Throughout the biological and biomedical sciences there is a growing need for, prescriptive ‘minimum information’ (MI) checklists specifying the key information to include when reporting experimental results are beginning to find favor with experimentalists, analysts, publishers and funders alike. Such checklists aim to ensure that methods, data, analyses and results are described to a level sufficient to support the unambiguous interpretation, sophisticated search, reanalysis and experimental corroboration and reuse of data sets, facilitating the extraction of maximum value from data sets (...) them. However, such ‘minimum information’ MI checklists are usually developed independently by groups working within representatives of particular biologically- or technologically-delineated domains. Consequently, an overview of the full range of checklists can be difficult to establish without intensive searching, and even tracking thetheir individual evolution of single checklists may be a non-trivial exercise. Checklists are also inevitably partially redundant when measured one against another, and where they overlap is far from straightforward. Furthermore, conflicts in scope and arbitrary decisions on wording and sub-structuring make integration difficult. This presents inhibit their use in combination. Overall, these issues present significant difficulties for the users of checklists, especially those in areas such as systems biology, who routinely combine information from multiple biological domains and technology platforms. To address all of the above, we present MIBBI (Minimum Information for Biological and Biomedical Investigations); a web-based communal resource for such checklists, designed to act as a ‘one-stop shop’ for those exploring the range of extant checklist projects, and to foster collaborative, integrative development and ultimately promote gradual integration of checklists. (shrink)

O livro que o leitor tem em mãos é resultado do I e II Encontro de Estudos sobre Michel Foucault, eventos nacionais ocorridos em 2020-2021 e organizados pelo projeto de extensão da UFF - IHS - RPS intitulado “Introdução ao pensamento de Michel Foucault - Grupo de Estudos Jaguar do Fucô”, coordenado por Alessandra Daflon e Marcio Miotto. Os temas dos dois eventos foram “História da Sexualidade e Biopolítica” e “Corpo e Vida em Foucault”. Os capítulos aqui reunidos desdobram as (...) temáticas do “corpo”, da “vida” e da “biopolítica” em assuntos que percorrem a epistemologia das ciências da vida, a arqueologia foucaultiana das ciências empíricas, a crítica de Foucault à psicanálise, a questão da loucura e da psiquiatria em torno da mulher e das questões de gênero, os dispositivos de segurança e biopolíticos envolvendo a noção de população, as relações entre subjetividade e verdade, o problema do governo de si e dos outros e as novas publicações atribuídas a Foucault desde a recente publicação de As Confissões da Carne. As contribuições - de Gustavo Caponi (UFSC), José Ternes (UFG), Pedro Cattapan (UFF), Sandra Caponi (UFSC), Regiane Collares (UFCA), Fabio Gesueli (UNICAMP) e Malcom Rodrigues (UEFS/UFBA) contribuem com diversas discussões em torno de Foucault. Elas fomentaram verdadeiros diálogos extensionistas a partir dos estudantes de graduação da UFF. O livro é dedicado a Roberto Machado e Heliana Conde, entusiastas do evento e do grupo de extensão. (shrink)

Concentrados e Rações Para Cabras em Lactação -/- ___________________________________________________________________________ De um modo geral, há grande dificuldade nas criações zootécnicas nacionais para a formulação e uso racional de concentrados nas rações dos animais, neste caso, de caprinos, em especial, para cabras em lactação. O problema torna-se real e complexo em função das particularidades apresentadas pelos animais relativas ao seu trato digestivo, além de seus hábitos alimentares. Uma séria dificuldade relacionada com a tomada de decisão no momento da formulação da ração concentrada (...) reside na qualidade do volumoso utilizado. Esse volumoso possui uma qualidade bromatológica variável, na maioria das vezes, seja pelo manejo inadequado da forrageira ou do próprio ciclo vegetativo da planta utilizada. O solo também possui grande impacto nas características químicas da forrageira disponibilizada para os animais. Dada a variabilidade da qualidade da ração volumosa, o concentrado torna-se mal balanceado, sendo fornecido em quantidades inadequadas, favorecendo uma sub ou super alimentação, o que acarreta níveis de produção insatisfatórios e grande prejuízo para a indústria caprina, uma vez que afetará diretamente as características químicas e físicas do leite da cabra, mudando seus teores de sólidos totais etc. -/- OS NUTRIENTES E SUA IMPORT NCIA Muitos nutrientes são necessários na dieta da cabra para a realização do metabolismo normal, para a manutenção das funções corporais e para a produção que inclui acréscimo de tecido (animal em crescimento), para a reprodução e sua manutenção e, por fim, para a produção dos produtos como carne, leite e fibra. As classes específicas de nutrientes incluem carboidratos e lipídeos que fornecem energia; nitrogênio proteico ou não proteico que fornecem aminoácidos e energia; vitaminas; minerais e água. Embora seja ignorada por muitos autores, a água é um nutriente necessário para a digestão, metabolismo e produção. -/- Energia -/- A eficiência da utilização dos alimentos depende de um suprimento adequado de energia, uma vez que o processo de utilização dos alimentos requer gasto energético, sendo, portanto, de grande importância o suprimento energético para a produtividade dos caprinos. A deficiência energética retarda o crescimento e desenvolvimento de cabritos, aumenta a idade à puberdade, reduz a fertilidade e diminui a produção leiteira. Uma deficiência persistente acarreta redução na resistência a doenças infecciosas e parasitárias. A baixa resistência imunológica associada a deficiência energética ainda pode ser agravada mediante o déficit de outros princípios nutritivos como proteínas, vitaminas e minerais. O consumo inapropriado de energia resulta na inadequada ingestão de alimentos ou na baixa qualidade da dieta fornecida para o caprino. A baixa ingestão de energia também pode ser causada pelas altas quantidades de água presentes em algumas forrageiras in natura, por isso o ideal é o fornecimento de volumosos na sua matéria seca, onde será disponibilizado somente os nutrientes, segundo suas características bromatológicas. Segundo DA SILVA & FONTAIN, 2021 a base de qualquer ração é a energia, e se houver uma deficiência existente, os demais nutrientes e os aditivos serão subutilizados pelos animais. Os ruminantes possuem a capacidade de utilização energética através dos carboidratos complexos como celulose, hemicelulose, pectina etc., que estão presentes nas forragens, essa utilização acontece graças ao processo de fermentação que ocorre no rúmen. Entretanto, assim como ocorre em monogástricos, também possuem a capacidade de utilização de demais carboidratos como amido e açúcares. Os ruminantes exigem determinada quantidade de fibra, mas dependendo do animal, do nível de produção e dos ingredientes da ração, há necessidade de incluir na ração os denominados concentrados energéticos. Por exemplo as rações ricas em volumosos (alimentos fibrosos) não podem atender os requisitos energéticos em razão das limitações físicas do animal para ingerir uma quantidade suficiente de alimento, isto é, para atender suas exigências seria necessário grandes quantidades de ração volumosa ingerida, o que é impossível devido a capacidade do rúmen. Neste caso, para se reduzir o volume de ração ingerida, há necessidade de substituir parte dos alimentos fibrosos por concentrados energéticos de boa qualidade. Tais considerações são suficientes para aclarar a importância do aporte de energia no balanceamento de rações para cabras em lactação. -/- Proteínas -/- As proteínas exercem várias funções no organismo do animal e, desse modo, tornam- -se essenciais à alimentação. Elas são necessárias, por exemplo, para a manutenção do organismo, para reparos e formação dos tecidos que são continuamente desgastados, na manutenção dos processos fisiológicos, no crescimento de fetos e dos animais jovens e na síntese do leite. Os ruminantes, assim como outros animais, necessitam de vários componentes na dieta para desempenharem suas funções produtivas e reprodutivas. Esses componentes são chamados essenciais, do qual sem a sua presença os animais não poderiam sobreviver. Entre eles estão as fontes de nitrogênio proteico e não proteico que, após transformações fisiológicas e metabólicas, dão origem a proteínas que são digeridas, absorvidas e utilizadas pelos ruminantes (FERREIRA, 1983). As proteínas destacam-se, dentro das substâncias essenciais, pela amplitude de funções que desempenham no organismo. Estas participam desde a estruturação do corpo (músculos, cartilagens, unhas, pele e pelos), até mecanismos complexos de transporte e metabolismo. Portanto, dentre o supracitado, é essencial conhecer os principais concentrados proteicos e seus limites de utilização, visando o melhor aproveitamento destes, desde a esfera econômica até o impacto positivo sobre a produção de produtos caprinos. -/- Minerais -/- Existem pelo menos 15 minerais essenciais para a nutrição dos ruminantes, dentre os macronutrientes, isto é, os exigidos em maior quantidade na dieta, estão o cálcio, fósforo, sódio, cloro, magnésio, potássio e enxofre, e dentre os micronutrientes, ou seja, exigidos em menor quantidade, porém essenciais a sua presença, estão o ferro, iodo, zinco, cobre, manganês, cobalto, molibdênio e selênio. Em qualquer região, concentrações tóxicas de minerais como cobre, flúor, manganês, molibdênio ou selênio causam redução na produção e produtividade animal. As deficiências minerais ou desequilíbrio destes no solo e nas forrageiras cultivadas neste, têm sido responsáveis pelos baixos índices reprodutivos, ou seja, tais déficits ocasionam perdas nos processos reprodutivos normais, além de causar inadequada produtividade em diversas regiões do Brasil. Segundo dados apresentados por SOUSA, 1983 os caprinos sob pastagens, com elevados déficits de fósforo, cobalto ou cobre, podem apresentar perdas superiores relativas a produção cárnea e láctea em relação aos animais criados sob pastagens com déficits de energia e/ou proteína. Os macrominerais presentes na ração (volumosa ou concentrada) chegam ao rúmen e são dissolvidos, desempenhando uma série de funções importantes, além das específicas nas células e nos tecidos. Dentre elas incluem-se a mantença de um pH constante através da formação da solução tamponante, mantença de um potencial de redução e da pressão osmótica no rúmen. Os micronutrientes, por sua vez, possuem mais funções específicas na célula e no tecido, atuando como constituintes de coenzimas, catalizadores etc. (COELHO DA SILVA & LEÃO, 1979). Assim, torna-se indispensável conhecer as fontes dos minerais e a melhor maneira de utilizá-los durante o preparo de concentrados para cabras em lactação. -/- Vitaminas -/- Os caprinos necessitam fontes alimentares de vitaminas lipossolúveis (A, D, E e K), entretanto os microrganismos do rúmen, através do metabolismo e fermentação, produzem quantidades suficientes de vitaminas hidrossolúveis. Os animais em pastejo somente obtém suficientes quantidades de vitaminas ou precursores de vitaminas para satisfazer as necessidades, porém pode ser necessário a adição complementar de suplementos vitamínicos aos animais alimentados em confinamento ou com altas produções leiteiras. Os ruminantes exigem todas as vitaminas que são metabolicamente essenciais para os monogástricos. Essa indicação tem sido obtida através de estudos sobre as exigências vitamínicas em animais jovens, antes do desenvolvimento completo e funcionamento adequado do rúmen, ou com o emprego de inibidores da vitamina em estudo e observando-se a consequente manifestação do sintoma de deficiência. O suprimento de vitaminas do complexo B e da vitamina K para o ruminante é feito em decorrência das fermentações que ocorrem no aparelho digestivo. Entretanto, existem algumas dúvidas se a síntese de algumas vitaminas do complexo B é adequada para manter altos níveis de produção e uma alta taxa de crescimento. Como supracitado, existem inúmeras informações de que a maioria das vitaminas possam ser sintetizadas ou no trato gastrointestinal ou nos tecidos. Entretanto, as vitaminas A, D e E devem ser fornecidas ao animal (ARAÚJO & ZANETTI, 2019). As principais funções das vitaminas do complexo B estão relacionadas com o eficiente aproveitamento dos açúcares, gorduras e proteínas dos alimentos. A vitamina C possui papel imprescindível no metabolismo geral dos nutrientes. Quanto à vitamina K, sua função mais relatada é como fator anti-hemorrágico, agindo na coagulação do sangue (VELLOSO, 1983). Quanto à vitamina A, sabemos que não existe nos vegetais, entretanto o caroteno presente é um precursor desta, onde este sofre metabolismo e se transforma em vitamina A no organismo do animal, por isso, muitas vezes é relatado como pró-vitamina A. Os ruminantes são excelentes animais quando se fala na transformação de ß-carotenos em vitamina A. A coloração verde das plantas forrageiras é uma garantia da presença de pigmentos carotenoides nelas. Assim, durante a época das águas (chuvas), quando as forrageiras consumidas estão verdes, não há qualquer problema quanto ao suprimento de pró-vitamina A. Por sua vez, quando as pastagens estão amareladas e secas, pode aumentar a possibilidade do aparecimento de sintomas de deficiência de vitamina A, e esse problema pode ser agravado conforme aumenta-se o período de estiagem (VELLOSO, 1983). Deve-se dar especial atenção às cabras em lactação que, na maioria dos casos, recebem ração à base de fenos, que muitas vezes são mal conservados e apresentam pequeno conteúdo de ß-caroteno. As dietas típicas para caprinos contêm quantidades de caroteno suficientes para prevenir possíveis deficiências de vitamina A. O hábito alimentar dos caprinos sob pastejo, isto é, sua tendência de selecionar as partes mais verdes da planta coloca-os em vantagem em relação a outros ruminantes, entretanto, na ausência de partes verdes essa vantagem não possui importância. A deficiência de vitamina A em caprinos criados nos trópicos é rara, exceto nas condições supracitadas (DA SILVA et. al., 2021). A vitamina E apresenta uma deficiência ocasional em caprinos, embora essa vitamina, que é transferida através do leite, seja considerada essencial em função de suas propriedades antioxidantes (DA SILVA et. al., 2021). A vitamina D é relatada como fator anti-raquítico, dada sua propriedade em prevenir o raquitismo através de duas vias conhecidas, seja pelo aumento da absorção de cálcio dietético pelo intestino delgado ou pela mobilização deste, presente nos ossos. Além de evitar o raquitismo em animais jovens, a vitamina D também atua na integridade corporal dos adultos. Os caprinos expostos à luz solar por alguns minutos diariamente conseguem receber vitamina D em quantidades suficientes para suas necessidades fisiológicas, esse recebimento de vitamina D acontece através da conversão do 7-dehidrocolesterol da pele em vitamina D3, portanto a vitamina D3 é uma pró-vitamina. Assim, em animais mantidos em regime de pastejo, nas condições brasileiras, não há maior preocupação quanto ao suprimento de vitamina D3 (VELLOSO, 1983). Entretanto, os animais em regime de confinamento total, onde não possuem acesso à luz solar, devem receber atenção especial, uma vez que podem ocorrer deficiência desta vitamina, esta que pode ser evitada mediante o fornecimento da vitamina na mistura concentrada. -/- Água -/- Muitos autores da área de nutrição animal, seja em artigos ou livros, desconsideram a água como nutriente essencial para os animais, entretanto ela é imprescindível para inúmeras funções metabólicas. Além da água de bebida, os caprinos obtêm água através dos alimentos consumidos na matéria natural, da neve derretida e através do orvalho. A necessidade de água se deve a três motivos, primeiro pela excreção de água nas fezes e na urina ligada à utilização digestiva e metabólica dos alimentos; segundo pela fixação e exportação de água nas produções (carne, leite, pele e fibra); e, por fim, pelas perdas de vapor de água pelos pulmões e através da pele. O total de água requerida varia segundo o tamanho e condição fisiológica do animal, a temperatura ambiental e o nível de ingestão de matéria seca do animal. A ingestão de água é expressa em kg de água necessária por kg de matéria seca ingerida. Nas condições brasileiras, onde a temperatura fica acima dos 30 ºC, normalmente, o ideal de fornecimento é de 6-10 kg de água/kg de IMS. O consumo total é estimado em 3,5 kg de água/kg de leite produzido. Segundo DA SILVA & AIRES, 2018 as recomendações são de 145,6 g de água/kg de peso metabólico (kg0,75) para mantença e 1,43 kg/kg de leite produzido. Para aclarar os dados, suponhamos uma cabra em lactação com 40 kg de PV e produção de 5 kg de leite/dia, seu consumo será de 145,6 g x 400,75 = 2,32 kg de água para mantença + 1,43 x 5 = 7,15 kg de água, seu consumo total será 9,47 kg de água/dia. É necessário enfatizar que, à medida que a temperatura ambiental aumenta, os requisitos de água também aumentam. Em condições semidesérticas os caprinos adaptam-se, bebendo água apenas duas vezes por semana. A equação de necessidade de água, segundo DA SILVA & AIRES, 2018, é: ingestão total de água (L/dia) = 3,86 x IMS - 0,99. REQUISITOS NUTRICIONAIS -/- Para que possamos formular uma dieta balanceada e que os concentrados possam ser utilizados eficazmente e racionalmente, primeiramente é necessário conhecer as exigências nutricionais das cabras em lactação. Esses requerimentos são, na verdade, aproximações dos valores reais das exigências dos animais. Normalmente, os requisitos são tabulados, visando a facilidade no manejo de informações, entendimento e utilização dos dados na prática. Infelizmente, no Brasil não existem tabelas das exigências nutricionais dos caprinos e, com isso, é imperativo a utilização de dados obtidos em outros países e que possuem condições climáticas e animais diferentes, o que nem sempre corresponde à realidade brasileira. Os dados mais utilizados para estabelecimento das exigências são os do NRC nos Estados Unidos, AFRC na Inglaterra, CSIRO na Austrália, INRA na França e FEDNA na Espanha. A tabela 1 apresenta os requisitos nutricionais de ingestão de matéria seca de cabras leiteiras segundo a equação proposta pelo AFRC. É importante levar em consideração todos os fatores que afetam as exigências das cabras, tais como exigências de mantença, gestação, crescimento, atividade física, lactação, clima, raça etc. Os valores apresentados na tabela 2 devem ser incluídos aos valores de mantença. Os requerimentos completos dos caprinos podem ser tomados nas tabelas 3 a 19 do livro Formulação de Ração Para Caprinos. Como supracitado, os valores das exigências para produção de leite devem ser adicionados aos de mantença, por sua vez a tabela 3 apresenta os valores de produção que devem ser múltiplos dos requisitos de mantença. Existem formulações que levam em consideração a porcentagem de nutrientes no conteúdo total do concentrado. Diversos autores publicam quantidades de proteína, nutrientes digestíveis totais, cálcio e fósforo com base na matéria seca da ração. DA SILVA, 2021 sugere que para cabras em lactação com uma ou duas crias é ideal um concentrado com 14 a 16% de proteína bruta. Uma formulação para cabras em lactação, segundo DA SILVA, 2021, pode obedecer a ordem de 3 a 5% de IMS, 16 a 24% de proteína bruta, 65% de nutrientes digestíveis totais e minerais na ordem de 0,75% Ca e 0,3% P. O teor de nutrientes na mistura concentrada é importante para saber se a ração irá atender às exigências das cabras em lactação (tabela 8). O conhecimento dos níveis de nutrientes na mistura é essencial para elaborar uma ração balanceada que atenda aos requisitos de mantença e de produção. É importante, também, saber as observações quanto a relação entre energia/proteína e entre os minerais para que não haja um mau aproveitamento dos nutrientes e possíveis distúrbios metabólicos. ALIMENTOS CONCENTRADOS -/- Por definição, são aqueles que possuem conteúdo de fibra bruta inferior a 18%. Eles são divididos em concentrados proteicos e energéticos, quando possuem mais ou menos de 20% de proteína bruta, respectivamente. Um grande número de alimentos pode ser usado no balanceamento das misturas de concentrados na propriedade e deve permitir uma formulação equilibrada nutricionalmente, economicamente e de boa qualidade. As tabelas 9 e 10 apresentam a composição de alguns alimentos concentrados considerados mais comuns na formulação de dietas e de maior disponibilidade no Brasil. As recomendações para utilização de concentrados nas rações de cabras leiteiras podem variar em função dos demais ingredientes da ração total. De modo geral, quanto aos concentrados energéticos, não existem restrições às quantidades usadas na ração, desde que as exigências nutricionais sejam atendidas. A tabela 11 apresenta as restrições de utilização dos ingredientes na ração de caprinos. De tal forma pode ser pensado para os concentrados proteicos, entretanto, nesse caso, exige-se mais cuidado por parte do formulador, uma vez que deve-se levar em consideração a carga energética presente no ingrediente proteico. Deve-se enfatizar sempre que a utilização de ingredientes de origem animal é expressamente proibida na alimentação de ruminantes. Deve-se, ainda, referenciar quanto ao uso de fontes de nitrogênio não proteico (NNP) (ureia, biureto etc.) que podem ser usadas com vantagens nas dietas com alta carga energética. O critério de uso de NNP, em até ⅓ da proteína total da dieta, ainda pode ser utilizado de forma generalizada. RECOMENDAÇÕES PARA USO DAS MISTURAS DE CONCENTRADOS -/- Qualquer tipo de alimento concentrado pode ser usado no preparo de uma mistura de boa qualidade, entretanto os requerimentos das cabras devem ser atendidos. Sendo assim, o preço e a disponibilidade dos alimentos básicos são fatores importantes na escolha dos ingredientes. Conforme supracitado, a composição da mistura concentrada depende da qualidade do volumoso. Para que o produtor tenha garantia e controle de que as exigências estão sendo supridas, é recomendável o ajuste periódico das quantidades de concentrados que serão fornecidas. Esse ajuste é necessário em função da mudança da composição química das forrageiras com o avanço da maturidade fisiológica da planta. Essa composição normalmente existe em tabelas, entretanto as melhores aproximações são obtidas quando se faz a análise destas forrageiras em laboratórios especializados. É difícil fazer uma recomendação única para fornecimento de concentrado para cabras em lactação. Cada propriedade dispõe de recursos forrageiros peculiares, com variações na qualidade nutricional. Não obstante, os valores apresentados na tabela 12 podem servir de guia quando há impossibilidade de realização de um balanceamento específico para cada propriedade. É essencial a verificação dos níveis de outros nutrientes, tais como energia e minerais. Em geral, a preocupação é dada somente à proteína e, muitas vezes, a energia é negligenciada. O conteúdo de energia da ração (EM, EL ou NDT) muitas vezes se apresenta deficiente, o que possui relação direta com os índices de produção e produtividade insatisfatórios. Este é um dos pontos de limitação da produção leiteira, principalmente porque escapa à capacidade de observação do criador. Quando alimentadas com forrageiras de média ou baixa qualidade, é necessário completar os requerimentos de mantença das cabras e, dependendo da qualidade da forrageira disponível, recomenda-se de 200 a 500 g de concentrado/cabeça/dia. As fontes de NNP também podem ser utilizadas para cabras em lactação, desde que não ultrapasse ⅓ do nitrogênio total da dieta. Em termos práticos, a ureia deve constituir até 1% da matéria seca total da dieta ou, aproximadamente, 3% da mistura de concentrados. Uma adaptação gradativa é necessária para que os caprinos possam aproveitar eficazmente a ureia sem distúrbios. Essa adaptação é feita com níveis crescentes de ureia adicionados ao concentrado na base de 0,5% por semana até a limitação. Desta forma, na sexta semana, as cabras estarão recebendo concentrado contendo 3% do elemento. No caso de cabras de alta produção leiteira, é essencial dar atenção aos minerais, uma vez que elas não conseguem ingerir as quantidades exigidas para sua mantença e produção. Para mitigar o problema, recomenda-se adicionar ao concentrado ou à mistura concentrada um premix, isto é, uma mistura vitamínico-mineral completa ao nível de 3%. As rações comerciais também podem ser utilizadas, desde que se verifiquem os níveis de garantia, tanto de qualidade como de composição. É importante que se evite rações com altos níveis de proteína, onde, normalmente, não possuem boa relação energia/proteína. Essas rações, em geral, não são bem aproveitadas pelas cabras, onerando o custo de produção de leite. É importante sempre frisar que um máximo cuidado deve ser dado ao estado de conservação dos ingredientes. As condições de armazenamento devem ser as melhores possíveis, procurando-se locais secos e com boa ventilação. Alimentos rancificados, de uma forma geral, são rejeitados pelas cabras. No caso de utilização de alimentos com alto conteúdo de matéria graxa, que se rancificam facilmente, deve-se ter cuidados especiais, evitando-se preparar grandes quantidades de uma só vez. Outro ponto que merece destaque é a presença de bolores. Os alimentos mofados devem ser sistematicamente eliminados, pois além de causar danos à saúde do animal, podem também ocasionar problemas para a saúde humana. Intoxicações por aflatoxina são frequentemente relatadas em caprinos. Assim, o uso de ingredientes suscetíveis ao fungo (Aspergillus flavus) que produz aflatoxina, deve ser feito com ressalvas. É imprescindível salientar que essas toxinas também podem ser produzidas por outros fungos e podem estar presentes em uma série de alimentos em más condições de armazenamento. O local de armazenamento dos ingredientes ou da mistura concentrada deve possuir boa vedação para não permitir a entrada de insetos e/ou roedores. A proliferação de insetos, além de causar danos físicos aos alimentos, uma vez que se alimentam de alguns princípios nutritivos, produz um aquecimento em função dos processos metabólicos dos insetos, o que reduz as características do alimento e seu valor nutritivo. É essencial que o local seja à prova de roedores, pois além do grande desperdício de ração, causado pelo consumo e danos às embalagens, os roedores também são vetores de doenças que causam sérios prejuízos e perdas ao criatório. Na maioria dos casos, essas doenças escapam à capacidade de observação do criador. As cabras devem ser alimentadas segundo sua produção. Neste caso, é importante que a alimentação seja individual. Pode-se fornecer a ração durante a ordenha ou no intervalo do fornecimento da ração volumosa, porém sempre em horário previamente estabelecido. A mistura concentrada pode ser fornecida em cochos coletivos, mas é necessário a instalação de canzis para a contenção dos animais. É essencial que, antes do fornecimento, os cochos estejam limpos para permitir um melhor aproveitamento. Os concentrados muito farelados devem ser evitados durante a ordenha, uma vez que podem afetar a qualidade do leite pelo aumento da possibilidade de contaminação com poeira. As cabras de alta produção devem receber a ração concentrada dividida em duas ou três refeições no dia para permitir melhor aproveitamento. O fornecimento da mistura concentrada juntamente com a ração volumosa não é recomendável, mesmo que esta seja de baixa qualidade, porque de forma geral causam desperdício. No caso de cabras semi-confinadas, a prática da mistura de concentrados com os volumosos pode facilitar e agilizar o arraçoamento. Neste caso, também se faz recomendável a disposição de canzis nos comedouros para evitar a competição entre os animais. -/- RAÇÕES PARA CABRAS EM LACTAÇÃO -/- As rações de cabras em produção de leite devem ser de boa qualidade, produzidas em ambiente higienizado e com normas de segurança, além de, no caso de armazenamento, serem armazenadas em ambiente limpo, arejado e fora do alcance de insetos e roedores. Além das condições de fabricação e armazenagem, a ração, quando formulada, deverá obedecer os requisitos nutricionais das cabras para sua mantença e para a produção de leite. Sabemos que quanto maior a produção mais nutritiva deverá ser a ração. O fornecimento de ração volumosa também é essencial para o funcionamento normal do rúmen, além de fornecer uma carga nutricional. A relação entre volumoso e concentrado é importante, um não pode se sobressair em excesso sobre o outro, caso aconteça, haverá um desbalanceamento e consequente baixa na produção e produtividade. O limite de utilização dos ingredientes concentrados também é importante, caso haja uma incorporação maior de um dado ingrediente, poderá haver perdas significativas; por exemplo, se houver maior incorporação de ureia poderá haver intoxicação do animal. Na sequência, são apresentadas rações para cabras em lactação formuladas e disponíveis no livro sobre formulação de ração para caprinos do mesmo autor, exemplos 2 e seção rações prontas para caprinos números 2, 3, 4 e 21. A primeira ração formulada é para uma cabra da raça Saanen com 50 kg de PV e produção leiteira de 5 kg/dia com teor de gordura de 3,5%. A ração é composta por volumoso e concentrado, conforme tabela 13. Tomando os requerimentos da cabra em questão e a composição química da dieta, observamos que a dieta volumosa e concentrada supre todas as exigências nutricionais do animal (tabela 13.1). A seguir, são apresentadas misturas de volumosos e concentrados para cabras em lactação, conforme as recomendações dadas por DA SILVA, 2021 sobre os níveis nutricionais de rações para a categoria. Segundo o autor, a composição industrial de um concentrado deve ser de 16 a 24% de proteína bruta, 65% de nutrientes digestíveis totais, 0,75% de Ca e 0,3% de P, seguindo um CMS de 3 a 5% do peso vivo. Tais valores são genéricos, o ideal é consultar as tabelas de exigências das cabras. Os valores das misturas supracitadas, tanto de quantidade como de composição, são genéricos e podem variar em função de alguns fatores, os mais importantes são composição bromatológica dos ingredientes e das exigências nutricionais das cabras. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS -/- ARAÚJO, L. F.; ZANETTI, M. A. (Eds.). Nutrição Animal, 1ª ed. Barueri: Manole, 2019. COELHO DA SILVA, J. F. Concentrados energéticos para ruminantes. Informe Agropecuário, v. 9, n. 108, p. 37-42, 1983. COELHO DA SILVA, J. F.; LEÃO, M. I. Fundamentos de nutrição dos ruminantes. Piracicaba: Livroceres, 1979. 380 p. CRAMPTON, Earle W.; HARRIS, Lorin E. Nutrición animal aplicada: el uso de los alimentos en la formulación de raciones para el ganado. Zaragoza: Acribia, 1979. AIRES, P. R. R. Água na nutrição de caprinos e ovinos. In: Seminário da disciplina de Caprino-ovinocultura da professora Drª. Alcilene Maria Andrade Tavares Samay. Curso Técnico em Agropecuária. Belo Jardim: IFPE, 2018. DA SILVA, A. T. M. Rações para cabritos, caprinos a pasto, em mantença, reprodutores e cabras gestantes e em lactação. In: Curso de formulação e fabricação de dietas para ruminantes. São Bento do Una: Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, 2021. DA SILVA, C. L.; ALVES, A. A. A.; DA SILVA, S. R. P. Minerais e vitaminas na formulação de dietas para ruminantes. In: Curso de formulação e fabricação de dietas para ruminantes. São Bento do Una: Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, 2021. FONTAIN, E. C. da S. Energia e proteína na formulação de dietas para ruminantes. In: Curso de formulação e fabricação de dietas para ruminantes. São Bento do Una: Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, 2021. Formulação de Ração Para Caprinos. Belo Jardim, 2021. 97p. FERREIRA, J. J. Proteína e concentrados proteicos na alimentação de ruminantes. Informe Agropecuário, v. 9, n. 108, p. 43-48, 1983. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL et al. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: sheep, goats, cervids, and new world camelids. 中国法制出版社, 2007. SAMPAIO, J. M. C. et al. Criação de cabras leiteiras. Brasília: EMBRATER, 1984. 243p. Nutrição e Suplementação Mineral de Bovinos de Corte. Curso de Técnico em Agropecuária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco, Belo Jardim, PE. SOLAIMAN, Sandra G. (Ed.). Goat science and production. John Wiley & Sons, 2010. SOUSA, J. C. Os minerais na alimentação dos ruminantes. Informe Agropecuário, v. 9, n. 108, p. 49-57, 1983. VELLOSO, L. Importância das vitaminas para os bovinos. Informe Agropecuário, v. 9, n. 108, p. 63-66, 1983. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the critical success factors and investigate the benefits that might be gained once implementing Electronic Customer Relationship Management at HEI from employee perspective. The study conducted at Al Quds Open University in Palestine and data collected from (300) employee through a questionnaire which consist of four variables. A number of statistical tools were intended for hypotheses testing and data analysis, including Spearman correlation coefficient for Validity, reliability correlation using Cronbach’s alpha, and Frequency (...) and Descriptive analysis. The overall findings of the current study show that all the features were important for staff and it was critical success factors, at the same time, websites were providing all the features discussed by the theory whereas staff showed their willingness to use those features if provided. It is also discovered that implementing Electronic Customer Relationship Management can cause staff retention, were provided efficiently and needed to be improved. Research limitations: The survey findings were based on QOU employee in Palestine, UAE and KSA branches not included in the study. (shrink)

It is crucial to actively detect the risks of transactions in a financial company to improve customer experience and minimize financial loss. In this study, we compare different machine learning algorithms to effectively and efficiently predict the legitimacy of financial transactions. The algorithms used in this study were: MLP Repressor, Random Forest Classifier, Complement NB, MLP Classifier, Gaussian NB, Bernoulli NB, LGBM Classifier, Ada Boost Classifier, K Neighbors Classifier, Logistic Regression, Bagging Classifier, Decision Tree Classifier and Deep Learning. The dataset (...) was collected from Kaggle depository. It consists of 6362620 rows and 10 columns. The best classifier with unbalanced dataset was the Random Forest Classifier. The Accuracy 99.97%, precession 99.96%, Recall 99.97% and the F1-score 99.96%. However, the best classifier with balanced dataset was the Bagging Classifier. The Accuracy 99.96%, precession 99.95%, Recall 99.98% and the F1-score 99.96%. (shrink)

Automatic detection of diseases and anatomical landmarks in medical images by the use of computers is important and considered a challenging process that could help medical diagnosis and reduce the cost and time of investigational procedures and refine health care systems all over the world. Recently, gastrointestinal (GI) tract disease diagnosis through endoscopic image classification is an active research area in the biomedical field. Several GI tract disease classification methods based on image processing and machine learning techniques have been proposed (...) by diverse research groups in the recent past. However, yet effective and comprehensive deep ensemble neural network-based classification model with high accuracy classification results is not available in the literature. In this thesis, we review ways and mechanisms to use deep learning techniques to research on multi-disease computer-aided detection about gastrointestinal and identify these images. We re-trained five state-of-the-art neural network architectures, VGG16, ResNet, MobileNet, Inception-v3, and Xception on the Kvasir dataset to classify eight categories that include an anatomical landmark (pylorus, z-line, cecum), a diseased state (esophagitis, ulcerative colitis, polyps), or a medical procedure (dyed lifted polyps, dyed resection margins) in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Our models have showed results with a promising accuracy which is a remarkable performance with respect to the state-of-the-art approaches. The resulting accuracies achieved using VGG, ResNet, MobileNet, Inception-v3, and Xception were 98.3%, 92.3%, 97.6%, 90% and 98.2%, respectively. As it appears, the most accurate result has been achieved when retraining VGG16 and Xception neural networks with accuracy reache to 98% due to its high performance on training on ImageNet dataset and internal structure that support classification problems. (shrink)

To create fair and accountable AI and robotics, we need precise regulation and better methods to certify, explain, and audit inscrutable systems.

I argue for an account of grasping, or understanding that, on which we grasp via a higher‐order mental act of Husserlian fulfillment. Fulfillment is the act of matching up the objects of our phenomenally presentational experiences with those of our phenomenally representational thought. Grasping‐by‐fulfilling is importantly different from standard epistemic aims, in part because it is phenomenal rather than inferential. (I endorse Bourget's (2017) arguments to that effect.) I show that grasping‐by‐fulfilling cannot be a species of propositional knowledge or belief, (...) and that it is not essentially connected to justification. I motivate a revisionary epistemology on which achieving propositional knowledge and coming to grasp are dual epistemic aims. My account makes sense of a common occurrence—that we are often unmoved to act on our beliefs until we come to phenomenally experience them in some way. It also explains puzzling features of human inquiry. (shrink)

In May 2021, Alan Bechaz, Racher Du, Will Cailes and Thomas Spiteri interviewed Sandra Leonie Field for UPJA’s Conversations from the Region. A series of discussions that invites philosophers from or based in Australasia to share their student and academic experiences. The segment looks into what inspires people to study philosophy, how they pursue their philosophical interests, and gives our audiences a better idea of philosophy as an undergraduate.

Diabetes is a major public health issue that affects the nations of our time to a large extent and is described as a non-communicable epidemic. Diabetes mellitus is a common disease where there is too much sugar (glucose) floating around in your blood. This occurs because either the pancreas can’t produce enough insulin or the cells in body have become resistant to insulin. The concentration in this paper is on diagnosis diabetes by designing a proposed expert system. The main goal (...) of this expert system is to get the appropriate diagnosing of the illness, dealing with it quickly, and tips for permanent treatment whenever possible is given out. SL5 object expert system language was used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. (shrink)

Since approval of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in 2016, it has been widely and repeatedly claimed that the GDPR will legally mandate a ‘right to explanation’ of all decisions made by automated or artificially intelligent algorithmic systems. This right to explanation is viewed as an ideal mechanism to enhance the accountability and transparency of automated decision-making. However, there are several reasons to doubt both the legal existence and the feasibility of such a right. In contrast to the (...) right to explanation of specific automated decisions claimed elsewhere, the GDPR only mandates that data subjects receive meaningful, but properly limited, information (Articles 13-15) about the logic involved, as well as the significance and the envisaged consequences of automated decision-making systems, what we term a ‘right to be informed’. Further, the ambiguity and limited scope of the ‘right not to be subject to automated decision-making’ contained in Article 22 (from which the alleged ‘right to explanation’ stems) raises questions over the protection actually afforded to data subjects. These problems show that the GDPR lacks precise language as well as explicit and well-defined rights and safeguards against automated decision-making, and therefore runs the risk of being toothless. We propose a number of legislative and policy steps that, if taken, may improve the transparency and accountability of automated decision-making when the GDPR comes into force in 2018. (shrink)

Plato is associated with the idea that the body holds us back from knowing ultimate reality and so we should try to distance ourselves from its influence. This sentiment appears is several of his dialogues including Theaetetus where the flight from the physical world is compared to becoming like God. In some major dialogues of Plato's later career such as Philebus and Laws, however, the idea of becoming like God takes a different turn. God is an intelligent force that tries (...) to create order in the physical world. I argue that likeness to God in these dialogues involves imitating God's effort by trying to order our bodies, souls, and societies as intelligence directs. Becoming like Plato's God is not to abandon the world. It is to improve it. (shrink)

In this article, I present a two-pronged argument for the immorality of contemporary, asymmetric drone warfare, based on my new interpretations of the just war principles of “proportionality” and “moral equivalence of combatants” (MEC). The justification for these new interpretations is that drone warfare continues to this day, having survived despite arguments against it that are based on traditional interpretations of just war theory (including one from Michael Walzer). On the basis of my argument, I echo Harry Van der Linden’s (...) call for “an international treaty banning all weaponized UAV [uninhabited aerial vehicles].”. (shrink)

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly evolved, offering transformative capabilities for business decision-making. This paper explores how AI can be leveraged to enhance strategic decision-making in business contexts. It examines the integration of AI-driven analytics, predictive modeling, and automation to improve decision accuracy and operational efficiency. By analyzing current applications and case studies, the paper highlights the opportunities AI presents, including enhanced data insights, risk management, and personalized customer experiences. Additionally, it addresses the challenges businesses face in adopting AI, such (...) as data privacy concerns, integration issues, and the need for skilled personnel. The paper concludes with recommendations for effectively implementing AI solutions to maximize their benefits while navigating potential pitfalls. (shrink)

In the present article, I offer a new reading of Hannah Arendt’s The Origins of Totalitarianism, specifically her argument that ideologies such as racism engender totalitarianism when the lonely and disenfranchised laborers of modern society develop a pathological fixation on formal logic, which I term “logomania.” That is, such logical deductions, from horrifically false premises, are the closest thing to thinking that individuals can engage in after their psyches, relationships, and communities have broken down. And it is only thus that (...) totalitarianism can achieve power, since it offers at least some form of connectedness and meaning, regardless how terrifying and violent. The danger persists, clearly, with the resurgence of the far Right, including in the extraordinary regime of Trump in the United States. From this I conclude that, along with the admirable calls to fight loneliness and rebuild our communities, we should also supplement all formal logical instruction and community education with instruction in creative thinking (including aesthetics), thereby discouraging the monomaniac reliance on formal logic as inadvertent weapon of totalitarianism. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to identify the obstacles facing the application of knowledge management and its impact on performance at Palestine Technical University-Kadoorei from the point of view of employees and to detect the differences between the average views of the study sample on the subject of the study according to some variables such as (gender, nature of work, Education Level, specialization, years of experience). The study followed the descriptive analytical method and the questionnaire as a tool for (...) study. It was distributed to 74 employees. After the questionnaire was distributed, the data was collected and coded and entered into the computer and processed statistically using the SPSS program. The study found that the percentage of approval of the obstacles to the application of knowledge management at Palestine Technical University-Kadoorei differed between few and large, and the relative weight of the axis was complete (68.2). The degree of awareness of the workers of the reality of performance excellence at the University of Palestine Technical-Kadoorei was between medium and very large. There is an impact of the constraints of the application of knowledge management on performance excellence at Palestine Technical University-Kadoorei. In light of the results of the previous study, the researchers recommended that the importance of knowledge management should be taken into account in order to raise the university's reputation and reputation at home and abroad and improve its services to students and the local community. And to promote the exchange of experiences and knowledge with local, regional and international universities in order to enhance the knowledge and preserve it and provide modern and sophisticated scientific techniques and use them in administrative and academic work at the university. (shrink)

In the early part of the paper, I attempt to explain a dispute between two parties who endorse the compositionality of language but disagree about its implications: Paul Horwich, and Jerry Fodor and Ernest Lepore. In the remainder of the paper, I challenge the thesis on which they are agreed, that compositionality can be taken for granted. I suggest that it is not clear what compositionality involves nor whether it obtains. I consider some kinds of apparent counterexamples, and compositionalist responses (...) to them in terms of covert indexicality and unspecific meanings. I argue that the last option is the best for most of the cases I consider. I conclude by stressing, as against Horwich and Fodor and Lepore, that the appropriate question concerns the extent to which compositionality obtains in a natural language, rather than whether it obtains or not, so that the answer is essentially messy, requiring detailed consideration of a wide range of examples. (shrink)

There is growing concern that a global economic system fueled predominately by financial incentives may not maximize human flourishing and social welfare externalities. If so, this presents a challenge of how to get economic actors to adopt a more virtuous motivational mindset. Relying on historical, psychological, and philosophical research, we show how such a mindset can be instilled. First, we demonstrate that historically, financial self-interest has never in fact been the only guiding motive behind free markets, but that markets themselves (...) are representations of our individual and collective moral identities. Building on this understanding, we review the research on how economic incentives crowd out virtue-oriented concerns. We then introduce the concept of moral self-awareness (MSA), an evolving mindset informed by reflection on moral identity, namely what one’s actions say about oneself given the impacts on others or society that one’s action may effect. MSA comprises three fundamental aspects of virtue-oriented reasoning: pride, shame, and guilt. Finally, we offer a four-stage model anchored in systems theory, yielding ever more refined motivating strategies for maximizing human flourishing and social welfare externalities. (shrink)

Background: Mint is a grassy, perennial plant, belonging to the oral platoon, fast growing and spreading, its leaves are green in color, fragrant, tart, refreshing, square-shaped leg, bifurcated, erect, ranging in height from (10 - 201 cm). Home to Europe and Asia. The mint plant has many benefits, the most important of which are pain relief, treatment of gallbladder disorders, the expulsion of gases, anti-inflammatory, and relaxing nerves. While the mint plant is the ideal option for the start of gardens, (...) it is prone to some common diseases that affect the plant's growth. Objectives: The main goal of this expert system is to get the appropriate diagnosis of disease and the correct treatment. Methods: In this paper, the design of the proposed Expert System was produced to help Farmers and those interested in agriculture in diagnosing many of the Mint diseases such as Mint rust, Verticillium wilt, Anthracnose, Powdery mildew, Black Stem Rot, Stem and stolon canker, Septoria leaf spot. The proposed expert system presents an overview of mint diseases are given, the cause of diseases outlined and the treatment of disease whenever possible is given out. CLIPS Expert System language was used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. Results: The proposed Mint diseases diagnosis expert system was evaluated by Agricultural Students at AL Azhar University and some friends interested in agriculture and they were satisfied with its performance. Conclusions: The proposed expert system is very useful for Farmers and those interested in agriculture. (shrink)

Environmental health research produces scientific knowledge about environmental hazards crucial for public health and environmental justice movements that seek to prevent or reduce exposure to these hazards. The environment in environmental health research is conceptualized as the range of possible social, biological, chemical, and/or physical hazards or risks to human health, some of which merit study due to factors such as their probability and severity, the feasibility of their remediation, and injustice in their distribution. This paper explores the ethics of (...) identifying the relevant environment for environmental health research, as judgments involved in defining an environmental hazard or risk, judgments of that hazard or risk's probability, severity, and/ or injustice, as well as the feasibility of its remediation, all ought to appeal to non-epistemic as well as epistemic values. I illustrate by discussing the case of environmental lead, a housing-related hazard that remains unjustly distributed by race and class and is particularly dangerous to children. Examining a controversy in environmental health research ethics where researchers tested multiple levels of lead abatement in lead-contaminated households, I argue that the broader perspective on the ethics of environmental health research provided in the first part of this paper may have helped prevent this controversy. (shrink)

We need modal imagination in order to extend our conception of reality - and, in particular, of human beings - beyond our immediate experience in the indexical present; and we need to do this in order to preserve the significance of human interaction. To make this leap of imagination successfully is to achieve not only insight but also an impartial perspective on our own and others' inner states. This perspective is a necessary condition of experiencing compassion for others. This is (...) the primary thesis I will try to defend in this discussion. (shrink)

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system. The symptoms generally come on slowly over time. Early in the disease, the most obvious are shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, and difficulty with walking. Doctors do not know what causes it and finds difficulty in early diagnosing the presence of Parkinson’s disease. An artificial neural network system with back propagation algorithm is presented in this paper for helping doctors in identifying (...) PD. Previous research with regards to predict the presence of the PD has shown accuracy rates up to 93% [1]; however, accuracy of prediction for small classes is reduced. The proposed design of the neural network system causes a significant increase of robustness. It is also has shown that networks recognition rates reached 100%. (shrink)

The paper argues that intensional phenomena can be explained without appealing to "exotic" entities: one that don't exist, are merely possible, or are essentially abstract.

I propose and articulate a novel theory of desire, called the Revised Reward Theory. As the name suggests, the theory is based—and expands—on Arpaly and Schroeder’s (2014) Reward Theory of Desire. The initial Reward Theory identifies desires with states of the reward learning system such that for an organism to desire some P is for its reward system to treat P as a reward upon receipt. The Revised Reward Theory identifies desires with a different state of the same system, such (...) that for an organism to desire some P is for its reward system to expect or predict that P will be rewarding (roughly) prior to receipt. The difference amounts to equating desires with what we ultimately find rewarding or satisfying versus those that underlie our motivations to obtain that which we take ourselves to desire. I argue that the structure of the reward system is incompatible with the original Reward Theory but compatible with the Revised Reward Theory. I demonstrate that this difference has important philosophical implications. I focus on moral responsibility and demonstrate Arpaly and Schroeder’s argument, that addiction can mitigate moral responsibility, turns on this precise difference. Arpaly, Schroeder, and I all ascribe to a meta-theory called ‘natural kindism’ which identifies mental kinds with neurocognitive kinds. This discussion, in addition to defending a theory of desire, is intended to act as a proof of concept for natural kindism as offering a powerful framework for relating empirical results to philosophical issues. (shrink)

Consonant with the ongoing “aesthetic turn” in legal scholarship, this article pursues a new conception of law as poetry. Gestures in this law-as-poetry direction appear in all three main schools in the philosophy of law’s history, as follows. First, natural law sees law as divinely-inspired prophetic poetry. Second, positive law sees the law as a creative human positing (from poetry’s poesis). And third, critical legal theory sees these posited laws as calcified prose prisons, vulnerable to poetic liberation. My first two (...) sections interpret two texts at the intersections among these three theories, namely Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “A Defense of Poetry” and Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America. Shelley identifies a poetic rebirth in the ruins of natural law, suggesting a philosophy of law as “natural poesis.” And Tocqueville names several figurative aristocracies capable of redeploying aristocratic law against democratic despotism, suggesting a philosophy of law as “aristo-poetic counterforce.” Finally, I propose a new theory of law as poetry bridging these two theories, “natural aristo-poetic counterforce.”. (shrink)

Most moral theories share certain features in common with other theories. They consist of a set of propositions that are universal, general, and hence impartial. The propositions that constitute a typical moral theory are (1) universal, in that they apply to all subjects designated as within their scope. They are (2) general, in that they include no proper names or definite descriptions. They are therefore (3) impartial, in that they accord no special privilege to any particular agent's situation which cannot (...) be justified under (2) and (3). These three features do not distinguish moral theories from other theories, nor indeed from most general categorical propositions we assert. Yet, in recent years, these features of moral theories have been the target of a certain concerted and sustained criticism, namely, that to be committed to such a moral theory, or to aspire to act in accordance with its requirements, results in what has come to be known as moral alienation. Moral alienation, according to this criticism, consists in (i) viewing one's ground projects from an impersonal, "moral point of view" engendered by one's acceptance of the theory; (ii) being prepared to sacrifice these projects to the requirements of moral principle; and (iii) making such a sacrifice specifically and self-consciously in order to conform to these requirements. Moral alienation is said to manifest itself in one (or both) of two ways, depending on the nature of the project thus susceptible to sacrifice. One may be alienated from oneself, if the project consists of tastes, convictions, or aspirations that are centrally definitive of one's self. In this case one's commitment to the project can be at best conditional on its congruence with one's moral theory. It is claimed that this must make for a rather tepid and unenthusiastic commitment indeed. Alternatively, one may be alienated from others, if the project is an interpersonal relationship such as a friendship, marriage, or collegial relationship. In this case one's responses to the other are motivated by one's awareness of what one's moral theory requires. It is claimed that this obstructs a genuine and unmediated emotional response to the other as such. My aim here will be to argue that this very compelling criticism - call it the moral-alienation criticism - is nevertheless misdirected. The real culprit is not any particular moral theory, but rather a certain familiar personality type that may or may not adopt it. (shrink)

This paper will argue that there is no such thing as introspective access to judgments and decisions. I t won't challenge the existence of introspective access to perceptual and imagistic states, nor to emotional feelings and bodily sensations. On the contrary, the model presented in Section 2 presumes such access. Hence introspection is here divided into two categories: introspection of propositional attitude events, on the one hand, and introspection of broadly perceptual events, on the other. I shall assume that the (...) latter exists while arguing that the fonner doesn't . Section I makes some preliminary points and distinctions, and outlines the scope of the argument. Section 2 presents and motivates the general model of introspection that predicts a divided result. Section 3 provides independent evidence for the conclusion that judgments and decisions aren't introspectable. Section 4 then replies to a number of objections to the argument, the most important of which is made from the perspective of so-called "dual systems theories" of belief formation and decision making, The upshot is a limited form of eliminativism about introspection, in respect of at least two core categories of propositional attitude. (shrink)

This project was provoked by the almost nonexistent pushback from the Democratic liberal establishment to the (2020) exoneration of Kyle Rittenhouse, despite his acknowledged killing of two Black Lives Matters protesters against the police murder of George Floyd. It builds on three prior articles arguing for the revival of ancient Dionysian practice, Haitian Vodou, and Indigenous South American shamanism to empower leftist revolution. In essence, I propose an assemblage of spiritual practices that are accessible today for the neo-colonized 99% of (...) the global population, by synthesizing and reconstructing three democratic, lower-SES, Indigenous religions, all of which share a militant defiance of their respective tyrannical plutocracies. To avoid cultural appropriation, I center these reconstructed spiritual practices on the figure of the “mage,” a psychosocial healer loosely analogous to a shaman. And the mage’s signature activity, “magic,” I redefine naturalistically as free interpersonal performative action, practiced using two theoretical disciplines (philosophy and psychology) and two practical disciplines chosen by each mage. More precisely, Spirit/Dance channels the “spirits” of dead ancestors, historical figures, legendary heroes, mythical beings, and fictional characters, into the three ultimate objectives of “mindfulness” for psyches/souls, “liberation” for mindful bodies, and “social justice” for liberated communities, indirectly empowering long-term revolution. (shrink)

Background If trials of therapeutic interventions are to serve society's interests, they must be of high methodological quality and must satisfy moral commitments to human subjects. The authors set out to develop a clinical - trials compendium in which standards for the ethical treatment of human subjects are integrated with standards for research methods. Methods The authors rank-ordered the world's nations and chose the 31 with >700 active trials as of 24 July 2008. Governmental and other authoritative entities of the (...) 31 countries were searched, and 1004 English-language documents containing ethical and/or methodological standards for clinical trials were identified. The authors extracted standards from 144 of those: 50 designated as ‘core’, 39 addressing trials of invasive procedures and a 5% sample of the remainder. As the integrating framework for the standards we developed a coherent taxonomy encompassing all elements of a trial's stages. Findings Review of the 144 documents yielded nearly 15 000 discrete standards. After duplicates were removed, 5903 substantive standards remained, distributed in the taxonomy as follows: initiation, 1401 standards, 8 divisions; design, 1869 standards, 16 divisions; conduct, 1473 standards, 8 divisions; analysing and reporting results, 997 standards, four divisions; and post-trial standards, 168 standards, 5 divisions. Conclusions The overwhelming number of source documents and standards uncovered in this study was not anticipated beforehand and confirms the extraordinary complexity of the clinical trials enterprise. This taxonomy of multinational ethical and methodological standards may help trialists and overseers improve the quality of clinical trials, particularly given the globalisation of clinical research. (shrink)

In this article, I explore Seth Farber’s critique in _The Spiritual Gift of Madness_ that the leaders of the Mad Pride movement are failing to realize his vision of the mad as spiritual vanguard of sociopolitical transformation. First, I show how, contra Farber’s polemic, several postmodern theorists are well suited for this leadership (especially the Argentinian post-Marxist philosopher Ernesto Laclau). Second, I reinterpret the first book by the Icarus Project, _Navigating the Space between Brilliance and Madness_, by reimagining its central (...) metaphor of Icarus in the context of late capitalism as a prison world. Finally, I conclude with four strategies derived therefrom for higher functioning mad leaders to transform our penitentiary world. (shrink)

This contribution aims to explore the historical predecessors of the Five Percenter model of self-realization, as popularized by Hip Hop artists such as Supreme Team, Rakim Allah, Brand Nubian, Wu-Tang Clan, or Sunz of Man. As compared to frequent considerations of the phenomenon as a creative mythological background for a socio-political struggle, Five Percenter teachings shall be discussed as contemporary interpretations of historical models of self-realization in various philosophical, religious, and esoteric systems. By putting the coded system of the tenfold (...) Supreme Mathematics as one of its core teachings in context with the Pythagorean Tetractys, an arrangement of ten points in four lines, the commonalities between the sequence and concepts attributed to the respective numbers will be demonstrated. (shrink)

In our dealings with young children, we often get them to do or think things by arranging their environments in certain ways; by dissembling, simplifying, or ambiguating the facts in answer to their queries; by carefully selecting the states of affairs, behavior of others, and utterances to which they shall be privy. We rightly justify these practices by pointing out a child's malleability, and the necessity of paying close attention to formative influences during its years of growth. This filtering of (...) influences is necessary, we point out, if children are ever to reach a degree of maturity and inner stability that will enable them to understand and cope adequately with the complexities, contradictions, and difficulties of the world from which we now seek to shield them. Thus a child's eventual state of competence, maturity, and autonomy adequately justifies our current practices of manipulation and selection of his environment: such practices are rightly held to be ultimately in the child's best interests as an adult. There is no future state of things with reference to which the Utilitarian night justify his policy of secrecy and manipulation, and in light of which this policy night eventually be dispensed with and commonly validated, in retrospect, as a means to the worthwhile goal of moral maturity. That is, there is no point at which the attitude of the Utilitarian to the rest of the community can develop past the analogous attitude of the parent towards the child; no point at which the Utilitarian might eventually bear to others a relationship of mutual acknowledgement and respect as mature, autonomous, moral adults. The consistent Utilitarian, then, largely regards himself as if he were the only adult in a community of children. (shrink)

Disintegration is the most important step for drug bioavailability because after, the disintegration process, the ingredients of solid dosage forms dissolve and become bioavailable. Generally, the tablets and capsules should be taken with a glass of water otherwise the manufacturer gives instructions to use the proper beverage. Several drugs are taken with different forms of beverages to ensure easy swallowing of the tablet, masking the bad taste of the drug and overcoming the drug aftertaste, these beverages can influence the disintegration (...) of the solid dosage form. The most common cold beverages consumed by the Libyan population are juice, milk, and Coca-Cola. These beverages are consumed without awareness of the possible effect of these beverages on drugs, especially over-the-counter drugs such as analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory drugs that are taken without a prescription. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of three beverages, namely: orange juice, milk, and Coca-Cola on the disintegration time of four over-the-counter-drugs: Panadol, Congestal, Brufen, and Reality Extra using disintegration test of drugs in 0.1 N HCL and in hybrid medium prepared by combination of 150 ml 0.1 N HCL and 550 ml of beverage to simulate in vivo condition. The findings show that the orange juice significantly increases the disintegration time of all the investigated drugs. Coca-Cola significantly increases the disintegration time of Reality Extra, and slightly increases the disintegration time of Brufen, Congestal, and Panadol and the full-fat milk significantly increases the disintegration time of Reality Extra and Panadol while slightly increasing the disintegration time for Brufen and Congestal. It is concluded that commonly used beverages affect the disintegration time of the examined over-the-counter drugs. Patients should be advised to take these medications without beverages which may delay the disintegration and the onset of action of the drug. (shrink)

Although high-performance human resource practices do not directly affect corporate social performance strengths, they do positively affect CSP strengths in companies that are highly innovative or have high levels of slack. High-performance human resource management practices also directly and negatively affect CSP concerns. Drawing on the resource-based view and using secondary data from an objective, third-party database, the authors develop and test hypotheses about how high-performance HRM affects a company’s CSP strengths and concerns. Findings suggest that HRM and innovation are (...) important capabilities because they create and enhance other capabilities. (shrink)

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious, medical emergency that can be fatal but treatable, we aimed to evaluate the clinical profile of patients admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis. This case series study enrolled 213 non-pregnant adult and adolescent patients admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis at Tripoli Diabetes Hospital from January to September 2023. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, precipitating factors, and patient outcomes were extracted from medical records and analyzed. Type 1 diabetes mellitus was present in 187 (87.8%) of patients, the age (...) range 11-84 years, (30.26±13.28), with 130 patients ≤30 years old (61.0%), females accounting for 110 of the patients (51.6%), 109 had a diabetes duration of less than 10 years (51.2%). The most common precipitating factor was insulin omission 92 (43.2%) in patients with known diabetes mellitus, whereas, diabetic ketoacidosis as the first presentation of diabetes mellitus in 24 patients (11.7%), systolic blood pressure ranged 50-160 mmHg (112.82±16.19), diastolic blood pressure varied 30-100 mmHg (70.24±11.32). Plasma glucose at presentation ranged 183-1494 mg/dl (462.92±169.85), with Eu-glycemic diabetic ketoacidosis 100-249 mg/dl were in nine patients (4.2%), whereas most of cases (135 patients, 63.4%) present with plasma glucose 250-500 mg/dl, while hyperosmolar status (≥701 mg/dl) were present in 13 patients (6.1%). Venous pH varied from 6.7-7.42 (7.13±0.14), 132 (62.0%) patients presented with pH <7.24, while severe acidosis was pH < 7 in 32 of patients (14.6%), serum bicarbonate with 10.93±4.95, severe (<5 mmol) in 91 patients (42.7%) and moderate (5-10 mmol) were in 79 patients (37.08%). The mean length of hospital stay was 3.33 days, with an average of 2.11 days spent in the high-dependent unit. Serum potassium varied from 2.4-6.7 meq/L with 3.66± 0.63, most common complications of diabetic ketoacidosis treatment were hypokalemia observed in 82 (35.7%) of cases, and hypoglycemia was detected in 41 patients (19.2%). 170 patients were discharged in good condition (79.8%), and 17.8% of patients were transferred to another hospital to receive further management for co-morbid diseases with diabetes after controlling their hyperglycemic crises. The majority of patients presented with the critical status of diabetic ketoacidosis. The findings emphasize the importance of patient education about prevention measures prompt presentation to the hospital, and clinicians' awareness for early and aggressive treatment of hyperglycemic crises. (shrink)

This study presented the policy of functional integration of the product planning team as a strategy for the development of the pharmaceutical industry in Palestine. The study population consists of all the workers in companies operating in the field of medicine in Palestine, which are (5) companies producing in the West Bank only for pharmaceuticals used by these companies, which are (296) employees, and was used a simple random sample to choose the sample and size (87) employees of the study (...) population, and to achieve the objectives of the study (87) questionnaires were distributed. The descriptive analytical method was used, and SPSS was used to answer and discuss the study's questions. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the effectiveness of the policy of product development and the competitiveness of pharmaceutical companies in Palestine (West Bank), where the policy of product development efficiency accounts for 56.6% of the total change in the competitiveness of companies. The product quality component was most influential at all levels of product development effectiveness policy, followed by product identification, product cost reduction, packaging and product deletion. The weakest areas of strategic direction in pharmaceutical companies in Palestine (West Bank) are 67%. The weakest aspects of job integration are: non-regular meetings of representatives of different positions to participate in any project related to product development, to achieve spatial convergence of members of the product planning policy team in offices, laboratories and workplaces. (shrink)

This discussion treats a set of familiar social derelictions as consequences of the perversion of a universalistic moral theory in the service of an ill-considered or insufficiently examined personal agenda.The set includes racism, sexism, anti-Semitism, homophobia, and class elitism, among other similar pathologies, under the general heading of discrimination. The perversion of moral theory from which these derelictions arise, I argue, involves restricting its scope of application to some preferred subgroup of the moral community of human beings. -/- The following (...) analysis of higher-order discrimination suggests that we often select the individuals who constitute such subgroups for reasons that we ourselves would reject on moral grounds were we to examine them carefully, but that we choose instead to put our rational resources in the service of avoiding any such examination at all costs. The implication is that arguments that truncate the scope of moral theory in fact justify bestowing the gift of moral treatment on a select few who deserve it no more than the many from whom we withhold it. Therefore, it would be precipitous to conclude that universalistic moral theory can be legitimately restricted in its practical scope of application in any way at all. (shrink)

This chapter identifies and explores a series of challenges raised by the clinical concept of delusion for theories which conceive autonomy as an agency rather than a status concept. The first challenge is to address the autonomy-impairing nature of delusions consistently with their role as grounds for full legal and ethical excuse, on the one hand, and psychopathological significance as key symptoms of psychoses, on the other. The second challenge is to take into account the full logical range of delusions, (...) which may take the form of true or false factual beliefs, positive or negative evaluations, as well as the paradoxical delusion of mental illness. The third and final challenge is to make room for non-pathological or, autonomy-preserving delusions and to offer a credible way of distinguishing between these and pathological or, autonomy-impairing delusions. By setting out these challenges, we are able to, firstly, distinguish between two separate conceptions of objectivity that may be at work in existing accounts of delusions and, secondly, to put a spotlight on an elusive yet inescapable notion of agential success that underlies our thinking about autonomy as well as mental disorder. (shrink)

Abstract: Ensuring the proactive detection of transaction risks is paramount for financial institutions, particularly in the context of managing credit scores. In this study, we compare different machine learning algorithms to effectively and efficiently. The algorithms used in this study were: MLogisticRegressionCV, ExtraTreeClassifier,LGBMClassifier,AdaBoostClassifier, GradientBoostingClassifier,Perceptron,RandomForestClassifier,KNeighborsClassifier,BaggingClassifier, DecisionTreeClassifier, CalibratedClassifierCV, LabelPropagation, Deep Learning. The dataset was collected from Kaggle depository. It consists of 164 rows and 8 columns. The best classifier with unbalanced dataset was the LogisticRegressionCV. The Accuracy 100.0%, precession 100.0%,Recall100.0% and the F1-score (...) 100.0%. However, the best classifier with balanced dataset was the LogisticRegressionCV. The Accuracy 100.0%, precession 100.0%, Recall 100.0% and the F1-score 100.0%. (shrink)

The paper also discusses the technical architecture, including the network protocols, data management strategies, and user interface design considerations necessary to implement such a system. Additionally, it addresses the challenges related to data security, privacy, and system interoperability. Finally, the paper outlines potential future enhancements, such as the incorporation of AI-driven predictive analytics and advanced AR features, to further elevate the smart home experience.

I want to argue that self-deception is a species of a more general phenomenon, which I shall call pseudorationality, which in turn is necessitated by what I shall describe as our highest-order disposition to literal self-preservation. By "literal self-preservation," I mean preservation of the rational intelligibility of the self, in the face of recalcitrant facts that invariably threaten it.

In The Philosophy of Logical Atomism Russell held the view that facts in the world are formally structured complexes, the structure of which matches the logical structure of correspondent propositions. Russell also seems to have denied that there are facts of identity and of diversity. This paper argues that Identity and Diversity can be understood as purely formal structures in Russellian facts. It considers Russell’s possible reasons for denying the existence of facts of identity and diversity and shows how problematic (...) these reasons are. In particular, I argue that identity statements are not tautologies, and their denial does not result into a contradiction. An important consequence of this thesis is that Metaphysics and Logic are not as tied up as Russell took them to be, but nevertheless these are good news for the old formal program for Metaphysics that lies at the very heart of what he called philosophical logic. (shrink)

Comparative religion scholar Thomas Berry’s influential concept of “Earth jurisprudence” has been helpfully elaborated in three principal books. My first section identifies four of their common themes, deriving therefrom an implicit narrative: (1) the basis of ecology is autopoiesis, which (2) originally generated human communities and Indigenous vernacular laws, which were (3) later reasserted by forest defenders who fought to create the Magna Carta’s “Charter of the Forest,” which is (4) now championed globally by the Indian physicist and eco-activist Vandana (...) Shiva’s Earth Democracy movement. My next three sections identify mutually exclusive elements of the three books, deriving the following alternative narrative: self-conscious new dancing rituals (Cullinan) could empower an historically informed reconstruction of private property (Burdon) via commons-based vernacular law (Weston and Bollier). And my conclusion offers one template for such a strategy, namely a new environmental variation on my dancing-poetic conception of legal justice, christened “emerald star-law.”. (shrink)

The ever-evolving landscape of cyber threats necessitates robust and adaptable intrusion detection systems (IDS) capable of identifying both known and emerging attacks. Traditional IDS models often struggle with detecting novel threats, leading to significant security vulnerabilities. This paper proposes an optimized intrusion detection model using Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms tailored to detect known and innovative cyberattacks with high accuracy and efficiency. The model integrates feature selection and dimensionality reduction techniques to enhance detection performance while reducing computational overhead. By leveraging (...) advanced optimization techniques such as Grid Search and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), the proposed SVM-based IDS achieves superior classification results. (shrink)

The purpose of this discussion is twofold. First, I want to shed some light on Kant's concept of personhood as rational agency, by situating it in the context of the first Critique's conception of the self as defined by its rational dispositions. I hope to suggest that this concept of personhood cannot be simply grafted onto an essentially Humean conception of the self that is inherently inimical to it, as I believe Rawls, Gewirth, and others have tried to do. Instead (...) I will try to show how deeply embedded this concept of personhood is in Kant's conception of the self as rationally unified consciousness. Second, I want to deploy this embedded concept of personhood as the basis for an analysis of the phenomenon of xenophobia. (shrink)

This study is concerned with linguistic competence and relationship between the socio-demographic profile in terms of parents’ education background and assigned household chores. The researcher made questionnaires and essay tests and administered among senior high school students who were randomly chosen as respondents. To analyze and interpret data, mean, standard deviation, T-test, and One-Way Analysis of Variance were utilized. ANOVA was conducted to determine whether there was a significant relationship between the socio-demographic profile and the level of linguistic competency of (...) the senior high school students. Findings revealed that there was no significant relationship between the parents’ educational attainment and linguistic competences. ANOVA was conducted again to determine whether there was a significant relationship between the assigned household chores and the level of linguistic competency of the senior high school students. Similarly, results indicate that linguistic competences do not differ among respondents with different assigned household chores. In addition, T-test was conducted to determine whether there was a significant difference among the level of linguistic competencies of the senior high school students in Ormoc City Regional Sports Academy, but the gathered results revealed that there was no significant difference among linguistic competence level. However, there was a significant difference in the linguistic competence in organization of ideas among senior high school students. Grade 11 students have significantly higher mean in organization of ideas than Grade12 students. Major findings revealed that the respondents were at the basic level under the Common European Framework of References for Languages. Generally, the linguistic competence of the senior high school students should be improved. A proposed remedial activity in English writing skills is adapted to level up the linguistic competence of the senior high school students. (shrink)

Though Mathias Risse and Gabriel Wollner’s On Trade Justice admirably incorporates the history of European philosophy and U.S. government, their otherwise reasonable proposals rest on dubious grounds. The book derives both much of its appeal, and its primary vulnerability, from a cluster of central terms that are situated precariously at the intersection of metaphors and concepts, or what Lakoff and Johnson call “metaphorical concepts.” In this article, I explore the three most important such terms, as featured in the following paraphrase (...) of theirs: “Trade is an embedded ground of justice.” For each italicized term, I conclude, Risse and Wollner vacillate between its most conceptual and metaphorical meanings, thereby attempting to (a) stretch “trade” to identify prehistoric exchange with global capitalism, so as to (b) rebrand the contextual “ground” of this universal activity as a foundation, even though (c) foundations “embedded” in other foundations simply reduce to their lowest common denominator. The latter, in this case, is global capitalism, the most immoral practices of which they are thereby pressured to defend, including temporary forms of the very exploitation that they so persuasively reconceive and otherwise condemn. (shrink)

Adrian Piper argues that the Humean conception can be made to work only if it is placed in the context of a wider and genuinely universal conception of the self, whose origins are to be found in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. This conception comprises the basic canons of classical logic, which provide both a model of motivation and a model of rationality. These supply necessary conditions both for the coherence and integrity of the self and also for unified agency. (...) The Kantian conception solves certain intractable problems in decision theory by integrating it into classical predicate logic, and provides answers to longstanding controversies in metaethics concerning moral motivation, rational final ends, and moral justification that the Humean conception engenders. In addition, it sheds light on certain kinds of moral behavior – for example, the whistleblower – that the Humean conception is at a loss to explain. (shrink)