежевића (1862–1954), Светомира Ристића (1886–1971), Николе Милошевића (1929–2007), Светозара Стојановића (1931–2010), Јована Аранђеловића (1935-), Николе Грахека (1949–2003). Било је речи и о филозофији природних наука Симе Марковића (1888–1939), као и о заснивању филозофије смисла у делу Богдана Шешића (1909–1999). Теме којима се аутори прилога у претходна три тома баве укључују и улогу Естетичког друштва Србије у развоју естетике у српској филозофији, појам и лик филозофије Срба у Републици Српској, затим потребу утемељења филозофије медија у културном амбијенту Републике Србије, књижевно-историјско заснивање српске националне литературе, естетичку мисао босанскохерцеговачких Срба, као и филозофске аспекте косовског мита и предања. Четврти том Историје српске филозофије. Прилози истраживању такође је подељен у четири тематске целине: Српски мислиоци XIX и XX века, Српска филозофија у националном, европском и медијском контексту, Библиографије српских филозофа и Сећања. И у овом тому прилога за проучавање српске филозофије садржани су тематски врло разнородни текстови почевши од оних који разматрају рефлексије најзначајнијих српских филозофа преко радова што се баве поетском и уопште уметничком артикулацијом филозофских идеја све до текстова који истражују однос филозофије и природно-научних дисциплина. Такође се расправило и о српској, религијској филозофији, о ауторима и темама из српске филозофије историје, политике као и о филозофији медија коју је код нас утемељила Дивна Вуксановић. Немали број радова посвећен је најзначајнијим српским филозофима XIX и XX века. Акрибичан текст о Божидару Кнежевићу, аутора Бориса Милосављевића, представља предложак за неку будућу монографију о најоригиналнијом српском филозофу. Милосављевићев текст спаја Кнежевићев живот, политичка уверења са његовим најзначајнијим делима и њиховом критичком рецепцијом. Рад о Загорки Мицић (1903–1982), хрватског филозофа Жељка Павића, показује да се њен филозофски допринос састоји у наглашавању етичких аспеката Хусерлове феноменологије. Феноменологија је утицала и на српску естетику, те Уна Поповић у системски промишљеном тексту открива разлоге зашто и на које начине је феноменологија утицала на формирање естетичких становишта српских филозофа. Три текстa су посвећена значајним, савременим српским филозофима попут Гаје Петровића (1927–1993), Светозара Стојановића (1931–2010) и Николе Грахека (1949–2003). Критички разматрајући основне ставове Гаје Петровића (1927–1993), Мирко Аћимовић не узима у обзир само Петровићев уџбеник Логике, него и његове постхумне радове који се баве историјом логике. У студији о Светозару Стојановићу (1931–2010) Јовица Тркуља се залаже за критичко преиспитивање Стојановићеве теоријске и политичке еволуције. У тексту о одређењу бола у филозофији бола Николе Грахека (1949–2003), Мирослава Трајковски разликује појмове „болно осећање“ и „болност“, те испитује могућност да се Грахекова теза о болу као паралелном нервном механизму прецизира помоћу феноменолошке анализе свести коју даје Франц Брентано. Илија Марић и Ирина Деретић своје радове посвећују српској рецепцији античке филозофије. Илија Марић проучава Недељковићеву (1899–1984) књигу о Хераклиту објављену 1924. за коју је А. Маркези превела све Ефежанинове аутентичне фрагменте. У рукопису другог издања, које до сада није објављено, Недељковић је унео низ промена и проширења. Поређењем објављене књиге и рукописа Марић открива Недељковићеву филозофску еволуцију од хераклитовца до дијалектичког материјалисте. У раду о Ксенији Атанасијевић (1894–1981), Ирина Деретић проучава њене радове о Епикуру, укључујући и француску књигу L’atomisme d’Épicure [Епикуров атомизам], настојећи да критички преиспита како веродостојност и актуелност интерпретације Епикура Ксеније Атанасијећ, тако и само Епикурово учење о миними и његову теорију о задовољству. С правом полазећи од тога да је потребно “предузети редефинисање просвјетитељски и позитивистички схваћеног „рационалног” знања, наиме треба признати епистемички статус не само исказима науке (тј. научне рационалности) него и изразима религиозног искуства, умјетничког искуства, па дакако и изразима искуства „народног духа” – Богољуб Шијаковић истражује етички смисао српских народних пословица у тексту „Мудрост у контексту: пословице и филозофије“. Исто тако, изрази песничког искуства имају филозофски смисао и значај. У огледу Загонетка и тајна: Лаза Костић и Бранко Миљковић око Хераклитове ватре, Богољуб Шијаковић тражи споне између два велика српска песника Лазе Костића (1841–1910) и Бранка Миљковића (1934–1961), при чему се обојица „окрећу“ Хераклитовој ватри, настојећи да одговоре на питање о томе да ли наука, филозофија, уметност и вера имају неко дубље јединство. Присуством филозофског у поезији бави се и Срђан Дамјановић у раду под називом Филозофски песимизам у поезији Симе Пандуровића (1883–1960), који, полазећи од промишљања Исидоре Секулић (1883–1960), Јована Скерлића (1877–1914) и Ксеније Атанасијевић (1894–1981) о Пандуровићевом поетском песимизму, тематизује разлику у типологији песимизма коју је уочио Јован Деретић (1934–2002). Два текста разматрају светосавље и то из различитих перспектива. Миленко Бодин проучава светосавље као специфично српски духовни образац мишљења у ширем контексту источно-хришћанског наслеђа европског културног миљеа филозофије. Владимир Цветковић преиспитује религијску филозофију Јустина Поповића (1894–1979) и Николаја Велимировића (1883–1956) нарочито у контексту њихове критике европског хуманизма, рационализма и индивидуализма, користећи се идејама руске религијске ренесансе, а пре свих идејама Свечовека, односно Богочовека, целовитог сазнања и саборности. Односом филозофије и природних наука баве се три текста у овом тому зборника. У тексту Математичка феноменологија Михаила Петровића (1868–1943), Горан Рујевић истражује основе разумевања математике у пројекту Петровићеве математичке феноменологије, из којег ће се показати да је веома близак логицизму, али да садржи и специфичне конвенционалистичке елементе. У раду Филозофске идеје Косте Стојановића (1867–1921), Александар Кандић разматра филозофске садржаје у његовим списима и Стојановићеву тезу о јединству наука и научних дисциплина, утемељену на метафизичком ставу о јединству стварности. Милош Миловановић истражује феноменологију Михаила Петровића (1868–1943) и његове спектре. Неки радови зборника посвећени су разматрању односа филозофије историје и политике, као и политичког ангажмана. Јован Аранђеловић, полазећи од хегелијанске разлике између разума и ума, те Хегелове филозофије историје, формира властите погледе о томе како се треба односити према кризном времену у коме живимо. Стојан Шљука показује значај активног ангажмана интелектуалне елите у српским државотворним настојањима. Часлав Копривица проучава оне моменте који заузимају најистакнутије место у делима недавно преминулог српског филозофа Александра Никитовића (1967–2016). Богомир Ђукић истражује филозофију историје савременог српског филозофа Ристе Тубића (1933–2018) у контексту историје српске филозофије. Иако у оваквом свету у ери владавине медијске културе питање слободе (имагинације) делује као пуко техничко-технолошко, Дивна Вуксановић, утемељивачица дисциплине филозофија медија у нашем академском систему, како је и напред наведено, покушала је да одговори на питање ,,да ли је савремена комуникациона технологија у стању да мења светове уметности и (медијске) културе (па тако и саму стварност), и ако јесте – на које то начине чини’’, а Јован Буковала је, настојећи да у нашем истраживачком дискурсу нагласи значај филозофије позоришта, која спаја филозофију и театрологију, преиспитивао улогу филозофије у позоришту анализирајући капитална дела Хане Арент Живот духа и Предавања о Кантовој политичкој филозофији, захваљујући томе што је ауторка ослонац нашла управо у утемељивачима филозофије позоришта – филозофима: Платону, Августину, Гетеу, Хегелу и Ничеу, док се Доброслав Смиљанић, на примеру Коларчеве задужбине, бавио дисолуцијом и етичким императивом јединства људског знања. У трећој целини Бибиографије српских филозофа, наш реномирани библиограф Добрило Аранитовић представио нам је био-библиографију Драгана М. Јеремића (1925–1986), једног од најзначајнијих српских естетичара. Аранитовић је, у свом препознатљивом стилу, дао комплетан преглед целокупне грађе овог покојног редовног професора Филозофског факултета Универзитета у Београду на предметима Еестетика и Социологија уметности, али и истакнутог књижевног критичара. На жалост, у протеклих пар година смо остали без својих највећих филозофа. Стога је четврта целина, под називом Сећања, посвећена управо њима, јер су обележили наше време и српску филозофију уопште. Oдласком професора Филозофског факултета, Универзитета у Београду професорке теорије сазнања Светлане Књазев Адамовић (1931–2016), класичне филолошкиње Љиљане Црепајац (1931–2018), логичара Косте Дошена (1954–2017), социолошкиње и антрополошкиње Загорке Голубовић (1930–2019), естетичара Александра Зистакиса (1961–2019), остао нам је немерљив губитак. Напустили су нас, такође, и професори овог факултеа и универзитета који су свој рад посветили историји филозофије: Симо Елаковић (1940–2016), Слободан Жуњић (1949–2019) и Иван Вуковић (1970–2017). Према томе, имајући у виду основне тематско-проблемске целине, као што су филозофски писци, филозофска дела и часописи писани на српском језику, однос српске и других филозофија, израда библиографија српске филозофске литературе, филозофски рукописи писани у српској варијанти старословенског језика или пак књиге српских филозофа писаних на страним језицима, филозофске дисциплине и њихова повезаност са наукама и другим областима људског стваралаштва, историја институција попут српских универзитета и Српског филозофског друштва, очекује се да ће сарадници пројекта и у наредним годинама наставити да публикују есеје и научне радове у истакнутим националним и међународним часописима, поглавља у монографијама, односно комплетне монографске студије у којима би се на аналитички и интердисциплинаран начин, кад год је то неопходно, бавили поменутим областима српске филозофије. Резултати ових истраживања биће представљени и на релевантним међународним и националним научним скуповима. Главни циљ рада на пројекту и даље је публиковање обимних зборника радова динамиком коју допуштају финансијски услови, чиме би се истраживање српске филозофије институционализовало у трајној форми. Овом приликом веома се захваљујемо Вишњи Кнежевић и Јовану Буковали на великој помоћи око рада на овом зборнику, укључујући архивске податке, али, пре свега, на њиховим саветима и лектури. (shrink)

With fifty-four chapters charting the development of moral philosophy in the Western world, this volume examines the key thinkers and texts and their influence on the history of moral thought from the pre-Socratics to the present day. Topics including Epicureanism, humanism, Jewish and Arabic thought, perfectionism, pragmatism, idealism and intuitionism are all explored, as are figures including Aristotle, Boethius, Spinoza, Hobbes, Hume, Kant, Hegel, Mill, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre and Rawls, as well as numerous key ideas and schools of (...) thought. Chapters are written by leading experts in the field, drawing on the latest research to offer rigorous analysis of the canonical figures and movements of this branch of philosophy. The volume provides a comprehensive yet philosophically advanced resource for students and teachers alike as they approach, and refine their understanding of, the central issues in moral thought. (shrink)

Although African philosophy has become a part of the world philosophic heritage that can no longer be neglected, no comprehensive history of it is available yet. This lacuna is due to the numerous problems that affect any attempt to outline such a history. Among these problems are those inherent in the historiography of philosophy in general and many others specific to African philosophy. They include the absence of scholarly unanimity over the exact nature of (...) class='Hi'>philosophy and, by extension, African philosophy; the dispute over the beginning of philosophy in Ancient Egypt, as well as the Afrocentrist assertion of the origin of Greek philosophy in Egypt; the problem of periodization; the status of ethnophilosophy, etc. These difficulties do not make a comprehensive history of African philosophy an impossible or irrelevant task. On the contrary, such a history is a necessity that promises to exert an enormous positive influence on the future development of African philosophy. (shrink)

The chapter begins with an initial survey of ups and downs of contextualist history of philosophy during the twentieth century in Britain and America, which finds that historically serious history of philosophy has been on the rise. It then considers ways in which the study of past philosophy has been used and is used in philosophy, and makes a case for the philosophical value and necessity of a contextually oriented approach. It examines some uses (...) of past texts and of history that reveal limits to noncontextual history, including Strawson's Kant, Rorty's grand diagnosis of the Western tradition, and Friedman on Kant's philosophy of mathematics. It then considers ways in which the history of philosophy may become philosophically deeper by becoming more historical, and instances in which history of philosophy of various stripes has or may deliver a philosophical payoff. Along the way, it urges historians of philosophy to attend not only to individual philosophers and their problems and projects, but also to the larger shape of the history of philosophy and its narrative themes. (shrink)

The chapter draws a very rough (and rather idiosyncratic) map of the terrain of the contemporary scene in the philosophy of language, as it was set out in the work of Frege, Russell and the early Wittgenstein – the presupposed common background, taught to beginners in the discipline, for the themes to be further explored from a present-day perspective in the rest of the book. The chapter outlines some core issues as they are presented in the insightful systematic articulation (...) of Frege’s and Russell’s themes in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Then it sums up the main issues, describes some contributions to them in Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein and other historical landmarks, and indicates how they are approached today, as presented in the book's chapters. The introduction concludes with a brief discussion of research methods and problems in the field. (shrink)

Philosophy of action in the context of Classical China is radically different from its counterpart in the contemporary Western philosophical narrative. Classical Chinese philosophers began from the assumption that relations are primary to the constitution of the person, hence acting in the early Chinese context necessarily is interacting and co-acting along with others –human and nonhuman actors. This book is the first monograph dedicated to the exploration and rigorous reconstruction of an extraordinary strategy for efficacious relational action (...) devised by Classical Chinese philosophers in order to account for the interdependent and embedded character of human agency –what the author has denominated “adapting” or “adaptive agency” (yin 因). As opposed to more unilateral approaches to action also conceptualized in the Classical Chinese corpus, such as forceful and prescriptive agency, adapting requires great capacity of self and other-awareness, equanimity, flexibility, creativity, and response, which allows the agent to co-raise courses of action ad-hoc: unique and temporary solutions to specific, non-permanent, and non-generalizable life problems. Adapting is one of the world’s oldest philosophies of action, and yet it is shockingly new for contemporary audiences, who will find in it an unlikely source of inspiration to deal with our current global problems. This book explores the core conception of adapting both on autochthonous terms and by cross-cultural comparison, drawing on the European and Analytic philosophical traditions as well as on scholarship from other disciplines, opening a brand-new topic in Chinese and comparative philosophy. (shrink)

This book is an anthology with the following themes. Non-European Tradition: Bussanich interprets main themes of Hindu ethics, including its roots in ritual sacrifice, its relationship to religious duty, society, individual human well-being, and psychic liberation. To best assess the truth of Hindu ethics, he argues for dialogue with premodern Western thought. Pfister takes up the question of human nature as a case study in Chinese ethics. Is our nature inherently good (as Mengzi argued) or bad (Xunzi’s view)? Pfister (...) ob- serves their underlying agreement, that human beings are capable of becoming good, and makes precise the disagreement: whether we achieve goodness by cultivating autonomous feelings or by accepting external precepts. There are political consequences: whether government should aim to respect and em- power individual choices or to be a controlling authority. Early Greek Thinking: Collobert examines the bases of Homeric ethics in fame, prudence, and shame, and how these guide the deliberations of heroes. She observes how, by depending upon the poet’s words, the hero gains a quasi- immortality, although in truth there is no consolation for each person’s inevi- table death. Plato: Santas examines Socratic Method and ethics in Republic 1. There Socrates examines definitions of justice and tests them by comparison to the arts and sciences. Santas shows the similarities of Socrates’ method to John Rawls’ method of considered judgments in reflective equilibrium. McPherran interprets Plato’s religious dimension as like that of his teacher Socrates. McPherran shows how Plato appropriates, reshapes, and extends the religious conventions of his own time in the service of establishing the new enterprise of philosophy. Ac- cording to Taylor, Socrates believes that humans in general have the task of helping the gods by making their own souls as good as possible, and Socrates’ unique ability to cross-examine imposes on him the special task of helping others to become as good as possible. This conception of Socrates’ mission is Plato’s own, consisting in an extension of the traditional conception of piety as helping the gods. Brickhouse and Smith propose a new understanding of Socratic moral psychology—one that retains the standard view of Socrates as an intellectualist, but also recognizes roles in human agency for appetites and passions. They compare and contrast the Socratic view to the picture of moral psychology we get in other dialogues of Plato. Hardy also proposes a new, non-reductive understanding of Socratic eudaimonism—he argues that Socrates invokes a very rich and complex notion of the “Knowledge of the Good and Bad”, which is associated with the motivating forces of the virtues. Rudebusch defends Socrates’ argument that knowledge can never be impotent in the face of psychic passions. He considers the standard objections: that knowledge cannot weigh incom- mensurable human values, and that brute desire, all by itself, is capable of moving the soul to action. Aristotle: Anagnostopoulos interprets Aristotle on the nature and acquisition of virtue. Though virtue of character, aiming at human happiness, requires a complex awareness of multiple dimensions of one’s experience, it is not properly a cognitive capacity. Thus it requires habituation, not education, according to Aristotle, in order to align the unruly elements of the soul with reason’s knowledge of what promotes happiness. Shields explains Aristotle’s doctrine that goodness is meant in many ways as the doctrine that there are different analyses of goodness for different types of circumstance, just as for being. He finds Aristotle to argue for this conclusion, against Plato’s doctrine of the unity of the Good, by applying the tests for homonymy and as an immediate cons- equence of the doctrine of categories. Shields evaluates the issue as unresolved at present. Russell discusses Aristotle’s account of practical deliberation and its virtue, intelligence (phronesis). He relates the account to contemporary philo- sophical controversies surrounding Aristotle’s view that intelligence is neces- sary for moral virtue, including the objections that in some cases it is unnecessary or even impedes human goodness. Frede examines the advantages and disadvantages of Aristotle’s virtue ethics. She explains the general Greek con- ceptions of happiness and virtue, Aristotle’s conception of phronesis and compares the Aristotle’s ethics with modern accounts. Liske discusses the question of whether the Aristotelian account of virtue entails an ethical-psy- chological determinism. He argues that Aristotle’s understanding of hexis allows for free action and ethical responsibility : By making decisions for good actions we are able to stabilize our character (hexis). Hellenistic and Roman: Annas defends an account of stoic ethics, according to which the three parts of Stoicism—logic, physics, and ethics—are integrated as the parts of an egg, not as the parts of a building. Since by this analogy no one part is a foundation for the rest, pedagogical decisions may govern the choice of numerous, equally valid, presentations of Stoic ethics. Piering interprets the Cynic way of life as a distinctive philosophy. In their ethics, Cynics value neither pleasure nor tradition but personal liberty, which they achieve by self-suffi- ciency and display in speech that is frank to the point of insult. Plotinus and Neoplatonism: Gerson outlines the place of ordinary civic virtue as well as philosophically contemplative excellence in Neoplatonism. In doing so he attempts to show how one and the same good can be both action-guiding in human life and be the absolute simple One that grounds the explanation of everything in the universe. Delcomminette follows Plotinus’s path to the Good as the foundation of free will, first in the freedom of Intellect and then in the “more than freedom” of the One. Plotinus postulates these divinities as not outside but within each self, saving him from the contradiction of an external foundation for a truly free will. General Topics: Halbig discusses the thesis on the unity of virtues. He dis- tinguishes the thesis of the identity of virtues and the thesis of a reciprocity of virtues and argues that the various virtues form a unity (in terms of reciprocity) since virtues cannot bring about any bad action. Detel examines Plato’s and Aristotle’s conceptions of normativity : Plato and Aristotle (i) entertained hybrid theories of normativity by distinguishing functional, semantic and ethical normativity, (ii) located the ultimate source of normativity in standards of a good life, and thus (iii) took semantic normativity to be a derived form of normativity. Detel argues that hybrid theories of normativity are—from a mo- dern point of view—still promising. Ho ̈ffe defends the Ancient conception of an art of living against Modern objections. Whereas many Modern philosophers think that we have to replace Ancient eudaimonism by the idea of moral obligation (Pflicht), Ho ̈ffe argues that Eudaimonism and autonomy-based ethics can be reconciled and integrated into a comprehensive and promising theory of a good life, if we enrich the idea of autonomy by the central elements of Ancient eudaimonism. Some common themes: The topics in Chinese and Hindu ethics are perhaps more familiar to modern western sensibilities than Homeric and even Socratic. Anagnostopoulos, Brickhouse and Smith, Frede, Liske, Rudebusch, and Russell all consider in contrasting ways the role of moral character, apart from intellect, in ethics. Brickhouse / Smith, Hardy, and Rudebusch discuss the Socratic con- ception of moral knowledge. Brickhouse / Smith and Hardy retain the standard view of the so called Socratic Intellectualism. Shields and Gerson both consider the question whether there is a single genus of goodness, or if the term is a homonym. Bussanich, McPherran, Taylor, and Delcomminette all consider the relation between religion and ethics. Pfister, Piering, Delcomminette, and Liske all consider what sort of freedom is appropriate to human well-being. Halbig, Detel, and Ho ̈ffe propose interpretations of main themes of Ancient ethics. (shrink)

Recent decades have witnessed a sharp increase of interest in the cultures and regions of South and East Asia, owing in part to the prominent role Asian economies have played in the era of globalization. Asian Worldviews: Religions, Philosophies, Political Theories is a unique, reader-friendly introduction to the intellectual heritage of the region. Assuming no previous background in Asian cultural history, Asian Worldviews moves beyond chronological and geographic boundaries to present an integrated treatment of the beliefs, teachings, and ideologies (...) that have shaped the worldviews of approximately half of the global population. Rein Raud explores forms of knowledge in China, India, Tibet, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia, providing balanced coverage of all historical periods from antiquity to the modern day. -/- Asian Worldviews embraces the connections rather than the divisions between the religious and philosophical dimensions of South and East Asian thought, and emphasizes a robust engagement with each culture's political, social, and economic contexts. Clear, accessible chapters discuss the development of religious, philosophical, and political thought in India, China, and Japan, and provide succinct overviews of the history of ideas in Korea, Tibet, and Southeast Asia. Throughout the book, Raud uses a comparative approach to examine the mutual influence and productive dialogue, past and present, between Asian cultures as well as with the West, and considers the impact of various worldviews on the development of modern Asian societies. -/- Comprehensive and well-informed by recent developments in the scholarship, Asian Worldviews: Religions, Philosophies, Political Theories is an unparalleled resource for a broad range of courses in Asian studies, philosophy, religious studies, and global politics, as well as an excellent introduction for non-specialist readers looking for a contextual foothold in the rich cultural and intellectual history of South and East Asia. (shrink)

In this paper, it is argued that the late twentieth century conception of consciousness in analytic philosophy emerged from the idea of consciousness as givenness, via the behaviourist idea of “raw feels”. In the post-behaviourist period in philosophy, this resulted in the division of states of mind into essentially unconscious propositional attitudes plus the phenomenal residue of qualia: intrinsic, ineffable and inefficacious sensory states. It is striking how little in the important questions about consciousness depends on this conception, (...) or on this particular division of mental states. So accepting this division and its associated conceptions of intentionality and consciousness is not an obligatory starting point for the philosophy of mind. A historical investigation of how these ideas came to be seen as inevitable can also help us see how we might reasonably reject them. (shrink)

The professionalization of the study of history in the Nineteenth Century made possible a new way of thinking about the history of philosophy: the thought emerged that philosophy itself might be relative to time, historical culture, and nationality. The simultaneous demise of speculative metaphysics scattered philosophers’ confidence that the historical variance of philosophical systems could be viewed in terms of the teleological self-realization of reason. Towards the late Nineteenth Century, philosophers began to explicitly address the worry (...) that all philosophical systems might have only relative validity. This paper compares two key figures in late-nineteenth-century debates concerning historical relativism: Wilhelm Windelband and Wilhelm Dilthey. Beneath the deep disagreements between these two authors, it reveals their common concern to immunize philosophy from the threat of historical relativism. The paper traces how both philosophers sought to fend off relativism by defending the idea of an ahistorical and permanent stratum of philosophical thinking. And it argues that although they succeeded in blocking historical versions of relativism, they did so at the cost of incurring a relativism vis-à-vis philosophical systems. This relativism turned out to be rooted not in the historicity of philosophy but in the timeless essence of philosophical reasoning itself. (shrink)

This bibliographical guide gives a comprehensive overview of the historiography of philosophy and thought in the Japanese language through an extensive and thematically organized collection of relevant literature. Comprising over one thousand entries, the bibliography shows not only how extensive and complex the Japanese tradition of philosophical and intellectual historiography is, but also how it might be structured and analyzed to make it accessible to a comparative and intercultural approach to the historiography of philosophy worldwide. The literature is (...) categorized and organized according to thematic focus areas such as geographical regions and continents, nations or peoples, religious traditions and philosophical teachings such as Buddhism, Islam, Shintō, and Confucianism, as well as disciplines such as ethics, aesthetics, and political thought. The bibliography is accompanied by an introduction outlining the research method as well as quantitative and qualitative approaches to analyzing the material, followed by a chronological overview of the historiography of philosophy and thought in the Japanese language and of the Japanese tradition of writing “world histories of philosophy.” As a first step towards a “history of the historiography of philosophy” in non-European languages, we hope that this guide will provide a useful tool for interculturally oriented scholarship aimed at a non-Eurocentric and diversified historiography of philosophy in a global perspective. (Open access, see link below.). (shrink)

In this essay I offer an alternative perspective on how to organize class material for courses in Chinese philosophy for predominately American students. Instead of selecting topics taken from common themes in Western discourses, I suggest a variety of organizational strategies based on themes from the Chinese texts themselves, such as tradition, ritual, family, and guanxi (關係), which are rooted in the Chinese tradition but flexible enough to organize a broad range of philosophical material.

The endeavor of this bibliographical guide is inscribed in the broader effort to reframe the discipline of Philosophy in a global perspective through the account of its history. With the present work readers will gain a broad overview of the materials available in Italian on the histories of philosophy in different regions of the world from the first editions, in the 15th century, to the present. Some of these materials are presented in the extensive introduction to the (...) bibliography, which has been organized according to geographical regions, such as continents and nations, as well as thematic focuses, such as religions, doctrines, or disciplines. Moreover, the introduction discusses two main themes, namely the strong historiographical tradition in Italy and its close connection with political agendas, and the influence of the history of philosophy in the schools. One outcome of the work is the mapping of leading research areas as well as neglected areas, and even the uncovering of some blind spots. (shrink)

The text was originally a conference speech. In principle, it was prepared for teachers of philosophy and people interested in philosophy, therefore it has the character of an essay and only to a small extent refers to the literature of the subject. However, I am deeply convinced of the validity of the thesis that I propose in it, even if they may seem only to a small extent supported by references to the state of research. -/- Synthetical studies (...) take a special place in the research on the history of ancient philosophy. They demonstrate the existing perspective by performing a selection and arrangement of the material, presenting the periodisation, accentuating and determining what is “philosophically significant.” This article points out that despite the great progress made in detailed research that has taken place over the last few decades, the general framework of development of philosophy, derived from Hegel’s thought, has remained unchanged for two centuries. Hegel’s perspective has instilled a certain pattern that encompasses a whole series of debatable solutions. These include (1) development of a certain understanding of what “philosophy” is and thus separating it from a wide spectrum of literature, rhetoric, medicine, and religion; (2) introduction of a dubious periodisation (e.g. the distinction between the Presocratic period and Socrates’ breakthrough in the form of a departure from the philosophy of nature and return to ethical considerations; (3) adoption of philosophy of Plato and Aristotle as the apex of thought. The author highlights the need to change the approach to the history of ancient philosophy and modify the existing paradigm. He calls for paying greater attention to the intertextual element and to the fact that the assessment of originality and relevance of preserved works is falsified due to the disappearance of comparative material. The proposal to establish a new reconstructive paradigm is based on the belief that during further research on ancient philosophy it would be advisable (1) to expand the research perspective and enrich it with the fields of education, medicine, the great sphere of literature, the spheres of fine arts and music, (2) to focus more on the issue of transmission and reception of texts thanks to which it is possible to deepen and extend the reconstructed context of philosophical discussions, (3) to come to the realisation that the abstract character of description, connected with all the syntheses of the philosophical thought in antiquity lead to its oversimplification and impoverishment by presenting it out of the context and depriving of what is individual and specific for a particular thinker. (shrink)

The revolutionary outbreak in a variety of civilizations centered around 600 B.C.E., a period in which the great world religions as well as philosophy emerged, from Hebrew scriptures and the teachings of Buddha to the works of Greek and Chinese philosophers, has been named the Axial Age by Karl Jaspers. Yet 75 years earlier, in 1873, unknown to Jaspers and still unknown to the world, John Stuart Stuart-Glennie elaborated a fully developed and more nuanced theory of what he (...) termed The Moral Revolution to characterize the period. This book also brings to light the previously undiscussed ideas of D. H. Lawrence on the phenomenon from 20 years before Jaspers, the seldom mentioned contributions of Lewis Mumford, and proposes a new context for understanding the phenomenon. Halton rewrites the history of this fascinating theory and opens new ways of conceiving the meaning of The Moral Revolution for today. (shrink)

Permissivism is the view that for some body of evidence E there may be more than one rational doxastic attitude that inquirers may take towards some proposition. This paper examines the aims and processes involved in doing the history of philosophy. It argues that the complexities involved in the process of doing the history of philosophy motivates hermeneutical permissivism. Section 2 of the paper discusses and motivates complexity. Section 3 focuses on a particular kind of complexity (...) that historians face, namely, the problem of theory choice. Section 4 argues that complexity motivates permissivism. Section 5 argues for the value of thinking about the task of the historian of philosophy as contributing to the landscape of plausible interpretations. The paper demonstrates how this way of thinking about our discipline may be productive and useful for historians of philosophy with differing aims. (shrink)

A polemical account of Australian philosophy up to 2003, emphasising its unique aspects (such as commitment to realism) and the connections between philosophers' views and their lives. Topics include early idealism, the dominance of John Anderson in Sydney, the Orr case, Catholic scholasticism, Melbourne Wittgensteinianism, philosophy of science, the Sydney disturbances of the 1970s, Francofeminism, environmental philosophy, the philosophy of law and Mabo, ethics and Peter Singer. Realist theories especially praised are David Armstrong's on universals, David (...) Stove's on logical probability and the ethical realism of Rai Gaita and Catholic philosophers. In addition to strict philosophy, the book treats non-religious moral traditions to train virtue, such as Freemasonry, civics education and the Greek and Roman classics. (shrink)

A fresh and original presentation that is easy and affordable for students, instructors, and general readers to use. This well-written, insightful history of philosophy is basic enough to be understood by those with no prior experience with philosophy but sophisticated enough to inform further those with some knowledge of philosophy. -/- Based on the author’s 20-plus years of teaching philosophy and learning what works for students, How We Are and How We Got Here is designed (...) to connect with students to help them understand philosophy and why it matters to them, regardless of their major. Its straightforward conversational presentation of philosophy includes readers in philosophy’s long conversation. Its chronological presentation places philosophers in their historical context, showing how philosophy is an ongoing interaction with society seeking practical knowledge useful to us in everyday life. -/- Key Features that fill multiple gaps in existing textbooks: -/- * Shows students how innovations in philosophy have interacted with and changed history, leading to how we are today. * Presents philosophy as a vital part of our lives, not as a set of isolated theoretical problems, avoiding the disconnected and fragmented silo approach of most textbooks. * Avoids the sink-or-swim approach of anthologies that plunges students into a hodgepodge of disjoint readings without adequate guidance. * Does not duplicate material covered in other introductory courses of ethics and logic but focuses on the rest of philosophy. * Focuses on explaining the ideas of the philosophers, allowing instructors to choose, at their option, primary texts from the plentifully available royalty-free sources. * Extensively covers vital areas of philosophy ignored by most textbooks, including pragmatism, phenomenology, social and political philosophy, postmodernism, feminist philosophy, and philosophy of race. * Always remains engaging and accessible to the reader. Neither dumbs down the material nor over complicates it. * Provides clear and direct text unencumbered by bells and whistles and other extraneous materials. -/- How We Are and How We Got Here provides students of all backgrounds with a clear and whole understanding of philosophy and its role in history and society, making the 2,400-year history of Western philosophy vital and relevant to today. It shows that philosophy is not a cold analytical academic procedure but exciting and alive, and reveals how we are all philosophers. (shrink)

This paper examines the fortunes of non-European philosophies in histories of philosophy written by European and American philosophers from the 17th century to the present day. It charts the shift from inclusive histories of philosophy, which included non-European philosophies, to exclusive histories of philosophy, which excluded and/or marginalized non-European philosophies, at the end of the 18th century. This shift was motivated by racial Eurocentrism, which cast a long shadow over histories of philosophy written during the 19th (...) and 20th centuries. The paper also considers recent attempts to produce a more inclusive history of philosophy. By examining the history of the inclusion and exclusion of non-European philosophies in histories of philosophy, this paper seeks to challenge the assumption that philosophy began and has been practised exclusively by European or western thinkers. (shrink)

The Polish philosophy of mathematics in the 19th century is not a well-researched topic. For this period, only five philosophers are usually mentioned, namely Jan Śniadecki, Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński, Henryk Struve, Samuel Dickstein, and Edward Stamm. This limited and incomplete perspective does not allow us to develop a well-balanced picture of the Polish philosophy of mathematics and gauge its influence on 19th- and 20th-century Polish philosophy in general. To somewhat complete our picture of the history of (...) the Polish philosophy of mathematics in those times, we here present the profiles of some lesser-known Polish Romantic philosophers of the 19th century, namely Karol Libelt, Bronisław Trentowski, and Józef Kremer. We discuss their contributions to the philosophy of mathematics and their metaphysical perspectives, and we also show how their metaphysical ideas have found some continuity in the studies of some Catholic philosophers. (shrink)

In this paper I argue that Hegel thought that systematicity was both a necessary condition for a body of thought to be recognized as philosophy and a normative principle by which progress in the history of philosophy can be evaluated. I argue that Hegel’s idiosyncrasies in the interpretation of thinkers who he considers to be philosophers can be explained by referring to the structure of his own philosophical system. I also argue that Hegel’s conception of philosophy (...) as being essentially systematic leads him to claim that traditions that do not have systematic philosophy do not have philosophy at all and this leads to their marginalization. Finally, I identify the role of Hegel’s assumptions in shaping the self-understanding of philosophers through the shaping of the philosophical canon. (shrink)