Im Artikel wird der Fortschritt von Fichtes Methodenverständnis gegenüber den enzyklopädischen Wissenssystemen – wie beispielsweise bei Wolff, Zeller oder Lambert – herausgearbeitet. Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts hatte sich die Erkenntnis durchgesetzt, dass weder die Philosophie noch die aufkeimenden Sozialwissenschaften und auch nicht die Naturforschung, wo sie es mit dem Leben zu tun hat, als bloßer Formalismus nach dem Modell der Mathematik oder Physik aufzubauen waren. Fichte gelang es demgegenüber mit seiner Ich-Konstruktion nicht nur das innere Verhältnis der differenzierten Vermögen des (...) Subjekts dadurch abzuleiten, dass er die Form der Erkenntnis zugleich als Form des Wollens behauptete; mehr noch: Die in der synthetischen Methode erscheinende Vernunftgesetzlichkeit ist in einen alle anderen Erkenntnismethoden übergreifenden Rang erhoben. Das Prinzip des kantschen "Naturzwecks" der Einheit von Ursache und Wirkung, ist darin zum grundlegenden Tätigkeitsprinzip der Subjekt-Objekt-Auffassung gesteigert. The article highlights the progress made by Fichte's understanding of methods compared to the encyclopedic knowledge systems - such as those of Wolff, Zeller or Lambert. At the beginning of the 19th century, it had become clear that neither philosophy nor the emerging social sciences nor natural science, where it deals with life, could be constructed as a mere formalism based on the model of mathematics or physics. In contrast, Fichte's construction of the ego not only succeeded in deriving the inner relationship between the differentiated faculties of the subject by asserting that the form of knowledge was also a form of will; moreover, the laws of reason that appear in the synthetic method were elevated to a level that overshadowed all other methods of knowledge. The principle of Kant's "natural purpose" of the unity of cause and effect is elevated to the fundamental principle of activity of the subject-object conception. (shrink)

Die Ausbildung der Transzendentalphilosophie verband sich auch bei Fichte mit der Vertiefung der ihr immanenten historischen Tendenz. Basierend auf dem Gedanken der Einheit des Bewusstseins stellte sich die Aufgabe, die verschiedenen Erscheinungen in ihrem inneren Zusammenhang wie auch ihrer geschichtlichen Erscheinungsweise zu erklären. Hierzu erfuhr das transzendentale Subjekt eine tiefgreifende Historisierung durch den Versuch, eine Phänomenalogie des Geistes zu erarbeiten. Im Artikel wird weiterhin insbesondere das methodische Vorgehen Fichtes und dessen Dogmatismuskritik analysiert. For Fichte, too, the development of transcendental (...) philosophy was combined with the deepening of the historical tendency inherent in it. Based on the idea of the unity of consciousness, the task was to explain the various phenomena in their inner context as well as their historical appearance. To this end, the transcendental subject experienced a profound historicization through the attempt to develop a phenomenology of spirit. The article continues to analyze in particular Fichte's methodological approach and his criticism of dogmatism. И для Фихте развитие трансцендентальной философии сочеталось с углублением присущей ей исторической тенденции. На основе идеи единства сознания возникла задача объяснения различных явлений как в их внутреннем контексте, так и в их историческом облике. С этой целью трансцендентальный субъект претерпел глубокую историзацию посредством попытки разработать феноменологию духа. В статье продолжается анализ, в частности, методологического подхода Фихте и его критики догматизма. También para Fichte, el desarrollo de la filosofía trascendental se combinó con la profundización de la tendencia histórica inherente a ella. Partiendo de la idea de la unidad de la conciencia, se planteó la tarea de explicar los diversos fenómenos en su contexto interno así como su fisonomía histórica. Para ello, el sujeto trascendental experimentó una profunda historización a través del intento de desarrollar una fenomenología del espíritu. El artículo continúa analizando en particular el enfoque metodológico de Fichte y su crítica al dogmatismo. (shrink)

(1) An introduction to the principles of conceptual modelling, combinatorial heuristics and epistemological history; (2) the examination of a number of perennial epistemological-methodological schemata: conceptual spaces and blending theory; ars inveniendi and ars demonstrandi; the two modes of analysis and synthesis and their relationship to ars inveniendi; taxonomies and typologies as two fundamental epistemic structures; extended cognition, cognitio symbolica and model-based reasoning; (3) Plato’s notions of conceptual spaces, conceptual blending and hypothetical-analogical models (paradeigmata); (4) Ramon Llull’s concept analysis (...) and combinatoric spaces; (5) Gottfried Leibniz’s development of compositional analysis and synthesis as a general modelling method and a paradigm for ars inveniendi; (6) Fritz Zwicky’s revival of the morphological method of analysis and construction, and its subsequent computerised applications. (shrink)

This paper explicates Husserl’s usage of what he calls “radical Besinnung” in Formale und transzendentale Logik. Husserl introduces radical Besinnung as his method in the introduction to FTL. Radical Besinnung aims at criticizing the practice of formal sciences by means of transcendental phenomenological clarification of its aims and presuppositions. By showing how Husserl applies this method to the history of formal sciences down to mathematicians’ work in his time, the paper explains in detail the relationship between historical critical Besinnung (...) and transcendental phenomenology. Ultimately the paper suggests that radical Besinnung should be viewed as a general methodological framework within which transcendental phenomenological descriptions are used to criticize historically given goal-directed practices. (shrink)

The paper discusses Husserl’s method of historical reflection, radical Besinnung, as defined and used in Formale und transzendentale Logik (1929). Whereas Formal and Transcendental Logic introduces and displays Husserl’s usage of Besinnung in the context of the exact sciences, the paper seeks to develop it as a more general critical method with which to approach any rational goal-directed activity. Husserl defines Besinnung as a method that enables understanding agents and their actions by explicating agents’ typically implicit goals. It leads (...) to the inclusion of historical-teleological activities as part of Husserl’s natural understanding of the world. The transcendental reflection radicalizes Besinnung by clarifying the kinds of evidence sought for in activities and then suggesting revisions to the concepts and principles used. The result is inner critique, which means that the activities are criticized against the norms that arise from reflection on these activities themselves, and not from a comparison with external standards or measures. (shrink)

Der Artikel verfolgt, in welcher Weise Johann Gottlieb Fichte mit seiner Wissenschaftslehre die Diskussion um das Wesen der Natur in ihrem Verhältnis zum Subjekt beeinflusst. Dabei wird besonders sein Ansatz zur Fassung der Subjektivität und der Dialektisierung der Erkenntnisbeziehung zwischen Subjekt und Objekt herausgearbeitet. Dabei wird Fichtes Beitrag zur Entwicklung einer modernen dialektischen Methode gewürdigt. -/- The article follows the way in which Johann Gottlieb Fichte influences the discussion about the essence of nature in its relationship to the subject with (...) his science theory. His approach to the definition of subjectivity and the dialectization of the cognitive relationship between subject and object will be worked out in particular. Fichte's contribution to the development of a modern dialectical method is acknowledged. -/- В статье показано, как Иоганн Готлиб Фихте влияет на дискуссию о сущности природы в ее отношении к предмету своей научной теорией. В частности, вырабатывается его подход к определению субъективности и диалектизации познавательных отношений между субъектом и объектом. Признан вклад Фихте в развитие современного диалектического метода. -/- El artículo sigue la forma en que Johann Gottlieb Fichte incide en la discusión sobre la esencia de la naturaleza en su relación con el sujeto con su teoría de la ciencia. En particular, se trabaja su aproximación a la definición de subjetividad y la dialéctica de la relación cognitiva entre sujeto y objeto. Se reconoce la contribución de Fichte al desarrollo de un método dialéctico moderno. (shrink)

In my talk I would like to discuss a topic concerning the idea of the mental experience as an experiment in the transcendental philosophy. One can see a big difference between two branches of knowledge: humanitarian sciences and „exact“ sciences. The main difference consists in the fact that the experimental dates of the exact sciences can be verified by other researchers, but the mental dates in the mind of one humanitarian researcher cannot be repeated in the mind of another. It (...) allows for the skeptics to say that the humanitarian sciences cannot be a real science. The modern German philosopher Lambert Wiesing asserts that in the field of transcendental philosophy we have something like an experience in the usual sciences. It is called the „eidetic variation“ (eidetische Variation). Three principles of the method are of great value. They are: self-reflection, phantasy, and self-clarification. In my report I am going to, firstly, clarify the principles of „eidetic variation“ in Husserl’s phenomenology, and secondly relate this to the methods found in German transcendental Idealism. I see three interpretations of the term „eidetic variation“: as a synonym of the transcendental reduction, as achieving an eidos of the thing and the transcendental ego itself, and as something that can be held in a phantasy. The same method is used in German idealism (by Fichte for example). The main outcome of my talk should be, that if we accept an „eidetic variation“ as a transcendental method, we can explain, or at least have the chance, how to build the abstract category and understand such abstract items like beauty and general philosophical notions. (shrink)

Descartes' methodical doubt is being criticized by naïve realists and others who don't find doubt as a good starting point for metaphysical thought, however, the philosophical achievements of his method have been absorbed in all later philosophies. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how an inevitable question concerning the foundation of Descartes' mathesis universalis, which led him to investigate this foundation by applying this very method in Metaphysics, has finally enabled him to discover his most important philosophical (...) principle, i.e., the necessary relation between being and reason in the identity of the "I". To demonstrate this, after summarizing the fundamental ideas of mathesis uneversalis, and showing the inner necessity of introducing the methodical doubt to fortify these ideas, the decisive role of metaphysical doubt as the third step of the methodical doubt, and malicious demon as its second phase would be highighted. It would also become clear that the metaphysical doubt has a great importance as a turning point from different aspects: as a knot that ties mathesis universalis with its underlying Metaphysics; as a bridge from within the psychological "I" to the metaphysical "I". (shrink)

El punto de partida del calculus universalis leibniziano es la teoría aristotélica del silogismo, pero Leibniz se independiza de las ideas de Aristóteles para desarrollar su propio sistema lógico, mucho más general, aplicando el instrumento combinatorio a la silogística. Lo que propone es una importante modificación del modelo demostrativo axiomático, mediante la creación de cálculos lógico-simbólicos que no se limitan a los ámbitos tradicionales de la deducción, sino que admiten procedimientos discursivos más complejos que los de la lógica clásica, ampliando (...) con ello la noción de racionalidad. (shrink)

Noncompete agreements are among the most commonly used methods to restrict employment. Upwards of 38% of American workers, many of which are low-wage workers, have signed noncompete agreements. These agreements effectively hold those workers hostage to their current employer. This project analyzes the use of noncompete clauses in employment contracts with low-wage workers. We show that noncompetes with low-wage workers are not enforceable in the U.S.; employers nevertheless continue to include noncompete clauses in employment contracts with low-wage workers. We survey (...) states’ attempts to regulate the use of (even unenforceable) noncompetes and argue that current legislation is ineffective at preventing employers from including noncompetes in low-wage worker contracts. We argue that employers’ use of (even unenforceable) noncompete agreements with low-wage workers is wrongfully exploitative of those workers, and we provide suggestions for how states can effectively regulate the use of noncompetes, and thus protect low-wage workers from exploitation, using Virginia’s recently passed noncompete bill as a model. (shrink)

This paper seeks to indicate some connections between a major philosophi- cal project of the seventeenth century, the conception of a mathesis universalis, and the practice of baroque poetry. I shall argue that these connections consist in a peculiar view of language and systems of notation which was particularly common in European baroque culture and which provided the necessary conceptual background for both poetry and the mathesis universalis.

نسعى من خلال هذا الكتاب إلى دراسة تمثلات المخرجين الأجانب للمدينة المغربية باعتبارها نموذجا للفضاء الحضري الغريب عنهم، وذلك عبر تحليل مضمون أفلامهم التي دارت كل أحداثها أو بعض منها في مدينة طنجة -نموذج الدراسة-. أما دافعنا فيتجلى أولا في تقديم قراءة أنثربولوجية للعمل الفني تأتي في ظل الفقر البَيّن الذي يعتري المكتبة المغربية الأنثربولوجية والسوسيولوجية في هذا المجال؛ كما أننا نسعى ثانيا إلى بَلورة نص علمي ينبني في أسسه على النظريات الاستطيقية الكلاسيكية التي يستعين بها نقاد السينما عادة في (...) كتاباتهم، لكنه يتجاوزها من خلال انفتاحه على جهاز مفاهيمي ثري ينهل من مشارب علمية إنسانية عديدة، ومبرر ذلك يتعلق بطبيعة الصورة السينمائية المُرَكَّبَة، فهي من جهة تزخر بالدلالات السيميولوجية، كما تُظهر الوقائع السوسيولوجية، زيادة على كونها تُمَثِلُ انعكاسا ممكنا لإديولوجية ومخيال المخرج . (shrink)

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على العلاقة بين نظم دعم القرار وإعادة الهندسة في الجامعات الفلسطينية بقطاع غزة، واستخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، واستخدم الباحث أسلوب الاستبانة لجمع البيانات، وقام الباحث باستخدام طريقة العينة الطبقية العشوائية، وتم توزيع ( 500 ) إستبانة على .(% عينة الدراسة، حيث تم استرداد ( 449 ) إستبانة بنسبة استرداد ( 89.8 α ≤ وقد أظهرت الدراسة نتائج أهمها ما يلي: وجود علاقة ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى دلالة 0.04 ) بين نظم دع م القرا (...) ر وإعادة الهندسة في الجامعات الفلسطينية في قطاع غز ة، كذلك وضحت ) النتائج وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطات تقديرا ت عينة الدراسة حول العلاقة بين نظم دعم القرا ر وإعادة الهندسة في الجامعات الفلسطينية بقطاع غز ة تعزى لمتغي ر الجنس لصالح الذكور، ووجود فروق بالنسبة لمتغير العمر بالنسبة إلى مجال " دعم الإدارة العليا لاستخدام نظم دعم القرا ر" 55 ) سن ة و( 55 ) سنة فأكثر، ووجود فروق بالنسبة - لدى المبحوثين الذين تتراوح أعمارهم من ( 45 لمتغير المستوى التعليمي بالنسبة إلى مجال " دعم الإدارة العليا لاستخدام نظم دع م الق رار " لد ى المبحوثين الذين يحملون درجة الماجستير، ووجود فروق لمتغير اسم الجامعة وذلك لكل مجال من مجالات الدراس ة لصالح الجامعة الإسلامية ثم جامعة الأزهر ثم جامعة الأقصى، ووجود فروق بالنسبة لمتغير سنوات الخدمة بالنسبة إلى مجال "دعم الإدارة العليا لاستخدام نظم دعم القرار" لدى المبحوثي ن 20 ) سنة و( 21 ) سنة فأكثر. - الذين تتراوح سنوات خدمتهم من ( 15 كما خلصت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من التوصيات أهمه ا: لكي تتمكن الجامعات الفلسطينية بقطاع غزة من معايشة عصر العولمة والتعامل مع مفرداتة التقنية التي فرضت نفسها على مختلف قطاعات الحياة المعاصرة، فان هذا يستلزم إعادة هندسة الجامعات الفلسطينية بقطاع غز ة، وتوضيح أهمية عملية إعادة الهندسة للإدارة العلي ا للجامعات الفلسطيني ة التي لا يوجد لديها توجه لإعادة الهندس ة، وتشجي ع الجامعات التي تخطط لإعادة الهندسة للبدء بتنفيذ برامجها في التغيير الجذري بالسرعة الممكن ة، وانه من الضروري للجامعات الفلسطينية بقطاع غزة عند أعادة هندسة عملياتها أن تقوم بتطوير البنية التحتية لتكنولوجيا المعلومات بصورة عامة، ونظم دعم القرار بصورة خاصة، وتعزيز دعم واهتمام الإدارة العليا في الجامعات الفلسطينية بقطاع غزة بنظ م دعم القرار، زيادة اعتماد الإدارة العليا على نظم دعم القرار في اتخاذ قراراتها، وقيامها بتشخيص المشاكل وتشجيع العاملين من خلال توفير الكادر اللازم لتنفيذ عملية نظم دعم القرار وتشجيع العاملين على استخدام نظم دعم القرار وتشخيص المشاكل والتغلب على المعيقات التي تعترض تطوير نظم دعم القرار. (shrink)

من أصعب المراحل التي تعرقل أي باحث أثناء قيامه بدراسة ما خاصة في حقل العلوم الاجتماعية هي طبيعة الأدوات والوسائل والتقنيات التي يستعين بها أثناء النزول إلى الميدان من أجل جمع المعطيات الخاصة بالدراسة وتكمن هذه الصعوبة في اختيار التقنية الأنسب والتي تخدم الباحث وتساعده على على التواصل مع أكبر عدد من المبحوثين والوصول إلى عينة ممثلة لمجتمع الدراسة، إلا أن هذا لا يتأتى إلا إذا كان الباحث على قدر كبير من الخبرة العلمية والتمرس في استخدام أي تقنية من تقنيات (...) البحث الميداني لأنه وبرغم من تنوعها إلا أن كل أداة من هاته الأدوات تتميز وترتكز على مجموعة من القواعد والضوابط الأساسية والمنهجية والتي تكتسي من الأهمية ما يستوجب التقيد بها وبقواعدها وأساسياتها من أجل أن نتوصل إلى معلومات دقيقة تخدم الدراسة أو البحث، ولعل كيفية التعامل مع هذه الأدوات هي من أكثر المشاكل التي يقع فيها الباحث خاصة المبتدئين، وعليه سوف نحاول من خلال هذه الورقة البحثية تقديم كل ما يجب على الطالب أن يعرفه ويفهمه ويتمرس فيه من أجل استخدام صحيح وناجح لتقنيات البحث الميداني . (shrink)

عرفت الجزائر عام 1931م ميلاد جمعية العلماء المسلمين الجزائريين والتي أسستها كوكب من العلماء الإصلاحيين ورجال الطرق الصوفية، أظهرت هذه الجمعية منذ العام الأول لتأسيسها العداء للاستعمار الفرنسي وسياسته فشعارها خير دليل، ومضمونه: العربية لغتنا والجزائر وطننا والإسلام ديننا. لقد جعل هذا الأمر الفرنسيين يعلنون الحرب عليها وكان من بين أسلحتهم جمعية علماء السنة والتي هي انشقاق للطرقيين عن الجمعية كما أن فرنسا أرادت مغالطة الشعب بتسميتها بالسنة وقد كان صراعهما فصل مهما في تاريخ الجزائر بين الإصلاح والرجعية الاستعمارية .

انتهت التراكمية المعرفية التي أنتجتها الحضارات - منذ أن فاعل الإنسان عقله مع مختلف مظاهر الحياة وحاول تفسيرها ووضع لها قواعد تضبطها ونظريات تؤسس لوجودها فشكلت نمطا تحاوريا بين مختلف الحضارات على اختلف توجهاتها وأرضياتها المشكلة لها، فكان أن احتضنت حواضر متعددة على وجه الأرض قفزات حضارية في ميدان التقدم والرقي وخدمة الإنسان وتيسير الحياة ، فكانت خدمة الإنسان سابقة لكل اعتبار، فطور العقل الطب للمحافظة على هذا البشر وطور الحرف ثم الفيزياء والكيمياء والتكنولوجيا ودائما كان الإنسان محورا طورا ومطورا (...) لہذا التراكم الحضاري طورا آخر. منذ حضارات بلاد الرافدين مرورا بالفراعنة ثم،ونان والرومان والحضارة العربية الإسلامية وصولا إلى الحضارة الحاضرة والمعاصرة كان الدين يرافق مهمة الإنسان في الحياة وييسرله سبل العيش فيها وينظم ما استعصى منها عليه. وفي خضم هذا التحول المستمر كانت مصطلحات الإخاء والعداوة والتواصل والتثاقف والحوار والتصادم والحرب والسلم والتحضر والتجاور تدخل قاموس التباري بين منظومتين تحاولان أن توجد مسافات التباعد بينها،وتأخذ في كل دور تلعبه تسمية فإذا تعلق الأمر بالزمن قلنا (قديم - حديث) وإذا تعلق بالجغرافيا قلنا (شرق – غرب) وإذا تعلق الأمر بالدين قلنا (مسيحي – إسلامي) وقد يكون بعده حضاري فنقول الحضارة العربية والإسلامية والحضارة الغربية . بين ضفتي المتوسط عاش المستشرق جاك بيرك حياته متجولا بين أطراف بلدانه يزداد علما وثقافة وارتباطا بخصائص هذه الحواضر. (shrink)

تسعى هذه الورقة العلمية لمحاولة منهجية يتم فيها تقديم نموذج هيكلي لتفسير الظاهرة الإجرامية من زوايا مكونات الشخصية " جسمي – عقلي – إجتماعي – وجداني " ، ففي ورقتنا هذه نضع تفسيرات نفسية للظاهرة الإجرامية ، ويكاد يكون المبرر الأساسي في ذلك أن الشخصية الإنسانية هي أهم و أكبر و يكاد يكون أشمل وعاء في علم النفس عموما و في علم النفس الجنائي خصوصا ، و عليه نحاول التأكيد على نموذج يجمع تفسيرات متعددة تحت مكونات الشخصية ، بالإضافة لنماذج (...) غير مطروقة في الكتابات العربية تركز بخاصة على بعض النماذج المستخدم في اللغويات العصبية كمقاربة إسقاطية على الظاهرة الإجرامية والجرائم المستحدثة. (shrink)

استهدفت الدراسة الكشف عن مستوى قلق الامتحان لدى تلاميذ البكالوريا وعلاقته بمتغيري النوع والتخصص الأكاديمي، تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي، وقد أجريت الدراسة على عينة قوامها (158) تلميذا وتلميذة تم اختيارهم بطريقة عرضية من ثانويات بولاية تيارت، ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة طبق مقياس قلق الامتحان لحامد زهران (1999) وقد أسفرت النتائج عن وجود مستوى مرتفع لقلق الامتحان لدى عينة البحث، كما تبين وجود فروق في متوسطات درجات قلق الامتحان تعزى لمتغير النوع ولصالح الإناث، ووجود فروق في متوسطات درجات قلق الامتحان تعزى لمتغير (...) التخصص ولصالح العلميين. (shrink)

الكتاب الذي نضعه بين أيدس القارئ عبارة عن سلسلة من المحاضرات اليومية موسومة بأسبوع الترجمة: الجزء الأول احتفاء باليوم العالمي للترجمة. تم إلقاءها على مسامعنا من قبل أعمدة الترجمة في الوطن العربي عبر تقنية التحاضر المرئي زووم من 24 سبتمبر لغاية 29 سبتمبر. توجت بمؤتمر علمي دولي يوم 30 من الشهر نفسه.

هذا العمل عبارة عن مؤلف جماعي دولي حول فعاليات المؤتمر العلمي الدولي الموسوم بـ : دور الترجمة في التواصل بين الشعوب. مؤتمر خاص بأسبوع الترجمة احتفاء باليوم العالمي للترجمة شارك فيه ثلة من الباحثين عبر الزووم من مختلف الجامعات العربية والغربية للتحدث عن الترجمة، ودورها في التواصل بين الشعوب على اختلاف لغاتها وثقافاتها. -/- .

ميتافيزيقيا المعاناة كتابة: جياني فاتيمو ترجمة: وليم العوطة -/- ينتقد الكاتبُ التقليدَ الغربي الطويل في تمجيد الألم الجسديّ والذهنيّ بوصفه وسيلةً مفضّلة في ‏تعلّم الحقائق الأساسية. تشكّل هذه المثلنة[الأمثلة] للألم والأسى، وللزهدِ عامّةً، جزءًا أساسيًا من ‏الميتافيزيقيا الغربية، وبوصفها كذلك فقد ألقت بأثرها على الطبّ الغربي والحقول الأخرى، بما فيها ‏التحليل النفسيّ. يمكن أيضًا توسيع نقد هايدجر للميتافيزيقيا الغربية ليطال أيديولوجيتنا الحالية في ‏الإنكار، وبمعارضتها يضع الكاتب قبولَ المرء بتاريخيته الجذرية.‏ .

ملخّـــــــــــــــص. بشارات، أحمد محمد. الالتفات في السّرد القرآني. رسالة دكتوراه في جامعة اليرموك. 2015م. (المشرف: أ.د. يوسف أبو العدوس). يعرض البحث ثلاث قضايا: الأولى، بنية الالتفات النصّي في محاولة لإجراء مفهوم يصدق على التشكّل البنيوي للالتفات النصّي، بإقامة تقابلات وظيفية بين الالتفات ووظيفتين في الدراسات السّرديّة: وظيفة الحافز ووظيفة التحفيز. إنّ الالتفات النصّي يتشكّل وفقًا للاعتبار الدلاليّ؛ فالتصوّر الشّكلي(=البنيّة التركيبية) غير وارد في إقامة مفهوم وظيفيّ للالتفات النصّي؛ أي أنّ بنيّة الالتفات بنيّة فوق صرفيّة(=صيغة الكلمة)، وفوق نحوية(=مسند ومسند إليه=جملة)، فالالتفات (...) النصّي مختلف عن الالتفات في الدّرس البلاغيّ القديم(=التفات الضمائر والأفعال...)؛ فقد يكون الالتفات النصّي مسندًا، أو إسنادًا، أو عدة جمل متتابعة(=آية أو عدة آيات في هذا البحث). والقضية الثانية، إجراء تحليل بنيويّ للالتفات النصّي في الخطاب القرآني، فالالتفات النصّي بناء لسانيّ مثير للاهتمام من جهتي الشكل والمعنى، إذ يتعالق الالتفات بمستويات واسعة من البناء النصّي في الخطاب القرآني، يدعو هذا إلى تحليل بنيّة التعالق اللسانيّ بإقامة الروابط البنيويّة في مستوى واسع من الخطاب القرآني، وهو ما قدّمه البحث في وظيفتيّ الإحالة والتكرار. والقضية الثالثة، محاولة إجراء مقاربات في المعنى، إذ يتعالق نصّ الالتفات بمستويات دلاليّة منفتحة، فمثلاً يتعالق الالتفات "وَلَنْ تَفْعَلُوا" (24\البقرة) في فكرة الإعجاز في آيات التحدي في مستوى واسع من المعنى، إذ يقدّم التحدي وظيفة مركزية في القضاء على اعتقاد الآلهة، وإقامة الاعتقاد لله وحده؛ لقد وُضِع المشكّكون في حرج، إذ يتوجب على آلهتهم أن تقدّم لهم خطابًا إلهيًا. وفي جانب آخر لم يجر التحدي في منحىً وظيفيّ واحد، فالتحدي بسورة غير التحدي بعشر سور، والتحدي بسورة وبعشرٍ غيره في مثلية القرآن {فَلْيَأْتُوا بِحَدِيثٍ مِثْلِهِ} (34\الطور)؛ إنّ هذه التحولات الوظيفية في سرديّة التحدي تقدّم ثلاثة أمور مهمة-وفق هذا البحث على الأقلّ- أ-وظيفة توحيد الله، ب-وظيفة حفظ الخطاب الإلهي مقابلاً للتحريف والافتراء، ج-الوظيفة التواصلية(= الوحي من طريق جبريل) مقابلاً لقولهم إنّ الرسول كاهن أو شاعر أو مجنون، فالمشككون يعتقدون تواصليةً في الكهنة والسحر مع عالم الجنّ، فأسقطوا ذلك على الخطاب الإلهي. -/- . (shrink)

The phenomenon of ambivalence is an important one for any philosophy of action. Despite this importance, there is a lack of a fully satisfactory analysis of the phenomenon. Although many contemporary philosophers recognize the phenomenon, and address topics related to it, only Harry Frankfurt has given the phenomenon full treatment in the context of action theory - providing an analysis of how it relates to the structure and freedom of the will. In this paper, I develop objections to Frankfurt's account, (...) all revolving around the charge that his account contains a serious ambiguity between willing and identifying. With such objections in place, I then develop an analysis that avoids the difficulties and ambiguities that Frankfurt's analysis is prey to. I briefly distinguish ambivalence from other types of internal conflict. This paper aims to offer conceptual clarification on the phenomenon of ambivalence, which will then allow for discussions about the normative merits and demerits of ambivalence, the effects of ambivalence on autonomous action, and methods of resolution of ambivalence. (shrink)

I årtusenden har människan försökt definiera livet – hur levande djur och växter skiljer sig från död materia. Problemet är dock att livet är mångfacetterat, och varje regel har sitt undantag. Vi försöker möta kommande utmaningar med nya livsformer, genom att lyfta fram en ny definition av liv.

These days, Thin-client devices are continuously accessing the Internet to perform/receive diversity of services in the cloud. However these devices might either has lack in their capacity (e.g., processing, CPU, memory, storage, battery, resource allocation, etc) or in their network resources which is not sufficient to meet users satisfaction in using Thin-client services. Furthermore, transferring big size of Big Data over the network to centralized server might burden the network, cause poor quality of services, cause long respond delay, and inefficient (...) use of network resources. To solve this issue, Thinclient devices such as smart mobile device should be connected to edge computing which is a localized near to user location and more powerful to perform computing or network resources. In this paper, we introduce a new method that constructs its architecture on Thin-client -edge computing collaboration. Furthermore, present our new strategy for optimizing big data distribution in cloud computing. Moreover, we propose algorithm to allocate resources to meet Service Level Agreement (SLA) and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Our simulation result shows that our proposed approach can improve resource allocation efficiently and shows better performance than other existing methods. (shrink)

In this paper, we propose a new hybrid neutrosophic multi criteria decision making (MCDM) framework that employs a collection of neutrosophic analytical network process (ANP), and order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) under bipolar neutrosophic numbers. The MCDM framework is applied for chief executive officer (CEO) selection in a case study at the Elsewedy Electric Group, Egypt. The proposed approach allows us to assemble individual evaluations of the decision makers and therefore perform accurate personnel selection. The outcomes of (...) the proposed method are compared with those of the related works such as weight sum model (WSM), weight product model (WPM), analytical hierarchy process (AHP), multiobjective optimization based on simple ratio analysis (MOORA) and ANP methods to prove and validate the results. (shrink)

Abstract: malaria is one of the most frequent hemoparasitic infections in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Malaria in Sudan is the major public health problem. This study was aimed to investigate the association of intraleukocytic pigment with malaria infection (severity, diagnosis and prognosis), and to investigate the correlation of parasite density levels with Malaria Severity. A total of 176 participants was drawn from the population of sudanese patient above 5 years, who attended or were admitted to the Bashayer Hospital, with diagnosis (...) suggestive of malaria, they were selected for inclusion in the study. Blood films were examined first for malaria parasites diagnosis ,this was followed by detection of malaria pigment in both negative and positive films.Then Immunochromatography test was done, Subsequently haemoglobin concentration was determined. This study was approves that malaria pigment in peripheral blood leukocytes is evident for malaria disease , and makes the method of pigment determination appropriate and useful in malaria diagnosis, especially in patients with an illness consistent clinically with malaria but with negative blood smear due to haemolytic anaemia .A total of 176, 73 male and 103 female aged from 7 years to 69 years , drawn to Bashayer hospital with symptoms of malaria showed ICT positive result .Blood films were positive in 98(55.7%) and negative in 78 (44.3%) of patients . Malaria pigment was observed with the mean (22.07). There was an association between ICT and malaria pigment (P-value = 0.000).There was no association between BF and malaria pigment ( P-value = 0.40).This study also approved that malaria pigment can be used in prognosis, were thirty five patient showed complications(19.9%) and 141 showed no complication(80.1%) ,there was association between complications and malaria pigment ( P-value = 0.004) .This study also validates the presence of malaria pigment in leukocyte as a marker for disease severity, there was association between severity and malaria pigment (P-value = 0.02). While there is no association between density and severity (P-value = 0.980). So we conclued, intraleukocytic malaria pigment produced by parasites during intra erythrocytic development is associated with severe disease, mortality and it is a useful diagnostic indicator in anaemic patients with negative blood smears. The varied complexities of the current diagnostic methods make the method of pigment determination appropriate and useful. Secondly, malaria pigment is significantly associated with severe malaria. Thirdly, parasitaemia levels are neither associated nor correlated with malaria severity and therefore parasitaemia alone is not a reliable measure of malaria severity. We recommend the use of malaria pigment as marker for malaria disease severity. We recommend that parasitaemia should not be used alone as an indicator of malaria severity. We further recommend that, the presence of pigment in leukocytes to be adopted for diagnosis of malaria especially in cases of negative blood films, and recommend using malaria pigment as indicator for malaria prognosis. (shrink)

Abstract: In this work, polystyrene/waste tires composites were prepared using the melt-mixing method. The viscoelastic properties of PS and PS/composite have been evaluated and compared. These properties were studied using ARES-Rheometer under nitrogen atmosphere in parallel plate geometry with diameter 8 mm. The measurements are carried out over a wide range of temperatures ranged from 120°C to 220°C and frequencies from 100 to 0.1 radians per second. The dynamic and complex viscosity of the PS composites were studied and compared with (...) those of unfilled PS. The results showed that the frequency,  is shifted from 0.46 to 0.072 radians/s and the value of dynamic viscosity increases from 5.0104 to 1.3105 Pa.s by the addition of the rubber for PS. Zero-shear viscosity, 0 was found to be increased from is 9.5104 for PS/waste tire composite to 4.5104 for PS. The flow activation energy is calculated from 0 by using the rheometric software to be 1.063 105 and 1.46 105 J/mol.K for Ps and PS composite, respectively. (shrink)

Abstract: Polystyrene/waste tires composites were prepared in this study by incorporating small particles of waste tires into polydisperse commercial polystyrene (PS) in a melt-mixing method. The dynamic mechanical properties of PS and PS/composite were studied using ARES-Rheometer under nitrogen atmosphere in parallel plate geometry with diameter 8 mm. The measurements were carried out over a wide range of temperatures ranged from 120°C to 220°C and frequencies from 100 to 0.1 radians per second. The shear compliance of PS composite were studied (...) and compared with those of unfilled PS. The shear compliance were studied and evaluated. Where the values of J' at  = 0.06 radians/s are 110-4 and 5.310-5 Pa-1 for PS and PS composite, respectively At  = 0.1 radians/s the addition of the rubber alters the value of J'' from 1.610-4 to 8.410-5 Pa-1. That means the stability of PS is enhanced by the incorporation of the rubber. (shrink)

In this work, polystyrene/waste tires composites were prepared using the melt-mixing method.. The effect of the preparation conditions of the PS/waste tires composite is investigated in this work by using Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) technique. Stability at elevated temperatures were found to increase with the addition of waste tires to PS as confirmed by the results. GPC results indicate that the preparation conditions of the PS/waste tires composite has no effect on the Ps chains as indicated by GPC technique. The (...) signals of the GPC for unfilled and filled PS are similar. That evidences no thermo-mechanical chain degradation is taken place during the addition of the waste tires under the conditions of the melt-mixing process . (shrink)

Abū Ishāq al-Ṣaffār was one of scholars of the Western Qarakhānids’ period who followed the Kalām thought of al-Māturīdī (d. 333/944). His theological works Talkhīs al-adilla and Risāla fī al-kalām, his method in kalām, and frequent reference to his works by Ottoman and Arab scholars indicate that al-Ṣaffār is a respected and authorative Māturīdī theologian. The article focuses on his defense of the kalām. By adding a long introduction to Talkhīs about the naming, importance, and religious legitimacy of the science (...) of kalām, Saffār asserted that the kalām should be learned. When systematical vindication of the science of kalām is examined, it is understood that al-Ṣaffār is the first theologian who reserved a private and voluminous part for defensing the kalām among Ḥanafī-Māturīdīs. Even though he does not state its systematic, it can be understood that vindication of kalām in al-Ṣaffār divides into three parts as of explanation, demonstration and refutation. Al-Ṣaffār’s defending the science of kalām shows that there were opposite thoughts against kalām in the 4th/10th and 5th/11th centuries throughout in Transoxania. In this period Aṣḥāb al-Ḥadīth and Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ were the opposite fronts of kalām. In addition, he was trying to go beyond the oppositions of Ḥanafī jurists. His vindication is consistent and has scholarly depth because it is able to be against a strong opposition. -/- SUMMARY: Abū Ishāq Ibrahīm b. Ismāil Zāhid al-Ṣaffār al-Bukhārī is a scholar belonging to the Ḥanafī theological tradition which was improved by the contribution of Ḥanafī theologians who used thinking system of Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 150/767) as base and adopted Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī (d. 333/944) and his thoughts in historical process. The contents of his theological works Talkhīs al-adilla li-qawāʿid al-tawḥīd and Risāla fī al-Kalām, the method that he used, and references to his works made by Ottoman and Arab scholars indicate that he is an important Māturīdī theologian. The article focuses on his defense of the science of Kalām. -/- In Talkhīs al-adilla, there are two sections including the subject of naming, and importance and necessity of Kalām discipline. Here, the necessity of learning Kalām and its value are defended in detail. -/- Besides, rumors “Abū Ḥanīfa turned away from the science of Kalām in his doomsdays” and that “He prohibited to make occupation with Kalām completely” are evaluated. -/- When systematical vindication of the science of Kalām is examined, it is understood that al-Ṣaffār is the first theologian who reserved a private and voluminous part for defensing the Kalām among Ḥanafī Māturīdīs. Even if Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī, Abū al-Yusr al-Bazdawī (d. 493/1100) and Abū Muʿīn al-Nasafī (d. 508/1115) defend that the science of Kalām is not wrong for religion; yet, the vindication of Kalām does not take a place under a separate title and in a detailed manner in any of Māturīdī theologians works. -/- The method that al-Ṣaffār used when he is defending the science of Kalām, differs from strategy of Abū Ḥanīfa. While Abū Ḥanīfa has mentioned that there is a need for the science of Kalām under these new circumstances, al-Ṣaffār has defended theologians who were charged with being Ahl al-Bidaʿ, by trying to prove that the prophets especially the Prophet Ibrāhīm, even the Companions of the Prophet Muḥammad (Ṣaḥāba) and the Successors of the Companions (Tābiʿūn) scholars use their minds and make arguments in religious matters. In this respect, he emphasizes that the Qurʾān orders to think and discuss gently, not to be stay in silence: “And dispute with them, using what is best” (16.125-126). Therefore, he states that this discipline which took a mission to explain and defend the creed of Islam (ʿaqīda), cannot be characterized as an innovation (bidʿah) or illicit. -/- His vindication method can be defined as a more developed type of method that Abu’l-Ḥasan al-Ash’arī’s (d. 324/935) used in Risāla fī istiḥsān al-khawḍ fī ʿilm al-kalām. Even though he does not state its systematic, it can be understood that vindication of Kalām in al-Ṣaffār divides into three parts as of explanation, demonstration and refutation: -/- a) Explanation: Explaining the necessity and importance of the science of Kalām by giving information about its definition, names, value and place among other principles. -/- b) Demonstration: Revealing the religious basics of the science of Kalām from the Qurʾān, the Sunna of the Prophet Muḥammad, the Companions of the Prophet, and the Successors of the Companions thus specifying that it is legitimate for religion. -/- c) Refutation: Replying the claims having aim to weaken the value of Kalām principle and its religious legality. -/- Al-Ṣaffār describes ‘the science of Kalām’ as ‘Knowing the Real with the evidences which help to reach the absolute information’. By allocating the concept of 'Ḥaqq', he repeats the definition of Kalām as “it is to know God with certain evidences” in a part of his work, and “it is to know the principles of religion (uṣūl al-dīn) with certain evidences” in another part. He describes Kalām as “Knowing ḥaqq / God / uṣūl al-dīn by depending on evidence”, and tries to prove that it is wrong to consider a science which performs the stated duty, as illicit and abominable and thus turn away from it. -/- Al-Ṣaffār thinks that it is right to call this principle as ‘Kalām’ because of the certain evidences leading to the truth that this science has used. This thought was defended by other theologians as well. -/- For example, according to Saʿd al-Dīn Masʿūd al-Taftazānī (d. 792/1310) it seems like to say “This is the word (kalām), not the other knowings” by the way of the power of evidences used in Kalām.Thus, it is appropriate to give name Kalām for this science which based on certain evidences. -/- Al-Ṣaffār’s explanations revealed in scope of vindication of the Kalām are adopted by some of following scholars. Ḥusām al-Dīn al-Sighnāqī (d. 714/1314) in his book called al-Tasdīd sharḥ al-Tamhīd fī qawāʿid al-tawḥīd quotes Saffâr’s explanations as the same. -/- Al-Ṣaffār indicates that the method told in the Qurʾān is to reply questions about religion, beliefs and rejection instead of remaining in silence. The duty taken on by Kalām is this vindication activity performed by the prophets whose examples are described in the Qurʾān and which is legal and demanded. His way of thinking and vindication of the Kalām resembles that of Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī. Al-Māturīdī says, “Prophets and we were ordered to invite infidels to Islam. When this invitation happens, the respondents will ask for evidence and explanation, and discussion will be inevitable. Therefore, discussing and talking about subjects of Kalām is not objectionable”. -/- Thoughts of al-Māturīdī and al-Ṣaffār regarding the vindication of the Kalām were repeated by Nūr al-Dīn al-Ṣābūnī (d. 580/1184), and Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210) later. According to al-Ṣābūnī, the evidences put against deniers and especially the discussion made by the Prophet Ibrāhīm to defend his own belief, prove the legality of Kalām discipline. Likewise, according to al-Rāzī, the duty of Kalām is just an activity performed already in the Qurʾān and ordered to the prophets. At this point of view, since the prophets were leading to Kalām, banning this activity is nonsense. -/- According to al-Ṣaffār, the reason for why Abu Hanifa avoids his son Hammād from these discussions is that Abu Hanifa does not like discussions based on obstinate. Otherwise, it cannot be that Abū Ḥanīfa prohibits to learn Kalām and make discussion about Kalām. According to him, this behavior of Abū Ḥanīfa results from that people discussing with him are ignorant about the subject of Kalām, discussion turns to an obstinate, and coming to an end of discussion seems impossible. This comment of al-Ṣaffār is quoted in Miftāḥ al-saʿāda wa-miṣbāḥ al-siyāda by ʿIṣām al-Dīn Aḥmed b. Muṣṭafā Tashköprüzāde (d. 968/1561) and in Minaḥ al-rawḍ al-azhar fī sharḥ al-Fiqh al-akbar by ʿAlī b. Sulṭān Muḥammad al-Qārī (d. 1014/1606) as same as his words. -/- Al-Ṣaffār’s defending the science of Kalām shows that there were opposite thoughts against Kalām in the 4th/10th and 5th/11th centuries throughout in Transoxania.In this period Aṣḥāb al-Ḥadīth and Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ were the opposite fronts of Kalām. In addition, he was trying to go beyond the oppositions of Ḥanafī jurists (fuqahāʾ). Because some of the Ḥanafī jurists thought that Abū Ḥanīfa forsook occupation with the science of Kalām and even he prohibited his son to have interest in this discipline. But some of Ḥanafī theologians such as al-Māturīdī, al-Nasafī and al-Ṣaffār protested this thought which describes Abū Ḥanīfa as a banner for Kalām. -/- His vindication is consistent and has scholarly depth because it is able to be against a strong opposition. -/- His book Talkhīs al-adilla li-qawāʿid al-tawḥīd is a unique source in terms of containing vindication of the Kalām in detail and also influencing the approaches of the next period scholars. (shrink)

Big Data is a large-sized and complex dataset, which cannot be managed using traditional data processing tools. Mining process of big data is the ability to extract valuable information from these large datasets. Association rule mining is a type of data mining process, which is indented to determine interesting associations between items and to establish a set of association rules whose support is greater than a specific threshold. The classical association rules can only be extracted from binary data where an (...) item exists in a transaction, but it fails to deal effectively with quantitative attributes, through decreasing the quality of generated association rules due to sharp boundary problems. In order to overcome the drawbacks of classical association rule mining, we propose in this research a new neutrosophic association rule algorithm. The algorithm uses a new approach for generating association rules by dealing with membership, indeterminacy, and non-membership functions of items, conducting to an efficient decision-making system by considering all vague association rules. To prove the validity of the method, we compare the fuzzy mining and the neutrosophic mining. The results show that the proposed approach increases the number of generated association rules. (shrink)

Abstract: Waste polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipes were reused in the modification of commercially available bitumen. Waste PVC/ bitumen blends were prepared by melt-mixing method. Rheological characteristics of the neat bitumen and bitumen blends samples were investigated. The rheological properties were determined using an ARES- Rheometer (Rheometric Scientific, Co.) under nitrogen atmosphere in parallel plate geometry with diameter 25 mm. The measurements were performed over a wide range of temperatures ranged from -10°C to 60°C and frequencies from 100 to 0.1 radians per (...) second. Improvement in rheological properties. (shrink)

Abstract: Background: Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency prevalent in all age groups across the world is common in obesity and may play an important role in the risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MS). Objectives: This cross-sectional study is to evaluate the relationship between levels of adiponectin and circulating 25(OH)D, and its effect on metabolic biomarker among overweight/obese female students. Methods: Three hundred female students; with mean age 20.9 ± 3.2 years were attending the Aljouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia. They were randomly selected (...) from university during the studying year 2015 – 2016. Anthropometric and biochemical indices were determined. Results: The study showed 19% of the female’s student were either overweight or obese (15% and 4%, respectively). The frequency of MS diagnosis among the students was 17%, with 13% and 4% had either three or four risk factors, respectively. Overweight/obese subjects had significantly worse anthropometric and biochemical characteristics, including waist/hip ratio, blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose (BG), insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride levels (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (LDL-C), leptin, adiponectin, leptin/adiponectin ratio and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (HDL-C) compared to normal weight. Of the subjects diagnosed with MS, 59% had mild and 8.6% had severe 25(OH)D deficiency. There was negative association between 25(OH)D and both FBG and HOMA-IR among young women obese/overweight. Conclusion: In our study, it suggested that low level of adiponectin was strongly correlated with low 25(OH)D levels. Also, the prevalence of MS tends to increase with high occurrence rate of low circulating 25(OH)D levels that is, known cause poor glycemic control and prediction of cardiovascular outcomes. (shrink)

The study aimed to identify the level of organizational performance in ceramic companies in the Tenth of Ramadan City, where the researchers used the descriptive analytical method, through a questionnaire distributed. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are: the presence of a clear consensus of the study sample from the members of the senior management that all dimensions of the balanced scorecard variable are largely present in the ceramic companies under study, and the results (...) showed the approval of the study sample of workers in an average way on the application of the financial dimension and that it is applied Well, the approval of the study sample of the employees in an average way that tends to decline on the degree of application of the customer dimension and that it is applied by the senior management in an inappropriate way, the approval of the study sample of the employees in a large way on the degree of application of the internal operations dimension and that it is applied by the senior management in a large and appropriate way, approval The study sample of workers applying the learning and growth dimension is moderately low and it is applied inappropriately by the senior management. The study presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: working on clarifying and translating the vision and strategy of the institution, working on clarifying the strategy and linking it to the goals, planning and setting goals and arranging strategic initiatives, promoting strategic feedback. (shrink)

Abstract— Polystyrene/waste tires composites were prepared in this study by incorporating shredded waste tires into polydisperse polystyrene in a melt-mixing method. The dynamic mechanical properties of PS and PS/composite have been evaluated and compared. These properties were studied using ARES-Rheometer under nitrogen atmosphere in parallel plate geometry with diameter 8 mm. The measurements are carried out over a wide range of temperatures ranged from 120°C to 220°C and frequencies from 100 to 0.1 radians per second. The shear creep stress J(t) (...) and loss factor were studied and compared with those of unfilled PS. The dynamic mechanical properties and stability at elevated temperatures were found to increase with the addition of waste tires to PS as confirmed by the results. From the results, the value of J(t) modulus for PS/waste tire is higher than this for the original material of PS. The incorporation of the rubber to the PS changes the value of J(t) at 0.001 second from 5.610-6 to 3.710-6 Pa-1 for PS and PS/waste tire, respectively and this difference increases with time. This confirmed that PS/waste tire composite exhibits higher stability at 180°C for a long time than the original unfilled PS. At frequency  = 6.7102 radians/s , the value of tan increases about 20% by the incorporation of the rubber filler, due to the increase in the G'' modulus particularly at low frequencies in the flow regime. (shrink)

Expanding his collected essays on architectural theory and criticism, Chris Abel pursues his explorations across disciplinary and regional boundaries in search of a deeper understanding of architecture in the evolution of human culture and identity formation. From his earliest writings predicting the computer-based revolution in customised architectural production, through his novel studies on 'tacit knowing' in design or hybridisation in regional and colonial architecture, to his radical theory of the 'extended self', Abel has been a consistently fresh and provocative thinker, (...) contesting both conventions and intellectual fashions. This revised third edition includes a new introduction and six additional chapters by the author covering a broad range of related topics, up to recent concerns with genetic design methods and virtual selves. Together with the former essays, the book presents a unique global perspective on the changing cultural issues and technologies shaping human identities and the built environment in diverse parts of the world, both East and West (from the book cover). (shrink)

There has been little overt discussion of the experimental philosophy of logic or mathematics. So it may be tempting to assume that application of the methods of experimental philosophy to these areas is impractical or unavailing. This assumption is undercut by three trends in recent research: a renewed interest in historical antecedents of experimental philosophy in philosophical logic; a “practice turn” in the philosophies of mathematics and logic; and philosophical interest in a substantial body of work in adjacent disciplines, such (...) as the psychology of reasoning and mathematics education. This introduction offers a snapshot of each trend and addresses how they intersect with some of the standard criticisms of experimental philosophy. It also briefly summarizes the specific contribution of the other chapters of this book. (shrink)

This paper argues that new light may be shed on mathematical reasoning in its non-pathological forms by careful observation of its pathologies. The first section explores the application to mathematics of recent work on fallacy theory, specifically the concept of an ‘argumentation scheme’: a characteristic pattern under which many similar inferential steps may be subsumed. Fallacies may then be understood as argumentation schemes used inappropriately. The next section demonstrates how some specific mathematical fallacies may be characterized in terms of argumentation (...) schemes. The third section considers the phenomenon of correct answers which result from incorrect methods. This turns out to pose some deep questions concerning the nature of mathematical knowledge. In particular, it is argued that a satisfactory epistemology for mathematical practice must address the role of luck. (shrink)

A large amount of data is maintained in every Social networking sites.The total data constantly gathered on these sites make it difficult for methods like use of field agents, clipping services and ad-hoc research to maintain social media data. This paper discusses the previous research on sentiment analysis.

This paper interrogates Abdul Rasheed Abiodun Adeoye’s ‘neo-alienation’ directorial style’ as a viable directing technique on African theatre stage. The ‘neo-alienation’ style is an offshoot of Bertolt Brecht’s epic theatre that enhances the total theatre aesthetics and encourages actors’-audience’s relationship. It is a directorial style that has been tested severally on the Nigerian stage and proved worthy of exploration. Using the participant-observation and the deductive research methods, the theory shall be examined in relation to its usage in the production of (...) Adeoye’s The Smart Game- (A Neo- Alienation Script) and Wole Soyinka’s The Lion and the Jewel as directed by AbdulRasheed Abiodun Adeoye in 2002 and 2004 respectively. Thus, the study aims to archive and document the ‘neo alienation’ directing theory because of its immense aesthetics values to African plays and theatre directors. The study also showcases Adeoye as a conscientious theatre director, in whose works, other directors can learn from. The study concludes that the ‘neo-alienation’ aesthetics has been found to be a unique style full of theatrical spectacles that are capable of adding aesthetics and enhance African productions if explored. It is, therefore, recommended that Nigerian and African directors should work towards propounding at least a directorial style each which will add value to African theatre; the study also suggests that directors who have evolved their own directorial styles should endeavor to have them documented for posterity. (shrink)

Philosophy, right from its inception in antiquity, has always been a source of ideas, and inspiration for the transformation of society. In attempt to solve societal problems, philosophers ask critical questions and suggest rational answers to them just like some fundamental theories postulated by great thinkers in the past had been usefully applied to solve contemporary problems. Hence, using analytic method, this work makes vivid through criticism from the light of Plato’s notion on politic, the reason why Nigeria is where (...) she where and even in worst state of degenerating and decaying in all levels caused by wrong administration of her political system. The people can only live a good life if and only if the state is in good hands; those who hold common good at heart. (shrink)

This present study aims at exploring the meaning of the building of Santa Maria de Fatima Catholic Church (abbreviated as: SMFCC) or Toasebio Parish located in District Glodok, Jakarta, Indonesia. The author exposes in advance the meaning of the physical elements of the building SMFCC as understood by history writers and building experts. These meanings are not inseparable from the elements of human activities in the building. Through qualitative methods and literature review, the author describes in the Results section, how (...) those meanings can be further interpreted through the existing studies and expressions of the SMFCC Parish Head. It is found that these meanings are contested − from the direction of religious faith and of culture − but complete our understandings of the church which is well-known as an Indonesian cultural heritage and dominated by Chinese and pastors from Europe. (shrink)

Abstract: Background: Tuberculosis is a major public health problem world-wide, it is contagious disease caused by organism mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to assess the level of zinc and albumin in newly diagnosed patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Khartoum state. Methods: Fifty blood samples were collected from newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients during the period between April to May 2017, chosen randomly from Abu Anga Teaching Hospital and fifty blood samples from apparently healthy individuals serve as control (...) group. Estimation of serum albumin level was performed using spectrophotometer and estimation of serum zinc by using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results were analyzed by using (SPSS) computer program. Results: The study showed that, serum level of zinc and albumin were significantly decrease in patients compared to control group (mean± SD for cases versus control). For zinc :( 0.16±0.05 versus 0.58± 0.13 mg/l, P. value= 0.000). For albumin: (2.5±0.58 versus 4.1±0.31g/dl, P. value= 0.000). The result of this study showed that, there was statically significant decrease in the mean of BMI in patients compared to control group. Mean ±SD for case versus control (18.7±0.17 versus 21.5±1.7). The result of this study showed that, pulmonary tuberculosis most common among age between (20-39) years (52%) and (48%) of patients between age (40-58) years and this disease most abundant in males (78%) than females (22%). Persons correlation showed that there was no correlation between serum zinc level and age (r =-0.128, p. value=0.374) also there was no correlation between the level of serum albumin and age (r=0.137, p. value =0.344). Conclusion: The serum levels of zinc and albumin were significantly decreased in newly diagnosed patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Khartoum state. (shrink)

The study aimed to measure the effect of Crowdfunding financing on entrepreneurship aspirations in Arabic region. Population consists of members in (15) Crowdfunding Arabic platforms which are working with all models and online at (2018). Descriptive approach and a questionnaire used as a tool for this research. The results showed that Crowdfunding financing effect positively on entrepreneurship aspirations, Crowdfunding used mostly to finance small business or microfinance and charity. Add to that, Crowdfunding leads to financial efficiency and costs reduction, more (...) flexible payments methods and more opportunities for entrepreneurs. The study recommended the importance of entrepreneurship culture and its role in promoting entrepreneurs, the effect off Fintech and various e-banking and e-payments methods, and the need of more interest in innovation and creativity. (shrink)

The study aimed to identify the knowledge management processes and their role in achieving competitive advantage at Al-Quds Open University. The study was based on the descriptive analytical method, and the study population consists of academic and administrative staff in each of the branches of Al-Quds Open University in (Tulkarm, Nablus and Jenin). The researchers selected a sample of the study population by the intentional non-probability method, the size of (70) employees. A questionnaire was prepared and supervised by a number (...) of specialists in order to obtain the results of the study. The study concluded that there is a positive direct relationship, that is, the higher the degree of application of knowledge management processes, the greater the degree of competitive advantage. Knowledge Technology came first with a score of 80.02% on all items. Competitive advantage came second with 81.74%. In the third place came "knowledge generation" where the total score on all paragraphs in this area (78.24%). In the fourth place, "knowledge transfer" (77.21%). "Developing and storing knowledge" came in fifth place (77.13%). "Acquisition of knowledge" came in sixth place (76.45%). Knowledge Organization ranked seventh (74.26%). The study recommended that the university should enable the employees to benefit from the experiences and expertise available to help generate knowledge. The University encourages the creation of knowledge through the system of incentives and open the way for creators to apply their creations and spread and invest in excellence and creativity. The university should design work performance levels based on the integration of knowledge and organize it according to policies that support freedom of research. The need for Palestinian universities to adopt a knowledge management approach. The need to adopt a system of incentives that rewards cognitive efforts, and give workers enough freedom to enable them to apply their knowledge. (shrink)

Abstract: Heart attacks, or myocardial infarctions, are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Early prediction and accurate analysis of potential risk factors play a crucial role in preventing heart attacks and improving patient outcomes. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive review of datasets related to heart attack analysis and prediction. We begin by examining the various types of datasets available for heart attack research, encompassing clinical, demographic, and physiological data. These datasets originate from diverse sources, including hospitals, research institutions, (...) and public health agencies. Our analysis aims to identify common features, data quality, and potential biases in these datasets. Next, we explore the predictive modeling techniques employed in heart attack prediction. Machine learning algorithms, such as decision trees, support vector machines, and deep neural networks, have gained prominence in predicting heart attacks. We discuss the strengths and limitations of these methods and highlight recent advancements in predictive modeling. Furthermore, we delve into the critical risk factors associated with heart attacks. Factors such as age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, and cholesterol levels are examined for their significance in predicting cardiac events. We also investigate the role of lifestyle factors, including smoking, diet, and physical activity, in heart attack risk assessment. Additionally, this review addresses the importance of data preprocessing and feature engineering in improving prediction accuracy. Feature selection methods, missing data handling, and data scaling techniques are discussed to enhance the robustness of heart attack prediction models. In conclusion, this comprehensive dataset review provides valuable insights into the state of heart attack analysis and prediction. It serves as a resource for researchers and healthcare professionals seeking to better understand the datasets available for heart attack research and the methods employed for accurate prediction. Ultimately, our efforts in dataset analysis and predictive modeling contribute to the advancement of preventive cardiology and the reduction of heart attack-related morbidity and mortality. (shrink)