Los experimentos mentales son dispositivos epistémicos de la imaginación, o de análisis de problemas filosóficos, que recorren las fronteras de aquella, desde el sillón. Dichas fronteras tocan dilemas perennes de la filosofía: cuestiones de la metafísica, como el tiempo, el espacio y la realidad, el problema de la libertad y el determinismo, la naturaleza de la mente, la identidad personal, los argumentos acerca del significado, las posibilidades, fuentes y condiciones del conocimiento, las relaciones entre discurso y lógica, la (...) ética, cuestiones de la filosofía social y política, y la estética. Muchos problemas de la filosofía han sido abordados mediante experimentos mentales, una herramienta útil de la caja de herramientas del filósofo. No todas las herramientas son populares, no obstante. Los experimentos mentales son, pese a sus defensores, falibles, incluso si son argumentos bien planteados. Justamente, este libro recopila artículos con las principales defensas y ataques a los experimentos mentales, especialmente en términos de su confiabilidad para llegar a conclusiones, o bien de su relevancia en términos de su origen: el sillón de la filosofía. Este ha sido vapuleado por los nuevos aires de la filosofía analítica, que trata al sillón como un viejo artefacto del análisis a priori. De hecho, hay posturas que critican a los experimentos mentales por constituir bombas de intuiciones no confiables. Por supuesto, no hay razón irrefutable para aceptar los experimentos mentales y las filosofías de sillón. Pero ¿hay alguna en la filosofía? El libro no pretende convencer al lector del valor de los experimentos mentales y las filosofías de sillón. Por el contrario, su objetivo es formar una imagen propia de estos dispositivos epistémicos, tanto en relación con sus virtudes y limitaciones. Si ello se logra, habrá valido el esfuerzo llevado a cabo en esta compilación de artículos, los que muestran los límites, desafíos y críticas de la experimentación mental desde el sillón. (shrink)

Este ensayo examina un experimento mental clásico de John Searle en filosofía de la mente, cuyo argumento ha sido descalificado por Dennett y Hofstadter como una bomba de intuiciones no confiable. Lo que se defiende aquí es que este experimento mental tiene un sesgo cartesiano, pero ello no obsta a que no sea confiable. En efecto, la característica principal de la Pieza China es depender de un agente cognitivo consciente que realiza el experimento, y en particular, de quien no se (...) puede prescindir para saber si ocurre o no entendimiento lingüístico luego del procesamiento de símbolos. En efecto, el punto de vista de la 1ª persona de quien lleva a cabo el experimento es, al igual que en otras instancias, lo que permite el testeo de una hipótesis sobre la naturaleza de lo mental. (shrink)

Entende-se que os experimentos mentais são dispositivos da imaginação que podem nos fornecer crenças que constituem conhecimento. John D. Norton apresentou uma abordagem que se tornou influente para explicar como os experimentos mentais científicos podem produzir novos conhecimentos so- bre o mundo. Ele afirma que não há nada distintivo nos experimentos men- tais, uma vez que sustenta que eles funcionam exatamente como argumen- tos. Neste artigo, contestamos sua abordagem. Examinamos aspectos essen- ciais de sua abordagem, que envolvem (...) as noções de “argumento” e “inferên- cia” para mostrar que um sujeito que chega a saber algo através da execução ou condução de um experimento mental dificilmente será considerado como tendo efetivamente executado um argumento ou um processo de raciocínio inferencial. (shrink)

Este trabajo pretende ser una reconstrucción de uno del equilibrio reflexivo. Proporcionaré un concepto, enunciaré sus elementos y describiré cada uno de sus pasos. Afirmaré que puede suscribirse al uso del equilibrio reflexivo no solo desde esquemas coherentistas sino también –contrariamente a lo tradicionalmente sostenido- fundacionalistas. Afirmaré también que ambos esquemas pueden ser sensibles a la experiencia moral humana y que, por tanto, ninguno de los dos representa, necesariamente, un modo viciado de hacer filosofía moral. Finalmente, dado que muchas investigaciones (...) morales se edifican sobre la construcción de diferentes experimentos mentales, intentaré describir ciertas ventajas y desventajas de cada uno de ellos. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to bring out, by means of a simple thought experiment involving demonstratives, a discrepancy between what is expressed and what is believed, and to consider some consequences of this - most notably, whether we might hold, for example, that the ancients never believed that Hesperus is not Phosphorus. RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar, por meio de um experimento mental simples envolvendo demonstrativos, uma discrepância entre o que é expresso e o que (...) se acredita, e considerar algumas consequências disso - principalmente se podemos sustentar, por exemplo, que os antigos nunca acreditaram que Hesperus não é Phosphorus. (shrink)

Quentin Meillassoux descarta la cuestión de la correlación correcta en su Después de la finitud y en las publicaciones siguientes porque su trabajo tiene como objetivo refutar el correlacionismo. La pregunta central que planteo en el artículo es:¿ necesita la posición de Meillassoux algo más que un juego ontológico formal (y los realismos especulativos y los nuevos realismos en general)? Mi respuesta a esta pregunta será un no, pero creo que él y todos los realistas especulativos y nuevos realistas necesitan (...) una concepción de la conexión entre nosotros y las cosas que nos rodean. El artículo comienza examinando dos nociones centrales de la filosofía negativa de Meillassoux: correlación y ancestralidad. Este análisis elude dar una respuesta a la cuestión de por qué Meillassoux trata de evitar comprometerse con cuestiones tradicionales de epistemología, filosofía de la mente y ciencia. Después introduzco la noción de juego ontológico formal y presento un argumento (del experimento mental de la tabla periódica de las cosas) de por qué cualquier realista especulativo y nuevo realista debe abstenerse de declarar su ontología realista respectiva en la forma de este juego. El artículo concluye con cuatro preguntas que deben ser respondidas por Meillassoux y, por extensión, por cualquier filosofía que se esfuerce por ser un realismo especulativo o un nuevo realismo. (shrink)

En el presente ensayo hago una revisión del término “bomba de intuición”, mostrando la evolución que ha tenido el mismo. En efecto, parece existir un importante cambio de posición, al menos en el pensamiento de Dennett, el cual originalmente trata a algunos experimentos mentales como carentes de virtud epistémica. De hecho, que el término “bomba de intuición” haya sido acuñado por él y Hofstadter una vez aparecido el argumento de la Habitación China de Searle, lleva a pensar que (...) el problema con estas herramientas epistemológicas no es inherente a ellas, sino más bien derivado del problema mente-cuerpo. Pero, esta tesis requiere de algunas precisiones. Dennett ha hecho modificaciones a su tratamiento de las bombas de intuiciones, y ha encontrado para ellas una serie de ventajas para el razonamiento, la imaginación, la argumentación, etc. En consecuencia, en este ensayo muestro la evolución de su tratamiento de las bombas de intuiciones, y enfatizo de qué forma han pasado de ser elementos negativos a positivos en la epistemología de los experimentos mentales. (shrink)

Pese a su uso e importancia, no hay investigaciones semánticas sobre los pseudónimos. Aunque resulta claro que los nombres ficticios son importantes en la definición de la identidad de un artista, no ha habido mayor investigación sobre el rol que desempeñan. Aquí, justamente intento mostrar que son fundamentales en el arte, porque permiten crear la identidad de un personaje, pero ello ocurre principalmente en el mundo social. Dada la escasez de investigaciones sobre los pseudónimos y sobre su conexión con la (...) identidad, este artículo muestra: i) que no pueden ser designadores rígidos kripkeanos; ii) que la identidad que conllevan es puramente artística, y no metafísica. En la primera sección, apoyo parte de la propuesta de Kripke acerca de los designadores rígidos: los nombres propios, como tales designadores, deben analizarse a la luz de los mundos posibles; esto es, en términos de cómo podrían haber resultado las cosas de otra manera. En la segunda sección, examino los antecedentes y las consecuencias de que dichos nombres sean designadores rígidos. En la tercera, en cambio, argumento que los pseudónimos no pueden ser designadores rígidos como los nombres propios. Dicha conclusión es alcanzada a partir de la variación de un experimento mental kripkeano, uno que versa sobre Dios y el esfuerzo de Él para crear objetos. En la sección final muestro que los pseudónimos, en vez de designar rígidamente, crean personajes en el mundo social. Por ello la identidad que conllevan no es interna a los objetos; por el contrario, es un tipo de identidad que solo pertenece al mundo social. (shrink)

[No hay resumen disponible, se incluyen los primerso párrafos del texto] Hace ya mucho tiempo algunos amigos de alrededor de treinta años comenzamos a estudiar filosofía bajo la dirección de Gregorio Klimovsky. Muy pronto uno de nosotros se destacó por su capacidad creadora y su curiosidad filosófica: era Juan Larreta. Es así que, a pesar de haber iniciado tarde su formación, descolló como filósofo de mérito tanto en la Argentina como en el exterior. Presidente de la Sociedad Argentina de Análisis (...) Filosófico (SADAF) durante dos períodos, obtuvo el Diploma al M érito en Filosofía de la Fundación Konex en el 2006 y fue nombrado miembro honorario de la Sociedad Española de Filosofía Analítica (SEFA) en 2010. Organizó seminarios y dictó conferencias en centros de estudios filosóficos y en universidades argentinas y extranjeras, en cuyas publicaciones escribió numerosos artículos de singular valía, todos ellos caracterizados por su originalidad, su irreverente desafío al sentido común y sus ingeniosos experimentos mentales (thought experiments). Esta despedida dolorosa se empeña en acercar a la memoria recuerdos queridos de circunstancias compartidas con este amigo excepcional. fue nuestro centro: en su casa organizó, durante muchos años, seminarios de filosofía, de economía y, junto con María Elisa, esas reuniones cinéfilas de divertidas, sorprendentes y variadas interpretaciones... (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é responder a duas objeções que podem ser feitas à explicação do anulabilismo falibilista referente à possibilidade de conhecimento inferencial originado em falsidade (KFF). A primeira objeção é que a ausência de restauradores indica a incompletude da explicação anulabilista falibilista de KFF, enquanto a segunda é que o experimento mental de KFF viola o Princípio Resistência à Verdade* (RV*) – a principal tese do anulabilismo falibilista. Na primeira seção, explicarei no que consiste o debate acerca da (...) possibilidade de conhecimento inferencial a partir de falsidade; na segunda seção, explicarei o anulabilismo falibilista, desenvolvida por de Almeida (2017); na última seção, desenvolverei os argumentos que podem ser feitos contra o anulabilismo falibilista e explicarei por que não funcionam. (shrink)

Este trabajo examina si la pregunta “¿puede pensar una máquina?” ha sido respondida de manera satisfactoria. La primera sección, justamente, examina el dictum cartesiano según el cual una máquina no puede pensar en principio. La segunda trata sobre una rebelión en contra de Descartes, encabezada por Babbage. A su vez, la tercera describe una segunda rebelión encabezada por Turing. En ambas se examina, primero el lenguaje mentalista/instrumentalista para describir a una máquina programada y segundo, el reemplazo de la pregunta por (...) el Juego de la Imitación. En la cuarta sección sostengo que la evidencia aportada por dicho juego nos devuelve a la pregunta, pese a Turing. Por último, la quinta sección versa sobre cómo la Habitación China de Searle, paradójicamente, apoya el dictum cartesiano, y lo hace porque tal experimento mental se basa en una capacidad mental falible: la introspección. Se concluye que la pregunta acerca de si puede pensar una máquina es derivada de otra pregunta filosófica compleja: la de la naturaleza de lo mental y el problema mente-cuerpo. (shrink)

Com o conceito de Filosofia já explicado no trabalho (DOS PROBLEMAS FILOSÓFICOS E SUAS CARACTERÍSTICAS), podemos agora conferir uma ideia mais clara da filosofia se a compararmos com o conhecimento científico tal como atualmente se entende, isto é, com as ciências experimentais. Uma vez a filosofia sendo distinguida com relação às ciências experimentais, faremos uma comparação das soluções que outorgam os dois níveis de conhecimento frente ao mesmo assunto para elucidar, por exemplo, na frente do homem, o mundo, o número, (...) o comportamento humano ou a beleza. -/- 1. DIFERENÇA ENTRE CAUSAS PRÓXIMAS E CAUSAS ÚLTIMAS – A Filosofia estuda as causas últimas (ou supremas), enquanto as ciências experimentais estudam as causas imediatas. Por exemplo, ao estudar o movimento, a física capta o tema por meio de forças, fricções, pesos e balanços, que afetam os corpos. Estas são as causas imediatas, e elas são distinguidas porque sempre permanecem no plano do sensível e do experimentável. Em vez disso, a Filosofia examina os dois princípios que explicam todos os demais, os tornando em sua forma essencial, ou seja, o ato (exemplo: o ato de atritar duas madeiras até produzir fogo) e a potência (exemplo: a potência de um carro que vai de 0 a 100 Km/h em questão de segundos). Essas são causas supremas e não permanecem mais no nível sensível; elas são capturadas apenas no nível inteligível. Em outras palavras, o filósofo tenta chegar à essência do objeto estudado, e sua explicação é no sentido vertical, pois deixa o nível sensível e experimental. Em contrapartida, o cientista elabora explicações em um sentido horizontal, dentro do nível experimental. A diferença fundamental de ambos os tipos de conhecimento residem, então, em seu diferente objeto formal. -/- 2. TOTALIDADE E PARCIALIDADE DO OBJETO MATERIAL - A filosofia procura abranger a totalidade das coisas; seu objeto material é o mais largo que pode ser conferido. Por outro lado, as outras ciências são particulares, para dizer, elas estudam uma certa parte ou setor, entre todas as entidades. À exemplo, a Filosofia apropriasse de objetos da língua portuguesa (linguística e linguagem); da Antropologia (Antropologia filosófica e Cultura); da História; da Geografia; da Física; da Cosmologia; da Ciência Política; da Sociologia; etc. -/- Nesse sentido, já esclarecemos que mesmo quando a Filosofia estuda as mesmas coisas que as outras ciências tratam, Filosofia e ciência não se confundem, uma vez que o objeto formal é diferente em ambas. -/- 3. MÉTODO EXPERIMENTAL E MÉTODO RACIONAL – As ciências experimentais sublinham a necessidade da experiência sensível, como efeito, as leis da natureza não são deduzidas mediante certos princípios, mas têm que observar-se de uma maneira sensata, mesmo usando a experimentação. -/- Por sua parte, a Filosofia, mesmo que não possa prescindir do experiência sensível, insiste no método racional e no uso do entendimento, graças ao qual é possível capturar as essências, os primeiros princípios e as causas supremas que fundamentam o Universo. -/- 4. DIFERENÇA ENTRE EPISTEME E SOFIA - Outra forma de capturar a diferença entre os dois tipos de conhecimento, está presente no que Aristóteles chamou episteme e sofia. Episteme é a ciência, mas entendida não como um conjunto de verdades, mas como um hábito intelectual demonstrativo. O sujeito que possui essa qualidade tem a facilidade de demonstrar com rigor e precisão suas afirmações, ele pode basear sua tese, isto é, ele dá as causas do que ele detém. -/- Sofia, por outro lado, é a sabedoria que o filósofo ama (filos: que ama; sofia: sabedoria) e consiste em uma conjunção de episteme (verdade suprema) e nous (razão). A Filosofia, portanto, inclui também a episteme ao hábito demonstrativo, mas acrescenta outra coisa: o nous. -/- Nous é o hábito intuitivo dos primeiros princípios; é a qualidade mental (virtude intelectual, diz Aristóteles) pela qual um sujeito tem a facilidade para voltar de uma forma intuitiva para os primeiros princípios que servem como base para toda a demonstração e base de uma determinada tese por ele refutada. -/- Portanto, a sofia, na medida em que contém a episteme, participa do rigor científico e, na medida em que contém o nous, aprofunda-se aos primeiros princípios. Logo, chegamos a semelhança e a diferença entre a ciência e a Filosofia. O filósofo é, então, um cientista que investiga as causas e os primeiros princípios. -/- 5. OS GRAUS DA ABSTRAÇÃO -Aristóteles e Sto. Tomás de Aquino explicaram a tripla graduação de abstração formal. -/- No primeiro grau, que corresponde à física, o sujeito individual é dispensado e a entidade móvel é estudada. -/- No segundo grau, a matéria sensível é dispensada e a entidade quântica (a quantidade) é estudada. Neste grau está presente a Matemática. -/- E finalmente, no terceiro grau toda a matéria é dispensada, e a entidade é estudada como tal, no horizonte mais amplo possível, que é chamado transcendental, e que cobre tudo o que existe. Este é o terceiro grau de abstração formal, aquele que corresponde à Metafísica, núcleo de toda a Filosofia. -/- Consequentemente, as ciências específicas pertencem a um nível categorial (particularizado), e somente a Metafísica volta-se ao nível transcendental (completamente universal). -/- 6. FILOSOFIA, A CIÊNCIA REGENTE DE TODAS AS OUTRAS - Como uma consequência do supracitado texto, podemos afirmar que a Filosofia, a partir do momento em que preconiza os primeiros princípios, é uma ciência orientadora; e isso por duas razões: -/- A filosofia governa todas as outras ciências, porque baseia-se em todos os princípios delas. No momento em que um cientista analisa os princípios de sua própria ciência, ipso facto está fazendo trabalho filosófico. Por exemplo: Matemática lida com as relações entre quantidades; mas no momento em que um matemático analisa e critica as bases de sua certeza e os princípios que servem para apoiar suas justificativas, vai além do limite de seu campo e da Lógica ou da Teoria do Conhecimento, que são ramos típicos da Filosofia. É precisamente o que aconteceu nos séculos XIX e XX, quando matemáticos conseguiram esclarecer teses que agora estão contidas no ramo chamado Lógica matemática, e isso deve ser entendido como uma extensão da lógica Aristotélica. -/- Por outro lado, a Filosofia é também uma ciência orientadora, uma vez que regem as normas que governam o comportamento humano, com base na análise da natureza do homem e suas demandas, com o qual ele deriva as linhas gerais de um existência autenticamente humana. -/- Para terminar de esclarecer o tema da diferença entre ciência e filosofia, veremos brevemente como existem soluções em diferentes planos, para as mesmas questões problemáticas. -/- 7. AS SOLUÇÕES DA COSMOLOGIA E DA FÍSICA - A primeira é uma ciência filosófica, e o segundo é uma ciência experimental. Ambas tratam das entidades materiais, enquanto móveis. Mas a Cosmologia estuda a essência, a estrutura primária dos corpos, e é assim que a teoria da matéria e da forma (hilemorfismo) surge, o que explica os copríncipios fundamentais na estrutura ou essência de um corpo sensível. Ela também se dedica a estudar a essência da mudança, o espaço, o tempo, etc. -/- Por outro lado, a ciência física, com seus experimentos, consegue penetrar nas causas horizontais dos fenômenos estudados na matéria. Assim, por exemplo, ela estuda o calor como a causa da dilatação dos metais, a lei da relação entre pressão, volume e temperatura dos gases, etc. -/- 8. PSICOLOGIA RACIONAL E PSICOLOGIA EXPERIMENTAL – A primeira forma de psicologia é uma ciência filosófica, e estuda o sujeito da alma, de suas faculdades (inteligência e vontade), imortalidade, espiritualidade, liberdade, a pessoa. -/- Em contrapartida, a psicologia experimental preferencialmente estuda os fenômenos observáveis e suas explicações, em sentido horizontal; por exemplo, o estímulo e a reação correspondente. Usam-se "testes", estatísticas, experimentos feito em um grande número de pessoas. É assim que as leis surgiram, como Weber (que relaciona sensação e estímulo), e também o interessante estudo sobre o inconsciente, a partir de Freud. -/- 9. A ÉTICA, EM RELAÇÃO COM O DIREITO - Também pode ser estabelecido um paralelismo entre Ética e Direito. O primeiro estuda racionalmente o plano do que deveria ser, o que é requerido de acordo com a natureza humana. Seu fruto está nas normas naturais, assim chamadas porque estão inscritas na mesma natureza humana, como exigências de sua estrutura essencial; elas não são criações ou invenções do homem. O Direito também estuda o plano normativo, só que se refere a normas positivas, que o homem inventa para complementar e especificar as regras naturais. -/- Para fundamentar as normas éticas, é necessário recorrer ao estudo ontológico da natureza humana e da reta razão. Para fundamentar as normas positivas do Direito, devemos conhecer empiricamente a situação real da sociedade e suas necessidades específicas. Claro, que deve-se saber também acerca da Ética, cujas normas devem se materializar. 10. OUTRAS CIÊNCIAS PARALELAS - Finalmente, pode-se mencionar outros ramos da Filosofia que têm seu correspondente paralelismo em alguma ciência experimental. Por exemplo: Filosofia das Matemáticas estuda a essência das quantidades, o básico de sua certeza, etc., enquanto a Matemática estuda as relações entre quantidades. -/- A Estética filosófica lida com a essência da arte e de beleza. Seu método é racional. Por outro lado, uma estética científico-experimental trataria os mesmos assuntos, mas no plano do experimental; seus métodos seriam baseados de "testes", estatísticas, observações na história e na civilização atual. -/- 11. AS RAMIFICAÇÕES DA FILOSOFIA – A enorme variedade de seres e questões no Universo originou uma divisão dentro da Filosofia, isto é, originaram-se divisões que se apropriam de questões peculiares, como a Filosofia Existencialista e a preocupação com a existência autêntica do homem, etc. As ramificações mais importantes são as seguintes: -/- a) A lógica. Estuda as características do conhecimento correto. A correção de um pensamento é sua coerência interna, a harmonização e a adaptação de suas diferentes partes entre si. -/- b) A Ética. É o ramo da Filosofia que estuda o comportamento humano a partir do ponto de vista de sua bondade ou maldade. Este ramo tem sido, talvez, o mais conhecido e comentado ao longo dos séculos. -/- c) Antropologia Filosófica. Estuda o ser humano a partir do ponto de vista das suas características essenciais. Seus temas fundamentais são: a pessoa humana, consciência, liberdade, valores e transcendência humana. Foi por onde nasceu a Filosofia propriamente dita, uma vez que Sócrates é alcunhado de “pai” da AF. -/- d) A teoria do conhecimento. Estuda a questão da verdade, isto é, a adequação de um pensamento em relação à realidade. Todos os autores ao longo dos séculos se referiam ao enigma humano que consiste na diferente apreciação da verdade e das coisas. Cada pessoa tem sua própria interpretação da realidade. Este assunto tenta fornecer as pistas que nos conduzem à verdade. e) A estética. Estuda a essência da beleza e da arte. Entre seus assuntos, os mais importantes são o estudo da criatividade humana e a experiência estética, assim como os diferentes gêneros das artes plásticas. -/- f) A Metafísica. É o estudo do ser enquanto ser. É, talvez, o estudo mais apropriado e profundo que a filosofia empreendeu. Ser é o constituinte fundamental de todas as coisas (entidades), o que lhes dá inteligibilidade e estrutura. No estudo da Metafísica, é onde a Filosofia adquire seu máximo nível e valor. Atualmente, a Metafísica sofreu uma série de críticas por parte de autores famosos como Kant. -/- g) Teodiceia ou Teologia Natural (considerada como parte da Metafísica). É o estudo sobre a essência e a existência de Deus. Deve ser claramente distinguida em relação à religião e à teologia. O primeiro não é uma ciência, mas a instituição que tenta a união do homem com Deus. O segundo sim, é uma ciência, mas sua principal base está na revelação e na fé. Na Filosofia, a Teodiceia tenta investigar tudo acerca de Deus, mas sem levar em conta (e sem rejeitar ou desvalorizar) os dados da revelação, como a Bíblia. -/- h) Existem vários ramos da Filosofia que se aplicam ao estudo de temas já tratados por outras disciplinas. É assim que podemos mencionar a Filosofia da Ciência, a Filosofia da Linguagem, a Filosofia da História, a Filosofia Social, Filosofia da Matemática, etc. Nem sempre é fácil delimitar o campo da Filosofia e da ciência quando se referem ao mesmo sujeito. Em geral, a Filosofia toca em aspectos essenciais, enquanto outras ciências referem-se a aspectos mensuráveis e estatísticos, fenômenos externos estruturantes ou empiricamente observáveis. -/- -/- REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS -/- AUBERT, J. M. Filosofía de la Naturaleza. Barcelona: Herder, 2001. 428 pp. -/- CHAUÍ, M. Convite à Filosofia. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. 424 pp. -/- MARÍAS, J. Introduccion a la Filosofía. Madrid: Alianza, 1995. 352 pp. -/- MARITAIN, J. Filosofía de la Naturaleza. Buenos Aires: Club de lectores, 1945. 188 pp. -/- ____________. Los grados del saber. Buenos Aires: Club de lectores, 1968. 763 pp. -/- MORENO, J. A. S. Filosofía de la Ciencia Física. México: Ambriz, 1966. (shrink)

Más allá que se conozcan o no las ideas de Sigmund Freud, e inclusive si se las conoce, se esté o no de acuerdo con ellas, su teoría sobre la estructura y funcionamiento de la psiquis sigue siendo, hasta ahora, la única existente. Se podrá arguir que dicha teoría carece del adecuado apoyo neurobiológico, y que, dada la imposibilidad de demostrarla, no puede ser aceptada en el ámbito científico. De los argumentos anteriores, el primero es falso, puesto que y como (...) podrá comprobarse en el primer capítulo de PSIQUIS, Freud se adelantó en decenas de años a varios investigadores del SNC, que por sus descubrimientos, fueron nominados o merecieron un Premio Nobel. En cuanto al segundo argumento, es verdadero a medias, pues si bien no basó sus conclusiones en experimentos de laboratorio, sí elaboró una trama argumental tan acabada y magnífica que con una herramienta adecuada, como la que se presenta y pone en práctica en este nuevo libro, se transforma en ciencia pura. PSIQUIS representa la primera teoría científica sobre la estructura y funcionamiento del aparato psíquico, apta para contribuir desde la ciencia, a las bases de la Psicología, la Psiquiatría, la Psicolingüística, las Ciencias Cognitivas en general, de la Filosofía en donde siempre lo 'mental' tiene tanta gravitación; y aún del Psicoanálisis mismo. Hasta la edición de este libro, la teoría de Freud era la única existente. (shrink)

Historically, mental imagery has been defined as an experiential state - as something necessarily conscious. But most behavioural or neuroimaging experiments on mental imagery - including the most famous ones - don’t actually take the conscious experience of the subject into consideration. Further, recent research highlights that there are very few behavioural or neural differences between conscious and unconscious mental imagery. I argue that treating mental imagery as not necessarily conscious (as potentially unconscious) would bring much needed explanatory unification to (...) mental imagery research. It would also help us to reassess some of the recent aphantasia findings inasmuch as at least some subjects with aphantasia would be best described as having unconscious mental imagery. (shrink)

This dissertation argues that mental representation is identical to phenomenal consciousness, and everything else that appears to be both mental and a matter of representation is not genuine mental representation, but either in some way derived from mental representation, or a case of non-mental representation.

Mental and behavioral disorders represent a significant portion of the public health burden in all countries. The human cost of these disorders is immense, yet treatment options for sufferers are currently limited, with many patients failing to respond sufficiently to available interventions and drugs. High quality ontologies facilitate data aggregation and comparison across different disciplines, and may therefore speed up the translation of primary research into novel therapeutics. Realism-based ontologies describe entities in reality and the relationships between them in such (...) a way that – once formulated in a suitable formal language – the ontologies can be used for sophisticated automated reasoning applications. Reference ontologies can be applied across different contexts in which different, and often mutually incompatible, domain-specific vocabularies have traditionally been used. In this contribution we describe the Mental Functioning Ontology (MF) and Mental Disease Ontology (MD), two realism-based ontologies currently under development for the description of humanmental functioning and disease. We describe the structure and upper levels of the ontologies and preliminary application scenarios, and identify some open questions. (shrink)

The standard objection to dualist theories of mind is that they seemingly cannot account for the obvious fact that mental phenomena cause our behaviour. On the plausible assumption that all our behaviour is physically necessitated by entirely physical phenomena, there appears to be no room for dualist mental causation. Some argue that dualists can address this problem by making minimal adjustments in their ontology. I argue that no such adjustments are required. Given recent developments in philosophy of causation, it is (...) plausible that mental phenomena cause behaviour in standard dualist ontologies. (shrink)

The problem of amodal perception is the problem of how we represent features of perceived objects that are occluded or otherwise hidden from us. Bence Nanay (2010) has recently proposed that we amodally perceive an object's occluded features by imaginatively projecting them into the relevant regions of visual egocentric space. In this paper, I argue that amodal perception is not a single, unitary capacity. Drawing appropriate distinctions reveals amodal perception to be characterized not only by mental imagery, as Nanay suggests, (...) but also by genuinely visual representations as well as beliefs. I conclude with some brief remarks on the role of object-directed bodily action in conferring a sense of unseen presence on an object's occluded features. (shrink)

Just as bodily actions are things you do with your body, mental actions are things you do with your mind. Both are different from things that merely happen to you. Where does the idea of mental action come from? What are mental actions? And why do they matter in philosophy? These are the three main questions answered in this paper. Section 1 introduces mental action through a brief history of the topic in philosophy. Section 2 explains what it is to (...) be a mental action in terms of intentional action. Section 3 argues that the fact that we can perform mental actions has some striking consequences concerning mental content. Section 4 shows how mental action helps to explain some important facts about self-knowledge and the normativity of thought. The conclusion mentions two further fruitful avenues for philosophical research on mental action. (shrink)

We offer an interpretation of the mental files framework that eliminates the metaphor of files, information being contained in files, etc. The guiding question is whether, once we move beyond the metaphors, there is any theoretical role for files. We claim not. We replace the file-metaphor with two theses: the semantic thesis that there are irreducibly relational representational facts (viz. facts about the coordination of representations); and the metasemantic thesis that processes tied to information-relations ground those facts. In its canonical (...) statement, the ‘file’-theory makes reference to a certain kind of relational representational feature, and a certain kind of mental activity. Mental files need not come into it. In short, we posit mental filing without mental files. Our interpretation avoids awkward problems that arise on the standard interpretation and clarifies the explanatory commitments of the theory. (shrink)

What is it to be mentally healthy? In the ongoing movement to promote mental health, to reduce stigma, and to establish parity between mental and physical health, there is a clear enthusiasm about this concept and a recognition of its value in human life. However, it is often unclear what mental health means in all these efforts and whether there is a single concept underlying them. Sometimes, the initiatives for the sake of mental health are aimed just at reducing mental (...) illness, thus implicitly identifying mental health with the absence of diagnosable psychiatric disease. More ambitiously, there are high-profile proposals to adopt a positive definition, identifying mental health with psychic or even overall well-being. We argue against both: a definition of mental health as mere absence of mental illness is too thin, too undemanding, and too closely linked to psychiatric value judgments, while the definition in terms of well-being is too demanding and potentially oppressive. As a compromise, we sketch out a middle position. On this view, mental health is a primary good, that is, the psychological preconditions of pursuing any conception of the good life, including well-being, without being identical to well-being. (shrink)

Recent research in psycholinguistics suggests that language processing frequently involves mental imagery. This paper focuses on visual imagery and discusses two issues regarding the processing of polysemous words (i.e. words with multiple related meanings or senses) – co-predication and sense-relatedness. It aims to show how mental imagery can illuminate these two issues.

An ongoing philosophical discussion concerns how various types of mental states fall within broad representational genera—for example, whether perceptual states are “iconic” or “sentential,” “analog” or “digital,” and so on. Here, I examine the grounds for making much more specific claims about how mental states are structured from constituent parts. For example, the state I am in when I perceive the shape of a mountain ridge may have as constituent parts my representations of the shapes of each peak and saddle (...) of the ridge. More specific structural claims of this sort are a guide to how mental states fall within broader representational kinds. Moreover, these claims have significant implications of their own about semantic, functional, and epistemic features of our mental lives. But what are the conditions on a mental state's having one type of constituent structure rather than another? Drawing on explanatory strategies in vision science, I argue that, other things being equal, the constituent structure of a mental state determines what I call its distributional properties—namely, how mental states of that type can, cannot, or must co‐occur with other mental states in a given system. Distributional properties depend critically on and are informative about the underlying structures of mental states, they abstract in important ways from aspects of how mental states are processed, and they can yield significant insights into the variegation of psychological capacities. (shrink)

We provide a cognitive analysis of how children represent belief using mental files. We explain why children who pass the false belief test are not aware of the intensionality of belief. Fifty-one 3½- to 7-year old children were familiarized with a dual object, e.g., a ball that rattles and is described as a rattle. They observed how a puppet agent witnessed the ball being put into box 1. In the agent’s absence the ball was taken from box 1, the child (...) was reminded of it being a rattle, and emphasising its being a rattle it was put back into box 1. Then the agent returned, the object was hidden in the experimenter’s hands and removed from box 1, described as a ‘‘rattle,” and transferred to box 2. Children who passed false belief had no problem saying where the puppet would look for the ball. However, in a different condition in which the agent was also shown that the ball was a rattle they erroneously said that the agent would look for the ball in box 1, ignoring the agent’s knowledge of the identity of rattle and ball. Their problems cease with their mastery of second-order beliefs. Problems also vanish when the ball is described not as a rattle but as a thing that rattles. We describe how our theory can account for these data as well as all other relevant data in the literature. (shrink)

This paper considers the connection between automaticity, control and agency. Indeed, recent philosophical and psychological works play up the incompatibility of automaticity and agency. Specifically, there is a threat of automaticity, for automaticity eliminates agency. Such conclusions stem from a tension between two thoughts: that automaticity pervades agency and yet automaticity rules out control. I provide an analysis of the notions of automaticity and control that maintains a simple connection: automaticity entails the absence of control. An appropriate analysis, however, shows (...) that actions are forms of control and pervasively automatic even if automaticity implies the absence of control. Consequences are drawn for the theory of mental agency and the psychological concepts of automaticity and control. (shrink)

In addressing the question of what mental health is we might proceed as if there is a single phenomenon – mental health – denoted by a single overarching concept. The task, then, is to provide an informative analysis of this concept which applies to all and only instances of mental health, and which illuminates what it is to be mentally healthy. In contrast, mental health pluralism is the idea that there are multiple mental health phenomena denoted by multiple concepts of (...) mental health. Analysis and illumination of mental health may still be possible, but there isn’t a single phenomenon or concept to be analysed in addressing the question of what mental health is. The question of pluralism has been overlooked in the philosophy of mental health. The discussion to follow is an attempt to get us to take mental health pluralism seriously. To that end, in this essay I have three primary goals: (1) to give a precise account of what mental health pluralism is, (2) to show that the question of pluralism should not be neglected in debate about what mental health is, and (3) to argue for mental health pluralism. I also draw out some implications of this discussion for philosophy, science, and psychotherapy. (shrink)

Conscious experiences are characterized by mental qualities, such as those involved in seeing red, feeling pain, or smelling cinnamon. The standard framework for modeling mental qualities represents them via points in geometrical spaces, where distances between points inversely correspond to degrees of phenomenal similarity. This paper argues that the standard framework is structurally inadequate and develops a new framework that is more powerful and flexible. The core problem for the standard framework is that it cannot capture precision structure: for example, (...) consider the phenomenal contrast between seeing an object as crimson in foveal vision versus merely as red in peripheral vision. The solution I favor is to model mental qualities using regions, rather than points. I explain how this seemingly simple formal innovation not only provides a natural way of modeling precision, but also yields a variety of further theoretical fruits: it enables us to formulate novel hypotheses about the space and structures of mental qualities, formally differentiate two dimensions of phenomenal similarity, generate a quantitative model of the phenomenal sorites, and define a measure of discriminatory grain. A noteworthy consequence is that the structure of the mental qualities of conscious experiences is fundamentally different from the structure of the perceptible qualities of external objects. (shrink)

This paper is about a puzzle which lies at the heart of contemporary physicalist theories of mind. On the one hand, the original motivation for physicalism was the need to explain the place of mental causation in the physical world. On the other hand, physicalists have recently come to see the explanation of mental causation as one of their major problems. But how can this be? How can it be that physicalist theories still have a problem explaining something which their (...) physicalism was intended to explain in the first place? If physicalism is meant to be an explanation of mental causation, then why should it still face the problem of mental causation? (shrink)

Mental ownership concerns who experiences a mental state. According to David Rosenthal (2005: 342), the proper way to characterize mental ownership is: ‘being conscious of a state as present is being conscious of it as belonging to somebody. And being conscious of a state as belonging to somebody other than oneself would plainly not make it a conscious state’. In other words, if a mental state is consciously present to a subject in virtue of a higher-order thought (HOT), then the (...) HOT necessarily representsthe subject as the owner of the state. But, we contend, one of the lessons to be learned from pathological states like somatoparaphrenia is that conscious awareness of a mental state does not guarantee first-person ownership. That is to say, conscious presence does not imply mental ownership. (shrink)

This article argues that existing approaches to programming ethical AI fail to resolve a serious moral-semantic trilemma, generating interpretations of ethical requirements that are either too semantically strict, too semantically flexible, or overly unpredictable. This paper then illustrates the trilemma utilizing a recently proposed ‘general ethical dilemma analyzer,’ GenEth. Finally, it uses empirical evidence to argue that human beings resolve the semantic trilemma using general cognitive and motivational processes involving ‘mental time-travel,’ whereby we simulate different possible pasts and futures. I (...) demonstrate how mental time-travel psychology leads us to resolve the semantic trilemma through a six-step process of interpersonal negotiation and renegotiation, and then conclude by showing how comparative advantages in processing power would plausibly cause AI to use similar processes to solve the semantic trilemma more reliably than we do, leading AI to make better moral-semantic choices than humans do by our very own lights. (shrink)

Episodic memory (memories of the personal past) and prospecting the future (anticipating events) are often described as mental time travel (MTT). While most use this description metaphorically, we argue that episodic memory may allow for MTT in at least some robust sense. While episodic memory experiences may not allow us to literally travel through time, they do afford genuine awareness of past-perceived events. This is in contrast to an alternative view on which episodic memory experiences present past-perceived events as mere (...) intentional contents. Hence, episodic memory is a way of coming into experiential contact with, or being again aware of, what happened in the past. We argue that episodic memory experiences depend on a causal-informational link with the past events being remembered, and that, assuming direct realism about episodic memory experiences, this link suffices for genuine awareness. Since there is no such link in future prospection, a similar argument cannot be used to show that it also affords genuine awareness of future events. Constructivist views of memory might challenge the idea of memory as genuine awareness of remembered events. We explain how our view is consistent with both constructivist and anti-causalist conceptions of memory. There is still room for an interpretation of episodic memory as enabling genuine awareness of past events, even if it involves reconstruction. (shrink)

Judgments of blame for others are typically sensitive to what an agent knows and desires. However, when people act negligently, they do not know what they are doing and do not desire the outcomes of their negligence. How, then, do people attribute blame for negligent wrongdoing? We propose that people attribute blame for negligent wrongdoing based on perceived mental control, or the degree to which an agent guides their thoughts and attention over time. To acquire information about others’ mental control, (...) people self-project their own perceived mental control to anchor third-personal judgments about mental control and concomitant responsibility for negligent wrongdoing. In four experiments (N = 841), we tested whether perceptions of mental control drive third-personal judgments of blame for negligent wrongdoing. Study 1 showed that the ease with which people can counterfactually imagine an individual being non-negligent mediated the relationship between judgments of control and blame. Studies 2a and 2b indicated that perceived mental control has a strong effect on judgments of blame for negligent wrongdoing and that first-personal judgments of mental control are moderately correlated with third-personal judgments of blame for negligent wrongdoing. Finally, we used an autobiographical memory manipulation in Study 3 to make personal episodes of forgetfulness salient. Participants for whom past personal episodes of forgetfulness were made salient judged negligent wrongdoers less harshly compared to a control group for whom past episodes of negligence were not salient. Collectively, these findings suggest that first-personal judgments of mental control drive third-personal judgments of blame for negligent wrongdoing and indicate a novel role for counterfactual thinking in the attribution of responsibility. (shrink)

Approaching mental health on a global scale with particular reference to low- and mid-income countries raises issues concerning the disregard of the local context and values and the imposition of values characteristic of the Global North. Seeking a philosophical viewpoint to surmount these problems, the present paper argues for a value-laden framework for psychiatry with the specific incorporation of value pluralism, particularly in relation to the Global South context, while also emphasizing personal values such as the choice of treatment. In (...) sketching out this framework, the paper aims to overcome the clash between universalism and relativism about psychiatric categories by focusing on how overlaps between cultures can contribute to ontology-building. A case study analyzing ethnopsychiatric research in the context of South India will illustrate the proposed view, while also pointing out avenues for further research on the causal efficacy of local shared beliefs about mental disorder. If approaches across different traditions and theoretical frames are shown to work in treating similar ailments, causal connections appear to cut across the different ontologies. Ethnopsychiatry would play a central role in such research, namely in disclosing the variables and mechanisms at work within the local approaches. (shrink)

Poetry evokes mental imagery in its readers. But how is mental imagery precisely related to poetry? This article provides a systematic treatment. It clarifies two roles of mental imagery in relation to poetry—as an effect generated by poetry and as an efficient means for understanding and appreciating poetry. The article also relates mental imagery to the discussion on the ‘heresy of paraphrase’. It argues against the orthodox view that the imagistic effects of poetry cannot be captured by prosaic paraphrase, but (...) points to features of poetry that can shape aspects of mental imagery that are liable to be lost in paraphrase. (shrink)

Mental imagery often occurs during testimonial belief transmission: a testifier often episodically remembers or imagines a scene while describing it, while a listener often imagines that scene as it’s described to her. I argue that getting clear on imagery’s psychological roles in testimonial belief transmission has implications for some fundamental issues in the epistemology of testimony. I first appeal to imagery cases to argue against a widespread “internalist” approach to the epistemology of testimony. I then appeal to the same sort (...) of case to argue for an alternative, externalist view. (shrink)

The problem of mental causation is discussed by taking into account some recent developments in the philosophy of science. The problem is viewed from the perspective of the new interventionist theory of causation developed by Woodward. The import of the idea that causal claims involve contrastive classes in mental causation is also discussed. It is argued that mental causation is much less a problem than it has appeared to be.

Gonzalo Gamio (1970) es un intelectual de convicciones y, al mismotiempo, un ciudadano de convicciones. Este sentido de la convicciones el que atraviesa los dieciséis ensayos que conforman su último libro, El Experimento Democrático . Reflexiones sobre teoría política yética cívica .En la introducción, desde la profundización de sus convencimientos,el autor plantea lo que, a su juicio, debería ser la conducta públicadel intelectual cuando dialoga con lo que él suele llamar, de manera coloquial, “ el mundo ordinario ”. Así, Gamio (...) esboza una teoríasobre el deber ser intelectual cuando esta practica se ubica ante lacomplejidad del mundo politico y sus multiples problemas. En estaelaboración especulativa, Gamio desarrolla dos ideas que creen queson importantes para entender su actitud como autor de El experimento democrático: la primera, “ el intelectual como ciudadano”; la segunda, “el intelectual como academico. Ambas condiciones se retroalimentan enel caso de nuestro autor. (shrink)

How seriously should we take the idea that the mind employs mental files? Goodman and Gray (2022) argue that mental filing – a thinker rationally treating her cognitive states as being about the same thing – can be explained without files. Instead, they argue that the standard commitments of mental file theory, as represented by Recanati’s indexical model, are better seen in terms of a relational representational feature of object representations, which in turn is based on the epistemic links a (...) thinker bears to objects. This paper argues that this revision is misguided. Neither the representational property nor any basic role for epistemic links are needed for an adequate explanatory theory that makes use of the image of a mental filing system. A better alternative to the indexical model does posit files, albeit as causal-functional entities. This makes additional representational features redundant, and shows that epistemic links play a secondary role. (shrink)

The problem of downward causation is that an intuitive response to an intuitive picture leads to counterintuitive results. Suppose a mental event, m1, causes another mental event, m2. Unless the mental and the physical are completely independent, there will be a physical event in your brain or your body or the physical world as a whole that underlies this event. The mental event occurs at least partly in virtue of the physical event’s occurring. And the same goes for m2 [2] (...) and p2. Let’s not worry about what exactly “underlying” or “in virtue of” means here. Here’s the picture. m1 -----> m2 | | p1 -----> p2 The horizontal arrows represent causation, and the vertical lines represent underlying, whatever that may be. There’s some reason to think that the only way m1 can bring about m2 is by bringing about p2. You can’t convince someone of something through mental telepathy. You need to interact with the physical world, perhaps by saying something and so making some noise, or by pointing and getting them to turn their head and see. What goes for the case of two people goes for the case of one person as well. Superstition aside, there is no purely mental energy that floats free of the merely physical workings of the brain. If m1 brings about m2 by bringing about p2, then m1 brings about p2. This is downward causation. But wait. Doesn’t p1 bring about p2? Isn’t that what the bottom arrow represents? Maybe m1 and p1 work together to bring about p2. There are little holes in the physical causal structure that need to be filled by mental events. You don’t need a sweeping metaphysical thesis about the causal closure of the physical to find this implausible. Maybe p2 is overdetermined. (shrink)

While many aspects of cognition have been shown to be shared between humans and non-human animals, there remains controversy regarding whether the capacity to mentally time travel is a uniquely human one. In this paper, we argue that there are four ways of representing when some event happened: four kinds of temporal representation. Distinguishing these four kinds of temporal representation has five benefits. First, it puts us in a position to determine the particular benefits these distinct temporal representations afford an (...) organism. Second, it provides the conceptual resources to foster a discussion about which of these representations is necessary for an organism to count as having the capacity to mentally time travel. Third, it enables us to distinguish stricter from more liberal views of mental time travel that differ regarding which kind(s) of temporal representation is taken to be necessary for mental time travel. Fourth, it allows us to determine the benefits of taking a stricter or more liberal view of mental time travel. Finally, it ensures that disagreement about whether some species can mentally time travel is not merely the product of unrecognised disagreement about which temporal representation is necessary for mental time travel. We argue for a more liberal view, on the grounds that it allows us to view mental time travel as an evolutionarily continuous phenomenon, and to recognise that differences in the ways that organisms mentally time travel might reflect different temporal representations, or combinations thereof, that they employ. Our ultimate aim, however, is to create the conceptual framework for further discussion regarding what sorts of temporal representations are required for mental time travel. (shrink)

What is the relationship between perception and mental imagery? I aim to eliminate an answer that I call perceptualism about mental imagery. Strong perceptualism, defended by Bence Nanay, predictive processing theorists, and several others, claims that imagery is a kind of perceptual state. Weak perceptualism, defended by M. G. F. Martin and Matthew Soteriou, claims that mental imagery is a representation of a perceptual state, a view sometimes called The Dependency Thesis. Strong perceptualism is to be rejected since it misclassifies (...) imagery disorders and abnormalities as perceptual disorders and abnormalities. Weak Perceptualism is to be rejected since it gets wrong the aim and accuracy conditions of a whole class of mental imagery–projected mental imagery–and relies on an impoverished concept of perceptual states, ignoring certain of their structural features. Whatever the relationship between perception and imagery, the perceptualist has it wrong. (shrink)

Despite many authors in psychiatry endorsing a naturalist view of the mind, many still consider that mental dysfunctions cannot be reduced to brain dysfunctions. This paper investigates the main reasons for this view. Some arguments rely on the analogy that the mind is like software while the brain is like hardware. The analogy suggests that just as software can malfunction independently of hardware malfunctions, similarly the mind can malfunction independently of any brain malfunction. This view has been critically examined in (...) recent literature. However, other less discussed reasons suggest that mental dysfunctions cannot be reduced to brain dysfunctions because mental dysfunctions are appropri- ately ascribed at the level of intentional mental states, while brain dysfunctions are solely related to abnormalities in anatomy and physiological processes. This paper questions why such a view would be upheld. The discussion is framed within the interface problem in the philosophy of cognitive science, which concerns the relationship between personal and subpersonal levels of explanation. The paper examines the view that an autonomist perspective on the personal/ subpersonal distinction could justify the separation of mental dysfunctions, described in intentional terms, from brain dysfunctions, described in anatomical or physiological terms. Ultimately, the paper argues that the autonomist view cannot be upheld in psychiatry and, consequently, does not provide a principled justification for rejecting the reduction of mental dysfunctions to brain dysfunctions. (shrink)

Bringing research on collective memory together with research on episodic future thought, Szpunar and Szpunar :376–389, 2016) have recently developed the concept of collective future thought. Individual memory and individual future thought are increasingly seen as two forms of individual mental time travel, and it is natural to see collective memory and collective future thought as forms of collective mental time travel. But how seriously should the notion of collective mental time travel be taken? This article argues that, while collective (...) mental time travel is disanalogous in important respects to individual mental time travel, the concept of collective mental time travel nevertheless provides a useful means of organizing existing findings, while also suggesting promising directions for future research. (shrink)

You can come to know that you believe that p partly by reflecting on whether p and then judging that p. Call this procedure “the transparency method for belief.” How exactly does the transparency method generate known self-attributions of belief? To answer that question, we cannot interpret the transparency method as involving a transition between the contents p and I believe that p. It is hard to see how some such transition could be warranted. Instead, in this context, one mental (...) action is both a judgment that p and a self-attribution of a belief that p. The notion of embedded mental action is introduced here to explain how this can be so and to provide a full epistemic explanation of the transparency method. That explanation makes sense of first-person authority and immediacy in transparent self-knowledge. In generalized form, it gives sufficient conditions on an attitude’s being known transparently. (shrink)

Our paper consists of three parts. In the first part we explain the concept of mental fictionalism. In the second part, we present the various versions of fictionalism and their main sources of motivation.We do this because in the third part we argue that mental fictionalism, as opposed to other versions of fictionalism, is a highly undermotivated theory.

Many have urged that the biggest obstacles to a physicalistic understanding of consciousness are the problems raised in connection with the subjectivity of consciousness. These problems are most acutely expressed in consideration of the knowledge argument against physicalism. I develop a novel account of the subjectivity of consciousness by explicating the ways in which mental representations may be perspectival. Crucial features of my account involve analogies between the representations involved in sensory experience and the ways in which pictorial representations exhibit (...) perspectives or points of view. I argue that the resultant account of subjectivity provides a basis for the strongest response physicalists can give to the knowledge argument. (shrink)

One of the most prominent ethical concerns regarding emerging neurotechnologies is mental privacy. This is the idea that we should have control over access to our neural data and to the information about our mental processes and states that can be obtained by analyzing it. A key issue is whether this information needs more stringent protection than other kinds of personal information. I will articulate and support the view, underlying recent regulatory frameworks, that mental privacy requires a special treatment because (...) of its relation to relevant aspects of personal identity. It has been suggested that this approach could be supported by the idea that mental privacy constitutes a fundamental psychological dimension of privacy. The connection between this psychological view of privacy and identity can be traced back to Irwin Altman’s idea that privacy is an interpersonal boundary regulation process. However, it is not clear whether this notion of privacy can be associated with a conception of identity that is relevant in contemporary neuroethics. I will suggest that the narrative and relational approach to identity, a prominent view in recent ethical discussions of neurotechnology, lines up with key aspects of Altman’s proposal. I suggest that if mental privacy is an essential component of identity, the latter could be affected by technological mind-reading. (shrink)

The so-called ‘mental files theory’ in the philosophy of mind stems from an analogy comparing object-concepts to ‘files’, and the mind to a ‘filing system’. Though this analogy appears in philosophy of mind and language from the 1970s onward, it remains unclear to many how it should be interpreted. The central commitments of the mental files theory therefore also remain unclear. Based on influential uses of the file analogy within philosophy, I elaborate three central explanatory roles for mental files. Next, (...) I outline several common criticisms of the file picture, which have been a source of resistance to the view. Finally, I outline several interpretations of the theory, thus highlighting that the best interpretation of the file-theory's central analogy remains a live issue. (shrink)

Editorial introduction to series of papers resulting from a European Commission Project on mental capacity.