In this paper, we defend Socratic studies as a research programme against several recent attacks, including at least one recently published in Polis. Critics have argued that the study of Socrates, based upon evidence mostly or entirely derived from some set of Plato’s dialogues, is sfounded upon faulty and indefensible historical or hermeneutical technique. We begin by identifying what we believe are the foundational principles of Socratic studies, as the field has been pursued in recent years, and we then show (...) how the research programme that derives from accepting these principles is not defeated by any of the most common recent criticisms of it. Specifically, we argue that challenges to sorting Plato’s dialogues by date, more general challenges to historicist interpretations of Plato’s dialogues, as well as recent literary criticisms of Socratic studies all fail to undermine the research programme. We conclude with some thoughts about how and why Socratic studies has proved itself a valuable and fruitful research programme. (shrink)

This paper provides a retrospective and prospective overview of TU Delft’s approach to engineering ethics education. For over twenty years, the Ethics and Philosophy of Technology Section at TU Delft has been at the forefront of engineering ethics education, offering education to a wide range of engineering and design students. The approach developed at TU Delft is deeply informed by the research of the Section, which is centered around Responsible Research and Innovation, Design for Values, and Risk Ethics. These theoretical (...) approaches are premised on the notion that technologies are inherently value-laden, and as such contain the possibility of fostering or hindering moral values. Each of these approaches encourages students to take a proactive attitude with respect to their projects and profession, thinking creatively about – and taking responsibility for – how to both prevent harm and do good via the technologies they help develop. To explain how this is put into practice, this paper sketches a brief history of ethics teaching at TU Delft, outlines current activities, and presents future plans for Bachelor and Master’s level engineering ethics education at TU Delft. (shrink)

Speaks defends the view that propositions are properties: for example, the proposition that grass is green is the property being such that grass is green. We argue that there is no reason to prefer Speaks's theory to analogous but competing theories that identify propositions with, say, 2-adic relations. This style of argument has recently been deployed by many, including Moore and King, against the view that propositions are n-tuples, and by Caplan and Tillman against King's view that propositions are facts (...) of a special sort. We offer our argument as an objection to the view that propositions are unsaturated relations. (shrink)

Throughout his career, Derek Parfit made the bold suggestion, at various times under the heading of the "Normativity Objection," that anyone in possession of normative concepts is in a position to know, on the basis of their competence with such concepts alone, that reductive realism in ethics is not even possible. Despite the prominent role that the Normativity Objection plays in Parfit's non-reductive account of the nature of normativity, when the objection hasn't been ignored, it's been criticized and even derided. (...) We argue that the exclusively negative attention that the objection has received has been a mistake. On our reading, Parfit's Normativity Objection poses a serious threat to reductivism, as it exposes the uneasy relationship between our a priori knowledge of a range of distinctly normative truths and the typical package of semantic commitments that reductivists have embraced since the Kripkean revolution. (shrink)

Nghiên cứu này xem xét tác động của du lịch, tiêu thụ năng lượng tái tạo và đổi mới công nghệ lên lượng phát thải CO2 tại Việt Nam trong giai đoạn 1995-2020. Ứng dụng mô hình phân phối trễ tự hồi quy (ARDL) kết hợp với phương pháp kiểm định đường bao về mối quan hệ đồng liên kết, nghiên cứu đã cung cấp các bằng chứng về mối quan hệ giữa các biến số này cả trong dài hạn (...) và ngắn hạn. Kết quả cho thấy, trong ngắn hạn lẫn dài hạn, du lịch có xu hướng làm tăng lượng phát thải CO2, trong khi việc tiêu thụ năng lượng tái tạo giúp giảm lượng phát thải. Đổi mới công nghệ cũng giúp giảm lượng phát thải CO2 ­ trong dài hạn, tuy nhiên chưa có bằng chứng về tác động này trong ngắn hạn. Một số khuyến nghị chính sách cũng được đề xuất dựa vào các kết quả nghiên cứu trên. [This study examines the impact of tourism, renewable energy consumption, and technological innovation on CO2 emissions in Vietnam over the period 1995-2020. Applying the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model combined with the envelope test method on the cointegration relationship, the study has provided evidence of the relationship between these variables over the long term and short term. The results show that, in the short and long term, tourism tends to increase CO2 emissions, while renewable energy consumption helps reduce emissions. Technological innovation also helps reduce CO2 emissions in the long term, but there is no evidence of this impact in the short term. Some policy recommendations are also proposed based on the above research results.]. (shrink)

As a senior physicist colleague and our friend, Robert N. Boyd, wrote in a journal (JCFA, Vol. 1,. 2, 2022), Our universe is but one page in a large book [4]. For example, things and Beings can travel between Universes, intentionally or unintentionally. In this short remark, we revisit and offer short remark to Neil’s ideas and trying to connect them with geometrization of musical chords as presented by D. Tymoczko and others, then to Escher staircase and then to Jacob’s (...) ladder which seems to point to possibility to interpret Jacob’s vision as described in the ancient book of Genesis as inter dimensional or heavenly staircase, e.g. an inter dimensional bridge between heaven and earth (see also classic book: Hofstadter, Godel, Escher, Bach). Jacob’s vision of angels going down to earth from that staircase has been depicted for instance in William Blake art etc. In our communication with others via physics literature and discussions etc, we came to several conclusions as follows: Firstly, possibility of quantum wormhole effect to mirror particle universe, which sometimes it is termed non-orientable wormhole. While such mirror particles effect have been more than 50 years predicted with the so-called parity violation (cf. Lee & Yang, 1950s), and that is called symmetry breaking. Secondly, a series of extended experiments on laser irradiated cold water may suggest possible transition from a phase of water to be at least partially fourth phase of water, which may be composed of crystalline water (see e.g. Gerald Pollack, and also Harold Aspden on liquid crystalline). If we can imagine laser cooling effect can be done in protracted time, then we can achieve a physical representation of Aspden’s liquid crystalline. Therefore, in subsequent article (Part II) we outlined simple model of such an effect of tunneling via quantum liquid crystalline Universe, which may likely be modeled with iced-water. It is interesting to remark here that certain experiments by Stockholm University scientists have shown that X-ray triggered water can exhibit properties just like liquid crystal (cf. PRL, 2020). That is why we consider it possible that there can be quantum phase transition where liquid water (comprised of iced cubes and water) can exhibit effects such as tunneling in quantum liquid crystalline Universe. Last but not least, we admit that what we outlined here is just an initial phase; and if you wish, perhaps we can call such experiments as “wormhole-at-lab” experiments (abbreviated: WHALE). (shrink)

The present article was partly inspired by G. Pollack’s book, and also Dadoloff, Saxena & Jensen (2010). As a senior physicist colleague and our friend, Robert N. Boyd, wrote in a journal (JCFA, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2022), for example, things and Beings can travel between Universes, intentionally or unintentionally [4]. In this short remark, we revisit and offer short remark to Neil Boyd’s ideas and trying to connect them with geometry of musical chords as presented by D. Tymoczko and (...) others, then to Escherian staircase and then to Jacob’s ladder which seems to pointto possibility to interpret Jacob’s vision as described in the ancient book of Genesis as interdimensional staircase, e.g. an interdimensional bridge between heaven and earth (cf. classic book: Hofstadter, Godel, Escher, Bach). Jacob’s vision of angels going down to earth from that staircase has been depicted for instance in William Blake art etc. In our communication with others via physics literature and discussions etc, we came to several conclusions as follows: Firstly, possibility of wormhole effect to mirror particle universe, which sometimes it is termed non-orientable wormhole. While such mirror particles effect have been more than 50 years predicted with the so-called parity violation (cf. Lee & Yang, 1950s), and that is called symmetry breaking. Secondly, a series of extended experiments on laser irradiated cold water may suggest possible transition from a phase of water to be at least partially fourth phase of water, which may be composed of crystalline water (see e.g. Gerald Pollack, and also Harold Aspden on liquid crystalline). If we can imagine laser cooling effect can be done in protracted time, then we can achieve a physical representation of Aspden‘s liquid crystalline. Therefore, in this article we outline a series of simple experiments of laser irradiated iced-water along with beryl and selenite crystals in order to see possibility of such a quantum tunneling via quantum liquid crystalline Universe hypothesis, which may likely be modeled with iced-water. It is interesting to remark here that certain experiments by Stockholm University scientists have shown that X-ray triggered water can exhibit properties just like liquid crystal (cf. PRL, 2020). That is why we consider it possible that there can be quantum phase transition where liquid water (comprised of iced cubes and water) can exhibit effects such as tunneling in quantum liquid crystalline Universe. Last but not least, we admit that what we outlined here is just aninitial phase; and if you wish, perhaps we can call such experiments as “wormhole-at-lab” experiments (abbreviated: WHALE). (shrink)

Learner autonomy has gained particular attention in Vietnamese higher education since a major education reform launched in 2005. Although a number of studies have been conducted to investigate the concept in the Vietnamese higher education context, most of them have focused on exploring teachers’ and students’ perceptions and beliefs around the concept of autonomy (T. V. Nguyen, 2011; Dang, 2012; Humphreys & Wyatt, 2013; T. N. Nguyen, 2014), and on the possibility of promoting it in Vietnamese universities (Trinh, 2005; L. (...) T. C. Nguyen, 2009; Q. X. Le, 2013; Phan, 2015). There appear to be no studies on the demonstration of learner autonomy and the potential factors, including factors relating to assessment practice, that support or inhibit its demonstration in the Vietnamese higher education context. Building on a social constructivist paradigm and sociocultural theories of learning, this qualitative case study aims to investigate the demonstration of learner autonomy in the context of assessment in English as a foreign language (EFL) classes in a university in Vietnam, and the (potential) factors in assessment that facilitate or constrain the demonstration of learner autonomy in that context. The data were collected through participant observation of teachers’ and students’ practices in three EFL classes at the university during a complete semester, one-on-one semi-structured interviews with three teachers and sixteen students, and post-observation interviews with the three teachers and their students. Additional data which characterised the context of the study were gathered and included documents at the researched university relating to higher education policies, assessment policies, English teaching and learning policies, EFL curriculum and syllabus, test samples, and English teaching textbooks. The study found that students generally demonstrated a low level of autonomy in the classroom despite their positive attitude towards the concept and their awareness of its role in English learning. Primary contributing factors included negative washback of current assessment systems on teaching and learning practices, prescribed assessment practices in the class, teachers’ and learners’ limited and divergent understanding about the concept of learner autonomy, and their limited understanding about the role of assessment in learning in general and in learner autonomy promotion and development in particular. The study also found that students who stated that English was relevant to their personal needs were generally more autonomous outside of the classroom than inside it. Findings from this study support the view that learner autonomy reflects the relationship between learners and the learning environment, and is an emergent product of the interaction between learners and contextual factors including their teacher, their peers, the learning task, class rules and values, and university values and regulations. The study’s findings are significant, as they highlight the social dimension of learner autonomy and the importance of facilitating favourable conditions for teachers to provide learner autonomy and for learners to manifest it. The study also highlights the need to reconsider assessment practices to promote learner autonomy. (shrink)

N.T. Wright has offered Christian philosophers a proposal where it is apparently possible to hold the belief in the intermediate state-resurrection of the body and an ontological holism in the same sense at the same time. I argue that this not only creates a basic contradiction in Wright’s ontological paradigm, but also it is not a coherent and tenable proposal despite the fact one might eventually find a potential solution to such a quandary.

Entrepreneurship education with a focus on sustainable development primarily teaches students to develop a profit‐driven mentality. As sustainable development is a value‐oriented and normative concept, the role of individual ethical norms and val‐ ues in entrepreneurial processes has been receiving increased attention. Therefore, this study addresses the role of moral competence in the process of idea generation for sustainable development. A mixed method design was developed in which would‐ be entrepreneurs were subjected to a questionnaire (n = 398) and to (...) real‐life deci‐ sion‐making processes in a case assignment (n = 96). The results provide stepping stones for implementing (moral) competencies in entrepreneurship education as a possible avenue to move away from a sole focus on a profit‐driven mentality. (shrink)

At a 2011 meeting of the Society of Christian Philosophers, N. T. Wright offered four reasons for rejecting the existence of soul. This was surprising, as many Christian philosophers had previously taken Wright's defense of a disembodied intermediate state as a defense of a substance dualist view of the soul. In this paper, I offer responses to each of Wright's objections, demonstrating that Wright's arguments fail to undermine substance dualism. In so doing, I expose how popular arguments against dualism fail, (...) such as dualism is merely an unwarranted influence of Greek culture on Christianity, and substance dualism is merely a soul-of-the-gaps hypothesis. Moreover, I demonstrate that Wright himself has offered a powerful reason for adopting substance dualism in his previous works. In conclusion I offer a view that explains why the human soul needs a resurrected body. (shrink)

Successful teamwork doesn't work overnight, what makes teamwork potent is team building. (Plagiarism) According to Abdullah, et. al., (2022) team building training can improve group cohesiveness or the quality of sticking together or unity teamwork more likely to be higher with a significant score difference. This study used mixed methods both qualitative and quantitative data collection, and an analysis method to answer the research method, random sampling is named as such because the data set is chosen via random selection, where (...) every member of the population has an equal probability of being selected (Tao, 2023). The respondents were 100 restaurant employees and 10 managers from the chosen restaurant in Malolos City in Bulacan. The subcategories of team building, including activities, communication, skills, personality, problem-solving, and values, have all received a consensus of strong agreement, with weighted averages falling within the range of 3.26 to 3.44. This level of agreement aligns with the scores for motivation at 3.43 and productivity at 3.38. These values have been calculated by determining the mean, which spans from 3.25 to 4.00. The advantages of team building that is being observed by the managers is to create familiarity and teamwork among the employees, to improve the quality of service and the quality of the food especially the respondents are in the food service sector, development, and training for the employees to achieve the establishments’ goal and lastly rebuilding and build a relationship with one employee to another. However, for the disadvantages, it costs a lot of money to conduct team building in the management. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. Despite the fact that there is a low correlation between teambuilding activities and motivation and employee productivity, there is still a significant relationship between the variables. (shrink)

In this article, some theories about evolutionary progress of human mind are examined and criticised. Through a comparative reading of these theories -which are sometimes contradictory to each other- it has been tried to present the common missing parts of these theories. The meaning of these theories for philosophy has been thought and the presupposition of linearity in these theories is criticised. The relation of the concept of emotion with the terms like cognition, apprehension, comprehension, intellect, self-awareness, consciousness -which stand (...) forward within these theories- is emphasized. Through the visual cliff experiment, it has been attempted to clarify this relation. (shrink)

Well over half a century before the development of contemporary experimental philosophy, the Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss conducted a number of empirical investigations intended to document non-philosophers’ convictions regarding a number of topics of philosophical interest. In the 1930s and 1950s, Næss collected data relevant to non-philosophers’ conceptions of truth. This research attracted the attention of Alfred Tarski at the time, and has recently been re-evaluated by Robert Barnard and Joseph Ulatowski. In this paper I return to Næss’s research on (...) truth in order to better develop an account of how such empirical data does or doesn’t bear on the philosophical study of truth. I examine Næss’s findings from his various studies on truth, and challenge the interpretation of those studies offered by Barnard and Ulatowski. (shrink)

Vietnam has seen fast-rising debts, both domestic and external, in recent years. This paperreviews the literature on credit market in Vietnam, providing an up-to-date take on the domesticlending and borrowing landscape. The study highlights the strong demand for credit in both therural and urban areas, the ubiquity of informal lenders, the recent popularity of consumer financecompanies, as well as the government’s attempts to rein in its swelling public debt. Given thehigh level of borrowing, which is fueled by consumerism and geopolitics, (...) it is inevitable that theamount of debt will soon be higher than the saving of the borrowers. Unlike the conventional wisdom that creditors have more bargaining power over the borrowers, we suggest that—albeitlacking a quantitative estimation—when the debts pile up so high that the borrowers could not repay, the power dynamics may reverse. In this new politics of debt, the lenders fear to lose the money's worth and continue to lend and feed the insolvent debtors. The result is a toxic lending/borrowing market and profound lessons, from which the developing world could learn. (shrink)

Every year, the Vietnamese people reportedly burned about 50,000 tons of joss papers, which took the form of not only bank notes, but iPhones, cars, clothes, even housekeepers, in hope of pleasing the dead. The practice was mistakenly attributed to traditional Buddhist teachings but originated in fact from China, which most Vietnamese were not aware of. In other aspects of life, there were many similar examples of Vietnamese so ready and comfortable with adding new norms, values, and beliefs, even contradictory (...) ones, to their culture. This phenomenon, dubbed “cultural additivity”, prompted us to study the co-existence, interaction, and influences among core values and norms of the Three Teachings –Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism–as shown through Vietnamese folktales. By applying Bayesian logistic regression, we evaluated the possibility of whether the key message of a story was dominated by a religion (dependent variables), as affected by the appearance of values and anti-values pertaining to the Three Teachings in the story (independent variables). Our main findings included the existence of the cultural additivity of Confucian and Taoist values. More specifically, empirical results showed that the interaction or addition of the values of Taoism and Confucianism in folktales together helped predict whether the key message of a story was about Confucianism, β{VT ⋅ VC} = 0.86. Meanwhile, there was no such statistical tendency for Buddhism. The results lead to a number of important implications. First, this showed the dominance of Confucianism because the fact that Confucian and Taoist values appeared together in a story led to the story’s key message dominated by Confucianism. Thus, it presented the evidence of Confucian dominance and against liberal interpretations of the concept of the Common Roots of Three Religions (“tam giáo đồng nguyên”) as religious unification or unicity. Second, the concept of “cultural additivity” could help explain many interesting socio-cultural phenomena, namely the absence of religious intolerance and extremism in the Vietnamese society, outrageous cases of sophistry in education, the low productivity in creative endeavors like science and technology, the misleading branding strategy in business. We are aware that our results are only preliminary and more studies, both theoretical and empirical, must be carried out to give a full account of the explanatory reach of “cultural additivity”. (shrink)

Rules are meant to apply equally to all within their jurisdiction. However, some rules are frequently broken without consequence for most. These rules are only occasionally enforced, often at the discretion of a third-party observer. We propose that these rules—whose violations are frequent, and enforcement is rare—constitute a unique subclass of explicitly codified rules, which we call ‘phantom rules’ (e.g., proscribing jaywalking). Their apparent punishability is ambiguous and particularly susceptible to third-party motives. Across six experiments, (N = 1440) we validated (...) the existence of phantom rules and found evidence for their motivated enforcement. First, people played a modified Dictator Game with a novel frequently broken and rarely enforced rule (i.e., a phantom rule). People enforced this rule more often when the “dictator” was selfish (vs. fair) even though the rule only proscribed fractional offers (not selfishness). Then we turned to third person judgments of the U.S. legal system. We found these violations are recognizable to participants as both illegal and commonplace (Experiment 2), differentiable from violations of prototypical laws (Experiments 3) and enforced in a motivated way (Experiments 4a and 4b). Phantom rule violations (but not prototypical legal violations) are seen as more justifiably punished when the rule violator has also violated a social norm (vs. rule violation alone)—unless the motivation to punish has been satiated (Experiment 5). Phantom rules are frequently broken, codified rules. Consequently, their apparent punishability is ambiguous, and their enforcement is particularly susceptible to third party motives. (shrink)

This study presents a description of an open database on scientific output of Vietnamese researchers in social sciences and humanities, one that corrects for the shortcomings in current research publication databases such as data duplication, slow update, and a substantial cost of doing science. Here, using scientists’ self-reports, open online sources and cross-checking with Scopus database, we introduce a manual system and its semi-automated version of the database on the profiles of 657 Vietnamese researchers in social sciences and humanities who (...) have published in Scopus-indexed journals from 2008 to 2018. The final system also records 973 foreign co-authors, 1,289 papers, and 789 affiliations. The data collection method, highly applicable for other sources, could be replicated in other developing countries while its content be used in cross-section, multivariate, and network data analyses. The open database is expected to help Vietnam revamp its research capacity and meet the public demand for greater transparency in science management. (shrink)

Simon Blackburn has not shied away from the use of vivid imagery in developing, over a long and prolific career, a large-scale philosophical vision. Here one might think, for instance, of ‘Practical Tortoise Raising’ or ‘Ramsey's Ladder’ or ‘Frege's Abyss’. Blackburn develops a ‘quasi-realist’ account of many of our philosophical and everyday commitments, both theoretical (e.g., modality and causation) and practical (e.g., moral judgement and normative reasons). Quasi-realism aims to provide a naturalistic treatment of its targeted phenomena while earning the (...) right to deploy all of the ‘trappings’ of realism—i.e., while eschewing any idea that our normal thought and talk about such phenomena are pervasively in error. The quasi-realist project is that of explaining how (as Huw Price puts it here) ‘the folk come to “talk the realist talk” without committing ourselves—us theorists, as it were—to “walking the metaphysical walk”’ (p. 136). Quasi-realism, too, can speak of truth, facts, properties, belief, knowledge, and so on. The imagery in this collection also abounds, though, in capturing a different view of quasi-realism: No fewer than three of the contributors picture Blackburn as wanting to have his cake and eat it too (Louise Antony asking, in addition, ‘Who doesn't? It's cake’ [p. 19]). (shrink)

Heterogeneous treatment effects represent a major issue for medicine as they undermine reliable inference and clinical decision-making. To overcome the issue, the current vision of precision and personalized medicine acknowledges the need to control individual variability in response to treatment. In this paper, we argue that gene-treatment-environment interactions (G × T × E) undermine inferences about individual treatment effects from the results of both genomics-based methodologies—such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and genome-wide interaction studies (GWIS)—and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Then, (...) we argue that N-of-1 trials can be a solution to overcome difficulties in handling individual variability in treatment response. Although this type of trial has been suggested as a promising strategy to assess individual treatment effects, it nonetheless has limitations that limit its use in everyday clinical practice. We analyze the existing variability within the designs of N-of-1 trials in terms of a continuum where each design prioritizes epistemic and pragmatic considerations. We then support wider use of the designs located at the pragmatic end of the explanatory-pragmatic continuum. (shrink)

When humanism is thought, especially within the borders of 20th century philosophy, one of the things that first comes to mind is the statements which have occurred in 1950s between Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre, can be named as Heidegger-Sartre Controversy on Humanism and mainly based on two texts. Sartre, in one of his speeches, builds an essential connection between humanism and existentialism and in here he defines Heidegger as an existentialist like himself. In return, Heidegger, probably as a criticism (...) to Sartre's attribution to him, told about his thoughts on humanism within the expanded version of one of his earlier letters. By this controversy the context and content humanism had been expanded, the understanding of humanism is deepened. The aim of this article is to manifest if there are some things that the controversy between Heidegger and Sartre could contribute to the terms -as a problematic humanism has nowadays- like post-humanism, trans-humanism, meta-humanism, super-humanism, alter-humanism whose terminological meanings aren't quite well-defined. It is to investigate if there are any solutions that humanism -which is being shaped again and obtaining new contexts through these terms- could gain by this controversy against this current terminology problem. (shrink)

What is sexual orientation? The contemporary consensus among philosophers is that it is a disposition. Unsurprisingly, recent debates about the metaphysics of sexual orientation are almost entirely intramural. Behavioral dispositionalists argue that sexual orientation is a disposition to behave sexually. Desire dispositionalists argue that it is a disposition to desire sexually. We argue that sexual orientation is not best understood in terms of dispositions to behave or dispositions to desire before arguing that dispositions tout court fail to illuminate sexual orientation. (...) We then introduce and defend the idea that sexual orientation is best understood in terms of categorical phenomenal properties of sexual arousal. (shrink)

Rogier van der Weyden'in bu olağanüstü eseri, Yüce İsa'nın acılı veda anını derinlemesine işleyerek bize büyük bir ruhani derinlik sunuyor. Ressamın bu eseri hayata geçirirken duyduğu büyük acı ve ruhsal derinlik, onun sanatının kalbinde yatan insanlık ve inanç temasını güçlendiriyor. O dönemin zenginleri arasında büyük ün kazanmasının ardında yatan şey, bu eserin sanatın sınırlarını aşan etkileyici gücüdür. Ancak şüphesiz ki, bu eser insanlık için yaratılırken, hangi inançtan olursa olsun herkese dokunan bir acıyı da temsil ediyor. -/- Ressamın duygularını ve detayları (...) bu denli etkileyici bir şekilde aktarması, bu eserin günümüzde bile büyük bir hayranlıkla karşılanmasına yol açıyor. Van der Weyden'in tablosu, insanlık tarihinde derin izler bırakan evrensel bir sanat eseri olarak kabul ediliyor. Bu çeviriyi yaparken dönemin koşullarını ve sanatın gücünü daha iyi anladım. Vikipedi gibi kaynaklardan bilgi çevirirken, yabancı dillerdeki bilgilere olan erişimin önemini bir kez daha kavradım ve bu eseri Türkçe konuşanlarla buluşturmanın değerini anladım. -/- Umarım bu eser, okuyuculara van der Weyden'in sanatının derinliğini ve insanlık hikayesinin evrenselliğini anlatırken ilham verir ve onları düşündürür. Sanatın gücü ve insanın duygusal derinlikleri konusundaki bu yolculuk, hepimizi daha iyi bir anlayışa ve içsel bir zenginliğe yönlendirebilir. -/- --- -/- Rogier van der Weyden's extraordinary work offers us profound spiritual depth by delving deeply into the poignant farewell moment of Jesus Christ. The profound sorrow and spiritual depth felt by the painter while creating this work strengthen the theme of humanity and faith at the heart of his art. The impressive power of this work, which transcends the boundaries of art, lies behind the great fame it achieved among the elites of its time. However, unquestionably, this work also represents a universal sorrow that resonates with people of all beliefs. -/- The painter's ability to convey emotions and details in such a compelling manner has led to enduring admiration for this work even in contemporary times. Van der Weyden's painting is recognized as a universal masterpiece that has left deep imprints on the history of humanity. Translating this text has deepened my understanding of the conditions of the time and the power of art. It has also reinforced the importance of accessing information from sources like Wikipedia in foreign languages, and I have come to appreciate the value of bringing this work to Turkish-speaking audiences. -/- I hope this work inspires readers by revealing the depth of van der Weyden's art and the universality of the human story, prompting them to reflect. This journey into the power of art and the emotional depths of humanity can lead us all to greater understanding and inner richness. (shrink)

Nghiên cứu được thực hiện nhằm xác định các nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến Sự lựa chọn dịch vụ kế toán của các doanh nghiệp (DN) nhỏ và siêu nhỏ trên địa bàn tỉnh Nghệ An. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, có 8 nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến Sự lựa chọn dịch vụ kế toán của các DN nhỏ và siêu nhỏ trên địa bàn tỉnh Nghệ An được sắp xếp theo thứ tự tác động giảm dần bao gồm: (...) Sự đa dạng về dịch vụ; Đội ngũ nhân viên; Trình độ chuyên môn; Sự giới thiệu; Lợi ích cảm nhận; Hình ảnh đối tượng cung cấp dịch vụ; Khả năng đáp ứng; Giá phí. Bên cạnh đó, nhóm nghiên cứu cũng đưa ra các hàm ý chính sách giúp các DN cung cấp dịch vụ kế toán nâng cao sự lựa chọn dịch vụ, cải thiện dịch vụ, thu hút thêm khách hàng. (shrink)

Thе оutbrеаk оf thе соrоnаvirus disеаsе 2019 (СОVID-19) саusing milliоns оf pеоplе tо bе infесtеd hаs pоsеd mаjоr publiс hеаlth аnd gоvеrnаnсе сhаllеngеs. This study еvаluаtеs thе еxtеnt tо whiсh thе unаvаilаbility оf intеrnеt fоr сhildrеn tо lеаrn оnlinе during thе pаndеmiс аffесts pаrеntаl psyсhоlоgiсаl wеllbеing. Wе find thаt pаrеnts hаving nо intеrnеt fоr thеir сhildrеn tо lеаrn оnlinе during tо thе pаndеmiс аrе 40.37, 47.22, 43.68, аnd 46.90 pеrсеntаgе pоints mоrе likеly tо fееl аnxiоus, wоrriеd, displеаsеd, аnd dеprеssеd еvеry (...) dаy. Thе study саlls fоr thе еxpаnsiоn оf suppоrts fоr сhildrеn аnd fаmiliеs during thе pаndеmiс, еspесiаlly fоr disprоpоrtiоnаtеly аffесtеd соmmunitiеs. (shrink)

Ce n’est pas un livre parfait, mais il est unique, et si vous écrémez les 400 premières pages ou plus, les 300 dernières (sur quelque 700) sont une assez bonne tentative d’appliquer ce qui est connu sur le comportement aux changements sociaux de la violence et des manières au fil du temps. Le sujet fondamental est le suivant : comment notre génétique contrôle-t-elle et limite-t-elle le changement social ? Étonnamment, il ne parvient pas à décrire la nature de la sélection (...) des parents (fitness inclusif) qui explique une grande partie de la vie sociale animale et humaine. Il n’a pas non plus (comme presque tout le monde) un cadre clair pour décrire la structure logique de la rationalité (LSR—terme préféré de John Searle) que je préfère appeler la psychologie descriptive de la pensée de haut ordre (DPHOT). Il aurait dû dire quelque chose sur les nombreuses autres façons d’abuser et d’exploiter les gens et la planète, car ceux-ci sont maintenant beaucoup plus graves que de rendre d’autres formes de violence presque hors de propos. Étendre le concept de violence pour inclure les-conséquences mondiales à long terme de la réplication des gènes de quelqu’un, et avoir une compréhension de la nature de la façon dont fonctionne l’évolution (c.-à-d., la sélection des parents) fournira une perspective très différente sur l’histoire, les événements actuels, et comment les choses sont susceptibles d’aller dans les quelques centaines d’années. On pourrait commencer par noter que la diminution de la violence physique au cours de l’histoire a été compensée (et rendue possible) par le viol sans pitié de la planète (c’est-à-dire par la destruction par les gens de l’avenir de leur propre descendant). Pinker (comme la plupart des gens la plupart du temps) est souvent distrait par les superficialités de la culture quand c’est la biologie qui compte. Voir mes critiques récentes de Wilson 'The Social Conquest of Earth' et Nowak and Highfield’s 'SuperCooperators' ici et sur le net pour un bref résumé de la vacuité de «véritable altruisme»(sélection de groupe), et le fonctionnement de la sélection des parents et l’inutilité et la superficialité de décrire le comportement en termes culturels. C’est la question classique de la nature/nourrir et la nature l’emporte nourrir - infiniment. Ce qui importe vraiment, c’est la violence faite à la terre par l’augmentation incessante de la population et de la destruction des ressources (en raison de la médecine et de la technologie et de la répression des conflits par la police et l’armée). Environ 200.000 personnes de plus par jour (un autre Las Vegas tous les 10 jours, un autre Los Angeles chaque mois), les 6 tonnes ou plus de la base va dans la mer / personne / année - environ 1% du total du monde disparaissant chaque année, etc. signifie que si un miracle se produit la biosphère et la civilisation va largement s’effondrer au cours des deux prochains siècles, et il y aura la famine, la misère et la violence de tous les types. Les manières, les opinions et les tendances des gens à commettre des actes de violence ne sont d’aucune pertinence à moins qu’ils ne puissent faire quelque chose pour éviter cette catastrophe, et je ne vois pas comment cela va se produire. Il n’y a pas de place pour les arguments, et aucun point non plus (oui je suis un fataliste), donc je vais juste faire quelques commentaires comme s’ils étaient des faits. N’imaginez pas que j’ai un intérêt personnel dans la promotion d’un groupe au détriment des autres. J’ai 78, n’ont pas de descendants et pas de proches parents et ne s’identifient à aucun groupe politique, national ou religieux et considèrent ceux que j’appartiens par défaut aussi répugnant que tout le reste. Les parents sont les pires ennemis de la vie sur Terre et, compte tenu de la vue générale des choses, les femmes sont aussi violentes que les hommes quand on considère le fait que la violence des femmes (comme la plupart de celle faite par les hommes) se fait en grande partie au ralenti, à une distance dans le temps et l’espace et la plupart du temps effectuée par procuration -par leurs descendants et par les hommes. De plus en plus, les femmes portent des enfants, qu’elles aient un compagnon ou non et que l’effet d’empêcher une femme de se reproduire est en moyenne beaucoup plus important que d’arrêter un homme, car ils constituent le goulot d’étranglement reproducteur. On peut considérer que les gens et leur progéniture méritent richement toute la misère vient leur chemin et (à de rares exceptions près) les riches et les célèbres sont les pires délinquants. Meryl Streep ou Bill Gates ou J.K Rowling et chacun de leurs enfants peuvent détruire 50 tonnes de terre d’o re plus chaque année pendant des générations dans l’avenir, tandis qu’un fermier indien et son peut détruire 1 tonne. Si quelqu’un nie que c’est très bien, et à leurs descendants, je dis "Bienvenue à l’enfer sur Terre"(WTHOE). Aujourd’hui, l’accent est toujours mis sur les droits de l’homme, mais il est clair que si la civilisation doit avoir une chance, les responsabilités humaines doivent remplacer les droits de l’homme. Personne n’obtient des droits sans être un citoyen responsable et la première chose que cela signifie est la destruction de l’environnement minimal. La responsabilité la plus fondamentale n’est pas les enfants à moins que votre société vous demande de les produire. Une société ou un monde qui permet aux gens de se reproduire au hasard sera toujours exploité par des gènes égoïstes jusqu’à ce qu’il s’effondre (ou atteint un point où la vie est si horrible qu’il ne vaut pas la peine de vivre). Si la société continue à maintenir les droits de l’homme comme primaires, à leurs descendants, on peut dire avec confiance "WTHOE". Ceux qui souhaitent un cadre complet à jour pour le comportement humain de la vue moderne de deuxemssyst peuvent consulter mon livre 'The Logical Structure of Philosophy, Psychology, Mind and Language in Ludwig Wittgenstein and John Searle' 2nd ed (2019). Ceux qui s’intéressent à plus de mes écrits peuvent voir «Talking Monkeys --Philosophie, Psychologie, Science, Religion et Politique sur une planète condamnée --Articles et revues 2006-2019 3e ed (2019) et Suicidal Utopian Delusions in the 21st Century 4th ed (2019) et autres. (shrink)

Self destruction, inapprehensible an option as it might be, has been a challenging issue for philosophers and scholars since the dawn of time, forcing meditation into a vigorous and everlasting debate. The core question is: could suicide ever be deemed rational a choice? And if so, could it count as a moral alternative, if the circumstances call for it? The Stoics from Zeno up to Epictetus and Seneca regarded suicide as the ultimate resort, as the utmost opportunity for a rational (...) being to maintain his virtue, when all other bridges are burnt. For an act to be moral, it has to be deliberate, as well as the manifestation of an established evaluative hierarchy, however spontaneous and instantaneous might the latter be. In other words, a moral act is one that agents rationally opt for over other possible alternatives, on the subjective basis of their alleged best interests. Modern philosophers as Tom Beauchamp, Margaret Battin and Jacques Choron stress the criterion of rationality as a key issue regarding the ethics of suicide. Utilizing Rorty’s second definition of rationality, the article examines whether self destruction can be the outcome of proper evaluative assessment and deliberation, given that, as T. N. Pelegrinis suggests, such an evaluation seems to rest on a symmetry case, which might hardly be based on sound foundation. (shrink)

Since 2019, Vietnam has witnessed a "reincarnation movement" characterized by the creation of new cultural products infused with folklore, encompassing various mediums like photography, cinema, and music.

Purpose (metatask) of the present work is to attempt to give a glance at the problem of existential and anthropo- logical risk caused by the contemporary man-made civilization from the perspective of comparison and confronta- tion of aesthetics, the substrate of which is emotional and metaphorical interpretation of individual subjective values and politics feeding by objectively rational interests of social groups. In both cases there is some semantic gap pre- sent between the represented social reality and its representation in perception (...) of works of art and in the political doctrines as well. Methodology of the research is evolutionary anthropological comparativistics. Originality of the conducted analysis comes to the following: As the antithesis to biological and social reductionism in interpretation of the phenomenon of bio-power it is proposed a co-evolutionary semantic model in accordance with which the de- scribed semantic gap is of the substantial nature related to the complex module organization of a consistent and adaptive human strategy consisting of three associated but independently functional modules (genetic, cultural and techno-rational). Evolutionary trajectory of all anthropogenesis components including civilization cultural and so- cial-political evolution is identified by the proportion between two macro variables – evolutionary effectiveness and evolutionary stability (sameness), i.e. preservation in the context of consequential transformations of some invari- ants of Homo sapiens species specificity organization. It should be noted that inasmuch as in respect to human, some modules of the evolutionary (adaptive) strategy assume self-reflection attributes, it would be more correctly to state about evolutionary correctness, i.e. correspondence to some perfection. As a result, the future of human nature de- pends not only on the rationalist principles of ethics of Homo species (the archaism of Jurgen Habermas), but also on the holistic and emotionally aesthetic image of «Self». In conclusion it should be noted that there is a causal link between the development of High Hume (NBIC) technologies and the totality of the trend in the anthropological phenomenon of bio-power that permeates all the available human existence in modern civilization. As a result, there is a transformation of a contemporary social (man-made) risk in the evolutionary civilization risk. (shrink)

Recently, research on uncertainty modeling is progressing rapidly and many essential and breakthrough stud ies have already been done. There are various ways such as fuzzy, intuitionistic and neutrosophic sets to handle these uncertainties. Although these concepts can handle incomplete information in various real-world issues, they cannot address all types of uncertainty such as indeterminate and inconsistent information. Also, plithogenic sets as a generalization of crisp, fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy, and neutrosophic sets, which is a set whose elements are characterized by (...) many attributes’ values. In this paper, our aim is to demonstrate and review the history of fuzzy, intuitionistic and neutrosophic sets. For this purpose, we divided the paper as: section 1. History of Fuzzy Sets, section 2. History of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and section 3. History of Neutrosophic Theories and Applications, section 4. History of Plithogenic Sets. (shrink)

‘Dumping’ is a practice in international trade whereby a product is introduced into the commerce of another country at less than its ‘normal value,’ which might cause or threaten material injury to the domestic industry of the importing country. To address the practice of dumping and provide rules to deal with it, the World Trade Organization (WTO) adopted the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994), known as the Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA). -/- (...) The ADA sets out anti-dumping investigation procedures that importing countries must follow if they wish to impose anti-dumping measures, which are determined by comparing the normal value and the export price of the goods in question. However, not all countries are treated equally under these arrangements. Countries that are non-market economies (NMEs) are accorded special treatment provided by specific rules, including the option for investigating authorities to resort to surrogate prices in a third country for the purpose of establishing normal value. This application of surrogate prices is referred to as ‘NME treatment’. In the absence of an internationally recognised definition of an NME, each WTO Member has adopted its own definition and/or a list of NMEs. Vietnam, a WTO Member whose economy is moving from being centrally planned to being market-based, is considered an NME by both the United States (US) and the European Union (EU). This research investigates whether the non-market economy status of NMEs such as Vietnam disadvantages exporters in anti-dumping investigations and proceedings. The research analyses legal, procedural and other issues relating to the non-market economy status of NMEs in general and Vietnam in particular, in anti-dumping investigations and proceedings conducted by the US and the EU. The research uses a qualitative methodology design, by which data was collected primarily using desk-based study, supplemented by interviews with anti-dumping experts, Vietnamese exporters and government officials. It involves the examination of international law pertaining to anti-dumping, the US and EU anti-dumping laws and investigation procedures, analysis of the WTO anti-dumping dispute settlement procedures and related jurisprudence, as well as the analysis of Vietnam’s transition to a market economy. -/- The research has found that both the US and EU treat Vietnam as a NME and have developed their own specific methodologies for anti-dumping investigations on exports from Vietnam. Furthermore, it highlights the wide discretion of the US and the EU under their domestic laws in many stages of anti-dumping investigations. -/- The findings also show that the WTO Dispute Settlement Body generally considers the US and the EU practices to be consistent with the ADA provisions. However, certain US and EU practices were found to be inconsistent with the ADA, including ‘zeroing’, limited examination, surrogate country selection, and the imposition of the ‘entity-wide rate.’ Further, by applying these practices, investigating authorities might establish unpredictable normal values that may inflate the estimated dumping margins and ultimately lead to the imposition of a higher than appropriate anti-dumping duty. The analysis concludes that the NME status of countries such as Vietnam disadvantages them when facing claims of dumping. Finally, this thesis provides recommendations for Vietnamese exporters that will serve to improve their competence as defendants/respondents in anti-dumping investigations and proceedings and more effectively demonstrate the degree to which their operations are based on market-based principles. Recommendations are also provided to the Vietnam Government on ways in which it can support Vietnamese exporters in anti-dumping investigations and proceedings. (shrink)

Dựa trên việc khảo sát 200 du khách nội địa đến với điểm đến Làng hoa Sa Đéc (tỉnh Đồng Tháp), nghiên cứu này đánh giá ảnh hưởng của sức hấp dẫn điểm đến, sự hài lòng tới lòng trung thành điểm đến Làng hoa Sa Đéc của du khách nội địa. Kết quả cho thấy, Sức hấp dẫn điểm đến có ảnh hưởng tích cực và trực tiếp đến Sự hài lòng; trong khi đó, Sự hài lòng có ảnh (...) hưởng tích cực và trực tiếp đến Lòng trung thành điểm đến. [Based on a survey of 200 domestic tourists to the tourist destination Dong Thap. In this study, based on the results of previous studies, the author proposed a model to study the effects of destination attractiveness and satisfaction on destination loyalty of domestic tourists. Furthermore, the author uses the method of analyzing and verifying the linear structural model (SEM) with the support of the SmartSPL3.0 tool. The results show that the destination attractiveness factor has a positive and direct influence on satisfaction, satisfaction has a positive and direct influence on destination loyalty. In addition, research results also show that destination attractiveness does not directly affect destination loyalty. (shrink)

Đại dịch Covid-19 đã và đang gây ra nhiều tác động tiêu cực với nền kinh tế xã hội của cả thế giới. Trong bối cảnh khủng hoảng toàn cầu đặt ra nhiều thách thức, ESG không chỉ là xu hướng chung mà còn là giải pháp cần thiết để giải quyết các vấn đề về môi trường, xã hội và quản trị, hướng đến phát triển kinh tế tuần hoàn (KTTH), điều mà tất cả các quốc gia trên thế (...) giới đều quan tâm và định hướng phát triển. Nghiên cứu này nhằm cung cấp cái nhìn tổng quan về ESG, phân tích thực trạng ESG tại Việt Nam, bao gồm: cam kết và chính sách của Chính phủ, cam kết và thực hành của doanh nghiệp (DN) Việt Nam; từ đó, đưa ra một số giải pháp nhằm thúc đẩy tiến trình cam kết và thực hành ESG ở Việt Nam. [he Covid-19 pandemic has been causing various negative impacts on the socio-economy worldwide. In the context of a global crisis that poses many challenges, ESG is not only a general trend but also a necessary solution to solve environmental, social and governance issues, towards the development of circular economy, a goal that all countries in the world are interested in and oriented their development. This study aims to provide an overview of ESG, analyzing the current state of ESG in Vietnam, including: commitments and policies of the Government, commitments and practices of Vietnamese enterprises; From there, we propose a number of solutions to promote the process of commitment and practice of ESG in Vietnam.]. (shrink)

The book consists of 16 chapters divided into three main parts, emphasizing the market system and financial-monetary control mechanisms. The book provides readers with significant economic advances. Thanks to a relatively extensive system of materials collected, chosen and computed over a long period of time from various domestic and international sources since Vietnam's independence. The book has highlighted the unresolved concerns and proposals based on examinations of the changing process of mechanisms and policies in general and for the financial industry, (...) banks and markets in particular. The study also focuses on Vietnam's real estate market, gold, stock market and US dollar market. (shrink)

Deleuze’ün Spinozacı yaşam tahayyülünde ‘ne yapmalıyız?’ sorusuna normatif, ahlaki ya da siyasi bir yanıt bulamıyoruz ama varoluşu düşünmenin içkin bir olanağını keşfediyoruz. Düşünmeye 'dışarıdan' yani dünyadan başlamak insani (kurgusal) bir dünyaya değil, içinde yaşadığımız gerçek dünyaya inanmak demektir. İçkinliğin politik anlamı düşünceyi dünyaya getirmektir.

1. INTRODUÇÃO -/- No "mundo" das produções animais, e sem que saibamos exatamente o motivo ou os motivos, não é incomum observar, mesmo a nível docente (faceta em que nos sentimos especialmente culpados), uma notável discussão (obscuridade de ideias e/ou na linguagem, produzida deliberadamente ou não) ao abordar os conceitos de fertilidade, fecundidade e prolificidade. -/- Esta falta de clareza conceitual torna-se tanto mais manifesta quando, precisamente a partir dos referidos conceitos, se pretende efetuar, por exemplo, uma programação ou uma (...) análise técnico-econômica de uma exploração pecuária. -/- O objetivo do presente trabalho é tentar introduzir com "clareza de ideias" acerca dos referidos conceitos essenciais na Zootecnia, sempre no domínio que nos é próprio, o das produções animais. Com a finalidade de tornar a exposição mais didática, construindo os conceitos sobre a cultura dos suínos. No entanto, que fique bem claro desde já que, com pequenas variações, pode-se considerar qualquer outra «espécie animal superior», incluindo as aves. -/- Para efeitos de brevidade e concisão, e porque serão abordados noutros trabalhos, não vamos aprofundar aqui, para além do estritamente indispensável, as questões relativas à anatomia do aparelho reprodutor e à fisiologia da reprodução. -/- -/- 2. FERTILIDADE -/- Segundo o Dicionário Geral Ilustrado da Língua Portuguesa: -/- — Fertilidade: Qualidade de fértil. -/- — Fértil: Virtude que tem a terra para produzir copiosos frutos. -/- A palavra "fertilidade" tem a sua raiz no vocábulo latino "fertilis" (produtivo, abundante). Ao nível da produção animal, a fertilidade pode ser definida como: -/- «A capacidade de um macho ou de uma fêmea púbere de produzir e liberar gametas maduros fisiologicamente aptos a fecundar (espermatozoides) ou para serem fecundados (ovócitos de segunda ordem)». -/- No caso da fêmea, o aparecimento da puberdade começa com a intervenção das hormonas gonadotrofinas FSH e LH (folículo estimulante e lúteo estimulante, respectivamente). Com ela se inicia o desenvolvimento de 15-30 ou mais folículos primários localizados no estroma ovariano, processo que se repetirá de forma cíclica enquanto não se inicia um processo de anafrodisia funcional (gestação) ou patológica. -/- 2.1 Fertilidade em suínos: formação de ovários, ovócitos, folículos e generalidades das fêmeas -/- Na porca, os ovários são duas formações ovais situadas na cavidade abdominal na região sublombar em ambos os lados do raquis. Geralmente, o ovário direito tem um tamanho superior ao esquerdo e, como no caso da maioria das fêmeas mamíferas, a maior parte da superfície ovariana está rodeada pelo epitélio germinal e pelo peritoneu, exceto numa pequena porção, ílio-ovárico, por onde penetram os vasos e os nervos. -/- O estroma ovárico é formado por uma rede de tecido conjuntivo em cujas maias se encontram numerosos folículos que contêm as células germinativas ou ovócitos em diversos estágios de desenvolvimento. Estes folículos manifestam-se na superfície do ovário da porca sob a forma de uma série de eminências arredondadas que lhe dão um aspecto de amora. -/- A fêmea já nasce com um número determinado de folículos primários originados durante o desenvolvimento embrionário, contendo cada folículo um ovócito de primeira ordem que alcançou um desenvolvimento de dictiotene da prófase meiótica ou mitose I. -/- A partir dos folículos primários originam-se folículos secundários ou poliestratificados, alcançando-se o grau de folículos terciários de Graaf ou maduros, com o aparecimento da puberdade. O folículo terciário ou antral caracteriza-se por um aumento de volume e uma grande complexidade, contém, em princípio, o ovócito de primeira ordem que sofreu o período de vitelo-gênese e que vai dar lugar ao ovócito de segunda ordem quando ocorre a lise do cumulus proliger ou ooforo, com o qual a célula sexual permanece agora livre no seio do líquido folicular. Neste processo o ovócito de primeira ordem sofreu modificações características como são um deslocamento do núcleo para a superfície da célula e o protoplasma distribui-se irregularmente. -/- Um folículo terciário ou maduro tem a seguinte estrutura desde a parte externa à interna: teca externa, teca interna, membrana de Slajvansky, membrana granulosa e as células da coroa radiada que rodeiam o ovócito, uma membrana pelúcida que envolve totalmente o ovócito de grande transcendência no momento da fecundação e finalmente o ovócito de primeira ordem. Existe uma cavidade denominada cavidade folicular, que contém um líquido segregado pelas células da granulosa, licor folicular de composição complexa, destacando as hormonas sexuais femininas e concretamente o 17-beta-estradiol. A membrana granulosa está relacionada com a coroa radiada pelo «cumulus proliger» ou ooforo que serve de nexo de ligação. -/- Posteriormente, e seguindo o processo, origina-se o folículo pré-ovulatório ou deiscente, produzindo-se a eclosão do folículo e libertando-se um ovócito de segunda ordem em período de metafase II graças a um processo que Pérez García denominou como ovocitação, termo que foi aceito nos diversos meios científicos, já que considera que o termo ovulação no caso dos vertebrados é incorreto. Este ovócito de segunda ordem é a verdadeira célula fértil, coisa que não ocorre quando se libera ou se produz o óvulo no oviduto; os óvulos são células inférteis. No processo de ovocitação intervém uma série de mecanismos que classificamos em pressores, enzimáticos e neuro-hormonais, destacando entre estes últimos a hormona luteoestimulante (LH), além dos fatores introváricos descritos recentemente. -/- Consequentemente, uma fêmea, no nosso caso suína, será fértil quando for capaz de levar a bom termo de forma regular e de acordo com a periodicidade do seu ciclo sexual o processo descrito supra. -/- Na prática cotidiana das explorações não é possível saber diretamente se uma fêmea é fértil ou não. Neste contexto, por exemplo, ninguém poderá nos informar se ante as manifestações psicomáticas do zelo existe fertilidade; pode tratar-se de um zelo anovular que requer para o seu diagnóstico a utilização de métodos endoscópicos ou ecográficos, assim como métodos cirúrgicos como a perfusão dos ovidutos ou do útero para obter os ovócitos liberados avaliando-se a quantidade e qualidade dos mesmos. -/- Por conseguinte, a frase frequentemente ouvida a nível das explorações: «é uma fêmea muito fértil», é, a menos que tenha sido efetuado o «controle específico» da reprodutora, pelo menos «tecnicamente inadequado». -/- 2.2 Fertilidade em suínos: formação, translocação e generalidades dos espermatozoides no macho -/- O caso do porco é um pouco diferente. No período embrionário formam-se as espermatogônias, células equivalentes às ovogonias da fêmea. De cada espermatogônia primária ou espermatogônia A1 por numerosas mitoses, produzem-se 16 espermatócitos primários mais uma espermatogônia B1 que repetirá o processo. Por conseguinte, o período de proliferação ou multiplicação difere significativamente do mesmo período no caso da fêmea, uma vez que no macho durante toda a vida sexual são produzidas continuamente novas espermatogônias. -/- Cada espermatócito primário, através de um processo de crescimento muito limitado, origina um espermatócito de primeira ordem que, durante o período de maturação, originará dois espermatócitos de segunda ordem (haploides) e, em segundo lugar, quatro espermátides (haploides). Cada uma destas espermátides, através de um processo de transformação denominado espermiogênese ou espermatohistogênese, originará um espermatozoide. Os espermatozoides passarão posteriormente do rete testis ao epidídimo, onde se armazenarão alelostaticamente. A trajetória dos espermatozoides antes de chegar ao epidídimo passa pelos tubos retos de Haller (muito lentamente pela pressão exercida) para chegar às lagunas de Haller e daí aos cones eferentes. O trânsito dos espermatozoides através do epidídimo é de fundamental importância porque é aqui onde tem lugar a verdadeira maturação. Os espermatozoides obtidos a nível da cabeça do epidídimo não terminaram a sua maturação e, portanto, carecem de capacidade fecundante, enquanto que aqueles provenientes da cauda deste órgão a têm em grande medida. No entanto, à saída do epidídimo, os espermatozoides ainda não atingiram a sua plena maturidade. Para isso deverão passar pelas ampolas do ducto deferente ou de Henle para que, como afirmam a maioria dos autores, tenha lugar a seleção de formas anormais e de espermatozoides fracos. As células intersticiais do epitélio seminífero são responsáveis por fornecer aos espermatozoides um material nutricional que exerce ações tróficas e endócrinas que favorecem o equilíbrio celular do espermatozoide. Finalmente estes espermatozoides, conjuntamente com as secreções prostáticas, das vesículas seminais e das glândulas bulbouretrais, terminarão sua trajetória na uretra, sendo eliminados ao exterior pelo órgão copulador ou pênis mediante o processo de ejaculação. -/- No momento da ejaculação libera-se o esperma, ou sêmen, que é o resultado da mistura do material espermático de origem testicular e as sucessivas secreções das glândulas acessórias antes citadas, que derramam seus produtos na uretra. No entanto, o processo final espermatogênico não termina no trato genital masculino, mas sim no trato feminino depois do coito ou da inseminação artificial graças ao conhecido processo extremamente complexo da capacitação espermática. -/- Um varrão é fértil a partir do momento em que é capaz de produzir espermatozoides normais. Analisando o esperma de forma adequada poderemos constatar com uma relativa precisão, tendo em conta a grande quantidade de fatores endógenos e exógenos que afetam a um ser tão sensível como o porco, o nível de fertilidade do mesmo. Devemos ter em mente que macho suíno adulto pode ser inicialmente muito fértil (apresentar uma grande quantidade de espermatozoides, de 400-1.300 x 106/ml na fração espermática do seu ejaculado) e, em vez disso, não ser apto para a reprodução porque pode apresentar defeitos no epidídimo e/ou nas ampolas de Henle pelo qual os espermatozoides não amadurecem e portanto não são úteis para efeitos reprodutivos. -/- Contudo, na prática, e de acordo com a própria definição, o porco é considerado fértil quando produz espermatozoides maduros com as seguintes características: -/- - Concentração correta; -/- - Capacidade motora adequada; -/- - Capacidade metabólica; -/- - Estrutura correta em relação à cabeça e ao flagelo (pescoço, trato intermediário e cauda, considerando esta última formada por seu trato principal e seu trato terminal), avaliando-se também o estado do acrossoma; -/- - Adequado comportamento cromocitógeno. -/- Logo deve ficar claro que a fertilidade é uma aptidão que em geral têm os machos e as fêmeas púberes para produzir e liberar gametas anatômicos e fisiológicos corretos (os híbridos das espécies cavalar e asnal, os mulos e os burdéganos, por exemplo, não são férteis; uma fêmea com ausência de desenvolvimento gonodal tampouco). -/- -/- 3. FECUNDIDADE -/- De acordo com o Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa: -/- — Fecundidade: Qualidade de fecundo. -/- — Fecundo: Que produz ou se reproduz por meios naturais. -/- A palavra «fecundidade» provém do latim fecunditas, significa «virtude e faculdade de produzir». Qualidade de fecundo, do latim fecundus, que «produz ou se reproduz em virtude dos meios naturais». -/- Esta definição pode conduzir, no âmbito das produções animais, a equívocos. Somos a favor da aplicação da seguinte definição de fecundidade. -/- «É a capacidade que um macho e/ou uma fêmea fértil tem para conseguir que os seus gametas, anatómica e fisiológica, aumentem normalmente: uma vez liberados, juntam-se aos do outro sexo para formar um zigoto». -/- Este fenômeno recebe o nome de fecundação, não sendo correto o de fertilização, que é utilizado por alguns autores. -/- 3.1 Generalidades e a fecundação em suínos -/- No caso da porca, para continuar com o mesmo exemplo ao longo de todo o trabalho, os gametas femininos, ovócitos de segunda ordem, sofrem uma descida ou migração, uma vez liberados do folículo maduro, através do oviduto para entrar em contato com os espermatozoides. -/- Esta migração pode ocorrer porque antes de ocorrer a mencionada deiscência folicular caracterizada por um congestionamento, tanto do próprio ovário como dos ovidutos ou trompas de Falópio, o pavilhão destas últimas aproxima-se do ovário (o oviduto de três partes: bandeira, corpo e istmo). Constituindo uma espécie de funil, graças à intervenção das fimbrias do pavilhão, no qual, em princípio, os oócitos deiscentes devem ser depositados com o respectivo líquido folicular. -/- As razões pelas quais o ovócito se dirige ao pavilhão não são bem conhecidas, embora se pense que a causa é devida às correntes que originam os cílios com seus movimentos. O ovócito percorre o oviduto num tempo adequado (reunindo, portanto, as condições adequadas de pH, pressão osmótica, etc.) para que o espermatozoide possa alcançá-lo e entrar em contato com ele. -/- Se o ovócito de segunda ordem não cair no infundíbulo ou transitar a uma velocidade inadequada pelo oviduto não poderá ter lugar a impregnação (penetração do espermatozoide no ovócito de segunda ordem) e portanto a fecundação (singamia e cariogamia). Há que ter em conta que a fecundação provoca a segunda etapa da maturação do ovócito caracterizada pela finalização da mitose II, já que como supracitado o ovócito de segunda ordem se libera no processo de metafase II (equacional), originando um óvulo que já contém o material cromossômico masculino e eliminando o segundo polocito. -/- Podemos interpretar que a eliminação deste segundo polocito, como consequência da penetração da cabeça do espermatozoide no ovócito originando-se um óvulo, seria como o resultado de uma espécie de incompatibilidade entre o pronúcleo do polocito e o que fornece o espermatozoide. Por conseguinte, no período de maturação da ovogênese produz-se, através de um processo reducional, um ovócito de segunda ordem e um primeiro pólcito. Posteriormente, o ovócito de segunda ordem originará por uma mitose equacional, que carece do período de duplicação do ADN no ciclo de Savel, um óvulo e um segundo pólcito. Às vezes, mas nem sempre, o primeiro polocito originará um terceiro e um quarto polocito mediante mitose, pelo que no total podem originar-se três polocito. Estes polocitos podem ser chamados de ovos abortivos porque carecem praticamente de deutoplasma que ficou englobado no óvulo e que permitirá o desenvolvimento embrionário em seus primeiros estádios até que se estabeleçam as conexões feto-maternas. -/- O óvulo maduro apresenta o pronúcleo feminino capaz de conjugar-se com o pronúcleo masculino, dando lugar à formação do zigoto. Mas, insisto mais uma vez, a penetração do espermatozoide ocorre sempre no estágio de ovócito de segunda ordem e nunca quando a célula sexual tenha alcançado o estádio de óvulo. -/- Evidentemente e depois de todo o comentado: -/- UMA PORCA PODE SER FERTIL E NÃO FECUNDA -/- Por isso bastaria, por exemplo, que o pavilhão da tromba não conseguisse aproximar-se de maneira adequada ao ovário, com o que os ovócitos de segunda ordem, anatômica e fisiologicamente normais, cairiam na cavidade abdominal. Nestas circunstâncias a fecundação, logicamente, seria totalmente impossível. -/- O espermatozoide, por sua vez, tem que subir um trecho do oviduto para "encontrar" o ovócito. Este avanço ocorre como consequência das contrações peristálticas do útero que realiza uma sucção do esperma. Neste momento os espermatozoides experimentam uma importante seleção biológica dado que para atravessar o istmo tubárico necessitam ter uma adequada vitalidade (na porca a união uterotubárica, assim como a primeira parte do istmo, atuam parcialmente como uma barreira). -/- Evidentemente, o espermatozoide não o tem fácil, embora consiga aproximar-se do ovócito graças às quatro hormonas produzidas pelos gametas (dois androgamonas e duas ginogamonas), embora atualmente fala-se da existência de três ginogamonas já que o ovócito se comporta como um polo positivo e a parte terminal da cabeça do espermatozóide como um polo negativo. -/- Uma vez que o espermatozoide entra em contato com o ovócito, deve «salvar» a camada protetora do ovócito (formada por um aglomerado mucoso de natureza espessa e viscosa, além de uma camada interna que pode ser mais ou menos poliestratificada que constitui a coroa radiada procedente das células da membrana granulosa). Para superar estes obstáculos, os espermatozoides têm uma estrutura, o acrossoma. Esta estrutura contém um complexo específico de lipoglicoproteínas que inclui uma série de enzimas como hialuronidase e acrosina. A hialuronidase está provavelmente envolvida na dispersão do cumulus proliger. A acrosina está relacionada com a penetração do espermatozoide através da zona pelúcida. -/- Então também podemos afirmar, como fizemos no caso da reprodutora, que: -/- UM PORCO TAMBÉM PODE SER FERTIL E NÃO FECUNDO -/- Bastaria para isso que os espermatozoides experimentassem um hipocinese, por isso sendo excessivamente lentos não tinham suficiente motilidade de avanço. -/- No entanto, sem ter a necessidade de chegar a estes extremos, o que deve ficar claro é que: -/- a) Fertilidade e fecundidade são dois conceitos claramente distintos. -/- b) Para que um reprodutor ou uma reprodutora possam tornar-se fecundos antes devem ser férteis. -/- Assim, por exemplo, um macho fértil pode não ser fecundo; quando um reprodutor não tem ereção, não tem suficiente ardor genérico, não é capaz, obviamente, de introduzir seu aparelho copulador no trato genital da fêmea. Esta situação pode ser ultrapassada, pelo menos em alguns casos, mediante a utilização de um ejaculador elétrico e posterior aplicação da técnica de inseminação artificial. -/- Uma fórmula clássica para determinar a porcentagem global de fecundidade obtida num rebanho durante um determinado período de tempo (T) pode ser a seguinte: -/- Fecundidade (T)(%)=(N° de fêmeas gestantes (T))/(N° de fêmeas cobertas (T)) x 100 -/- A mesma fórmula é utilizada para determinar a «capacidade fecundante» (CF) de um macho X durante um período T. -/- CF(x)(T)(%)=(N° de fêmeas cobertas / macho X (T) gestantes)/(N° de fêmeas cobertas / macho X (T) ) x 100 -/- Obviamente, na prática, a «capacidade fecundante final» do macho X não é apenas função das suas próprias aptidões, é também função da aptidão fecundante das fêmeas por ele cobertas. -/- Por esta razão, para que o parâmetro CFX(T) seja «fiável», o macho X deve ter coberto um elevado número de fêmeas durante o período T. Consequentemente, este período de tempo não pode ser excessivamente curto, dependendo do ciclo sexual da espécie. -/- Analisados os termos fertilidade e fecundidade, vamos tratar a despeito da prolificidade. -/- -/- 4. PROLIFICIDADE -/- Segundo o Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa: -/- — Prolífico: Que tem a virtude de gerar.; -/- — Gerar: Dar origem a um novo ser. -/- No âmbito das produções animais é um termo realmente fácil de de compreender, não existindo discrepância entre os autores. -/- Poderíamos estabelecer a seguinte definição para a prolificidade: -/- "É a capacidade que a fêmea reprodutora tem para proporcionar aos zigotos um meio adequado em que possam realizar o seu desenvolvimento e chegar ao término". -/- 4.1 Generalidades e prolificidade em suínos -/- No caso da porca, poderíamos definir, em primeiro lugar, a prolificidade como o número de leitões nascidos por parto. A maioria dos autores consideram os leitões nascidos vivos e os nascidos mortos; outros só computam os nascidos vivos. Nós nos inclinamos pela primeira consideração. -/- No seio da fêmea, uma vez realizada a fecundação, a «fusão» das células germinativas do macho e da fêmea, inicia-se a divisão das células do zigoto, que constituem uma massa ou um aglomerado de células não especializadas. (Quando no processo de divisão forem atingidas as 16 células, a mencionada massa celular não identificada recebe a denominação de mórula, a qual dará lugar à blástula ou blastocisto.) -/- Durante os primeiros dias este zigoto em divisão, que irá transformar-se em embrião, desloca-se; primeiro, ao longo do oviduto; depois, no útero. Uma vez alcançado o útero é quando ocorre a nidificação. Esta nidificação pode ocorrer porque a mórula segrega uma enzima que é capaz de fixar-se em uma porção do endométrio, resultando em uma cavidade. É precisamente nesta cavidade que tem lugar a «implantação». -/- Nos suínos, o momento da nidificação situa-se entre 10 e 15 dias a contar do início da gestação. Aproximadamente entre os 15-16 dias de gestação os embriões estão totalmente fixados nas paredes uterinas. A partir deste momento pode-se iniciar o desenvolvimento das estruturas que vão permitir com que a mãe possa alimentar os novos seres (durante os primeiros dias, os ovos fertilizados alimentam-se do seu próprio deutoplasma e do chamado leite uterino de Williams proveniente do endotélio uterino). -/- Uma vez desenvolvidas todas as estruturas necessárias (saco vitelino, corioalantoides, saco amniótico, etc.), o embrião pode desenvolver-se no limite das suas possibilidades, transformar-se num feto e tentar atingir o seu objetivo que não é outro senão o de chegar com vida ao final, quero dizer, na altura do parto. -/- Em suma, de acordo com o exposto até aqui, acerca prolificidade da porca, um cálculo para medir o índice reprodutivo é dado por: prolificidade Y em seu parto n será: -/- Prolificidade porca Yn = Número de leitões nascidos (vivos+mortos) -/- Quando se fala da prolificidade média de um lote de reprodutoras (entendendo-se por «lote de reprodutoras» um conjunto de porcas que se encontram no mesmo estado fisiológico), considera-se o número médio de crias durante o período de partos. -/- Assim, por exemplo, a prolificidade média de um lote de 20 porcas que pariram, na respectiva maternidade, 180 leitões vivos e 6 leitões mortos é: -/- Prolificidade médiando lote=(180 l.v.+ 6 l.m.)/(20 porcas paridas)=9,3 leitões/porca -/- Se nos referirmos a uma exploração com 200 porcas reprodutoras ativas presentes na propriedade, desde o dia 1 de Janeiro a 31 de Dezembro, ao qual foram «obtidos» 1800 leitões vivos e 40 leitões nascidos mortos, a prolificidade média da exploração durante este ano será: -/- Prolificidade média do rebanho=(1800 l.v+40 l.m.)/(200 reprodutoras)= 9,2 leitões/reprodutora ativa -/- Este número, a nível prático e referente exclusivamente a um ano, é pouco indicativo dado que dependerá da calendarização no programa de gestão da exploração. -/- Normalmente, o parâmetro mais utilizado para refletir o desempenho de uma exploração no aspecto reprodutivo é o da produtividade definida pela expressão: -/- Produtividade final real=prolificidade média x (N° de fêmeas paridas)/(N° total de fêmeas) -/- Suponhamos que, numa exploração de 200 porcas reprodutoras, tenham parido 150 leitões (vivos+mortos) com uma prolificidade média de 9,0 leitões, a produtividade será: -/- Produtividade final real=9,0 leit./porca x (150 porcas paridas)/(200 porcas total)=6,75 leit./porca -/- Se esta produtividade for referente à um ano, a fórmula será: -/- Produtividade final anual = prolificidade média x (N° de fêmeas paridas)/(N° total de fêmeas) x (365 dias)/I -/- Sendo I – Intervalo médio entre dois partos. -/- No exemplo (exploração) anterior, se o intervalo médio entre dois partos é de 154 dias, a produtividade final anual será: -/- Produtiv. final anual = 9,0 leit./porca x (150 p.paridas)/(200 p.presentes) x (365 dias)/(154 dias)=16 leit./porca/ano -/- Trata-se de um valor muito indicativo do nível médio de «eficácia produtiva» ou eficiência reprodutiva da exploração. -/- Tal como foi calculado para as reprodutoras, estima-se a eficácia produtiva de um macho reprodutor X a partir de uma fórmula semelhante, dada por: -/- Produtividade(mX) = prolificidade x (N° de fêmeas paridas)/(N° de fêmeas cobertas) -/- Onde a prolificidade é a média de crias das fêmeas paridas. -/- Se um macho reprodutor tiver coberto (inseminado) 200 porcas, ao qual 140 pariram um total de 850 leitões vivos e 20 leitões mortos, seu coeficiente produtivo é: -/- Produtiv.macho X=(870 leitões (vivos+mortos))/(140 porcas paridas) x (140 p.paridas)/(200 p.cobertas)=4,35 leit./porca coberta -/- Este parâmetro expressa o número médio de crias nascidas por fêmea coberta. -/- Numa exploração pecuária (especialmente numa exploração suinícola) torna-se muito interessante, na prática, estudar a evolução da produtividade dos machos reprodutores ao longo do tempo. -/- Numa exploração pode também ser interessante calcular a eficácia reprodutiva das fêmeas da exploração que exprime o número de dias necessários para obter uma criação (índice Ni). Este índice permite comparar a diferente eficácia reprodutiva de duas fêmeas e é definido pela seguinte expressão: -/- Ni=Ii/(Prolificidade i) -/- Sendo: -/- Ii = Intervalo médio entre dois partos de uma fêmea i. -/- Prolificidade i = Número médio de crias nascidas por parto na fêmea i. -/- Em nosso caso, a porca 134 tem um intervalo médio entre partos de 156 dias e uma prolificidade média de 9,1 leitões. Por sua vez, a porca 143 tem um I = 163 dias e uma prolificidade média de 9,5 leitões. Com base nos dados apresentados achamos o índice Ni, mediante os cálculos: -/- N134 = (156 dias)/(9,1 leitões)=17,14 dias/leit. -/- N143 = (163 dias)/(9,5 leit.) =17,16 dias/leit. -/- Neste caso, ao contrário do que se poderia perceber a olho nu, as duas reprodutoras possuem a mesma eficácia reprodutiva (quanto menor o índice Ni, maior a eficácia reprodutiva). Esta é a razão, de que numa exploração nem sempre um desmame precoce dos leitões (18-24 dias) é melhor que um desmame mais tardio (24-28 dias). -/- A eficácia reprodutiva numa exploração de R fêmeas reprodutoras durante um período de T dias é avaliada através da fórmula: -/- NiR = (T x R)/(N° de crias nascidas em T) -/- Se, numa exploração de 200 porcas reprodutoras, tiverem nascido, nos últimos 365 dias, um total de 1840 leitões (1800 leitões vivos e 40 leitões mortos), a eficácia reprodutiva será: -/- N200 = (365 dias x 200 porcas)/(1840 leit.nascidos)=39,67 dias/leit. -/- Ao qual equivale a uma prolificidade média do rebanho, no tempo considerado, de: -/- Prolificidade média do rebanho=(365 dias)/(39,67 dias/leit.)=9,2 leit. -/- Tal e como havia sido estimado anteriormente. -/- Não é necessário insistir na importância prática que tem, a nível das explorações, a correta consideração e a adequada utilização dos conceitos, parâmetros e índices expostos nas páginas precedentes. Neste sentido, em muitas das nossas explorações, também aqui, há ainda um longo caminho a percorrer. -/- -/- 5. RESUMO E PRIMEIRAS CONCLUSÕES -/- Ao longo deste trabalho venho tentado expor de uma forma mais clara e simples possível a realidade conceitual dos termos fertilidade, fecundidade e prolificidade dentro da perspectiva das produções animais. -/- Em todos os casos, trata-se de capacidades ou aptidões anatômica-fisiológicas dos reprodutores ligadas ao exercício da sua atividade no âmbito da exploração. -/- Nessa presente exposição, objetivou-se deixar claro que: -/- a) Fertilidade, fecundidade e prolificidade são conceitos totalmente distintos embora estejam correlacionados. -/- b) Um reprodutor e/ou reprodutora pode ser fértil e não fecundo. -/- c) Consequentemente, um reprodutor e/ou reprodutora não pode ser fecundo se não for fértil antes. -/- d) Um reprodutor e/ou reprodutora pode ser fértil e fecundo e não ser prolífico. -/- e) Consequentemente, para que um reprodutor e/ou reprodutora possa ser prolífico antes tem que ser fecundo. E se for fecundo, significa que também é fértil. -/- f) Na prática, as explorações só podem estimar, no âmbito do conceito geral de «eficácia reprodutiva», a fecundidade e a prolificidade dos reprodutores, nunca a sua fertilidade. -/- Uma vez classificados e estudados os referidos conceitos, estamos em condições de enfrentar outros temas ligados ao processo reprodutivo. -/- -/- 6. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS -/- -/- BRACKETT, B. G.; JÚNIOR, G. E. A.; SEIDEL, S. M. Avances en zootecnia. Nuevas técnicas de reproducción animal. 1ª ed. Zaragoza: Editorial Acribia, 1988. -/- COLE, H. H.; CUPPS, P. T. Reproduction in domestic animals. 1ª ed. Londres: Academic Press, 1977. -/- FERREIRA, A. H. et al. Produção de suínos: teoria e prática. Brasília: ABCS, 2014. -/- GORDON, I. Reproducción controlada del cerdo. Zaragoza: Editorial Acribia, 1999. -/- HAFEZ, E. S. E.; HAFEZ, B. Reprodução animal. São Paulo: Manole, 2004. -/- HUGHES, P. E.; VARLEY, M. A. Reproducción del cerdo. Zaragoza: Editorial Acribia, 1984. (shrink)

Skeptical theists are seeking for some reasonable solutions to the evidential problem of evil. One of the most fundamental responses of skeptical theism is that the concept of “gratuitous evil”, which cannot be a proof of the absence of God. Therefore, it is not the existence of God that skeptical theism suspects. Instead, skeptical theism contemplates whether the evil in the world really has a “gratuitous” basis. This paper focuses on Peter van Inwagen's “no-minimum claim”. No-minimum claim” stands in opposition (...) to the views that assume that God minimizes the evils that exist in the world in order to achieve justice. “No-minimum claim” acknowledges that these evils still have enormous amounts to people. Thus “no-minimum claim” suggests that the evils experienced in the world are incompatible with the “best of all possible worlds” views or the other explanations of classical theodicy. According to the “no minimum claim”, the reason why the amount of evil in the world still seems so high may be God’s deliberate calculations in effecting the distribution of these evils. In order to reach these calculations, it is not necessary for the amount of evil that God allowed to reflect on the world to be perfectly manifested at the minimum level. The purpose of this paper is to consider the skeptical theism approach within the framework of Peter van Inwagen's “no-minimum claim” and to limit his arguments to an alternative approach to skeptic theism. Our claim is that such view coincides with skeptical theism, but the “no- minimum claim” still has some ambiguities at the point of the limits of evil. From this, we can conclude that the “no minimum claim” has received many objections in the skeptical theism literature and these objections are justified at certain points. (shrink)

This chapter describes the potential far‐reaching consequences of contemplative higher education for the fields of science and medicine.

In this аrtiсlе, thе аuthоr fосusеs оn еluсidаting sоmе philоsоphiсаl аspесts оf intеrсulturаl соmmuniсаtiоn in thе соntеxt оf glоbаlizаtiоn оn thе bаsis оf rесоgnizing thе соntributiоns аnd limitаtiоns оf Wittgеnstеin tо thе birth оf philоsоphy. сulturе study. Thоsе philоsоphiсаl issuеs аrе: thе similаrity in thinking аnd асting оf pеоplе асrоss сulturеs; divеrsity оf сulturеs, wоrldviеws аnd wаys оf lifе. Frоm thе Mаrxist pоint оf viеw, thе аuthоr pоintеd оut аnd сritiсizеd thе limitаtiоns оf Wittgеnstеin's philоsоphiсаl соnсеptiоn; аnd аt thе sаmе (...) timе оffеr аnd еxplаin sоlutiоns tо implеmеnt intеrсulturаl соmmuniсаtiоn in thе соntеxt оf сurrеnt glоbаlizаtiоn. (shrink)

New trends in the economic systems management in the context of modern global challenges: collective monograph / scientific edited by M. Bezpartochnyi, in 2 Vol. // VUZF University of Finance, Business and Entrepreneurship. – Sofia: VUZF Publishing House “St. Grigorii Bogoslov”, 2020. – Vol. 1. – 309 p.

Are words like ‘woman’ or ‘man’ sex terms that we use to talk about biological features of individuals? Are they gender terms that we use to talk about non-biological features e.g. social roles? Contextualists answer both questions affirmatively, arguing that these terms concern biological or non-biological features depending on context. I argue that a recent version of contextualism from Jennifer Saul that Esa Diaz-Leon develops doesn't exhibit the right kind of flexibility to capture our theoretical intuitions or moral and political (...) practices concerning our uses of these words. I then float the view that terms like 'woman' or 'man' are polysemous, arguing that it makes better sense of the significance of some forms of criticisms of mainstream gender ideology. (shrink)

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of utilizing the Dual-axis Solar Tracker in harnessing solar energy and storing it in lithium-ion batteries in terms of voltage and milliamps per hour gained. This study utilized two solar panel systems, the Static Solar Panel System and the Dual-Axis Solar Tracker and aimed to prove the significant difference generated by solar panel systems in terms of voltage and milliamps per hour. This study employed an Applied Experimental Research Design utilizing Arduino Uno, (...) light-dependent resistors, micro servos, and solar panels to create the Dual-Axis Solar Tracker. The data gathered from the electric quantities during the seven-day sun exposure were tabulated, analyzed, and computed using mean tests, standard deviation, and T-tests to find the significant difference between the two solar panels. Based on the analyses of the data, it was revealed that the Dual-Axis Solar Tracker was superior in terms of voltage and milliamps per hour generated compared to the Static Solar Panel System. Moreover, computations using the T-test found that in terms of voltage and milliamps per hour generated, there was a significant difference between the Dual-Axis Solar Tracker and the Static Solar Panel System. Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that the utilization of the Dual-Axis Solar Tracker statistically increases the effectiveness of solar panels in harnessing energy generation. (shrink)

Shortages of new therapeutics to treat coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have forced clinicians, public health officials, and health systems to grapple with difficult questions about how to fairly allocate potentially life-saving treatments when there are not enough for all patients in need (1). Shortages have occurred with remdesivir, tocilizumab, monoclonal antibodies, and the oral antiviral Paxlovid (2) -/- Ensuring equitable allocation is especially important in light of the disproportionate burden experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic by disadvantaged groups, including Black, Hispanic/Latino and (...) Indigenous communities, individuals with certain disabilities, and low-income persons. However, many health systems have resorted to first-come, first-served approaches to allocation, which tend to disadvantage individuals with barriers in access to care (3). There is mounting evidence of racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in access to medications for COVID-19 (4, 5). -/- One potential method to promote equitable allocation is to use a weighted lottery, which is an allocation strategy that gives all eligible patients a chance to receive the scarce treatment while also allowing the assignment of higher or lower chances according to other ethical considerations (6). We sought to assess the feasibility of implementing a weighted lottery to allocate scarce COVID-19 medications in a large U.S. health system and to determine whether the weighted lottery promotes equitable allocation. (shrink)

Starting with the first international publication of Le Van Thiem (Lê Văn Thiêm) in 1947, modern mathematics in Vietnam is a longstanding research field. However, what is known about its development usually comes from discrete essays such as anecdotes or interviews of renowned mathematicians. We introduce SciMath—a database on publications of Vietnamese mathematicians. To ensure this database covers as many publications as possible, data entries are manually collected from scientists’ publication records, journals’ websites, universities, and research institutions. Collected data went (...) through various verification steps to ensure data quality and minimize errors. At the time of this report, the database covered 8372 publications, profiles of 1566 Vietnamese, and 1492 foreign authors since 1947. We found a growing capability in mathematics research in Vietnam in various aspects: scientific output, publications on influential journals, or collaboration. The database and preliminary results were presented to the Scientific Council of Vietnam Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics (VIASM) on November 13th, 2020. (shrink)

This study asserts that W.V.O. Quine’s eliminative philosophical gaze into mereological composition affects inevitably his interpretations of composition theories of ontology. To investigate Quine’s property monism from the account of modal eliminativism, I applied to his solution for the paradoxes of de re modalities’ . Because of its vital role to figure out how dispositions are encountered by Quine, it was significantly noted that the realm of de re modalities doesn’t include contingent and impossible inferences about things. Therefore, for him, (...) all the intrinsic forces and elements of entities such as powers and causal or teleological dispositions for ontology demand to be seen necessarily as bound variables from a monist perspective. Although his denial of analyticity and the elimination of dispositional field of ontology, S. Mumford criticizes the monist perspective of Quine’s paradoxical approach to superveniences. Because superveniences create problems while determining type-type identities from a monist mereological perspective. It is observed that Quine faces with a reduction again in terms of his dispositional monism despite his critiques to repulse vagueness from the ontology in his well-known article Two Dogmas of Empiricism. -/- . (shrink)

n ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ Anscombe argues that the moral ‘ought’ should be abandoned as the senseless survivor from a defunct conceptual scheme. I argue 1) That even if the moral ‘ought’ derives its meaning from a Divine Law conception of ethics it does not follow that it cannot sensibly survive the Death of God. 2) That anyway Anscombe is mistaken since ancestors of the emphatic moral ‘ought’ predate the system of Christian Divine Law from which the moral ‘ought’ supposedly derives (...) its meaning (Cicero in particular subscribed to something like the modern conception of a duty which seems to be a generalization of the duties attendant on particular roles). 3) That if the moral ‘ought’ derived its meaning from embodying Gods’ commands then the two should have been equated in the minds of true believers. This was not the case. 4) That Anscombe is absurdly wrong in supposing that Protestant moralists had abandoned a Divine Law conception of ethics. 5) That the virtue-based ought-free Aristotelian alternative suggested by Anscombe is unworkable since the basic idea is that it pays in terms of human flourishing to be good (which means inter alia being just). Since it is pretty obvious that there are plenty of good people who don’t flourish and flourishing people who are not good, the neo-Aristotelian program has gradually undergone a degenerating problem-shift: either the pay-off is deferred to the hereafter or being good is incorporated into the pay-off. 6) That there is a certain amount of sophistry in selling the neo-Aristotelian virtues. Since the unjust person is simply somebody who is NOT systematically just, you cannot prove that it pays to be just by arguing that it is a mistake to be systematically UNjust. So too for many of the other virtues. (shrink)

Over the last few decades, virtue has become increasingly important in philosophy, psychology, cognitive science, and education. However, as each of these disciplines approaches virtue from a decidedly different perspective, it has proven difficult to come up with an understanding of virtue that satisfies the standards of all four disciplines. In their book, Jennifer Wright, Michael Warren, and Nancy Snow attempt to put forward such an understanding.

Political legitimacy is best understood as one type of a broader notion, which I call institutional legitimacy. An institution is legitimate in my sense when it has the right to function. The right to function correlates to a duty of non-interference. Understanding legitimacy in this way favorably contrasts with legitimacy understood in the traditional way, as the right to rule correlating to a duty of obedience. It helps unify our discourses of legitimacy across a wider range of practices, especially including (...) the many evaluations we increasingly make of international institutions of various sorts, but also including domestic institutions. (shrink)

Tennenbaum's Theorem yields an elegant characterisation of the standard model of arithmetic. Several authors have recently claimed that this result has important philosophical consequences: in particular, it offers us a way of responding to model-theoretic worries about how we manage to grasp the standard model. We disagree. If there ever was such a problem about how we come to grasp the standard model, then Tennenbaum's Theorem does not help. We show this by examining a parallel argument, from a simpler model-theoretic (...) result. (shrink)