Una sociedad libre necesita de ciudadanos autónomos. La noción de autonomía va estrechamente relacionada con las de libertad y de responsabilidad, separada por lo tanto de sus opuestos, determinismo e irresponsabilidad. Ya no son posibles posiciones reduccionistas que partan de una visión determinista del ser humano y de la naturaleza, pero tampoco lo son aquellas que en nombre de la libertad promueven y justifican la inseguridad, la violencia, el nihilismo. Los seres humanos y la realidad social toda son multidimensionales, polifacéticos. (...) El color de la piel, las ideas, las culturas, poseen una infinidad de matices imposible de encerrar en fórmulas inmutables. Por ende, es en una educación trazada desde el horizonte de la antropología trascendental donde se resolverán satisfactoriamente los reduccionismos de tipo psicologista o sociologista, precisamente porque en ella se reconoce el carácter sublime de la persona en cuanto ser libre destinándose. Palabras clave: Constructivismo- Reduccionismo- Antropología trascendental Abstract A free society needs autonomous citizens. The notion of autonomy is closely linked with the freedom and responsibility, therefore separate of their opposites, determinism and irresponsibility. They are no longer possible positions reductionist that draw upon a deterministic view of human beings and nature, but then neither are those who in the name of freedom, promote and justify the insecurity, violence, nihilism. Human beings and social reality all are multidimensional, multifaceted. Have the color of the skin, ideas, cultures, infinity of nuances impossible to lock up in immutable formulas. Thus, it is in an education from the horizon of the transcendental anthropology which will resolve satisfactorily the reductionism of type psychologistic or sociologistic, precisely because she recognizes the sublime person character as soon as be free aiming. (shrink)

Las actuales circunstancias políticas y culturales nos sumergen en una realidad paradojal, por un lado se exaltan la subjetividad, la autonomía, la independencia y al mismo tiempo se constriñen las libertades pretendiendo reducir todas las voluntades a una masa informe pero obediente al mandato de una conciencia colectiva omnipresente. Para una cabal comprensión de la realidad y alcances de la libertad humana se hace imprescindible entonces remitirnos a los horizontes de comprensión que nos brinda la Antropología, particularmente la (...) class='Hi'>Antropología Trascendental, pues emerge como una respuesta clara, profunda y a grandes interrogantes de nuestro tiempo. (shrink)

La pregunta por el modo de orientar la vida se revela como una de las más serias y apremiantes. Tanto en su acepción sacra, que remite a una llamada trascendente, como en su concepción laica, que vincula el sentimiento de felicidad con la propia realización personal, la palabra vocación quiere indicar el modo adecuado que sigue el sujeto para desempeñarse con éxito en la vida. Quizá por ello, cuando se habla de vocación resuenan aquellos elementos que componen la identidad del (...) ser humano: corporeidad y espiritualidad, intimidad y relacionalidad, inteligencia y sensibilidad, conciencia y libertad, biografía personal e historia colectiva. El desencanto causado por la «liquidez» axioló­gica, la demagogia política, el pragmatis­mo económico, la incertidumbre eco­lógica, el narcisismo digital y la uniformidad cultural en los que parece haberse instalado la antropología del trashombre, urge a elaborar un nuevo modelo de orientación vocacional que enseñe a vivir desde la «autotrascendencia» y la «ultimidad personal», o sea, desde la alteridad, la relación, la libertad y el don. Puesto que, sin vocación, el ser personal se condena a tratarse y ser tratado con indiferencia. (shrink)

RESUMEN Este libro contiene guías prácticas para aprender filosofía y destinadas principalmente a estudiantes de Filosofía Social. Proporciona sugerencias de actividades y fotografías a utilizar en las investigaciones. El objetivo principal es ayudar a los estudiantes a encontrar formas de hacer filosofía como una experiencia vivida. Las actividades se basan en teorías pedagógicas y filosóficas que promueven el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico y complejo: Epistemología de la complejidad de Edgar Morin, las propuestas metodológicas de Matthew Lipman y la Antropología (...) trascendental de Leonardo Polo. ABSTRACT -/- This book contains practical guides to learn philosophy mainly for students of Social Philosophy. It provides suggestions of activities and photographs to use in the enquiries. The main objective is helping students to find ways to make philosophy as a lived experience. The activities are based in pedagogical and philosophical theories which promote the development of critical and complex thinking: Complexity epistemology of Edgar Morin, the Methodological proposals by Matthew Lipman and the Transcendental Anthropology of Leonardo Polo. (shrink)

La presente investigación se propone mostrar la génesis y desarrollo de la tentativa matriz de la filosofía de Gilles Deleuze, el empirismo trascendental. Para ello, se realizará una revisión de las problemáticas por las que atraviesa dicha tentativa a lo largo de la obra de este pensador. Cuidadosa atención recibirán a propósito de la génesis del empirismo trascendental el problema del hábito y el de la constitución de la subjetividad, que Deleuze reconoce en Hume (Empirisme et subjectivité, 1953). (...) A partir de ellos, se establecerán los caracteres principales del que se identifica como problema de los principios, en cuyo seno se define una relación particular entre principio y génesis. Gracias al establecimiento riguroso de dicha relación, Deleuze integra los aportes del empirismo y los de la filosofía trascendental bajo una misma propuesta filosófica. Esta propuesta tendrá a la vista el desarrollo de una crítica sistemática hacia lo dado, con lo cual tanto el objeto como el sujeto del pensar precisarán ser sometidos a una indagación acerca de su génesis. Definido el empirismo trascendental como la tentativa filosófica que apunta a pensar la génesis trascendental o actualización de lo dado, esta investigación espera dar cuenta del ámbito de dicha génesis así como de los principios de determinación que la rigen. Para ello se estudiarán las nociones de campo trascendental, plan de inmanencia y continuo ideal (Différence et répétition, 1968; Logique du sens, 1969). Al abordar esta última noción, se pondrá especial interés en dilucidar la reformulación que efectúa Deleuze de los princip ios de razón suficiente, de indiscernibilidad y de continuidad de Leibniz (Le Pli, 1988). (shrink)

El Naturalismo Trascendental del Ultimo Wittgenstein The present article considers an internal tension in Wittgenstein's late philosophy. In what I call his 'naturalism', Wittgenstein circumscribes philosophical reflection to natural objects, to «making natural history». In his 'transcendentalism' he focuses on the «possibility of phenomena» and distinguishes philosophical method from the method of the natural sciences. I show that his 'transcendentalism' is present in his discussion of rules and prívate language, arguing for an interpretation in terms of a kantian type (...) of transcendental synthesis. But far from contradicting his 'naturalism', both tendencies are inseparable and essential to the main purpose of his Philosophical Investigations. (shrink)

Los estudios sociológicos permiten en La aventura de Miguel Littín clandestino en Chile (1986) de Gabriel García Márquez revelar una dinámica existente entre dos elementos: el primero, la configuración de la obra literaria sobre la base de referentes históricos que construyen la memoria colectiva y el imaginario de la sociedad chilena; el segundo, el cuestionamiento del concepto de democracia en función de un periodo dictatorial chileno necesario (golpe de Estado de 1973, exilio y violación de los derechos humanos) para el (...) desarrollo trascendental de una nación, apoyada con la Dina, la CNI, las Fuerzas Armadas y otros organismos anticriminales. (shrink)

El trabajo explora el concepto de alteridad (Mitsein) en Martin Heidegger como una determinación trascendental de la existencia humana. En conformidad con su crítica a toda subjetividad trascendental y a todo acceso reflexivo a la alteridad, Heidegger sostiene la co-originiaridad del estar-con, el estar-en-el-mundo y el ser-sí -mismo. El carácter trascendental de estar-con (Mitsein) supone una profunda modificación del sentido mismo de subjetividad trascendental en beneficio de una “trascendentalidad existencial”, en la cual la propia alteridad se (...) inscribe originariamente. (shrink)

In the beginning of the paper, the author analyses Hofmannsthal’s development against the newest archaeological discoveries regarding ancient Greece and the spiritual and artistic tendencies of the era when Hofmannsthal worked. In “Electra” Hofmannsthal abandons his artistic concept of l’art pour l’art. In the mythological experience, which derives from non-rational and non-linguistic forms of existence, Hofmannsthal sees the existence of an ecstatic unity that binds us with the nature. In the archaic offering and archaic dance there is a magic power (...) which should create the essence of the poetic symbol. (shrink)

The aim of the article is to show a new interpretation of Nicolás Gómez Dávila’s philosophy by means of an analysis of his early work Textos I. In the article it is demonstrated that the ten essays of this book, apparently dispersed, are connected thematically around the big questions of philosophical anthropology. They also can be described as phenomenological exercises from the methodological point of view. A philosophical hermeneutic of the Dávila’s work, attending different moments of his philosophy and rejecting (...) the will to find a total system of thinking in a fragmented work, must be put forward. (shrink)

Introduction to the symposia on Pragmatism and Perfectionism appered on the European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy, vol. 2 issue 2, 2010.

L'antropologia filosofica e l'antropologia politica nei loro punti di convergenza verso la libertà.

Las últimas décadas del siglo XX hasta nuestros días parecen estar mostrando un continuo abandono de la filosofía para explicar los temas del mundo y del hombre, más específicamente, el abandono de la metafísica. ¿Se está olvidando la metafísica?, ¿se trata de un saber perimido, reservado sólo para especialistas de estudios clásicos? En esta comunicación pretendo señalar, en primer lugar la actualidad e importancia de la reflexión en torno a la antropología filosófica, y en segundo, la insoslayable necesidad de (...) contar con una metafísica como saber de supuestos. Toda antropología se basa en una idea de hombre, en una filosofía que intenta explicar quién es el ser humano. La ciencia no puede dar una respuesta cabal a dichos supuestos, porque su estatuto epistemológico asume como hechos de experiencia la constitución psico-física humana y su comportamiento. La filosofía, en cambio, indaga acerca del por qué del ser humano, no solo de sus aspectos fenomenológicos, sino el sustrato que lo constituye. Mucho se ha oído hablar de la crisis de la metafísica, sin embargo, a pesar de “tantos sepultureros” que desean enterrarla, ella se sigue presentando para reclamar respuestas fundamentales, radicales. ¿Por qué tanto rechazo? Este es un tema que nos puede dar para pensar y debatir en el Congreso que celebramos. Hay propuestas de una “renovación de la metafísica” que viene de corrientes personalistas, pero también hay sugerencias estimulantes desde la Filosofía Analítica, ¿merece la pena el intento? Quisiera recordar que las preguntas que se oyen en nuestras aulas de Filosofía remiten a explicaciones de hondo calado acerca del hombre, si deseamos plantear una antropología filosófica que no se quede en medianías, tal vez haya que analizar la vuelta a esa reflexión de ultimidades. (shrink)

Philosophical Anthropology treatie in portuguese language.

Convinced that anthropology constitutes the nucleus of K. Wojtyla's thought, the author attempts to discover what kind of anthropology is at the basis of Wojtyla's philosophical writings and the implications of that anthropology. The analysis of the basic structures of Wojtyla's anthropology (the experience of that which occurs and that of action, the structure of the person-act, the transcendence of the person in truth, gift, etc.) leads the author to hold that Wojtyla's philosophy can be considered a coherent metaphysics of (...) the person since the person who acts is not just the method (the conscience of the action), but also the object of study and, above all, the end, that is, to know and to make known to the person his special dignity. Regarding the contribution of Wojytla's anthropology, the author identifies two central themes: the relationship between person and act, and relationality. Regarding the former, Wojtyla effects a synthesis of metaphysics of being and phenomenology: the person is not relative to his acts, because he is a suppositum; nonetheless, the person is in close relationship to his acts. If it were not for these acts the person could not even know himself as subject and could not perfect himself as a person. Regarding the latter, Wojtyla sustains that the person is not person in the singular but in the plural, since each person is in relation with all the others, and this is shown from the phenomena of participation, solidarity, and, above all, donation. The author concludes by sustaining that the multiplicity and the original relationality of the person is one of the aspects of Wojtyla's anthropology that would be worthy of further study. (shrink)

The aim of my paper is to show how the two concepts of psychology and anthropology are linked in the philosophical reflection of some german authors between the end of 19th and the beginning of the 20th century: I discuss in particular the theories of W. Dilthey, W. Wundt, T. Lipps, W. Windelband and H. Cohen. I find a line of demarcation that divides their theoretical positions and concerns the role that psychology should play in relationship to the investigation on (...) the human nature. In front of statements for which psychology represents the basis for an anthropological proposal there are philosophical assumptions according to which such an idea has to be comprehended as a form of anthropologism or psychologism. Instead of studying facts and connections of facts a well founded anthropological research should be transcendental and start from the Kantian question about the conditions of the possibility of the human nature. (shrink)

This study divides some of the philosophical anthropologies developed after the Holocaust into three frameworks. To do this the author shows how the present modern crisis is an anthropological one and unites the sum of the different crisis dimensions mankind is currently facing. The article approaches the postmodern journey from its two routes—the relativistic and the metaphysical. The second is presented as “status quo-oriented” or as a form of modernized democracy. Because of its popularity, the neologism “transhumanism” is here examined (...) togeth er with the hypothetical coming of a post-human era. This in turn is viewed as a revival of the illustrated myth of the happy world. The author first offers a “status quo” criticism “transhumanism” from the metaphysical anthropology viewpoint and then proposes an approach to a “third way, that is, the convergence of other anthropologies revolving around a person’s dignity born of his or her metaphysical roots together with a recovery of the value of human carnality. The article concludes by putting the different philosophers’ viewpoints face-to-face with the Person of Jesus Christ. (shrink)

Kant's Notion of "Transcendental Truth". [English] The aim of this work is to elucidate the notion of “transcendental truth” and to show its role in the Kantian system. I will argue that this notion is in line with the traditional definition of truth, i.e., that it consists in the correspondence between knowledge and object. I will also argue that criteria of transcendental truth are provided by transcendental logic, and that it is this notion of truth what makes it possible to (...) establish the truth of a priori knowledge and delimitate the field of empirical truth. [Español] El objetivo de este trabajo es dilucidar la noción de “verdad trascendental” y mostrar su lugar en el sistema kantiano. Se defenderá que la verdad trascendental consiste, en línea con la definición tradicional de verdad, en un sentido de correspondencia entre conocimiento y objeto, que la lógica trascendental establece criterios de verdad trascendental, y que es esta noción de verdad la que permite establecer la verdad del conocimiento a priori y delimitar el territorio de la verdad empírica. (shrink)

This article approaches the reflections of Paul Ricoeur regarding testimony to befound in his work Memory, History,Forgetting. Through reading of this work, we pos-tulate the idea that to consider others as readers or spectators of our actions forms animportant part of the construction of human subjectivity. The thesis that subjectivityarises as a discourse towards the other is proposed here, inasmuch as human experi-ences are transmitted narratively in the form of testimony, which stands as an examplefor the understanding of the experiences (...) of the past. (shrink)

This paper focuses on elucidating the manner in which, funded upon Feuerbach’s peculiar sen- sualist philosophical anthropology found in his early work Gedanken über Tod und Übsterlichkeit (1830), a notion of history is raised which tends towards an immanence and anti-theological ap- proach, where memory takes on a fundamental role as a becoming-communicable of the subject. History, according to a young Feuerbach, is to be understood as an uninterrupted process of commu- nal remembrance, in which individual man finds his transcendence. (...) -/- El presente trabajo se concentrará en elucidar de qué manera, sobre la peculiar antropología filosó- fica sensualista feuerbachiana que encontramos en su obra temprana Gedanken über Tod und Übsterlichkeit (1830), se erige una noción de la historia que abona por un enfoque inmanentista y anti-teológico, en donde el recuerdo asume un rol fundamental en tanto un hacerse-comunicable del sujeto. La historia, para el joven Feuerbach, se entendería ella misma como un ininterrumpido proceso de recordación comunitaria, en la que el hombre individual encontraría su trascendencia. (shrink)

Los autores son miembros del grupo Ciencia, Razón y Fe (CRYF) de la Universidad de Navarra, y llevan trabajando en este grupo de forma interdisciplinar durante casi una década en temas de antropología y ética. Como dice Javier Bernácer en el prólogo de este libro, los profesores Montoya Camacho y Giménez Amaya han realizado una obra profunda, académica, y al mismo tiempo de fácil lectura. Los autores apoyándose en el filósofo anglosajón Alasdair MacIntyre señalan que «la fragilidad del ser (...) humano es un elemento vertebral de su actuar ético». Una vez que se descubre de modo natural el sentido de la vulnerabilidad, tanto propia como ajena, el ser humano desarrolla una serie de virtudes, que, por definición, llevan a la culminación de una vida realizada: la felicidad como eudemonía. No es el camino más fácil, pero sí el más directo a una existencia llena de sentido. [Portada e índice]. (shrink)

Abstract: In the past fifteen years Tugendhat has tentatively proposed to recover the role of anthropology as the core philosophical discipline or first philosophy. This peculiar return to the German thinking of the ‘20s is, on the one hand, a projection of the author’s whole intellectual evolution. On the other hand, it allows us to focus on classic epistemological problems of philosophical anthropology such as its object and contents, its method, and its place among other philosophical studies. The present paper (...) criticizes Tugendhat’s position, yet considers this sort of return to Kant as valuable, a return that sees anthropology as the core and ultimate self-reflective telos of philosophy. -/- Key Words: Ends of reason. Human vulnerability. Kant. Metaphilosophy. Self-reflection. (shrink)

Gregory of Nyssa’s treatise 'De opificio hominis' was one of the only Greek anthropological texts translated into latin during the early Middle Ages, by Dionysius Exiguus between the late 5th and early 6th centuries and by John Scotus Eriugena in the 9th century. Nicholas of Cusa certainly became acquainted with this work indirectly through the extensive citations in Eriugena’s 'Periphyseon' and through their partial reproduction in the 'Clavis physicae' of Honorius Augustodunensis. Our paper will analyse these and other possible ways (...) of reception –both direct and indirect– of Gregory's text by Cusanus, as well as the influence of certain philosophical themes of Nyssen’s anthropology in his thought, such as the conception of the 'imago Dei', of its ‘living’ character and its simplicity, the incomprehensibility of human intellect or mind (noûs) and theories regarding human free will and man as microcosm. (shrink)

"Siamo come lucciole che hanno disimparato a illuminare e che prima si sono messe a girare attorno alla lanterna magica dell'ideale ascetico e ora attorno alle insegne pubblicitarie al neon. Lucciole che hanno scordato d’avere una potenzialità di orientatività preziosa nel proprio sistema affettivo" (G. Cusinato, La totalità incompiuta, Milano 2008, 314). Che cos'è una persona? Come si costituisce concretamente l'identità personale? Che rapporto c'è fra identità personale e identità psichica? C'è coincidenza fra persona e homo sapiens? La persona è (...) ancora oggi, nonostante tutto, al centro del dibattito filosofico, sociologico, giuridico e bioetico, eppure la sua dimensione sembra sfuggire continuamente alle reti concettuali e alle categorie epistemologiche della scienza. In questo lavoro si propone una fenomenologia della persona a partire dal confronto con la teoria dei sistemi autopoietici di Maturana e Varela e dei sistemi sociali di Luhmann, mettendo in luce che la persona non può essere considerata un sistema autopoietico. La persona si delinea piuttosto come un sistema excentrico che si costituisce mediante l'esecuzione dell'atto. Questa prospettiva viene esplorata attraverso un dialogo serrato con l'antropologia filosofica tedesca, la stessa che all'inizio del Novecento mette in luce che l'uomo non ha un'essenza precostituita e proprio per questo necessita di un processo di Bildung. L'antropologia filosofica di Scheler e Plessner nasce nella Germania degli anni Venti in un periodo ancora fluido in cui l'eclissi delle tradizionali concezioni dell'uomo non aveva ancora lasciato il posto alla cristallizzazione totalitaria dell'uomo di massa che si sarebbe imposta negli anni Trenta. (shrink)

Estudio de la visión marxiana acerca del ser humano a partir de las categorías alienación y praxis.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to discern the subtitle on 2004 Marc Richir’s book, Phantasia, imagination, affectivité. Phénoménologie et anthropologie phénoménologique. Traditionally, Phenomenology has been elusive to link to Anthropology. However, Richir gives its importance including it into the title of his book. Husserl first, and then Richir, facing the Cartesian solipsist subjectivity outline, propose the concept of intersubjectivity. Community prevails over an individual and generalizing self. The other, then, becomes our incarnation, a live-­‐‑incarnation, it defines our own (...) self, as long as it is done from a de-­‐‑anchoring, that is to say, there is a union in distance, it is the intersubjectivity tissue. The community, therefore, shapes up, but it is not uniform yet it is always a whole. The concept of Phantasieleib plays a significant role in this community, this Richirianne concept is very important to grasp the movement between fantasy and language, also, it is very influential in actual phenomenologists as Murakami. This movement is also key in language and phenomena language, furthermore, is also relevant in the Inter-­‐‑subjectivity Foundation. Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es discernir el subtítulo de Marc Richir, del 2004, a saber, Phantasia, imagination, affectivité. Phénoménologie et anthropologie phénoménologique. Tradicionalmente, la fenomenología se ha mostrado reticente a vincularse a la antropología. Por el contrario, Richir le confiere una importancia al incluirlo en dicho título. Frente al planteamiento cartesiano de una subjetividad solipsista, primero Husserl y después Richir, proponen la intersubjetividad. La comunidad prevalece ante la individualidad de un yo generalizador. El otro se convierte en nuestra encarnación, una encarnación viva, define nuestro propio yo, siempre que se haga en un des-­‐‑anclaje, es decir, se produce una unión en la distancia, es el tejido de la intersubjetividad. La comunidad, por tanto, toma forma, pero, no es uniforme, aunque está siempre unida. El concepto de Phantasieleib juega un papel fundamental en dicha comunidad, este concepto richiriano es muy importante para comprender el movimiento entre phantasia y pensamiento, además, de suponer una gran influencia en los fenomenólogos actuales como Murakami. Este movimiento es también importante en el lenguaje y los fenómenos del lenguaje, a su vez, relevante también en la fundamentación de la intersubjetividad. (shrink)

The Question of Truth in Kant’s Transcendental Logic [English] In the third section of the “Introduction” to transcendental logic, Kant dedicates a couple of paragraphs to the subject of truth (KrV B82-83). Based on this passage, Kant’s com¬mentators have justified various and sometimes contradictory interpretations of the Kantian notion of truth. However, few have analyzed the passage in its own context, that is, as part of the strategy to introduce the idea of transcendental logic. In this work, I intend to (...) take a position in this regard. I will try to show that this passage does not subscribe to the distinction between general and transcendental logic, but between analytic and dialectic logic. [Español] En la tercera sección de la “Introducción” a la lógica trascendental, Kant dedica un par de párrafos al tema de la verdad (KrV B82-83). Basándose en este pasaje, los comentaristas de Kant han justificado diversas y a veces contradictorias interpretaciones de la noción kantiana de verdad. Sin embargo, pocos han analizado el pasaje en su propio contexto, es decir, como parte de la estrategia para introducir la idea de una lógica trascendental. En este trabajo se pretende tomar postura a este respecto. Se intentará mostrar que este pasaje no abona a la distinción entre lógica general y lógica trascendental, sino entre analítica y dialéctica. (shrink)

No capítulo 1, “Do escudo de Aquiles à capa do Batman: o heroísmo togado e seus riscos à democracia”, discutimos a ascensão do protagonismo político no Poder Judiciário a partir da categoria antropológica do herói, expondo a delicada relação entre heroísmo e instituições democráticas. Para isso, traçamos um breve histórico do heroísmo e suas características, apresentando, posteriormente, uma analogia entre elas e a atuação do Ministro Joaquim Barbosa no curso da Ação Penal nº 470 do STF (Caso Mensalão). Tecemos também (...) alguns apontamentos sobre o Estado Democrático de Direito, a função do Poder Judiciário e os riscos que a propagação de escândalos públicos e a flexibilização de regras e princípios jurídicos podem trazer às instituições do Estado Democrático de Direito. O tema de fundo dessa análise é a relação simbiótica entre a violência e a produção mítica de heróis, segundo a teoria de Girard. No capítulo 2, “Satã: a violência na fundação da cultura”, analisamos a obra “Vejo Satã cair como um relâmpago”, de René Girard, apresentando sua teoria (mimética) e seu estudo antropológico da Bíblia e dos Evangelhos. O intuito é demonstrar a possibilidade de interpretar racionalmente dados antes percebidos como sobrenaturais, explorando, com Girard, as contribuições da revelação judaico-cristãs para a relação entre o homem, a violência e a organização político-religiosa do mundo antigo. O principal tema exposto na resenha é o da violência fundadora, base da cultura e da sociedade, que Girard identifica na figura bíblica de Satã. Mais do que mero símbolo religioso, Satã é a representação de um mecanismo de pacificação deflagrado em situações de crise social. Seu modus operandi consiste na reunião da sociedade contra um inimigo comum, um bode expiatório contra o qual levantam-se falsas acusações que sustentam sua perseguição e assassinato. Consideramos esse tema fundamental para a moderna e contemporânea compreensão dos processos de perseguição e vitimização político-social. A revelação cristã é a entrada em cena, no campo histórico, de um pensamento que se coloca francamente ao lado da vítima acusada pela comunidade. As ideologias penais da proteção do débil, os direitos individuais e os direitos humanos são efeitos políticos e jurídico do triunfo da cruz sobre a cultura satânica do assassínio de bodes expiatórios. No capítulo 3, “A violência no Direito: confissão e produção de bodes expiatórios”, aplicamos a teoria mimética para compreender o instituto jurídico da confissão do ponto de vista antropológico. Com base no Livro de Jó, investigamos a origem religiosa da extração forçada de confissões e demonstramos sua íntima relação com os rituais religiosos praticados na antiguidade, que usavam da assunção de culpa como um instrumento para legitimar a violência contra seus bodes expiatórios. Com isso, pretendemos apontar para a necessidade de mitigação do valor probatório da assunção de culpa no contexto de um Estado Democrático de Direito. Incorporada às intuições jurídicas, a confissão deve ser tomada como instrumento laico e totalmente desvinculado das práticas expiatórias que lhe deram origem. No capítulo 4, “Direito penal e preocupação pelas vítimas: a renovação dos princípios de ofensividade e proteção de bens jurídicos após a experiência do totalitarismo", analisamos o surgimento e desenvolvimento da ideia de crime como ofensa a bens jurídicos. Trata-se de um ensaio de história das ideias jurídicas em que traçamos a evolução histórica das ideias de ofensividade e proteção de bens jurídicos, desde sua gênese na experiência liberal e iluminista, passando por seu enfraquecimento durante o Direito Penal nacional-socialista, até culminar em seu ressurgimento e renovação nos dias atuais. O intuito desta análise é situar o princípio da ofensividade, enquanto garantia assegurada nas Constituições do Pós-guerra, no quadro histórico da moderna preocupação pelas vítimas, efeito cultural da religião cristã que discutimos no capítulo 2 (“Satã: a violência na fundação da cultura”). Por fim, no quinto e último capítulo, “O Direito após a revelação do mecanismo vitimário”, procuramos rematar a temática do Direito no quadro da antropologia de Girard, explorando o papel desempenhado pela revelação cristã do mecanismo expiatório na cultura ocidental, especialmente no que diz respeito à formação de uma ética de proteção das vítimas, eixo fundamental dos Direitos Humanos. Por isso, demonstramos como o Direito Penal, no ocidente, está dividido entre o sacrifício e o perdão. Resultado da lógica do cristianismo sacrificial, o moderno Direito constitui-se na forma híbrida de um Katéchon: ou seja, como racionalização do mecanismo vitimário, re-direcionado, por meio das instituições jurídicas e políticas, contra atos de perseguição de minorias e vulneráveis . (shrink)

"Post-Structural Anthropology" Review of Michel Foucault. Słowa i rzeczy. Archeologia nauk humanistycznych. Trans. T. Komendant. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo słowo/obraz terytoria, 2005.

El humanismo tradicional del siglo XX, inspirado por la cultura del libro, se distanció sistemáticamente de la nueva sociedad de la información digital; el Internet y las herramientas de procesamiento de información revolucionaron el mundo, la sociedad en el transcurso de este periodo desarrolló ciertas características adaptativas, basadas en la convivencia (Humano – Maquina), esta transformación establece su base en el impacto de tres segmentos tecnológicos: Los dispositivos, las aplicaciones y la infraestructura de comunicación social, las cuales están envueltas en (...) diversos cambios físicos, conductuales y cognitivos del ser humano; así como el surgimiento de nuevos modelos de influencia y control social, mediante la nueva comunicación ubicua; no obstante en este nuevo proceso de convivencia se desarrollan nuevos modelos como el “pensamiento colaborativo” y el “InfoSharing”; que gestionan la información social bajo tres dimensiones ontológicas Humano (h) – Información (i) – Maquina (m), el cual es la base de un nuevo ecosistema físico-cibernético, donde coexisten y se desarrollan nuevas unidades sociales llamadas “Comunidades virtuales”. Esta nueva infraestructura de comunicación y gestión social de información a dado descubierto áreas de vulnerabilidad denominada “Perspectiva social del riesgo”, impactando a todas las unidades sociales por medio del vector masivo de impacto (i); El entorno virtual “H + i + M”; y sus componentes, así como el ciclo de vida de la gestión de información social nos permite entender la trayectoria de la integración “Tecno – Social”, y estableciendo de la nueva cibernética, dentro de la convergencia de la tecnología con la sociedad y su nuevos retos de convivencia, encaminados en una nueva visión holística y no pragmática, ya que el componente humano (h) en este entorno virtual es el precursor del futuro y necesita ser estudiado no como una aplicación, sino como el eje de una nueva sociedad. (shrink)

RESUMENEl presente trabajo tiene por objetivo reconstruir sistemáticamente la “hermenéutica trascendental” de Karl-Otto Apel. En primer lugar, se describe el desarrollo de la interpretación apeliana de Heidegger, la cual consideramos que puede ser dividida en cuatro momentos. En segundo lugar, se explican los principales puntos de disenso de Apel con la hermenéutica filosófica de Gadamer. A lo largo del trabajo sugerimos, además, posibles caminos teóricos abiertos para la hermenéutica trascendental en tanto programa filosófico de investigación. ABSTRACTThis paper aims (...) to systematically reconstruct "transcendental hermeneutics" of Karl-Otto Apel. Firstly, we describe the development of Heidegger's apelian interpretation, which we consider can be divided into four stages. Secondly, we explain the main points of disagreement of Apel with Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics. Throughout the work we suggest further possible theoretical opened paths to transcendental hermeneutics as philosophical research program. (shrink)

El Tractatus Logico-philosophicus es una obra filosófica de una enorme complejidad. Su estilo es sentencioso, por momentos oracular, otras veces casi telegráfico, de manera que en muchas ocasiones cuesta discernir los nexos entre las diversas proposiciones. Con todo, en el "Prólogo", en particular en sus observaciones sobre la cuestión del límite, Wittgenstein proporciona algunas indicaciones de las que conviene tomar debida nota para la interpretación de la obra. Este trabajo es fundamentalmente una propuesta de interpretación de estas observaciones, de su (...) proyección sobre el Tractatus, de su relevancia para comprender la naturaleza, de la ruptura operada por Wittgenstein en las Investigaciones filosóficas. -/- THE PROBLEM OF THE LIMIT AND THE TRACTATUS AS A TRANSCENDENTAL REFLECTION Tractatus Logico-philosophicus is a very complex philosophical work. It is writen by means of short phrases in a oracular style. Some parts are telegraphic, in such a way that it becomes difficult to elucidate the links among the different propositions. However, in the "preface", in particular in his remarks about the cuestion of the limit, Wittgenstein gives us some indications that we should consider carefully in order to interpret his work. This paper is basically a proposal to interpret the above mentioned remarks, of how they illuminate Tractatus, of how they are relevant to understand the nature of the profound change that Wittgenstein introduces in Philosophical Investigations. (shrink)

En este escrito de ontología-trascendental reflexiono en términos heideggerianos sobre la voz ontológica, es decir, sobre el lenguaje interior que habla al oyente-escucha y que, desde ese decir ontológico, le revela lo que es. Dicha voz, al ser correctamente escuchada, dará paso a un auténtico apalabrar y decir, lo que develará una palabra-concepto ontológico transformador. Éste, al ser fruto de una auténtica ontología-trascendental, devendrá en un nuevo paradigma de la acción humana.

I intend to: a) clarify the origins and de facto meanings of the term relativism; b) reconstruct the reasons for the birth of the thesis named “cultural relativism”; d) reconstruct ethical implications of the above thesis; c) revisit the recent discussion between universalists and particularists in the light of the idea of cultural relativism.. -/- 1.Prescriptive Moral Relativism: “everybody is justified in acting in the way imposed by criteria accepted by the group he belongs to”. Universalism: there are at least (...) some judgments which are valid inter-culturally Absolutism: there are at least some particular prescriptions which are valid without exception everywhere and always -/- 2. The traditional proof of prescriptive moral relativism: the argument from variability: Judgments, rules, and shared values are de facto variable in time and space. The traditional counter-proof: examples of variability do not prove what skeptics contend. -/- 3. Pre-history of the doctrine -Ancient sophists: either immoralist or contractualist -Modern moral scepticism (xvii c.): variability as an historical and ethnographic fact supports a sceptical conclusion more moderate than sheer immoralism. - Voltaire, Kant, Reid counter-attack pointing at a universally shared moral sense - Romantics and idealists stage an even more moderate reformulation: instead of universally shared moral sense they point at the Spirit of a People which is: a)alternative to abstract and universal philosophical systems as far as it is lived ‘culture’; b) indivisible unity with an inner harmony and a source of normative standards; c) dynamic, in so far as it is a manifestation of the Spirit through the becoming of National cultures. -/- 4. The birth of Cultural Relativism and its ethical implications 4.1. The 18th c. doctrine was the noble savage (a non-historical doctrine: state of nature vs. social state) 4.2 Edward Tylor (1832-1817) and ethnocentric historicism Savage moral standards are real enough, but they are far and weaker than ours. 4.3 Boas and Malinowski and an holistic reaction to ethnocentric historicism -/- Franz Boas (1858-1942): a) Development of civilizations is not ruled by technical progress nor does it follow a one-way path; instead there are parallel developments (for ex. Agriculture does not follow stock-raising); b) racial characters have no relevance in development of civilization; c) we are not yet in a position to compare externally identical kinds of behaviour till we have not yet understood beliefs and intentions laying at their roots (for ex.: “From an ethnological point of view murder cannot be considered as a single phenomenon”; d) we should distinguish among different practices which are only superficially similar (fro ex. practices traditionally classified under the label “tabù”); e) there is as a fact just one normative ethic, constant in its contents but varying in its extension; f) the implication is not that we cannot judge behavior by members of other groups; it is only a recommendation of caution. -/- Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942): a) against Tylor’s and Frazer’s “magpie” methodology, field-work is required, a culture as a whole should be observed from inside; individual elements are incomprehensible; b) a culture is an organic whole; c) its elements are accounted for by their function (economy), avoiding non-observables (empio-criticism). -/- Ruth Benedict and Melville Herskovitz identify Boas’s approach with “cultural relativism”. Benedict: what is normal and abnormal is to be judged on a culture’s own standards, not on our own (“Anthropology and the Abnormal”). Herskovits: “Boas adumbrates what we have come to call cultural relativism” (The Mind, p. 10); “Judgements are based on experience, and experience is interpreted by each individual in terms of his own enculturation” (Man and his Works). -/- 4. How analytic philosophy understood and misunderstood the discussion 4.1. At the beginning of the 20th c., the new view in ethics was non-cognitivism (emotivist and subjectivist). Eric Westermark combines this view with an old-style ethnographic approach in support of relativity of moralities. Moralities are codes, or systems of emotive ‘disinterested’ reactions selected by evolution on their usefulness in terms of survival value for the society that is the carrier of such systems or codes. The moral relativity thesis: there are cases of disagreement that cannot be settled even after agreement about facts. 4.2 Anti-realists Brandt, Mackie, Gilbert, Harman adopt Westermark’s approach in a more sophisticated version: a) moralities are codes with an overall function and may be appraised only as wholes; b) variability is an argument for moral subjectivism; c) apparent legitimacy of deriving shift from ought is legitimized only within one institution d) morality should not be described but instead made, and existing moralities may be improved. Is it ‘real’ relativism? It is clearly subjectivism (a metaethical thesis). The normative thesis is that there better and worse codes, and survival values is the normative standard. -/- 4.3 Particularists MacIntyre, Sandel, Taylor, Wiggins, McDowell ‘Wittgensteinian’ prospectivist arguments bent to support weak-relativist claims MacIntyre: there is ‘incommensurability’ between different theoretical systems in both science and ethics. No argument is possible through different systems Different traditions may coexist for a long time without being able to bring their conflicts to a rational solution. -/- 4.4 Kantian universalists Baier, Gewirth, Rawls, Apel, Habermas Shared claim: justice concerns the right and is universal in so far as it may be based on minimal assumptions Other virtues are relative to context in so far as they are related to comprehensive views of the good - O’Neill criticism: a) it is an assumption shared by both alignments; b) after an alleged crisis brought about by alleged loss of metaphysical certainties, theories of justice have dropped demanding assumptions and kept universalism, virtue theories have kept demanding assumptions and dropped universalism; c) the opposition of virtue and justice has arisen in an unjustified way. O’Neill’s positive proposal: ‘constructive’ procedures may be adopted both (i) concerning all the range of virtues and (ii) across cultures once we abandon idealization and confine ourselves to abstraction from real-world cases. -/- 4.5 A metaethical relativist and anti-relativist normative ethicists: Bernard Williams Williams: vulgar relativism may be assumed to claim that: a) 'just' means 'just in a given society'; b) 'just in a given society' is to be understood in functionalist sense; c) it is wrong for one society’s members to condemn another society’s values. It is inconsistent since in (c) uses ‘just’ in a non-relative way that has been excluded in (a). William’s positive proposal: i) keep a number of substantive or thick ethical concepts that will be different in space and time; ii) admit that public choices are to be legitimized through recourse to more abstract procedures and relying on more thin ethical concepts. -/- 5. Critical remarks 5.1 The only real relativism available is ‘vulgar’ relativism (Westermark?) 5.2. Descriptive universalism (or absolutism) has a long pedigree, from Cicero on, reaching Boas himself but it is useless as an answer to normative questions 5.3. Twentieth-century philosophical discussion seems to discuss an ad hoc doctrine reconstructed by assembling obsolete philosophical ideas but ignoring the real theory of cultural relativism as formulated by anthropologists. -/- 6. A distinction between ethoi and ethical theories as a way out of confusions a)There are systems of conventions de facto existing. These may be studies from outside as phenomena or facts. b)There is moral argument and this, when studies from outside, is a fact, but this does not influence in any degree the possible validity of claims advanced. c) the difference between the above claims and Mackie’s criticism to Searle’s argument of the promising game is that promises, arguments etc. are also phenomena, but they are also communicative phenomena with a logical and pragmatic structure. -/- 7.Conclusions: a) cultural relativism, as a name for Boas’s methodology is a valuable discovery, and in this sense we are all relativists; b) ethical relativism, as an alleged implication of cultural relativism, has been argued in a philosophically quite unsophisticated way by Benedict and Herskovits; philosophers apparently discussed ethical relativism in the basis of a rather faint impression of what cultural relativism had been. c) a full-fledged ethical relativism has hardly been defended by anybody among philosophers; virtually no modern philosopher really argued a prescriptive version of the thesis; d) we may accept the grain of truth in ethical relativism by including relativist critique to ethical absolutism into a universalist normative doctrine that be careful in separating open-textured formulations of universal claims from culturally conditioned particular prescriptions. -/- . 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Searching for the origins of 20th century Philosophical Anthropology, it is quite common to follow the suggestions of A. Gehlen who points to Herder as such an origin. In this study, however, I propose a rather different, until now scarcely considered hypothesis: the origin of Philosophical Anthropology can be brought back to Schelling’s reflections concerning Kant’s Critique of Judgement and the problem of self-organization of nature. Starting from his critical observations on Kant, Schelling works out the concept of a succession (...) of levels in the organic, and that of the ex-centricity that defines human beings. Exactly these two concepts will be discussed by Scheler in The Human Place in the Cosmos and by Plessner in The Stages of the Organic and Man. It is commonly assumed that Schelling did not exert any direct influence upon Philosophical Anthropology; one usually allows only for an indirect influence on Scheler, intermediated by Eduard von Hartmann. This paper shows, however, that a documentable, direct influence of Schelling on Scheler can be demonstrated, and that it was decisive for the birth of Philosophical Anthropology. (shrink)

In this research I present a study on the origin of alienism in the 19th century in the work of Phillipe Pinel in context. The purpose of the paper is to show how the French physician proposes alienism inspired by the anthropological ideas of his time. After the introduction, a brief historical overview of the anthropology of modernity is given to place Pinel's work in context. This is followed by a survey of Pinel's anthropological ideas, which are in a sense (...) coincident with his period. Finally, it is presented how Pinel proposes his famous alienism, situated between the understanding and the affected life, as well as the way of curing his patients as a consequence of his anthropological approach. (shrink)

Just after my return from a symposium at the University of Navarre on the dialogue between faith and culture in Christian antiquity, I had the opportunity to read Peroli's book. His approach is strikingly in accord with many of the claims made at Navarre. The overall approach of his study may be summed up with the following words: early Christian thought effected an authentic inculturation, [[sic]] not just by expressing the faith in the dominant philosophical categories of the time, but (...) by transforming those very categories in order to rationally express Christian belief. This is precisely the core achievement of the philosophical anthropology of Gregory of Nissa. St. Gregory actively fed upon neo-Platonism. He made use of Platonic/neo-platonic thought in order to demonstrate the rationality of Christian faith, even in those areas of reflection where the faith might seem most distant from the reigning philosophical tenets. (shrink)

The operational perspective here defended permits a reflexive-transcendental point of view that sharply distinguishes the two concepts, while, at the same time, maintaining the connection between them. On the one hand, simply imagining that the experimental apparatus, counterfactually anticipated in a thought experiment, has really been constructed is sufficient to erase any difference between thought and real experiments. On the other hand, this very ‘imagining’, this capacity of the mind to assume every real entity as a possible entity, underpins the (...) difference in principle – a properly transcendental difference – between thought and real experiments. This difference, however, implies the intimate association between experiment and thought experiment: All thought experiments must be thought of as translatable into real ones, and all real experiments as realisations of thought ones. What thought experiments have over and above real experiments is the mere fact that they exist in a purely hypothetical sphere; what real have over and above thought experiments is the mere fact that they overstep the sphere of the possible, in the experiment’s real execution. (shrink)

From the perspective of Latin American philosophy, the contribution done by Juan Carlos Scannone is undeniable. Theologian and philosopher, his purpose was to establish philosophical categories of thought that answer to Latin American problems from their ethical-historical-cultural nucleus. The objective of this article is to propose some contributions for inculturation in Philosophical Anthropology from the Latin American thought was developed by Scannone. These contributions are the result of a thesis for a Bachelor of Philosophy, whose director was Scannone himself. -/- (...) . (shrink)

The numbness and emotional consciousness in front of the evil and suffering produced by a more widespread «communication spectacularized» pose questions and urge to intervene critically in reflection on interpersonal communication and media, to stem as much as possible some tendencies of contemporary culture. This contribution aims to cross transversely knowledge, tradition, and some socio-cultural productions of man (in particular Philosophyand Religion) to identify some critical points, which can be useful in the pedagogical debate. It also pursues the purpose of (...) inspiring a new educational and existential practice in which the progressive development of a more authentically human being is experienced in everyday life of teachers and pupils and can find a new incarnation in different ways and forms of communication. (shrink)

O presente trabalho pretende analisar as relações entre loucura e obra no jovem Foucault, isto é, no Foucault dos anos 1950 que realiza seu curso sobre antropologia (La Question Anthropologique) em Lille e na ENS entre 1952 (ou 1951) e 1955. Para estabelecer o problema, o texto começa com uma contextualização inicial sobre os inéditos de Foucault disponibilizados desde 2013 na BNF. Então o texto constrói o problema a partir de comentadores (especiamente Jean-Baptiste Vuillerod) e encontra na figura de Karl (...) Jaspers um interlocutor importante, em torno do qual Foucault gira para estabelecer suas próprias posições. Jaspers, psiquiatra e filósofo, contém teses sobre a loucura, a obra e a civilização diretamente ligadas aos interesses do jovem Foucault. Tanto a leitura de Jaspers sobre Nietzsche, quanto a das relações entre loucura e obra, serão importantes para o jovem Foucault, pois é por meio de Jaspers - dentre outros - que uma psicologia da loucura e da obra (seja qual for seu paradigma) desemboca na análise de figuras como Maurice Blanchot, na leitura singular que Foucault faz de Nietzsche e nos problemas que o levarão a uma história da loucura. *** *** -/- This article aims to analyze the relation between madness and work (oeuvre) in the “young Foucault”, focusing on the Foucault’s lessons of Anthropology taken in Lille and at the ENS between 1952 (or 1951) and 1955, under the title La Question Anthropologique. In order to place this problem, the text begins with an initial contextualization of Foucault’s unpublished works, only made available since 2013 at Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Then the article passes to the question of the madness and work according to some commentators (especially Jean-Baptiste Vuillerod) and finds in the figure of Karl Jaspers an important author, whose reference serves for Foucault to compose his own positions. Jaspers, psychiatrist, and philosopher, contains theses on madness, work and civilization directly linked to the interests of the young Foucault. Both Jaspers’ reading of Nietzsche and considerations about madness and work will be important for the young Foucault, as it is through Jaspers (among others) that the psychological and existential positions on madness and work leads Foucault to the analysis of figures like Maurice Blanchot, to his own reading of Nietzsche and the problem of a history of madness. (shrink)

The book is an introduction to Philosophical Anthropology.

El presente artículo se propone la tarea de interpretar la noción de infinito (τὸ ἄπειρον), expuesta por Aristóteles en su Física (1995), a la luz de la noción de trascendental, tal como la presenta en la Crítica de la razón pura (2011). Esta propuesta surge a partir del estatuto único que Aristóteles le otorga a la noción de infinito potencial, el que no es ni sustancia ni accidente. Esto sugiere una interpretación no objetual del mismo, que lo aproxima a (...) la noción de trascendental propuesta por Kant (cf. KrV, B25). Esta exposición puede ser orientadora en la medida en que Kant y sus comentaristas tienen mejores herramientas conceptuales para abordar el extraño concepto de infinito potencial aristotélico. (shrink)