This study systematically examined people’s protective behaviors against COVID-19 in China, and particular attention was given to people’s perceived threat and information-processing strategies. This study constructed a conceptual model and used structural equation modeling to explore this issue, and a questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data involving 4,605 participants during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. The results showed that people’s initial information acquisition played an essential role in their behavioral responses; acquiring more initial information about (...) COVID-19 would make them perceive a higher threat and present a higher demand for information, then making them more likely to seek and process information, and subsequently motivating their protective behaviors. (shrink)

This paper addresses the issues related to designing and estimating the strength of solid-alloy elements in the deforming broaches of significant diameter (exceeding 150 mm) for the developed process of discrete broaching. The tool limit condition was assessed based on two strength criteria: the specific potential energy of shape change and the maximum tangent stresses. Numerical modeling using the finite element method has made it possible to derive the distribution of equivalent stresses in the tool elements and the contact stresses (...) at the surface of the contact between a solid-alloy insert and the body, which enabled the analysis of tool strength under loading. The simulation was performed under a single normal load, which ensured the versatility of the calculation for any contact pressure values. We have derived formulae to calculate the acceptable contact pressure depending on unit load. The effect of the insert protrusion height over the body on the strength of tool elements has been established. We have derived engineering dependences that determine the required magnitude of insert protrusion over the body depending on the ultimate load. An example of calculating the strength of a prefabricated deforming element in the machining of a sleeve made from gray modified cast iron of hardness HB230 has been considered. Our calculations have shown that the deforming element designed for the new technological process corresponds to the conditions of strength, provided the ratio h1/h=0.15 is maintained (where h1 is the insert height above the body, h is the insert height). The results obtained could be used in engineering calculations when designing the prefabricated tool for discrete deformation, as well as to assess the strength of prefabricated tools, such as cutters, core drills, reamers, when refining external loads. (shrink)

The dissertation is a contrastive analysis. It deals with the acquisition of English relative clause (RC) by German and Turkish students(in Germany and Turkey) learning English as a second and third language and attending the 11th grades of a German school. The main question of the study is to find out whether the acquisition of English RCs is more difficult for German or for Turkish learners. The other study is the corpus analysis of the English relative clauses. For this research (...) I have chosen various school books from the fields such as History, Chemistry and Literature. The target is to find out how often the English relative clauses are used. They are from the same school level (11th grade) where I have applied the tests. I wanted to know which difficulties exists for the students. Moreover the frequency of English relative clauses in the school books has been given. (shrink)

The most important stage of the sound phenomenon for children covers the time that starts from the mother's womb and continues until the school period. A child starting school (6:5 or 7 years old) is just learning to write. However, he acquired the language/s/ almost entirely thanks to the sound in the mentioned period. In this respect, the processing of language and sound in the brain of newborn babies becomes important. The language acquisition level of newborns may vary in terms (...) of such reasons as genetics, ability, and frequency of exposure, environmental factors, and whether they are physically and mentally healthy or not. This study deals with the question of what kind of a connection is there between the phenomenon of sound, especially the sound of music, and the acquisition of two languages in early childhood. In short, the subjects of language acquisition and musical sound in early childhood have been investigated in the literature with a qualitative method. Another question is how do the two languages acquired in early childhood stay with each other in a developmental relation. In the study, it was understood that there is not a single result from the studies on children grown up monolingual or bilingual in early childhood. The opinion that the sooner one or two languages are learned in early childhood (usually by exposure to the sound) the better the acquisition would be is outweighed, though there are different opinions about the results of the scientists. In addition, since it was concluded that there is a developmentally parallel relationship between the sound of music and the acquisition of language by newborns, it means that ontology gives us the summary of phylogenesis. (shrink)

Shihab al-Din al-Suhrawardi was born around 1154, probably in northwestern Iran. Spurred by a dream in which Aristotle appeared to him, he rejected the Avicennan Peripatetic philosophy of his youth and undertook the task of reviving the philosophical tradition of the "Ancients." Suhruwardi's philosophy grants an epistemological role to immediate and atemporal intuition. It is explicitly anti-Peripatetic and is identified with the pre-Aristotelian sages, particularly Plato. The subject of his hikmat al-Ishraq --now available for the first time in English--is the (...) "science of lights," a science that Suhrawardi first learned through mystical exercises reinforced later by logical proofs and confirmed by what he saw as the parallel experiences of the Ancients. It was completed on 15 September 1186 and at sunset that evening, in the western sky, the sun, the moon, and the five visible planets came together in a magnificent conjunction in the constellation of Libra. The stars soon turned against Suhrawardi, however, who was reluctantly put to death by the son of Saladin, the sultan of Egypt, in 1191. (shrink)

The concept of gender (male and female) is an issue that can be handled biologically, socially and individually. Whether the gender - based language production differences are linguistic, social hierarchy or culture has long been discussed and debated by different scientific circles. Studies on whether men and women produce different languages coincide with the 1970s, when the feminism movement emerged in the world. In the same period, sociolinguistic researches were carried out at scientific levels. These sociolinguistic studies are considered to (...) be the first important studies on malefemale language production differences. Looking at language and gender studies, it is seen that there is a general, intensified focus on two questions: First, do men and women use language differently (in different dimensions)? Secondly, is the language that describes the man and the language that describes the woman different from each other in written or oral modules in social life? An attempt was made to find an answer to the question “do men and women really speak differently” in this qualitative study, based on the literature. Although there are various studies on gender-based language use differences, it seems that this issue is open to discussion. It is possible to say that the difference in gender-based language use is not certain due to reasons such as the fact that most of the studies were conducted with small data and different methods, up-to-date data were not used, and most of the data were collected from the English language. (shrink)

Prepositions as function words and single monomorphemic words are the most basic words of the human language, especially in the context of maintaining daily life. They are probably the first lexes/words entered to the human’s linguistic repertoire, as their requirements in the language are so essential. Prepositions shows various relationships between lexes or phrases in sentences. Among these relationships time, points, position, direction and various degrees of mental or emotional attitudes seem to be significant. The purpose of the research is (...) try to reveal what kind of challenges English prepositions have for the learners and also to confirm if they are as difficult as some linguists have stated before. Another purpose is to find out which features are more difficult among all their entity properties. The results of this study disclose that English prepositions possess very complex structures, different meanings and an associating duty of various types of part of speeches. In particular, those that construct the phrasal verbs require great effort for learning due to the loss of the meaning (sometimes partially, sometimes completely) they undergo. It has been understood that their properties such as steadily changing meaning and function make them quite difficult elements for learners of English. (shrink)

In the globalizing world foreign language learning is becoming more and more important. This case leads to new developments in language learning research. The purpose of this study is to depict whether the second language learning would occur better in the childhood or later. In other words to investigate the question of in which period of bilingualism it will be better. In order to answer this question, important sources in the linguistic field, related to the topic, were highlighted. The important (...) researches and theories mentioned in the literature have been examined, evaluated, information about the first and second language learning has been given and the subject has been discussed from the scientific point of view. In this context, it has been understood that many reasons exist affecting the level of proficiency of preand post- 12 year's language learning (in mono-, bi-, tri-, quadra- or multi-, lingualism) such as age, brain function, individual differences, ambience differences; social, political, economic background and how to regard the language. The idea that bilingualism after the critical period (around the age of 12) could not be as that of the childhood has been gained weight, due to the system differences between two languages, especially the difficulties in intoning and pronouncing. (shrink)

Acronym is a very important word derivation mechanism usually applied to the new names of private or public institutions and they can be used to shorten the names of people, places, or institutions. This linguistic opportunity, which can be found in every language of the world, is quite useful in terms of its easiness and economic use of the languages. It provides the people ease of language use with reducing the length of some nouns and phrases and helping to memorize (...) them. It functions as phonemic and graphemic shortening. In Turkish, there are a great number of domestic acronyms (e.g. ÖSYM, PTT, and TBMM) and English/international ones as well (e.g. BBC, NATO, and NASA). The purpose of this study is to reveal if the Turkish speakers (L1) will prefer the articulation of English acronyms as in English or as in Turkish. A qualitative research method was preferred with using a quantitative data collection tool. 24 sentences, in each one was embedded an acronym, were prepared and given to 24 participants who were newly registered students (at the university). This study shows that these students pronounced nearly all of the acronyms as in English rather than Turkish. This is probably because they deem English more prestigious. The other reason might be that there is no consistency (or willingness) in terms of the utilisation of English acronyms among the public agencies alongside with the mass media and official institutions in Turkey. (shrink)

Social developments/events of three different periods (Elizabethan Period (1558-1603), Jacobean Period (1603-1625) and Caroline Period (1625-1649) might have had great impact on Ben Jonson’s writing the play Volpone. In this qualitative study (conducted with literature research on the topic), Volpone through which he best reflected his corrupted society at that time will be examined. The play will be analysed to illuminate the native features related to the market economy. The economic sight based on commodity has such a great power in (...) changing the characters of the people, losing their morals because of their greed towards the power and wealth during the mentioned period. Another point to be discussed is to reckon whether Ben Jonson as a Dramatist had contrary opinions against the developing capitalist world. In the study, it has been found that the play of Volpone (the fox) depicts one of the best evidence how the characters can be changed through materialism. As a main character, he is a wealthy Venetian nobleman and exceptionally cunning, who devises a plan (pretending to die) with the assistance of his henchman (Mosca/ fly) to exploit his relatives waiting to be an heir of him. The play shows how his relatives flatter him and give him the most expensive gifts. He deceives each of them at the end. The play draws attention to the materialistic power of the 16th century. (shrink)

It is known that Turkish, like all languages, has changed and is in a process of change. The direction of the change in question is both from verbal language to written language and from written language to verbal language. Changes are studied in linguistics by two different types of research approaches, namely diachronic and synchronic. This qualitative study using the quantitative data collection tool focused on the phenomenon of synchronic change. The aim of this descriptive study is to reveal to (...) what extend the reductions in verbal Turkish has reflected on written language. For this purpose, four words with adverbial functions (daha, beri, kadar ve kere), whose use in daily speech is gradually decreasing, from everyday language in standard Turkish of Turkey have been chosen, a " grammatical judgement test " has been prepared and applied to sample group that consists of 24 undergraduate students studying in Turkish Language and Literature department. As a result of the research, is has been determined that the functions of these words dropped in daily language use are provided with suffixes. It was observed that a significant part of the participants tended to accept the sentences whose words with adverbial were omitted. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to bring to the light what difficulties or burden the English Adverbial Clauses have for foreign language learners (FLLs) or second language learners (SLLs) In this context, the syntactic structure of such grammatical category has been examined. This has been done by examining the syntactic properties of adverbial clauses as grammatical unity by emphasising their structures. The most important books that are available in the English speaking world have been inquired. This corpus analysis has (...) depicted that steadily changing of some adverbial clauses as subordinates is a problem for the learners in sentence processing. The varieties of the construction have proved to be a burden for the foreign learners. Moreover, the study underlines that the adverbial constructions contradict with the typological word order (SVO) of English language i.e. the canonical word order of English is violated through these operations. Again the classifications, the reduction and the inversion of them are great challenges for the foreign learners. (shrink)

The target of Second- Language Acquisition (SLA), emerged in the second half of the 20th century, was to be helpful in foreign- language education/ teaching. It denotes mostly the study of individuals (or sometimes groups) who are learning a language consequent to learning their first language when they are young children. At the same time, it signifies the process of learning a second language. The added language is named a second language, but it might indeed be the third, fourth or (...) more which is going to be acquired. The range of SLA comprises informal Second- Language Learning occurring in natural milieus, formal second- language learning occurring in classroom or the one that contains a combination of them both, that is, settings and conditions. The three main aspects for the study of SLA process are the linguistic, psychological and social aspects. The Monitor Theory/ Model postulated by Krashen in the 1970s is a psychological approach in nature. With its five hypotheses (The Acquisition– Learning Hypothesis, The Monitor Hypothesis, The Natural Order Hypothesis, The Input Hypothesis, and The Affective Filter Hypothesis), it tries to find answers to the problems of SLA, such as what does a second- language learner come to know, how the acquisition process takes place, and why some learners are more successful than others? The Monitor Theory (MT) received extensively many criticisms after its appearance and was rejected. Its teaching implications were also at the centre of criticisms. What place does MT occupy in SLA today? This study aims to try to find an answer. The other questions are: How important is the MT for SLA? What kind of criticisms are expressed against it? How fair is the criticism by McLaughlin (1978, 1987)? The working hypotheses of the present work are: The hypotheses developed by Krashen are not/ will not be rejected. Because science is still lying in the so- called agony phase, and cannot find any answers to all questions in psychology (e.g. how exactly is the processing of language; in particular and of mind in general). Moreover, the problems related to memory etc., the thoughts emanated from the MT can probably not be refuted. They have evolved so far and will be evolved further, perhaps with small differences. This research is completely based on the literature written since the time the theory was developed. In other words, it was carried out using a descriptive method without using a special data collection tool. The sources written on the subject were reviewed and an answer to the research questions was tried to be found. Even though the theory is expressed with different names and different meanings today, it has survived all the criticisms made, and it has been concluded that it still occupies an important place in the discipline of second- language acquisition (SLA) and foreign- language teaching. Again, the inquiries carried out since the 1970s delineate that the implications in favour of language education are not very different from those stated by Krashen (1982), which were the products of his opinions in that period. There are still basic consequences grounded on MT for language teaching today. (shrink)

Purpose. To determine the potential of deforming broaching for the improvement of efficiency of cutter chisels in the mining industry. Methodology. The study of the application of the technological process of deforming broaching was carried out based on the experimental research into conditions of assembly of press couplings corresponding to cutting rock-destroying tools, the working surface of which is reinforced with solid-alloy inserts. Findings. Based on the conducted research, a new process of assembling the crowns of cutter chisels with the (...) use of deforming broaching was developed. Originality. It was determined that the range of angles of inclination of generatrix of the working cone of the deforming element and the roll-treading lip of the insert, which are necessary for efficient machining and pressing in crowns of cutters, is 4–16°. It was proven that the “solid alloy-steel” press couplings for cutter chisels will have the maximum bearing capacity at total tension a/d0 ≤ 3 %. It was found that it is necessary to foresee the following distribution of tensions: to perform 2 % of deformation by preliminary deforming broaching, and 1 % ‒ by pressing in an insert Practical value. The use of deforming broaching makes it possible to increase the strength of fastening the inserts of cutter chisels by 2 times, to reduce specific consumption of the tool by 4.4 times, and to increase the average drilling rate by 4 times. (shrink)

Introduction: The development of advanced sewage technologies empowers the industry to produce high-quality recycled water, which greatly influences human’s life and health. Thus, this study investigates the mechanism of individuals’ adoption of recycled water from the technology adoption perspective. -/- Methods: Employing the mixed method of structural equation modeling and artificial neural network analysis, we examined a research model developed from the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) framework. To examine the research model, this study employs (...) a leading web-survey company (Sojump) to collect 308 valid samples from the residents in mainland China. -/- Results: The structural equation modeling results verified the associations between the six predictors (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, environmental motivation, and price value), individuals’ cognitive and emotional attitudes, and acceptance intention. The artificial neural network analysis validates and complements the structural equation modeling results by unveiling the importance rank of the significant determinants of the acceptance decisions. -/- Discussion: The study provides theoretical implications for recycled water research and useful insights for practitioners and policymakers to reduce the environmental hazards of water scarcity. (shrink)

At the heart of Plato’s theory of erōs is the ‘ascent’ of love for an individual body, through several stages, to love of Beauty itself (Symposium 210a-212b). I argue that our understanding of the psychology of this transformation would benefit especially from bringing in Plato’s views on pain from the Republic. For erōs is presented in the Symposium as including sexual desire (207b) as well as love of wisdom (210d), but the Republic takes the former to be a painful desire, (...) whereas the latter is apparently treated as painless. The ‘ascent’ of love, then, seems to involve the transformation of a painful desire into a painless one. I conclude that this transformation is best understood as a rechanneling of desire within the tripartite soul. (shrink)

Spanish version of essay on the film ¡Aoquic iez in Mexico! / ¡Ya México no existirá más! (Annalisa D. Quagliata Blanco, 2024).

¿Cuál debe ser la actitud de un pensamiento genuinamente postmoderno ante el fenómeno religioso? ¿Debe contribuir a desterrarlo de nuestras sociedades (en alianza con cierto racionalismo ilustrado que siempre miró con suspicacia cuanto no cabía dentro de sus estrechos criterios) o, por el contrario, debe colaborar en su emergente renacimiento (y aliarse, por tanto, con los diversos tradicionalismos que lo reivindican)? La filosofía de Gianni Vattimo constituye una respuesta a esta disyuntiva (típicamente moderna) desde una perspectiva que pretende distorsionar (verwinden) (...) tal dicotomía. La idea clave para ello es el concepto de secularización que, a la vez que reconoce nuestra dependencia, como occidentales, de un cierto discurso religioso, lo debilita con el fin de eliminar de él su violencia (pues, de modo circular, reconoce que dentro de él ya existía in nuce el proyecto de esta eliminación, el proyecto de la kénosis). El presente artículo analiza someramente estas ideas y traza algunas de sus conexiones (no siempre explicitadas por el propio Vattimo) con el pensamiento teológico más reciente, para después reseñar algunas de las consecuencias que han tenido en los debates filosóficos hispanos. (shrink)

Most of the time, when sexual abuse is discussed or studied, only the victims and perpetrators are mentioned. However, little is said about third parties, those who covered up the abuse or did not say anything when they saw something suspicious, or who were simply negligent and did not comply with their task of monitoring vulnerable people so that they were not abused. On the other hand, it is not usual to talk about secondary victims, which are the families, members (...) of the parishes, religious communities, educational institutions, clubs, or sports teams where victims were part. Although the biggest wound is suffered by the victim of abuse, secondary victims can be seriously injured, psychologically, spiritually, and/or in trust towards other people or towards the institution where the abuse occurred. Definitely, secondary victims of sexual abuse are also survivors of the abuse. Thus, this book comprehensively addresses the psycho-spiritual healing of survivors of sexual abuse. Luis Alfonso Zamorano includes third parties and secondary victims who may also need psycho-spiritual healing. The author provides a thorough look at what is sexual abuse of children and adolescents, with a particular focus on the situation of the Catholic Church. (shrink)

Enis Doko bu kitapta 1) ahlakın doğasından hareketle nesnel ahlaki olguların varlığına (ahlaki gerçekçilik), 2) ahlaki gerçekçilikten hareketle ahlaki olguların doğal olgular olamayacağına, 3) doğal olmayan ahlaki olguların varlığından hareketle de Tanrı'nın varlığına ulaşmaya çalışıyor. Göreceğimiz gibi bu üç adımın her biriyle ilgili ciddi sorunlar var.

Notwithstanding its value as the earliest extant New Persian treatment of the art of rhetoric, Rādūyānī’s Interpreter of Rhetoric (Tarjumān al-Balāgha) has yet to be read from the vantage point of comparative poetics. Composed in the Ferghana region of modern Central Asia between the end of the eleventh century and the beginning of the twelfth century, Rādūyānī’s vernacularization of classical Arabic norms inaugurated literary theory in the New Persian language. I argue here that Rādūyānī’s vernacularization is most consequential with respect (...) to its transformation of the classical Arabic tropes of metaphor (istiʿāra) and comparison (tashbīh) to suit the new exigencies of a New Persian literary culture. In reversing the relation between metaphor and comparison enshrined in Arabic aesthetics, Rādūyānī concretized the Persian contribution to the global study of literary form. -/- . (shrink)

History of science students will want to read this book. Professor Zuo animates the life, career, and thought of SHEN Gua in this delightful historical, biographical work. SHEN Gua embodied the classical spirit of the scholar-official during the Song dynasty. Shen is the author of Brush Talks from Dream Brook, a canonical text in the study of the history of science in China and in the Notebook style of writing. Zuo argues, using a double-narrative structure, that Shen’s intellectual life and (...) career are fused in his scientific empiricism. This book is a complete study containing a List of Tables and Figures, three pages of Acknowledgments, a List of terms. (shrink)

Rasa, the aesthetic experience, stands as the highest purpose of art according to Indian Aesthetics. In this paper we explore the concept of non-representational dance or nṛtta with the aim of integrating an answerability to rasa into the structure of Bharatanāṭyam, a present-day classical dance of India. Drawing from sage Bharata’s Nāṭyaśāstra and supplemented by insights from Anandavardhana's Dhvanyālōka, the study provides a śāstric (analytical and philosophical) framework for non-representational dance (nṛtta) using three overarching canons of Indian Aesthetics – Rasa, (...) Aucitya, and Dhvani. We present a significant advancement in the field of Indian dance aesthetics by offering a refined definition of non-representational dance or nṛtta by aligning it within the framework of the rasa sūtra (dictum on rasa). The definition is substantiated by a nuanced analysis and interpretation of Bharata’s delineation of nṛtta, and cross-examination with related concepts in the Nāṭyaśāstra. Furthermore, we explore non-representational dance within the frameworks of aucitya and dhvani, enhancing fundamental concepts established by this definition. (shrink)

Ang pagpapalaganap ng wikang Filipino ay hindi payak na romantisasyon ng nasyonalismo. Sa halip, ito ay instrumento tungo sa higit na demokratisasyon ng wikang Filipino, at samakatuwid ay may malalim na implikasyon sa usapin ng katarungang panlipunan. Sa kontekstong ito mabibigyang-diin ang dulot na suliranin ng Dambuhalang Pagkakahating Pangkalinangan, na dahilan kung bakit mas namomonopolisa ng elit ang mga daluyan ng kapangyarihan tulad ng edukasyon, komersyo at pulitika. Tungo sa paghahanap ng lunas sa suliraning ito, makatutulong ang pagsasa-Filipino ng agham (...) panlipunan bilang esensyal na bahagi ng sistemang pang-edukasyon. -/- Bilang ambag sa adhikaing ito ng pagsasa-Filipino ng agham panlipunan, naglunsad ang pag-aaral na ito ng isang payak na bahaginan ng best practices para sa pagsasa-Filipino ng pagtuturo at pananaliksik sa antas ng silid-aralan at Departamento/Kolehiyo. Hinalaw ang best practices na ito mula sa iba’t ibang guro, mananaliksik, at institusyon, para makabuo ng isang munting imbentaryo ng mga “armas-panturo.” Binubuo ang imbentaryong ito ng 17 gawi/aktibidad/programa para sa antas ng silid-aralan, at 6 gawi/aktibidad/programa para sa antas ng Departamento/Kolehiyo. Nilalayon na maging munting batis ang imbentaryong ito para sa pagpapainam ng pedagohiya ng mga guro at polisiya ng mga institusyon tungo sa higit na pagsasa-Filipino ng pagtuturo at pananaliksik sa agham panlipunan. (shrink)

Il ya quelques années, j’ai atteint le point où je peux généralement dire à partir du titre d’un livre, ou du moins à partir des titres chapitre, quels types d’erreurs philosophiques seront faites et à quelle fréquence. Dans le cas des travaux théoriquement scientifiques, ceux-ci peuvent être largement limités à certains chapitres qui cire philosophique ou essayer de tirer des conclusions générales sur le sens ou la signification à long terme de l’œuvre. Normalement, cependant, les questions scientifiques de fait sont (...) généreusement entrecoupées de charabia philosophique quant à ce que ces faits signifient. Les distinctions claires que Wittgenstein a décrites il y a environ 80 ans entre les questions scientifiques et leurs descriptions par divers jeux linguistiques sont rarement prises en considération, et on est donc tour à tour séduit par la science et consterné par son analyse incohérente. Il en est de même pour ce volume. Si l’on veut créer un esprit plus ou moins comme le nôtre, il faut avoir une structure logique de rationalité et une compréhension des deux systèmes de pensée (théorie du double processus). Si l’on veut philosopher à ce sujet, il faut comprendre la distinction entre les questions scientifiques de fait et la question philosophique de la façon dont le langage fonctionne dans le contexte en cause, et de la façon d’éviter les pièges du réductionnisme et du scientisme, mais Kurzweil, comme la plupart des étudiants de comportement, est largement désemparé. Il est enchanté par les modèles, les théories et les concepts, et l’envie d’expliquer, tandis que Wittgenstein nous a montré que nous n’avons qu’à décrire, et que les théories, les concepts, etc., ne sont que des moyens d’utiliser le langage (jeux linguistiques) qui n’ont de valeur que dans la mesure où ils ont un test clair (les véridiques clairs, ou comme John Searle (le critique le plus célèbre de l’IA) aime à dire, claire conditions de satisfaction (COS)). J’ai essayé de donner un début à ce sujet dans mes écrits récents. (shrink)

Ya desde los años sesenta, sólo un problema obsesionaba a Deleuze: el ejercicio del pensamiento, “¿qué significa pensar? ¿A qué llamamos pensar?”. Su preocupación se orientaba, por ello, a pensar de otro modo, de manera diferente. Su cometido era, en palabras de José Luis Pardo, “introducir una diferencia en la práctica de la filosofía”. Pero como preludio a esta tarea era preciso perder toda nuestra memoria, coagulada en palabras, prácticas y conceptos ya establecidos, era necesario alterar nuestros hábitos especulativos.

Hace ya más de quince años que unos jóvenes cineastas dieron un giro inesperado al contexto cinematográfico uruguayo. Inés Bortagaray, figura clave del actual escenario cultural del país, formó parte de aquel fenómeno cuando, siendo estudiante de Ciencias de la Comunicación en la Universidad Católica del Uruguay, compartió clases, conversaciones sobre cine y buenos momentos de aprendizaje con un grupo de amigos que trastocarían el establishment del cine nacional afianzado durante años por la crítica conservadora. Inés Bortagaray nos habla de (...) su etapa de formación personal y artística junto a aquel grupo de amigos, pero también del significado del guion, de su proceso creativo en la soledad y en la compañía del director o de otros guionistas, y en definitiva, de la autoría compartida en aras de algo mayor: el cine. (shrink)

Pangunahing layunin ng papel na ito ang patunayan na mayroong konsepto ng sarili sa kamalayang Pilipino at gamitin ang pag-unawa rito sa pagtugon sa mga suliraning nakapalibot sa pilosopiyang Pilipino. Abala ang unang bahagi sa pagpapatibay ng pagkameron ng sarili at paglalahad ng depinisyon at mukha nito sa pamamagitan ng pagsagot sa mga sumusunod na katanungan: “Mayroon bang Sarili?” at “Ano ang Sarili?” Nakatungtong ang pagpapatibay at paglalahad na ito sa metalinggwistikal na pagsusuri ni Leonardo Mercado at pagmumuni sa meron (...) ni Roque Ferriols. Mapapansin sa paglalarawan sa sarili ang pagkamangha ni Mercado sa konsepto ng kasarinlan salungat sa kalayaan. Ang pagtuon ni Mercado sa kasarinlan ang tulay patungo sa pagsagot sa mga paratang sa pilosopiyang Pilipino. Sinasabi ni Noel Pariñas na imposible ang pagkakaroon ng pilosopiyang Pilipino habang naniniwala naman si Rolando Gripaldo na Kanluranin ito. Naging inspirasyon ng papel na ito ang “balangkas ng dekolonisasyon” ng peministang si Kelly Agra sa pagtugon sa dalawang suliraning inihayag ni Pariñas at Gripaldo. Kung kaya’t ipinakikita ng papel na ito na mahahalagang sangkap ang ating pag-unawa sa sarili at kasarinlan sa pagpapasimula ng dekolonisasyon at maging sa pagbibigay kaganapan mismo sa kasarinlan. Higit sa lahat, pinalilitaw ng buong diskursong ito ang hindi napapansing kahalagahan at implikasyon ng pagsasaliksik tungkol sa sarili; kalakip nito ang hangad na mas marami pang mga palaisip at mag-aaral ang magtangka na sumisid sa mga hindi kilalang mga sangkap ng pilosopiyang Pilipino habang nakikilahok sa proseso ng dekolonisasyon ng Pilipinong kaisipan. (shrink)

Nang masakop ng Estados Unidos ang Pilipinas, dumating sa bansa ang isa pang uri ng Kristiyanismo na iba sa bitbit ng mga Espanyol-ang Protestantismo (na nagsimulang isilang noong ika-16 na dantaon sa Europa sa pamumuno nina Luther, Calvin, at Zwingli). Salaysay ni T. Valentino Sitoy (1989, iii, 7-11), 1899 unang dumating ang mga misyonerong Protestante sa Pilipinas, na kinabibilangan ng mga Presbyterian, Baptist, at Methodist. Kalaunan ay sinundan ito ng pagdating ng mga Episcopalian, Seventh-Day Adventist, United Brethren, Disciples, Christian (...) and Missionary Alliance, at iba pa. Ilan sa mga ito ay nagsama-sama upang mabuo ang Evangelical Union. Hinati nila ang Pilipinas sa iba't ibang probinsya ng mission fields (tulad ng ginawa dati ng mga Heswita, Rekoletos, Augustino, Pransiskano, at Dominikano), upang hindi sila magkaagawan sa populasyon na babahaginan ng ebanghelyo. (shrink)

La confianza ciega ya no corre. Estamos en tiempos de crisis. La pérdida de confianza está generalizada, va desde lo privado a lo público. Pasa por las desconfianzas políticas, los organismos financieros y llega hasta nuestros líderes espirituales. La ruptura de la confianza, sobre todo ante situaciones de abuso, muchas veces parece definitiva, pero vivir en la total desconfianza es imposible. Conocido por haber denunciado públicamente los abusos de un poderoso sacerdote chileno, el filósofo José Andrés Murillo ha creado el (...) concepto de confianza lúcida, que limita con la desconfianza por un lado y con la confianza ciega por el otro. La confianza lúcida es el centro de este libro que surge en días marcados por el rechazo a los abusos de poder, la desconfianza, el miedo y la obsesión por la seguridad. Una declaración de principios según la cual ningún abuso tiene derecho a robar lo más preciado del ser humano: Confiar en otros y en uno mismo. (shrink)

Hace ya más de 40 años desde que se comenzase a explorar las posibilidades de emplear inteligencia artificial en el campo del derecho. Existen numerosos usos y propuestas en el marco de la IA y el derecho, desde la automatización de la búsqueda de la información jurídica hasta la personalización del derecho. Estas propuestas plantean diversas cuestiones relacionadas con la filosofía del derecho. La proliferación de propuestas, en ocasiones, dificulta identificar la relación existente entre cada una de ellas con debates (...) específicos de la filosofía del derecho. Este trabajo ofrece una clasificación de usos de la IA jurídica que facilita la identificación de los temas de filosofía de derecho especialmente afectados por cada uso. Se propone distinguir tres grandes categorías: derecho formalizado, práctica jurídica algorítmica, y derecho personalizado. Esta propuesta incorpora los avances recientes en machine learning y propuestas novedosas como la personalización del derecho. Con esta clasificación resulta más sencillo identificar las premisas iusfilosóficas en que se asientan o sobre las que deben reflexionar los diversos proyectos de empleo de IA en el derecho. (shrink)

Ang kolektibong sanaysay na ito ay nagtatasa sa kalagayan at estado ng edukasyong pansining biswal sa mga piling pamantasan sa Pilipinas. Sakop ng papel ang mga sumusunod na paaralan: Politeknikong Unibersidad ng Pilipinas, De La Salle-Lipa, Mindanao State UniversityIligan Institute of Technology, at Notre Dame of Marbel University. Dalawang tanong ang tinangkang sagutin ng papel: Una, ano ang estado ng edukasyong pansining biswal sa mga piling pamantasan sa Pilipinas? Pangalawa, ano-ano ang mga posibleng solusyon sa mga suliranin na nakahahadlang sa (...) patuloy na pag-unlad ng edukasyong pansining biswal? Isinagawa ang panunuring dokumentaryo at pakikipanayam sa mga tagapangasiwa ng sining kultural at pangakademiko. Upang masagot at matalakay nang lubos ang katanungan, ang mga may-akda ay nagkaroon ng tuon sa dalawang parametro: panloob (pamamahalang pang-akademiko tulad ng pagtatalaga ng guro, paghahanda sa mga kagamitan at kasanayan,at kawalan ng tuon sa edukasyong pansining) at panlabas (suporta mula sa mga institusyong nasa labas ng pamantasan). Sa dulo ng papel, natuklasan ang mga karaniwang suliranin na kinahaharap ng mga pamantasang sakop ng papel-pananaliksik na ito; may mga payak na rekomendasyon ding pinanukala ang papel. (shrink)

Umalpas at/o umunlad na ang pag-aaral ng kasaysayan ng Pilipinas—hindi na lamang ito isang kanonikal na pamamaraan na may pagkiling at humahango sa kinagisnang positibismong pananaw. Bagama’t kumakalas na roon ang ilang mananaliksik at historyador, hindi ito nangangahulugan ng pagtalikod sa pinagmulang pananaw, bagkus isa itong kaunlarang historiograpikal na habang isinasaalang-alang pa rin nito ang faktuwal na kaalaman, nilalakipan na ito ng samot-saring multidisiplinaryo at/o interdisiplinaryong pananaw na may pagkiling sa disiplinang kinabibilangan at inaambagan ng kaalaman. Humigit kumulang 700-pahina ang (...) aklat ng historyador na si Ian Christopher Alfonso ng National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)— ang Dogs in Philippine History (DPH)—na may 28-kabanata—sa aking pagbibilang, habang ginagabayan ng 503-piraso ng plate o larawan, 3 mapa, 5 talahanayan, 920 na talahuli, at 496 na sanggunian—ay hindi lamang isang historikal ngunit tematiko rin ang pagkakasalanlan. Ito ay maari rin gawing balangkas at salalayan ng susunod pang mga pagaaral na nagkakaroon ng interes sa kalikasan at kapaligiran. (shrink)

Bilang pagpapahalaga sa GOMBURZA, sa okasyon ng ika-150 anibersaryo ng kanilang kamatayan, ang pag-aaral na ito ay nagsagawa ng isang preliminaryong pagbaybay sa samu't saring pagpapakahulugan at pagbibigay-saysay na ikinakabit sa 1872 sa historiograpiyang Pilipino. Sa partikular, siniyasat ng sanaysay ang kapookan ng 1872 sa balangkas historiograpikal ng ilang prominenteng historyador tulad nina Teodoro Agoncillo, Zeus Salazar, Renato Constantino, Reynaldo Ileto, John Schumacher, Horacio de la Costa, at iba pa. Liban dito, tiningnan din ang pagpapakahulugan sa 1872 ng iba (...) class='Hi'>pang teksbuk at akdang pangkasaysayan, bilang tagapagtawid ng mga diskurso ukol sa 1872 mula sa mga prominenteng historyador tungo sa mas malawak na bilang ng mga mambabasa. Sa huli, nahinuha mula sa mga talakayan na ang samu't saring pagpapakahulugan at pagbibigay-saysay sa 1872 bilang teksto ay nahuhulma ng mga balangkas at pananaw historiograpikal na kinapapalooban ng bawat historyador bilang mambabasa ng teksto. (shrink)

Mula sa iisang lahi ang Pilipinas at Malaysia sang-ayon sa pag-aaral na may kinalaman sa paksaing Austronesyo. May mahabang kasaysayan ng ugnayan ang dalawang bansang ito, di lámang sa ekonomikong aspekto, kundi lalo’t higit sa kultural na batayan, at isa na rito ang paggamit ng mga simbolo sa pagbabatik/pagtatatu na nakaugat pa sa relihiyon ng pag-aanito sa mundong Austronesyo. Bagamat naging parehong kolonya ang dalawang bansa ng mga Kanluranin na nagpalawak di lámang ng kapangyarihan kundi maging ng merkado, hindi tuluyang (...) naalis/nakalimutan ang kalinangang nakaugat sa mga bansang ito. Sa kasalukuyan, nagpapatúloy pa rin ang iláng tradisyonal na pang-araw-araw na búhay ng ilang bahagi ng mga bansang ito gaya ng pagbabatik. Nariyan pa rin ang pagpupukpok o tapping process sa pagbabatik na sa kasalukuyan ay dinarayo pa sa kabundukan ng Cordillera ng mga tagasiyudad upang makapagpatatu kay Whang Od. Gayundin, mayroon pa ring kahalintulad na ganitong paraan ng pagbabatik sa Malaysia, sa kaso halimbawa ng mga Iban, Kayan at Dayak. Hindi kataka-taka sa kasalukuyan na kahit nariyan pa rin ang tradisyonal na paraan ng pagbabatik, naghahalinhinan ang tradisyonal at modernong pagbabatik sa mga bansang ito na ang pinakanag-uugnay ay ang mga simbolismong nakaugat sa kanilang malalim na kasaysayan. (shrink)

Sa pagtuturo ng asignaturang Filipino, na tumutuon ng pansin sa wika at panitikan. Bahagi ng usaping pampanitikan ang iba’t ibang halimbawa nito, magmula sa maikling kuwento, kuwentong-bayan, tula, epiko at marami pang iba. Layunin ng pag-aaral na: (1) matuklasan ang nararapat na halimbawang kuwentong-bayan na maaaring maging karagdagang kagamitang pampagtuturo at pagkatuto para sa mga guro at mag-aaral sa sekondarya sa Silangang Distrito sa bayan ng Labo, (2) malaman ang uri ng kagamitang pampagtuturo na paglalapatan ng nasabing kuwentong-bayan batay (...) sa panlasa ng mga gagamit nito, (3) malaman ang antas ng katanggapan batay sa ginagawang karagdagang kagamitang pampagtuturo. Mula sa ginawang pangangalap ng datos mula sa inisyal na sarbey na sinagutan ng mga mag-aaral mula sa ikapitong baytang at mga guro na nagtuturo ng asignaturang Filipino sa antas sekondarya, lumabas na ang alamat ang pinakabasahin at ninanais na makalap at mabuo bilang isang modyul na karagdagang kagamitang pampagtuturo at pagkatuto. Samantala sa kagamitang panturo ay nanguna ang modyul dito upang paglagyan ng napiling uri ng kuwentong-bayan para sa pag-aaral na ito. Sa pangangalap ng mga alamat, napag-alaman na may mga alamat o kasaysayan ang bawat barangay. Malaki ang tyansa na ang kagamitang nabuo sa pag-aaral na ito ang magsilbing daan upang mapreserba at manatiling buhay ang ganitong uri ng akda na sasalamin pamumuhay ng lugar na pinagmulan nito kahit lumipas man ang mahabang panahon. Ang natapos na modyul ng mga alamat ay sinuri at pinagtibay ng mga Filipinong guro mula sa Silangang Distrito sa bayan ng Labo sa pamamagitan ng pagsagot sa sarbey ng antas ng katanggapan. (shrink)

Integral ang ipinahihiwatig ng mga pelikula sa Pilipinas na direktang nagtampok sa mga kuwentong pag-ibig at paghahanapbuhay ng mga migranteng Pilipino sa ibayong dagat. Patok sa lipunang Pilipino ang mga pelikulang nakakakilig, nakapagbibigay ng ligaya, at inspirasyon. Ngunit hindi din dapat kaligtaan ang isa pang temang maaaring umusbong mula dito—ang kalagayan at danas ng mga karakter, hindi lamang bilang mangingibig, kundi bilang manggagawa din. Kung gayon, pagkalas ito panandalian sa kinasanayang pagtrato sa mga romantic movie ng mga Pilipino sa (...) payak nitong anyo bilang kuwentong pag-ibig lamang. Bagkus, malaong holistikong magsisiwalat sa malawakang diaspora at realidad ng paggawang Pilipino sa iba’t ibang bahagi ng mundo. Layunin ng artikulong ito na muling ipasundayag ang pagtatalaban ng puso na siyang simbolo ng pag-ibig at kamay na kumakatawan o metapora ng paghahanapbuhay. Partikular na susuyurin ang dalawang pelikula na nasa direksiyon ni Olivia Lamasan, na nagtampok sa mga Pilipino sa Estados Unidos—ang Sana Maulit Muli at In My Life. (shrink)

El problema antropológico ya está presente en Histoire de la folie, porque en la locura se objetiva una verdad antropológica, y por medio de la psicología el hombre fija una relación con su verdad científica a partir del loco. El hombre encuentra el primer acceso a su ser verdadero desde una experiencia de locura como objetivación espontánea de un enunciado antropológico. Por otro lado, los análisis de Foucault sobre la literatura le permiten transitar el problema antropológico a partir de una (...) serie de imágenes que dan cuenta de una "experiencia de la finitud". (shrink)

Sa bawat aklatan o sabihin pang mga bookstores, hindi talaga nawawala ang sikat na sikat na mga aklat ni Ambeth Ocampo. Isa na rito ang labintatlong tomo ng Looking Back na tumatalakay sa iba’t ibang paksa sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Noong mga panahong nag-aaral pa ang may-akda sa PUP ng kursong Kasaysayan, walong serye pa lamang ng Looking Back ang nailathala at sabihin pang nabasa niya—Looking Back (2010); Dirty Dancing (2010); Death by Garrote (2010); Chulalongkorn’s Elephants: The Philippines (...) in Asian History (2011); Rizal’s Teeth, Bonifacio’s Bones (2012); Prehistoric Philippines (2012); Storm Chasers (2014); at Virgin of Balintawak (2014). Hindi naglaon, tila bagang isang palos ang pagkakalathala ng mga sumunod pang mga akda—Demonyo in Tables: History in Artifacts (2015); Two Lunas, Two Mabinis (2015); Independence X6 (2016); Quezon’s Sukiyaki (2016); at Guns of the Katipunan (2017). Sa mga nabanggit na akda ni Ambeth Ocampo, ang Chulalongkorn’s Elephants: The Philippines in Asian History ang higit na pinagtuunan ng pansin at diin ng rebyuwer. Sa kasalukuyang pagkakataon, ilalatag ng rebyuwer sa papel na ito ang kanyang mga natatanging komendasyon (kalakasan) at kritik (kahinaan) hinggil sa 102-pahinang aklat ni Ocampo. Sisipatin din ang kanyang pagkakadalumat sa ugnayan ng Pilipinas sa mga Asyanikong bansa na siya naman talagang dapat maging tunguhin ng rebyung ito. (shrink)

Ang akda ng yumaong si Leopoldo R. Serrano na pinamagatang A Brief History of Caloocan ang pinaka-unang malaliman at seryosong pagsusulat sa kasaysayan ng pamayanan sa isang publikasyon na inilibas ng Kapisanang Pangkasaysayan ng Pilipinas noong 1958. Ito rin ang naging batayan ng ilan pang mga aklat na inilabas patungkol sa kasaysayan ng lungsod, kaya masasabi rin na ito ang canon sa usaping ito. Naka-ilang ulit ang pagkakalimbag ng sanaysay na ito ni Serrano mula 1960 hanggang 1971. Sa kasamaang-palad (...) ay mahirap na itong hanapin sa ngayon sapagkat nasa piling aklatan lamang ang may kopya ng nasabing sanaysay. Layunin ng akda na ito na ihayag ang klasik na akdang ito ni Serrano at maisalin upang mas maabot ito ng nakararami. Isasakonteksto rin ito sa estado ng pag-aaral tungkol sa lungsod at sa historiograpya nito. Gayundin, sa pagkakasalin nito na may anotasyon ay nais din ng artikulong ito na makapag-ambag sa papasibol na Araling Kalookan. (shrink)

Ang pag-aaral na ito ay naglalahad ng isang komprehensibong istruktura ng gramatika na nakatuon sa katangian ng Nawn Preys (NP). Ito ang kauna-unahang pag-aaral na nakapokus sa katangian ng NP ng isang varayti ng wikang Waray na wala pang anumang naisagawang pag-aaral. Ang balidasyon, muling pagsusuri, at pag-aanalisa sa mga datos ay ginawa mismo ng mananaliksik bilang taal na mananalita ng Biri-Waray at sa gabay ng tagapayo. Ang mga kinapanayam ay mga nasa edad 47- 67 at mga taal na (...) mananalita ng Biri-Waray. Sila ang siyam (9) na piniling kapanayamin sapagkat bukod sa sila ay taal na mananalita ng Biri-Waray, nakapagtapos din sila ng pag-aaral at may ganap na pag-unawa sa gramatika. Ang listahan ng mga pangungusap na may kabuuang 384 ay nakasulat sa wikang Tagalog na isinasalin nang mga informant nang pasalita. Mula sa pag-aaral, sinuri ang mga katangian ng Nawn sa Biri-Waray, mga konstityuwent na bumubuo sa iba’t ibang anyo ng NP sa Biri-Waray, at iba’t ibang gamit ng NP sa istrukturang gramatikal sa Biri-Waray. Ang implikasyon sa mga teyorya sa pagkakapare-pareho ng mga wika sa istrukturang gramatikal ay nakabatay pa rin sa katangian ng isang wika. Isa na rito ang proseso paglilipat ng posisyon sa sabjek sa unahang bahagi ng gramatikal istraktyur na hindi nangyayari sa Biri-Waray sa mga nan-verbal na pangungusap kapag ang predikeyt at sabjek ay parehong may nominal marker an ‘ang’. Dulot ito ng walang direktang katumbas o zero (ø) ‘ay’ order marker ng wikang Tagalog ang Biri-Waray. Isa ito sa nakitang kahalagahan ng pagsusuri na magagabayan higit lalo na ang mga hindi taal na mananalita ng Biri-Waray sa pag-unawa sa gramatikal na istukrtura ng naturang wika. (shrink)

Resumen: Este texto introduce la primera traducción al español de los textos Schönheit [Belleza] de Hans-Georg Gadamer (trabajo escrito en los años ’70 y que vio la luz en alemán póstumamente en 2007) y Schönheit und Bürgerlichkeit [Belleza y burguesía] de Odo Marquard, publicado también en 2007 como respuesta demorada al trabajo del filósofo de Marburgo. Gadamer explora el desarrollo histórico del concepto de belleza en los siglos XIX y XX, poniendo énfasis en que la belleza siguió y seguirá siendo (...) no sólo un concepto estético sino un concepto normativo. Por su lado, Marquard contextualiza las ideas de Gadamer en su marco de producción original y realiza un análisis crítico de las mismas a partir de sus propias tempranas contribuciones a una teoría de las “ya no bellas artes”.// Abstract: This text introduces the first Spanish translation of Hans-Georg Gadamer’s Schönheit [Beauty] (work written in the 1970s and posthumously published in German in 2007) and Odo Marquard’s Schönheit und Bürgerlichkeit [Beauty and Bourgeoisie], published also in 2007 as a delayed response to Gadamer’s views. Gadamer explores the historical development of the concept of beauty in the 19th and 20th centuries, emphasizing that beauty continued and will continue to be not only an aesthetic concept but also a normative concept. For his part, Marquard contextualizes Gadamer’s ideas in their original production framework and performs a critical analysis of them based on his own early contributions to a theory of the “no longer beautiful arts”. (shrink)

Ito ay pag-aaral sa ibat-ibang form ng nawn preys sa isla ng Biri, Northern Samar. Ang balidasyon, muling pagsusuri, at pag-aanalisa sa mga datos ay ginawa mismo ng mananaliksik bilang taal na mananalita ng Biri-Waray. Inilimita lamang ang pagsusuring ito sa mga fityur at istraktyur ng nawn at mga konstityuwent na bumubuo sa nawn preys sa Biri-Waray. Ang analisis sa pag-aaral na ito ay ibinatay lamang mula sa nakalap na datos mula sa siyam na informant na nagmula sa walong (8) (...) barangay (Poblacion, Sto. Nino, Progress, Pio Del Pilar, Causwagan, MacArthur, San Pedro, at San Antonio) ng munisipalidad ng Biri. Batay sa ginawang pagsusuri, ang NP sa Biri-Waray ay isang preys na maaaring: (1) binubuo ng marker, pronawn, kwantifayer at adjektiv na kumakatawan bilang hed ng nawn, at (2) binubuo ng nawn bilang hed at sinusundan ng mga konstityuwent na nagsisilbing modefayer. May mga form ang NP sa Biri-Waray na binubuo ng mga marker at nawn na kung saan ang marker ang nagpapakilala sa gamit at relasyon sa iba pang mga konstityuwent sa loob ng sentens. May kaibahan ang mga form ng NP ng Biri-Waray sa wikang Tagalog at iba pang mga Bisayan na mga dayalekto kapag binubuo ang NP ng posesiv pronawn + nawn (possessed) dahil hindi nagyayari ang pagkakabit ng ligatyur bilang pang-ugnay. May mga NP rin sa Biri-Waray na nabubuo sa pamamagitan ng relatibisasyon. Sa pamamagitan nito, nangyayari ang pagkatanggal sa nawn na minomodify ng predikeyt na hindi nawn at relativizer na at ang predikeyt na hindi nawn ang sumusunod sa nominativ marker an ‘ang’. Ang pag aaral na ito ay nakitang kahalagahan ng pagsusuri na magagabayan higit lalo na ang mga hindi taal na mananalita ng Biri-Waray sa pag-unawa sa gramatikal na istukrtura ng naturang wika. (shrink)

Ang Diyos ay hindi naglalaro ng dado", inulit ni Einstein mula sa taas ng kanyang determinismo, ngunit sa katunayan ang kosmos ay naghahagis ng mga buto nito nang sadyang mapagpasya: ang mga dado nito ay laruin. Hindi sa pag-iisip na tayo ay lumikha ng mga mundo. Sa pamamagitan ng pag-unawa sa mundo natututo tayong mag-isip. Ang Cosmovision ay isang termino na dapat ay nangangahulugang isang hanay ng mga pundasyon kung saan lumalabas ang isang sistematikong pag-unawa sa Uniberso, ang mga bahagi (...) nito bilang buhay, ang mundong ating ginagalawan, kalikasan, mga phenomena ng tao, at ang kanilang mga relasyon. Ito ay, samakatuwid, isang larangan ng analytical na pilosopiya na pinapakain ng mga agham, na ang layunin ay ang pinagsama-samang at epistemologically sustainable na kaalaman tungkol sa lahat ng kung ano tayo at nilalaman, na nakapaligid sa atin, at nauugnay sa atin sa anumang paraan. Ito ay isang bagay na kasingtanda ng pag-iisip ng tao, at, bilang karagdagan sa paggamit ng mga elemento ng siyentipikong kosmolohiya, sinasaklaw nito ang lahat ng bagay sa pilosopiya at agham na tumutukoy sa uniberso at buhay. Ang cosmovision ay hindi isang set ng mga ideya, hypotheses, at assumptions kundi isang sistemang batay sa obserbasyon, pagsusuri, ebidensya, at pagpapakita. Walang cosmovision na naglalayong tukuyin, itatag, o imungkahi ngunit para lamang maunawaan, suriin, at bigyang-kahulugan. Bawat isa sa atin ay nagtatayo at naghahatid ng kanyang kosmobisyon sa buong buhay, nang hindi nagtatatag ng mga anyo, bilang isang background para sa ating pag-iisip at pag-uugali. Sa lingguwistika, ang terminong "cosmovision" ay magmumula sa Aleman, katumbas ng konsepto ng "Weltanschauung," na ginamit ng ilang mga pilosopo. Gayunpaman, ang relasyong pangwika na ito ay hindi naaangkop dahil sumasalungat ito sa aming iminumungkahi bilang isang cosmovision. Ang salitang Aleman na ito ay tumutukoy sa isang pre-logical o proto- experimental na pananaw ng realidad, na may intuitive na konteksto at malayo sa kritikal na kaalaman na wala pa rin sa oras ng pagbabalangkas nito. Walang alinlangan, ang mga cosmovision, sa diwa kung saan natin nauunawaan ang mga ito, ay nagtataglay at gumagamit ng mga proto-experimental o pre-logical na elementong ito na kinabibilangan ng kasaysayan, ang sama-samang walang malay, at lahat ng mga archetype na dala natin. Gayunpaman, sa konseptong inilalapat natin dito, ang cosmovision ay higit na lumalampas sa nilalamang ito, una sa pamamagitan ng patuloy na pagsusumite nito upang ipakita ang kritikal na pag-iisip, at sa wakas sa pamamagitan ng paggawa ng analitikong karanasan (at hindi ang kaisipan mismo o intuwisyon) ang aktwal nitong uniberso. Inilantad ni António Lopes ang lawak ng nilalamang ito: "Ang mga cosmovision ay hindi produkto ng pag-iisip. Hindi sila nagmumula sa simpleng pagnanais na malaman. Ang pagkaunawa sa katotohanan ay isang mahalagang sandali sa pagsasaayos nito, ngunit, gayunpaman, ito ay isa lamang. Ito ay nagmumula sa mahahalagang pag-uugali, mula sa karanasan ng pagsusuri sa buhay, at mula sa istruktura ng ating saykiko na kabuuan Ang pagtaas ng buhay sa kamalayan sa kaalaman sa realidad, sa pagpapahalaga, at sa kusang katotohanan ay ang mabagal at mahirap na gawain. na ginawa ng sangkatauhan sa pagbuo ng mga konsepto ng buhay (W. Dilthey, 1992 [1911]: 120). Sa gawaing ito, hinahangad nating balangkasin ang isang kosmobisyon batay sa mga realidad na inaalok natin ngayon hindi nagmumungkahi, sa anumang oras, na gumawa ng agham; o magteorya ng pilosopiya, ngunit lagi nating hahanapin na suportahan sila o, hindi bababa sa, protektahan nila mula sa mga pang-unawang distorsyon na karaniwan nating dala. (shrink)

Mula pa lamang sa pagkabata ng babae’t lalaki, naitakda na ng lipunan ang kanilang mga gampanin, ang mga dapat nilang gawin, at ang mga dapat nilang iwasan. Kadalasang binibigyan ang mga batang lalaki ng bola, bisikleta, laruang sasakyan, baril-barilan, taotauhang sundalo, at iba pang mga bagay na humuhulma sa kanila upang maging maliksi at aktibo. Samantala, ang pangkaraniwan namang binibili para sa mga batang babae ay mga manyika, doll house, at mga laruang pangbahay-bahayan tulad ng laruang crib, washing machine, (...) duyan, luto-lutuan, at iba pa. Nakatutulong naman ang mga ito upang maging pasibo ang mga batang babae, at para na rin maihanda sila sa mga gawaing-bahay sa hinaharap bilang ina. (shrink)