Patient centred diagnosis is best practised through shared decision making; an iterative dialogue between doctor and patient, whichrespects a patient’s needs, values, preferences, and circumstances. -/- Shared decision making for diagnostic situations differs fundamentally from that for treatment decisions. This has important implications when considering its practical application. -/- The nature of dialogue should be tailored to the specific diagnostic decision; scenarios with higher stakes or uncertainty usually require more detailed conversations.

In response to Anderson and Arzyutov’s paper, I argue that ambiguities in the Russian social-scientific concept of “etnos” reveal its place in what I call a “field style” for thinking and doing science. Tolerance for ambiguity is, I suggest, a methodological strength of the field sciences. I support these reflections by also addressing the etnos concept’s origins in the complex history of Ukrainian nationalism.

Obóz Kultury 2.0 Mirosław Filiciak, Alek Tarkowski, Agata Jałosińska, Andrzej Klimczuk, Maciej Rynarzewski, Jacek Seweryn, Stunża M., D. Grzegorz, Marcin Wilkowski & Anna Orlik .

Tato studie je recenzní statí ke knize Andrew MCGETTIGAN, The Great University Gamble: Money, Markets and the Future of Higher Education. London: Pluto Press, 2013. Klíčovým motivem studie je využití McGettiganovy analýzy technických aspektů reformy univerzitního systému započaté v Anglii na konci první dekády jednadvacátého století pro výklad vzestupu specifického režimu vzdělávání vyjádřeného v jazyce a logice „trhu a peněz". Vzestup tohoto režimu je interpretován s ohledem na procesy odpojování univerzitního prostředí od dosavadního vzdělávacího rámce spojeného s veřejnými zájmy. Studium (...) způsobů, jakými procházejí peníze zaváděným systémem vzdělávání, odkrývá novou podobu konfrontace klasických ideálů univerzitní výchovy s realitou masového vzdělávání. (shrink)

Book review of 'Srimad Bhagavata—Condensed in the Poet's Words' by A M Srinivasachariar. In this book, the Sanskrit Bhagavata verses have been condensed without using any words other those of the original. This has been translated into English by V Raghavan. This book enables one to have an idea of the main content of the lengthier original text.

A methodological model of origin and settlement of theory-choice situations (previously tried on the theories of Einstein and Lorentz in electrodynamics) is applied to modern Theory of Gravity. The process of origin and growth of empirically-equivalent relativistic theories of gravitation is theoretically reproduced. It is argued that all of them are proposed within the two rival research programmes – (1) metric (A. Einstein et al.) and (2) nonmetric (H. Poincare et al.). Each programme aims at elimination of the cross-contradiction between (...) the special theory of relativity and Newton’s theory of gravitation. New arguments in favor of Einstein’s programme are given. Nevertheless, this does not imply the necessity to rule out all the nonmetric theories, since Einstein’s and Poincare’s programmes are alternative only as different tools of the cross-contradiction elimination. In the other respects these programmes are complementary: description, explanation and prediction of gravitational experimental data entails the usage of the languages of nonmetric theories as well as of metric ones. The part of the present investigation elucidating the necessity of nonmetric theories is an implementation of the ideas of A.Z. Petrov, the founder of Kazan University Relativity Department. Late Alexei Zinovievich had frequently punctuated that the notion of Riemann space-time continuum common for all metric theories obfuscates all the gravitational notions considerably and hampers the analogies with other physical theories at hand. Since the ambiguity is a hallmark of all the general relativism notions, approach to their definitions “should be determined not by analogies and contingent facts, but by general considerations linked the physical measurements theory… No matter how far the events lie out of the frames of classical physical explanations, all the experimental data should be described by classical notions” (Petrov, 1965,pp. 59,66). Key words: Kip S. Thorne, A.P. Lightman, Stepin, theory of gravity . (shrink)

Tato studie se zabývá zobrazováním alchymie v malbách, knižních ilustracích i v architektuře v období raného novověku. Na jednotlivých příkladech obrazů či ilustrací prezentuje různé aspekty alchymistova života i jeho práce. Nezabývá se symbolickou alchymickou ikonografií, ale zaměří se především na zobrazování prostředí a vybavení alchymických dílen i osobností samotných alchymistů. Soustředí se zejména na vyobrazení zařízení alchymických laboratorií, s nimiž se lze setkat jak u renesančních malířů, tak v ilustracích alchymických rukopisů a poměrně ojediněle i v české architektuře. Poskytuje (...) také pohled na vyobrazení vzniklá v souvislosti s literární kritikou alchymie. Alchymisté byli zejména v dílech předních evropských humanistů často záměrně zesměšňováni, kritizováni a označováni za blázny a zloděje. V závěru se zabývá vybranými příklady ze žánrového umění, kde byli rovněž alchymisté zobrazováni často satiricky, ale i s určitou úctou, jako vzdělaní učenci. Výtvarné umění raného novověku nám představuje různé aspekty života alchymistů a je v dnešní době jednou z možností, jak se přiblížit porozumění jejich vědeckým aktivitám. Jak však studie ukazuje, k těmto obrazovým materiálům je třeba přistupovat kriticky. (shrink)

Zkoumání je založeno na reflexi sémantického pojetí vědec- kých teorií Ronalda Giera. Gierova východiska a závěry jsou podrobeny kritice, na jejímž základě autor buduje svou vlastní variantu modelově založeného pojetí teorií. Hlavním cílem příspěvku je konceptualizace vztahu mezi principy a modely s důrazem na to, že tento vztah může zakládat dynamiku teorie, respektive posloupnosti teorií. Souhrnně bude v příspěvku prověřována řada tezí: 1) Základními prvky teorie jsou modely, které slouží jako nosiče principů. 2) Modely hrají rozhodující roli při pojmové výstavbě (...) teorie. 3) Modely artikulací principů odhalují poznatky, které ze samotných principů neplynou. 4) Principy mohou být někdy souhrnně definovány až poté, co existuje odpovídající množina modelů. 5) Nová teorie nastoupí ve chvíli, kdy je cluster nových modelů dostatečně komplexní a když si vědecké společenství ujasní, že tento nový cluster je založen na určité množině nových principů. (shrink)

Debata o tzv. „Novém Humovi“ byla v posledních desetiletích dominantním tématem humovské interpretace. James Hill ve svém příspěvku v tomto časopise podporuje hlavní požadavek „novohumovců“, který vymezuje Huma jako epistemologického skeptika a ontologického realistu. Vůči tomuto pojetí máme několik výhrad. Některé se týkají nejasností v definici realismu a celkově i smysluplnosti projektu „Nový Hume“. Některé se týkají konkrétních Hillových argumentů zaměřených na Humovy Dialogy a především jeho tvrzení, že v tomto díle lze nalézt další důkaz Humova realismu.

People maintain a positive identity in at least two ways: They evaluate themselves more favorably than other people, and they judge themselves to be better now than they were in the past. Both strategies rely on autobiographical memories. The authors investigate the role of autobiographical memories of lying and emotional harm in maintaining a positive identity. For memories of lying to or emotionally harming others, participants judge their own actions as less morally wrong and less negative than those in which (...) other people lied to or emotionally harmed them. Furthermore, people judge those actions that happened further in the past to be more morally wrong than those that happened more recently. Finally, for periods of the past when they believed that they were very different people than they are now, participants judge their actions to be more morally wrong and more negative than those actions from periods of their pasts when they believed that they were very similar to who they are now. The authors discuss these findings in relation to theories about the function of autobiographical memory and moral cognition in constructing and perceiving the self over time. (shrink)

The paper explicates the stages of the author’s philosophical evolution in the light of Kopnin’s ideas and heritage. Starting from Kopnin’s understanding of dialectical materialism, the author has stated that category transformations of physics has opened from conceptualization of immutability to mutability and then to interaction, evolvement and emergence. He has connected the problem of physical cognition universals with an elaboration of the specific system of tools and methods of identifying, individuating and distinguishing objects from a scientific theory domain. The (...) role of vacuum conception and the idea of existence (actual and potential, observable and nonobservable, virtual and hidden) types were analyzed. In collaboration with S.Crymski heuristic and regulative functions of categories of substance, world as a whole as well as postulates of relativity and absoluteness, and anthropic and self-development principles were singled out. Elaborating Kopnin’s view of scientific theories as a practically effective and relatively true mapping of their domains, the author in collaboration with M. Burgin have originated the unified structure-nominative reconstruction (model) of scientific theory as a knowledge system. According to it, every scientific knowledge system includes hierarchically organized and complex subsystems that partially and separately have been studied by standard, structuralist, operationalist, problem-solving, axiological and other directions of the current philosophy of science. 1) The logico-linguistic subsystem represents and normalizes by means of different, including mathematical, languages and normalizes and logical calculi the knowledge available on objects under study. 2) The model-representing subsystem comprises peculiar to the knowledge system ways of their modeling and understanding. 3) The pragmatic-procedural subsystem contains general and unique to the knowledge system operations, methods, procedures, algorithms and programs. 4) From the viewpoint of the problem-heuristic subsystem, the knowledge system is a unique way of setting and resolving questions, problems, puzzles and tasks of cognition of objects into question. It also includes various heuristics and estimations (truth, consistency, beauty, efficacy, adequacy, heuristicity etc) of components and structures of the knowledge system. 5) The subsystem of links fixes interrelations between above-mentioned components, structures and subsystems of the knowledge system. The structure-nominative reconstruction has been used in the philosophical and comparative case-studies of mathematical, physical, economic, legal, political, pedagogical, social, and sociological theories. It has enlarged the collection of knowledge structures, connected, for instance, with a multitude of theoreticity levels and with an application of numerous mathematical languages. It has deepened the comprehension of relations between the main directions of current philosophy of science. They are interpreted as dealing mainly with isolated subsystems of scientific theory. This reconstruction has disclosed a variety of undetected knowledge structures, associated also, for instance, with principles of symmetry and supersymmetry and with laws of various levels and degrees. In cooperation with the physicist Olexander Gabovich the modified structure-nominative reconstruction is in the processes of development and justification. Ideas and concepts were also in the center of Kopnin’s cognitive activity. The author has suggested and elaborated the triplet model of concepts. According to it, any scientific concept is a dependent on cognitive situation, dynamical, multifunctional state of scientist’s thinking, and available knowledge system. A concept is modeled as being consisted from three interrelated structures. 1) The concept base characterizes objects falling under a concept as well as their properties and relations. In terms of volume and content the logical modeling reveals partially only the concept base. 2) The concept representing part includes structures and means (names, statements, abstract properties, quantitative values of object properties and relations, mathematical equations and their systems, theoretical models etc.) of object representation in the appropriate knowledge system. 3) The linkage unites a structures and procedures that connect components from the abovementioned structures. The partial cases of the triplet model are logical, information, two-tired, standard, exemplar, prototype, knowledge-dependent and other concept models. It has introduced the triplet classification that comprises several hundreds of concept types. Different kinds of fuzziness are distinguished. Even the most precise and exact concepts are fuzzy in some triplet aspect. The notions of relations between real scientific concepts are essentially extended. For example, the definition and strict analysis of such relations between concepts as formalization, quantification, mathematization, generalization, fuzzification, and various kinds of identity are proposed. The concepts «PLANET» and «ELEMENTARY PARTICLE» and some of their metamorphoses were analyzed in triplet terms. The Kopnin’s methodology and epistemology of cognition was being used for creating conception of the philosophy of law as elaborating of understanding, justification, estimating and criticizing legal system. The basic information on the major directions in current Western philosophy of law (legal realism, feminism, criticism, postmodernism, economical analysis of law etc.) is firstly introduced to the Ukrainian audience. The classification of more than fifty directions in modern legal philosophy is suggested. Some results of historical, linguistic, scientometric and philosophic-legal studies of the present state of Ukrainian academic science are given. (shrink)

Motto: “History is denied not because it is ‘false’ but because, although impossible to be assimilated as present, it remains active in the present.” Martin Heidegger -/- “It is to be expected that people remember their past and imagine their future. But in fact, when they write discourses about history they imagine it through the prism of their own experiences and when they try to ponder over the future they refer to presupposed analogies with the past, until, in a double (...) process of repetition they imagine their past and remember their future.” Lewis Nanier. (shrink)

Mistificări istoriografice. Un scaun episcopal neocupat de „ctitorul de frunte al Filocaliei”. Cum să împiedici intelectualii și cohortele de tărani să-l aculte pe Sfântul de la Sâmbăta care „predica dumnezeiește”. Rectitorirea Mănăstirii Prislop a urmat rectitoririi Mânăstirii Brâncoveanu. Lagăre și închisori de exterminare unde a pătimit Starețul de la Sâmbăta si apoi de la Prislop. Dresații învățământului post-comunist și stupefianta lor credulitate. Părintele Arsenie Boca își vedea propriile suferințe viitoare. Securitatea sovietică nu l-a gasit vinovat. Mărturia unui elev trecut prin (...) „Moara lui Kalușek”. Minciuni securiste văzute de cercetătorii de azi ca adevăr revelat. Lățirea minciunii în spusele călugărului Teofil Pârâian. Paradigma „Arsenie Boca – Părăian” după modelul Eliade -Culian’ si Noica – Liicean’ de promovare a „înlocuitorilor”. Uciderea în anii ‘80 a unui preot polonez asemănătoare cu schingiuirea Părintelui Arsenie Boca la 79 de ani. Mărturii în răspăr cu istoria prefabricată în arhivele Securității și difuzată prin pangare, prin librării și prin internet de cercetători precum A.N. Petcu, G. Enache, V. Manea, F. Bichir etc. (shrink)

Preface/Introduction: The question under discussion is metaphysical and truly elemental. It emerges in two aspects — how did we come to be conscious of our own existence, and, as a deeper corollary, do existence and awareness necessitate each other? I am bold enough to explore these questions and I invite you to come along; I make no claim to have discovered absolute answers. However, I do believe I have created here a compelling interpretation. You’ll have to judge for yourself. -/- (...) What follows is the presentation of three essays I have worked on over the past several years seeing publication for the first time. “Hollows of Experience” was written first as an invited chapter for a collection on the ontology of consciousness. However, when cuts became necessary, my chapter got the knife. Its length has prohibited it from publication in any print journal. “Myth and Mind” was written next as a journal article, but as my involvement with it grew so did its length, so it has also idled on my websty awaiting its call. “From Panexperientialism to Conscious Experience” was written most recently, but it is the only one to have been available to the public elsewhere than my own website. Under the name, “The Continuum of Experience”, it was Target Article #95 on the recently closed Karl Jaspers Forum (for discussion purposes only). -/- I have put them in a different sequence here, for reasons of logical sense. Up first, “Panexperientialism” deals with an idea difficult for many to accept, namely that conscious experience is a particular mode of symbolically reflected experience that is largely unique to our species. However, I aver that experienced sensation in itself (as found, for example, in autonomic sensory response systems) goes “all the way down” into nature, and thus the title, panexperientialism. -/- Understanding this idea is helpful to dealing with the focus on language in Part I of “Hollows”, next, since here speech and general symbolic interaction in general are found to be the catalysts for the creation of our consciously experienced world (our “lived reality”). In Part II, however, I explore how experienced sensations must be coeval with existence, and, with even greater temerity, how all this sensational existence might have arisen within some literally inconceivable background of awareness-in-itself that yet has a dynamism that occasionally breaks into existence as experiential events and entities. (The latter may sound wacky, but physicists and cosmologists are themselves attempting to come to terms with that which seethes with vast potential energy in what they refer to as the quantum vacuum.) -/- “Myth and Mind” was put third since it deals with a major lacuna in “Hollows” — that presumed prehistoric period when members of our species made the painful crossing of the symbolic threshold into the beginnings of cultural consciousness. Speech plays a central role here, too, but I look more at narrative structures from the dawn of self-awareness when ritual and myth became vital to human survival. Why would fantastic stories and bizarre rituals be necessary? I speculate that growing foresight led to the unavoidable realization of certain mortality, from which, in turn, emerged the secondary realization that we were now alive. In contrast to our yet-to-come death, we have life here and now, and by ritually identifying with a symbolically expanded mythic, i.e., sacred, reality, we may continue to live on after bodily death, just as our ancestors and loved ones must also do. Language and mythmaking are necessary to avoid mortal despair and they remain at the core of human consciousness. -/- As Ernst Cassirer (1944) has noted, language and myth are “twin creatures”, both metaphoric webs over a reality we can never wholly comprehend. We live in the symbolic and construct our works of imagination and wars of conquest to make life meaningful, to feel immortal, and to sense that we ourselves participate in a reality greater than ourselves. No doubt we do, but this does not mean our culturally constructed self-identities survive the death of our bodies, and it does not imply that our symbolic concepts can ever indicate the ultimate truth. We simply must symbolize an extended reality that was sacred to our ancestors: “Is it not our way, as illusory as it may be, to force continuance on our world and our life in the face of their inevitable ending? Are we not compelled to extend those imaginary horizons as far as we can despite the terror and the sometime joy their extension incites? Is their closure not a form of death?” (Crapanzano, p. 210) -/- Of course, this leaves me in the uncomfortable position of being forced to admit that this venture of mine must inevitably be another attempt at meaningful mythmaking. But what else could it be? This is certainly not a scientific proof though it is indeed an academically rigorous exploration. (Just try to count the citations!) I hope the reader will judge my thesis on the basis of its coherence, the sense of meaning it evokes, my intellectual responsibility, and, finally, the engagement it inspires. If you have read my expositions and found yourself immersed in the timeless questions I here call forth, I would call these writings successful (even if you violently disagree with my answers). -/- I am very grateful to Huping Hu for granting me this special issue of JCER in which to present my ideas in some detail. He has patiently dealt with my exuberant approach and allowed the many changes I kept coming up with right until the final publication date. I also wish to thank the many potential commentators who politely replied to my invitation, and, even more, I thank those who made time to write actual commentaries. -/- References -/- Cassirer, E. (1944). An Essay on Man: An Introduction to a Philosophy of Human Culture. New Haven/London: Yale UP. -/- Crapanzano, V. (2004). Imaginative Horizons: An Essay in Literary-Philosophical Anthropology. Chicago: U of Chicago Press. -/- Gregory M. Nixon University of Northern British Columbia Prince George, British Columbia, Canada Email: doknyx@shaw.ca Websty: http://members.shaw.ca/doknyx. (shrink)

Edited proceedings of an interdisciplinary symposium on consciousness held at the University of Cambridge in January 1978. Includes a foreword by Freeman Dyson. Chapter authors: G. Vesey, R.L. Gregory, H.C. Longuet-Higgins, N.K. Humphrey, H.B. Barlow, D.M. MacKay, B.D. Josephson, M. Roth, V.S. Ramachandran, S. Padfield, and (editorial summary only) E. Noakes. A scanned pdf is available from this web site (philpapers.org), while alternative versions more suitable for copying text are available from https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245189. -/- Page numbering convention for the pdf version (...) viewed in a pdf viewer is as follows: 'go to page n' accesses the pair of scanned pages 2n and 2n+1. Applicable licence: CC Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0. (shrink)

New trends in the economic systems management in the context of modern global challenges: collective monograph / scientific edited by M. Bezpartochnyi, in 2 Vol. // VUZF University of Finance, Business and Entrepreneurship. – Sofia: VUZF Publishing House “St. Grigorii Bogoslov”, 2020. – Vol. 1. – 309 p.

Text představuje aktivní role-playing jako výzkumnou experimentální metodu v sociálních vědách. Zasazuje role-playing do rámce simulačních výzkumných metod, rozkrývá jeho epistemo- logii a dosavadní metodologická uchopení zejména v sociální psychologii. Hlavní linií textu je obhajoba epistemologických kvalit metody a experimentu v sociálních vědách obecně. Inspiračním zdrojem je zde na jedné straně Latourova kvalitativní sociologie asociací, tázající se po původu sociality a problematizující samotný před- mět sociálních věd, tj. sociálno. A na druhé straně přístupy naturalizující sociálně- vědné výzkumy propojením s kognitivní (...) vědou. V tomto ohledu je naším klíčovým předpokladem pro smysluplné uchopení sociální reality v její simulované podobě shodnost kognitivních mechanismů skutečného i simulovaného jednání. V pojetí textu jsou oba zdroje spojeny jejich akcentem na tematizaci sociálna jako inter-psychologického fenoménu mezi tradiční mikro a makro úrovní. Analogií s Petriho miskou text promýšlí posunutí původní metody situační sociální psycho- logie směrem k využití konstruovaných diegetických liminálních situací jako svého druhu laboratoří sociálna. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to explore the existence of moral distress among nurses in Lilongwe District of Malawi. Qualitative research was conducted in selected health institutions of Lilongwe District in Malawi to assess knowledge and causes of moral distress among nurses and coping mechanisms and sources of support that are used by morally distressed nurses. Data were collected from a purposive sample of 20 nurses through in-depth interviews using a semi-structured interview guide. Thematic analysis of qualitative data was (...) used. The results show that nurses, irrespective of age, work experience and tribe, experienced moral distress related to patient/nursing care. The major distressing factors were inadequate resources and lack of respect from patients, guardians, peers and bosses. Nurses desire teamwork and ethics committees in their health institutions as a means of controlling and preventing moral distress. There is a need for creation of awareness for nurses to recognize and manage moral distress, thus optimizing their ability to provide quality and uncompromised nursing care. (shrink)

A four-part series of dialogues between two philosophy students, M and V. The question: is it wrong to eat meat? M and V review the standard arguments plus a few new ones. Part 1 discusses the suffering caused by factory farming, and how one's intelligence affects the badness of suffering.

A four-part series of dialogues between two philosophy students, M and V. The question: is it wrong to eat meat? M and V review the standard arguments plus a few new ones. Part 2 discusses miscellaneous defenses of meat-eating. These include the claim that the consumer is not responsible for wrongs committed by farm workers, that a single individual cannot have any effect on the meat industry, that farm animals are better off living on factory farms than never existing at (...) all, that we can’t be sure animals feel pain, that animals can justly be eaten since they eat each other, that meat-eating is natural, that morality only protects those who can understand morality, that morality only protects members of society, and that only humans possess souls. (shrink)

A four-part series of dialogues between two philosophy students, M and V. The question: is it wrong to eat meat? M and V review the standard arguments plus a few new ones. Part 3 discusses the idea that creatures have different degrees of consciousness, the sense that certain animal welfare positions "sound crazy", and the role of empathy in moral judgment.

A four-part series of dialogues between two philosophy students, M and V. The question: is it wrong to eat meat? M and V review the standard arguments plus a few new ones. Part 4 discusses what products one should renounce, the value of abstract theory, why people who accept the arguments often fail to change their behavior, and how vegans should react to non-vegans.

This book is a translation of W.V. Quine's Kant Lectures, given as a series at Stanford University in 1980. It provide a short and useful summary of Quine's philosophy. There are four lectures altogether: I. Prolegomena: Mind and its Place in Nature; II. Endolegomena: From Ostension to Quantification; III. Endolegomena loipa: The forked animal; and IV. Epilegomena: What's It all About? The Kant Lectures have been published to date only in Italian and German translation. The present book is filled out (...) with the translator's critical Introduction, "The esoteric Quine?" a bibliography based on Quine's sources, and an Index for the volume. (shrink)

Purpose This paper aims to formalize long-term trajectories of human civilization as a scientific and ethical field of study. The long-term trajectory of human civilization can be defined as the path that human civilization takes during the entire future time period in which human civilization could continue to exist. -/- Design/methodology/approach This paper focuses on four types of trajectories: status quo trajectories, in which human civilization persists in a state broadly similar to its current state into the distant future; catastrophe (...) trajectories, in which one or more events cause significant harm to human civilization; technological transformation trajectories, in which radical technological breakthroughs put human civilization on a fundamentally different course; and astronomical trajectories, in which human civilization expands beyond its home planet and into the accessible portions of the cosmos. -/- Findings Status quo trajectories appear unlikely to persist into the distant future, especially in light of long-term astronomical processes. Several catastrophe, technological transformation and astronomical trajectories appear possible. -/- Originality/value Some current actions may be able to affect the long-term trajectory. Whether these actions should be pursued depends on a mix of empirical and ethical factors. For some ethical frameworks, these actions may be especially important to pursue. (shrink)

This introduction to the Journal of Business Research special issue on anti-consumption briefly defines and highlights the importance of anticonsumption research, provides an overview of the latest studies in the area, and suggests an agenda for future research on anti-consumption.

[...] Rousseau bir yandan çağının yükselen değerlerinden yararlanırken diğer yandan bu değerlerin içeriden eleştirisini yapmayı başarabilen düşünürlerden biri olduğu için fikirleri ölümünden asırlar sonra bile önemini yitirmemiştir. Demokratik devletlerin meşruiyet krizinin giderek derinleştiği ve çoğunlukçu, majoritarian, ideolojilerin etraflıca sorgulanmaya başlandığı çağımızda, demokrasiyi çoğunluk kararına ek olarak “rıza”, “Yurttaşlık”, “sivil özgürlük”, “kamusal uzlaşı” ve “Genel İrade” kavramlarıyla birlikte ele alan Rousseau’yu yeniden okumak önemlidir [...] Rousseau-demokrasi ilişkisinin kazılıp ortaya çıkartılacağı bu metinde uğranılacak olan kavramsal duraklar sırasıyla: Eşitsizlik (doğal ve toplumsal), özgürlük (...) (doğal ve sivil), politik bütün (bodypolitic), Genel İrade, ortak iyi (common good) ve Egemen olmalıdır. Söz konusu kavramlar, Rousseau’nun onlara yüklediği özgün anlamları gözden kaçırılmadan sanki ilk defa karşılaşılıyormuşçasına bir zihin açıklığı ile okundukları zaman, onun demokrasi görüşü de gün ışığına çıkartılabilir. (shrink)

This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the first participatory budgeting experiment in the United States, in Chicago's 49th Ward. There are two avenues of inquiry: First, does participatory budgeting result in different budgetary priorities than standard practices? Second, do projects meet normative social justice outcomes? It is clear that allowing citizens to determine municipal budget projects results in very different outcomes than standard procedures. Importantly, citizens in the 49th Ward consistently choose projects that the research literature classifies as low (...) priority. The results are mixed, however, when it comes to social justice outcomes. While there is no clear pattern in which projects are located only in affluent sections of the ward, there is evidence of geographic clustering. Select areas are awarded projects like community gardens, dog parks, and playgrounds, while others are limited to street resurfacing, sidewalk repairs, bike racks, and bike lanes. Based on our findings, we offer suggestions for future programmatic changes. (shrink)

Is the societal-level of analysis sufficient today to understand the values of those in the global workforce? Or are individual-level analyses more appropriate for assessing the influence of values on ethical behaviors across country workforces? Using multi-level analyses for a 48-society sample, we test the utility of both the societal-level and individual-level dimensions of collectivism and individualism values for predicting ethical behaviors of business professionals. Our values-based behavioral analysis indicates that values at the individual-level make a more significant contribution to (...) explaining variance in ethical behaviors than do values at the societal-level. Implicitly, our findings question the soundness of using societal-level values measures. Implications for international business research are discussed. (shrink)

In this paper we focus on what is referred to as the ‘mineness’ of experience, that is, the intimate familiarity we have with our own thoughts, perceptions, and emotions. Most accounts characterize mineness in terms of an experiential dimension, the first-person givenness of experience, that is subsumed under the notion of minimal self-consciousness or a ‘minimal self’. We argue that this account faces problems and develop an alternative account of mineness in terms of the coherence of experiences with what we (...) label an ‘embodied biography’. Building on a near consensus among consciousness researchers over the function of consciousness as integrating infor- mation, we argue that the phenomenology of mineness consists in the absence of any further thought on top of the experience itself. Finally we argue that this non-phenomenological account of mineness fits well with existing data on pathologies of mineness such as delusions of thought insertion. (shrink)

My aim in this paper is to attempt a philosophical reading of M. Karagatsis’ novel Kitrinos Fakelos (1956), focusing my analysis on the passions and the emotions of its fictional characters, aiming at demonstrating their independence as well as the presentation of their psychography in Karagatsis’ novel where the description of the emotions caused by love is a dominant feature. In particular, I will examine the expression of desire, love (erôs) and sympathy in this novel – passions and emotions that (...) play an important role to moral life and human existence in general. I will be approaching these issues from the point of view of moral philosophy, analyzing the passions and the emotions expressed by the fictional characters in Kitrinos Fakelos, and in particular of the fictional character of Manos Tasakos. At the same time, I will attempt to show the philosophical influences that M. Karagatsis has received in his literary work, and especially in his novel Kitrinos Fakelos, by the philosophical thought of Friedrich Nietzsche. In addition, I will try to demonstrate the contrast between the Nietzschean moral model and that of both ancient and contemporary virtue ethical theory, in relation to the traditional interpretation of the work of Nietzsche’s that Karagatsis adopts, along with many of his contemporaries in Greece from the beginning of the 20th century until the 70’s at least. (shrink)

In this paper I argue that, in order to make (T1) and (T2) compatible within a Fregean approach, we must reject the view that all modes of presentation are senses. (T1) There is a diversity of ways in which Venus may be presented to each subject, and which are associated with the name ‘Venus’. (T2) There is only one Fregean thought expressed by the sentence ‘Venus is a planet’. Modes of presentation are essentially psychological and have causal powers on minds. (...) The mind of a subject is sensitive to differences in modes of presentation, so that if an object is presented to a subject under different modes of presentation and she has no reason to believe that they are modes of presentation of one and the same object, then she may take opposing attitudes involving those different modes of presentation. In contrast, senses are essentially semantic. For this reason, I propose that they be understood as certain ways of determining the reference of terms, and either are given by the semantic rules for those terms or are identical to those semantic rules. I agree with McDowell that an interpretive truth-theory for a language L gives us a theory of sense for L, and that something like (V) ‘Venus’ refers to Venus will give us the axiom which assigns the semantic value for ‘Venus’ within such a theory, and which is necessary in order to derive the interpretive truth-conditions of a sentence like ‘Venus is a planet’. An axiom like ‘Venus’ refers to Hesperus will not do within a theory of sense. Nonetheless, it will do within a theory of reference, a truth-theory which delivers not interpretive truth-conditions, but purely referential truth conditions. The purely referential truth-conditions for an indicative atomic sentence are, I claim, those which are specified by specifying those features in the world (objects, properties, etc.) to which the meaningful parts of the sentence refer, representing them as related in a certain way. For the specification of such truth-conditions, the difference in cognitive value between two sentences will not matter, whereas it will matter for the specification of interpretive truth-conditions. Now, senses are introduced to allow for an explanation of the difference in cognitive value between sentences with the same purely referential truth-conditions. An indication of when two sentences differ in cognitive value is when it is possible for a subject who is rational and understands the language in question to take opposing attitudes to those sentences (or their contents —whatever those contents are); and if there is in fact such a subject who takes opposing attitudes to those sentences, then those sentences differ in their cognitive value. Given this connection between cognitive value and a subject’s attitudes, and given the purpose for which senses are introduced, we must suppose that a subject’s mind must be sensitive to differences in senses, and so, that senses must be psychologically relevant. My proposal, which aims to establish some kind of identity between some modes of presentation under certain conditions and those ways of determination which are senses, is as follows: A psychological mode of presentation M is a way of determination which is a sense relative to a particular expression e in a public language L which aids in expressing propositional attitude P if and only if i the subject who has M and who is sufficiently competent in L knows (or realizes) that M goes with e in L; ii no other proposition e′ in L is more adequate for reporting the subject’s propositional attitude P; iii M is crucial in the subject’s rational failure to make certain identifications; and iv M is an appropriate function to an appropriate reference. Only the mode of presentation associated with ‘Venus’ that satisfies conditions i-iv relative to ‘Venus’ which aids in expressing a propositional attitude like the belief that Venus is a planet, will be the sense of ‘Venus’. I argue that only the mode of presentation of Venus as Venus will do, and that such mode of presentation is implicit in the way of determination shown by (V). Other modes of presentation of Venus as being big or appearing in the sky in the evenings or being the second planet in proximity to the sun will not satisfy conditions i–iv. Thus, although a subject may have all these modes of presentation of Venus and associate them with ‘Venus’ (i.e. (T1)), only the mode of presentation of Venus as Venus will do as the sense of ‘Venus’. Hence, only one thought will be expressed by a sentence like ‘Venus is a planet’ (i.e. (T2)). (shrink)

REPRODUÇÃO ANIMAL: FECUNDAÇÃO E GESTAÇÃO -/- ANIMAL BREEDING: FERTILIZATION AND PREGNANCY -/- Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva Departamento de Zootecnia da UFRPE E-mail: emanuel.isaque@ufrpe.br WhatsApp: (82)98143-8399 -/- REPRODUÇÃO ANIMAL: FECUNDAÇÃO E GESTAÇÃO -/- 1. INTRODUÇÃO Em geral, a reprodução dos animais domésticos constitui o eixo sobre o qual se ramificam as produções animais mais importantes (leite, carne e ovos). Conhecer os fenômenos fisiológicos que ocorrem durante as diferentes fases da função reprodutiva e os mecanismos que a regulam demonstrou ser primordial (...) para a posterior aplicação das técnicas reprodutivas destinadas a regulá-la de acordo com os nossos interesses. Dentro deste amplo tema, a fecundação e a gestação, temas que se desenvolvem nesse trabalho, representam uma etapa relativamente longa e delicada sobre a qual apenas podemos intervir diretamente. No entanto, podemos facilitar as condições ambientais ideais, implantando um manejo cuidadoso e uma alimentação equilibrada, de acordo com os nossos conhecimentos. 2. A FECUNDAÇÃO As células sexuais cumprem a finalidade para a qual foram criadas no instante em que ocorre a sua união. Este fato, que garante a sobrevivência da espécie, é denominado fecundação. Consiste, em primeira instância, numa aproximação de ambos os gametas num lugar concreto do aparelho reprodutor feminino, para, posteriormente, ocorrer a penetração do espermatozóide no interior do ovócito. Segue-se a fusão dos elementos nucleares e citoplasmáticos dos dois gametas, constituindo-se uma célula ovo ou zigoto com a dotação cromossômica própria da espécie. A parte central do oviduto, a ampola tubária, é o local ou zona de fecundação. Esta experimenta, ao longo do ciclo estral e sob a ação hormonal, modificações internas destinadas a garantir o êxito da importante missão deste lugar das vias genitais femininas. 2.1 Transporte gamético Após a ruptura do folículo de Graaf, o oócito é captado pelo infundíbulo e introduzido no aparelho genital feminino, iniciando-se assim o seu percurso pelo oviduto. Na maioria dos mamíferos a ovulação ocorre antes de completar a segunda meiose, reiniciando-se esta e produzindo-se a expulsão do segundo corpúsculo polar uma vez ocorrida a penetração espermática. O deslocamento do gameta feminino pelo oviduto é promovido pela ação conjunta da atividade muscular do órgão (contrações peristálticas), os movimentos ciliares das células que tapizam o interior do tubo e, em algumas espécies, soma-se a ação dos fluidos internos. Da mesma forma, a velocidade de deslocamento depende do equilíbrio hormonal estrogênio-progesterona, com a mesma diminuição da ação estrogênica. Geralmente, a passagem do infundíbulo ao ponto de fecundação é rápida. O tempo requerido é estimado por uma oscilação de 30 a 180 minutos. Assim como o gameta feminino, os espermatozoides, uma vez depositado o sêmen na vagina, cérvix ou útero da fêmea, devem deslocar-se até a ampola tubária para que a fecundação possa realizar-se. O deslocamento destas células é geralmente também muito rápido, encontrando-se espermatozoides na zona tubária a poucos minutos depois de efetuada a cobrição. A velocidade com que ocorre depende de diversos fatores, entre os quais se incluem, o volume de ejaculação, o lugar em que se deposita e a anatomia do trato genital feminino. A própria mobilidade do gameta, a atividade contrátil da musculatura do órgão (motivada pela liberação de oxitocina durante a cobrição) e a atividade das células ciliadas do oviduto são os máximos responsáveis pela franquia da distância que separa o lugar de ejaculação e a ampola tubária. O transporte espermático constitui, em última análise, um modelo de seleção progressiva de células entre o ponto de deposição e o ponto de fecundação, no qual se vão auto-eliminando os espermatozoides menos viáveis. Na realidade os gametas se selecionam a si mesmos segundo sua capacidade, em especial ao atravessar a zona de barreira ou passagem do aparelho genital feminino. Por isso, apenas um número relativamente reduzido de células consegue atingir a zona de fertilização. Segundo Derivaux (1984), este número não excederá de 1.000 na rata, 5.000 na coelha e de 6.000 na ovelha, dos vários milhões que se derramam em cada ejaculação. Em suma, as células mais dotadas serão as que competem, uma vez atravessada a união útero-tubária, pela fertilidade do óvulo. 2.2 Duração da capacidade fertilizante dos gametas As células sexuais têm, após a sua liberação no aparelho reprodutor feminino, uma vida útil relativamente curta (tabela 1). Espécie Duração da fertilidade (horas) Ovócito Espermatozoide Duração da motilidade espermática (horas) Coelhos 6 – 8 30 – 36 43 - 50 Bovinos 8 – 12 28 – 50 15 - 56 Ovinos 16 – 24 30 – 48 48 Ratos 8 – 12 14 17 Equinos 6 – 8 144 144 Suínos 8 – 10 24 – 48 56 Homem 6 – 24 24 – 48 60 - 96 Tabela 1. Duração da fertilização e da motilidade espermática em ambos os gametas. Adaptado e elaborado a partir de COLE, 1977. Além disso, sabe-se que o envelhecimento dos gametas é incompatível com o desenvolvimento embrionário. Tais circunstâncias, condicionam o momento da cobrição ou da inseminação artificial, o qual deve estar praticamente sincronizado com o da ovulação da fêmea. Isto permitirá a ligação das células num momento propício, garantindo que as células espermáticas cheguem a zona de fecundação, enquanto o ovócito é expelido do folículo. Nas espécies em que a formação espermática é muito longa, o espermatozoide deve encontrar-se no trato genital feminino várias horas antes da ovulação. A viabilidade dos espermatozoides é determinada por dois aspectos: motilidade e fertilidade. Seu envelhecimento traduz-se em uma diminuição de ambas qualidades, sendo a fertilidade a primeira a diminuir depois da ejaculação. O envelhecimento do ovócito implica na diminuição da sua capacidade fecundante e origina um aumento do número de embriões anormais, aparentemente devido a uma falha no bloqueio contra a polispermia. Na maioria dos mamíferos o ovócito deve ser fertilizado nas horas imediatas a sua liberação e poucos deles podem ser fertilizados uma vez decorridas 12 horas desde a ovulação. 2.3 Capacitação e penetração espermática Os espermatozoides culminam o seu processo de maturação e se convertem em células aptas para a fertilização ao experimentarem, no interior do aparelho genital feminino, uma mudança fisiológica que lhes confere maior mobilidade e a faculdade de emitir enzimas proteolíticas pela região acrossômica da cabeça. Esta mudança física é chamada de capacitação espermática. A capacitação é considerada o resultado de dois mecanismos: a inativação de agentes antifertilidade ou fatores de descapacitação do plasma seminal que se encontram unidos à cabeça espermática e a produção de enzimas acrossômicas (reação acrossômica). A reação acrossômica origina uma mudança estrutural na parte anterior da cabeça espermática que permite a liberação de uma série de enzimas, fato que facilitará a penetração das coberturas do ovócito. Estas alterações incluem fusões diversas e progressivas entre a membrana acrossômica externa e a membrana plasmática celular, ficando a parte anterior da cabeça espermática limitada por uma série de vesículas, entre as quais fluem enzimas, principalmente hialuronidase e a acrosina. A primeira parece ter a missão de dissolver o ácido hialurônico, que mantém unido o cumulus oophorus, ao passo do espermatozoide. Durante a passagem pela zona pelúcida há a intervenção da acrosina. A capacitação e reação acrossômica são modificações prévias e indispensáveis para a penetração espermática ou parte mecânica do processo de fertilização, a qual termina com a passagem da membrana vitelina depois de ter salvado as barreiras que supõem as células do cumulus, a coroa radiada e a zona pelúcida. Em certas espécies (mulher, rata e cobaia), a penetração do espermatozoide é completa. Noutras (vaca, ovelha, coelha e cadela) é limitada exclusivamente à cabeça, permanecendo a cauda (flagelo) no exterior. A penetração do ovócito pelo espermatozoide dá lugar a uma série de fenômenos conducentes a um desenvolvimento normal do ovo fertilizado: o bloqueio da polispermia e a finalização da segunda meiose. Consumada a penetração, a reação da zona pelúcida e da membrana vitelina impedem a penetração de outro espermatozoide, evitando assim a polispermia, a qual originaria indivíduos poliploides não viáveis, sendo uma dotação cromossômica 3n ou mais uma alteração letal. Este mecanismo de reação, junto ao reduzido número de gametas masculinos que alcançam o oviduto, são aspectos que minimizam as possibilidades de fertilização polispérmica. O mecanismo de bloqueio da polispermia em mamíferos ainda não é conhecido com precisão. No entanto, sabe-se que as estruturas citoplasmáticas ovocíticas denominadas grânulos corticais desempenham um papel importante e que, ao descarregar o seu conteúdo, alteram a penetrabilidade da zona pelúcida e, por vezes, da membrana vitelina. O bloqueio, uma vez iniciado, propaga-se pela superfície ovular, estendendo-se a partir do ponto de origem, ou seja, do lugar onde o espermatozoide conecta-se com a superfície vitelina. Na maioria dos mamíferos domésticos (exceto cadela e égua) o ovócito é mantido na metafase da segunda divisão meiótica até que ocorre a penetração espermática, instante em que se estimula a sua reinicialização, completando-se a meiose com a expulsão do segundo corpúsculo polar. A partir daqui começam a desenvolver-se os pronúcleos masculino e feminino, os quais se convertem em duas massas cromossômicas que se repartem ao redor da placa equatorial na prófase da primeira mitose e que permitirá restabelecer o número cromossômico da espécie. A mistura de substâncias nucleares parentéricas é denominada anfimixis. As primeiras segmentações do zigoto ocorrem a nível do oviduto, pois, depois da fertilização os embriões permanecem durante algumas horas acima da junção ampola-istmo. Esta zona é abandonada para assim alcançar o meio uterino, onde transcorrerá o período de gravidez ou gestação. 3. A GESTAÇÃO A gestação compreende o espaço de tempo que vai desde o momento da fecundação até o parto. Podemos, a priori, diferenciar três fases do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento: fase de ovo, fase embrionária e fase fetal. A fase embrionária compreende a organogênese e a fase fetal o crescimento posterior dos órgãos, sendo a delimitação entre ambas muito difícil, uma vez que não existe nenhum fato ou circunstância determinante que as separe claramente, pelo que na prática se encontram sobrepostas. 3.1 Fase do ovo Esta fase, de curta duração, vai desde a fertilização do óvulo até à eclosão do blastocisto. O transporte do ovo para a zona uterina ocorre 2 dias depois na porca e entre o terceiro e o quarto dia em ruminantes, regulado por contrações da musculatura lisa da parede do oviduto sob a influência das hormonas esteroides ováricas. Seu estado de segmentação quando penetra no útero varia com as espécies: de 8 a 16 blastômeros na égua e na vaca, 16 na ovelha e 4 na porca. Durante estes primeiros momentos do desenvolvimento em que o ovo se desloca pelo oviduto (figura 1) sua nutrição é garantida pelas reservas citoplasmáticas do óvulo e pelo fluxo tubárico, especialmente abundante imediatamente após a ovulação. Entretanto, e sob a influência da progesterona proveniente do corpo lúteo em fase de crescimento, o útero experimenta mudanças destinadas a receber o embrião em fase de crescimento. Em primeiro lugar ocorre a proliferação de leucócitos polimorfonucleares que fagocitam os restos seminais e germes introduzidos durante a cobrição procurando esterilizar e adequar o ambiente. Em segundo lugar, verifica-se a proliferação do epitélio glandular uterino ou endométrio, produtor do fluido uterino ou histótrofo, que garantirá a nutrição do embrião até a posterior implantação do mesmo e, com isso, sua viabilidade. Figura 1. Esquema do deslocamento e do desenvolvimento do zigoto pelo interior do oviduto. Elaborado a partir de COLE, 1977 e HUNTER, 1987. Os embriões continuam o seu desenvolvimento através da mitose. A partir de 16 células os blastômeros são chamados de mórulas. Estes blastômeros segregam um fluido metabólico que se acumula no centro do blastocisto. Nesta fase, as células internas aumentam de tamanho e se diferenciam, sendo as destinadas a formar o botão embrionário a partir do qual terá lugar a organogênese embrionária; e as periféricas, mais pequenas e abundantes, que darão lugar ao trofoblasto ou membranas embrionárias. O conjunto encontra-se rodeado de uma membrana (zona pelúcida) que posteriormente se dilui ou se dissolve permitindo a eclosão, por pressão interna do fluido acumulado, do blastocisto. 3.2 Fases embrionária e fetal A eclosão do blastocisto põe, em contato direto, o aglomerado de células embrionárias com a mucosa uterina e permite, ao eliminar-se a retenção da zona pelúcida, o alongamento, mediante proliferação e reordenação das camadas celulares, dos embriões, afim de aumentar a superfície de contato com o endométrio, facilitando assim a nutrição das células. Neste momento, nas espécies multíparas, tem lugar o deslocamento e redistribuição dos embriões pelos córneos uterinos, assegurando-se espaço suficiente para cada um antes da implantação dos mesmos. Em geral, a implantação é considerada efetiva quando a posição do embrião no útero é fixa (tabela 2), estabelecendo-se contato definitivo com o mesmo; para isso, as camadas externas do blastocisto liberado diferenciam-se dando lugar às membranas fetais que constituirão a parte embrionária da placenta. Espécie Porca Ovelha Vaca Égua Dias 12 – 24 12 – 18 33 – 35 55 – 65 Tabela 2. Momento da implantação embrionária em diferentes espécies. Fonte: COLE, 1977 e HUNTER, 1980. A placenta é a estrutura que permite um contato vascular eficaz entre as membranas fetais e a superfície do endométrio materno, através do qual ocorre a troca de oxigênio e de princípios nutritivos fornecidos pelo sangue materno e CO2, além de produtos de excreção provenientes do sangue fetal. Para além desta função metabólica, a placenta protege e isola o feto, tendo também uma importante missão endócrina para a manutenção da gestação. Do ponto de vista anatômico, a placenta fetal está diferenciada em quatro membranas: âmnio, saco vitelínico, alantoide e córion. a) Âmnio - É o invólucro mais interno que envolve totalmente o feto. Em seu interior, vai-se gradualmente acumulando o líquido amniótico, que é o meio pelo qual flutuam o embrião e o feto durante sua vida intrauterina. Este líquido tem a missão mecânica de proteger o embrião, bem como de distender o útero e favorecer seu crescimento. Nos estágios mais avançados da gestação, permite ao feto efetuar as evoluções necessárias para adotar posturas eutocicas para o parto. No entanto, o papel fundamental é de natureza nutritiva, uma vez que o feto absorve e deglute grandes quantidades de líquido amniótico. O líquido amniótico é inicialmente incolor e de natureza mucosa, variando seu aspecto conforme avança a gestação já que vai acumulando substâncias de reserva e restos metabólicos excretados pelo feto. O seu conteúdo é rico em sais minerais, seroalbuminas, gorduras, frutose e aminoácidos essenciais. b) Saco de vitelino - É uma estrutura primitiva que desenvolve-se no início do período embrionário a partir do endoderma, desaparecendo rapidamente e ficando apenas um resíduo dentro das membranas fetais. A sua missão é nutritiva nos primeiros estágios da gestação, agindo de certa forma, como uma placenta rudimentar, uma vez que absorve e acumula o histotrofo e os resíduos metabólicos do jovem embrião. Sua importância diminui à medida que avança a gestação e instaura-se a definitiva placenta. c) Alantoide - Esta fina membrana aparece como um divertículo da parte posterior do intestino. Em sua parte externa vai desenvolver uma abundante rede vascular ligada à aorta fetal pelas artérias umbilicais e à veia cava posterior e fígado pelas veias umbilicais. O alantoide se funde com o trofoblasto, constituindo o alantocorion, que, como veremos, estará intimamente ligado ao endométrio. Sua camada interna, muito pouco vascularizada, se apoia contra o âmnios. Na vaca, porca e ovelha o alantoides e o âmnios estão unidos em vários pontos; na égua o âmnios flutua livremente. Entre as camadas internas e externas do alantoide se encontra a cavidade alantoide, que basicamente armazena os produtos de resíduos dos rins fetais, sendo importante a concentração de resíduos do metabolismo nitrogenado: ureia, ácido úrico, alantoína etc. c) Córion - É o invólucro mais externo derivado do trofoblasto, sendo um saco fechado que abriga o resto das membranas fetais e o feto. Nas espécies multíparas, no final da gestação, há um único corion comum que envolve todos os fetos e suas membranas fetais. A face externa do corion, à medida que a gestação avança, vai desenvolvendo vilosidades bastante vascularizadas (vilosidades coriais) que são as que vão estabelecer a relação entre a placenta fetal e o endométrio, possibilitando, em toda sua extensão, os intercâmbios materno-fetais (figura 2). Figura 2. 1 – Córion; 2 – Saco vitelínico; 3 e 4 – Alantoides; 5 – Âmnio e 6 – Corpo fetal. Fonte: RUTTER e RUSSO, 2002. Dependendo da ligação placentária entre a mãe e o feto, diferente para cada espécie, podem ser estabelecidas diferentes classificações de placentas. Limito a comentar dois tipos, alicerçado pelo ponto de vista anatômico e do ponto de vista histológico. Anatomicamente - levando em conta a distribuição das conexões útero-coriais podemos falar de: a) Placenta difusa: Conexão em toda a extensão de contato uterocorial (égua e porca). b) Placentas localizadas: 1. Cotiledônea - Trata-se de botões coriais distribuídos mais ou menos uniformemente pela superfície de contato (ruminantes). 2. Zonal - A ligação ocorre apenas numa zona específica central, como um anel (cães e gatos). 3. Discoide - A conexão ocorre em uma zona ou zonas de forma oval; é típica de roedores. Histologicamente - baseado no número e tipo de camadas histológicas que separam a circulação materna e fetal (classificação de Grosser), o que determinará, em parte, a permeabilidade placentária. Deste modo, o feto receberá mais ou menos, e diretamente, os elementos nutritivos, imunitários ou tóxicos que circulam no sangue materno. Há quatro tipos diferentes: a) Epiteliocorial - Aqui, encontramos seis camadas tecidulares entre as duas circulações: tecidos endotelial, conectivo e epitelial corial, por parte fetal, e tecidos epitelial e conectivo uterino e a membrana capilar materna. Este tipo de placenta encontra-se na égua e na porca. b) sindesmocorial - O tecido epitelial corial está ligado diretamente à conjuntiva uterina. Tradicionalmente, têm-se considerado esta placenta como sendo típica de ruminantes; todavia, atualmente, esta classificação aparece como demasiado simplista à luz dos progressos das investigações ultraestruturais; verificou-se que o epitélio materno persiste em bovinos e caprinos, pelo qual estas duas espécies devem ser consideradas epiteliocoriais. c) Endoteliocorial - O tecido epitelial corial está em contato direto com as membranas capilares maternas. Esta placenta é típica de carnívoros. d) Hemocorial - O sangue materno banha diretamente ao epitélio corial, estando suprimidas todas as camadas tecidulares maternas. 3.3 Nutrição fetal A nutrição inicial é garantida pelo histotrofo ou leite uterino e, posteriormente, pelo hemotrofo ou substâncias nutritivas que o alantocorion absorve pelos pontos de contato do sangue materno. Dentro dela podemos distinguir: a) Troca gasosa - A passagem do oxigênio, por difusão, da mãe para o feto, ocorre devido à grande afinidade que existe com a hemoglobina fetal e à grande capacidade de dissociação da oxihemoglobina materna que o libera. Também acontece que os capilares maternos e fetais situam-se paralelamente com fluxos contracorrentes que originam importantes diferenças de pressão de oxigênio, o que facilita a difusão do gás. A troca de CO2 funciona por mecanismos semelhantes, mas vice-versa. b) Aporte de princípios imediatos - Os glicídios são trocados por osmose favorecida pelas menores concentrações que se desenrolam no sangue fetal em relação à materna. É interessante destacar que no sangue fetal aparecem glicose e frutose e no sangue materno apenas glicose. A síntese de frutose ocorre na placenta e não flui do feto para a mãe. No que diz respeito aos lipídios, a placenta é apenas um local de passagem. Quanto aos prótidos, além da difusão de aminoácidos e proteínas da mãe para o feto, a placenta também é capaz de sintetizar seus próprios aminoácidos, bem como desdobrar proteínas maternas e resintetizar outras para suas próprias necessidades. Em relação às proteínas de elevado peso molecular, só são permeáveis as placentas de tipo endoteliocorial e hemocorial, uma vez que as imunoglobulinas maternas (anticorpos) não podem ultrapassar esta barreira nas espécies que apresentam placenta sindesmocorial e epiteliocorial (nestas espécies (bovinos à exemplo) a imunidade será transferida por via colostral durante as primeiras horas de vida do neonato). 3.4 Mecanismos hormonais de regulação da gestação Na presença do ovo fecundado, no ovário desenrolam-se uma série de transformações. O corpo lúteo, que geralmente involuciona pelo efeito luteolítico da prostaglandina F2a, no caso da gestação permanece e se mantém produzindo progesterona. Parece que o estímulo antiluteolítico ocorre após a eclosão do blastocisto. A presença do ovário é fundamental em todas as espécies para a manutenção da gestação, sobretudo em seus primeiros momentos, tanto pela produção de progesterona como de estrogênio. Neste sentido, difere bastante uma espécie de outra, assim em ovelhas são citados 55 dias como tempo mínimo em que a produção de progesterona ovariana é indispensável, na égua 150 dias: no entanto, em vacas, cabras e porcas, uma ovariectomia realizada em qualquer momento da gestação provoca a sua interrupção. Ou seja, nas primeiras espécies, a partir de certos momentos, a placenta pode assumir o equilíbrio endócrino da gestação; nas segundas parece haver uma sinergia desta com o ovário, mas sem chegar a substituí-lo. a) Papel dos estrogênios - Embora os níveis de estrogênios, após a fecundação, baixem consideravelmente no sangue, a secreção ovárica continua, e é sobre os órgãos mais ativados pelos estrogênios que se manifestam mais as concentrações crescentes de progesterona, aumentando a permeabilidade capilar do útero, a multiplicação das suas células epiteliais, a acumulação de glicogênio nas suas células musculares, a hipertrofia das mesmas, etc. À medida em que a gestação progride, os níveis plasmáticos de estrogênios aumentam devido, sobretudo, à produção placentária. b) Papel da progesterona - A progesterona atua sobre o útero em diferentes níveis: — A nível da mucosa facilita as mudanças da mesma, preparados pelos estrogênios, aumentando também o desenvolvimento glandular. — Ao nível da musculatura uterina inibe, durante toda a gestação, as contrações do miométrio. — Ao nível do lobo anterior da hipófise bloqueia a produção de FSH e LH, parando as ondas cíclicas de maturação folicular. 3.5 Duração da gestação A duração da gestação é diferente segundo as espécies e dentro destas, com porcentagens menores de variação de acordo com a raça, o indivíduo, o estado sanitário, o sexo do feto, o número de fetos, a estação, etc. (tabela 3). Espécie Porca Ovelha/Cabra Vaca Égua Coelha Dias 114 (102-128) 154 (140-159) 283 (273-295) 340 (329-345) 31 (30-32) Tabela 3. Duração média e intervalo da gestação em diferentes espécies. Fonte: COLE, 1977. -/- 3.6 Diagnóstico da gestação O diagnóstico de gestação precoce é de grande importância nas espécies de interesse zootécnico, já que nelas procura-se, em geral, intensificar ao máximo o ciclo produtivo, limitando, na medida do possível, os períodos de incerteza. Nas espécies de ciclo curto e produção de carne, como a porca e a coelha, a intensificação é ainda maior e, portanto, o interesse do diagnóstico precoce de gestação aumenta. Os métodos de diagnóstico de gestação mais frequentes são: a) palpação - Para ser viável, é necessária a qualificação prática da pessoa que a realiza. Distinguem-se basicamente dois tipos: 1. Retal - Muito usada nos grandes animais como bovinos e equinos, permitem-nos diagnosticar, com uma porcentagem de cerca de 90% de acerto, a gestação da égua entre 45 e 60 dias após a cobrição e cerca de 45 dias na vaca. 2. Abdominal - Esta é praticada com sucesso quase exclusivamente em coelhas, podendo ser feito o diagnóstico entre os dias 11 e 14 de gestação. b) Ultrassons - Utilizados em ovelhas e porcas com bons resultados, embora, teoricamente, poderia ser utilizado em mais espécies. Em ovelhas permite-nos diagnosticar entre os 60 e 70 dias e na porca cerca dos 40 dias. c) hormonais - Utilizados principalmente em éguas. Baseado na presença de PMSG no sangue durante a gestação e a ação folículo estimulante e luteinizante da mesma ao ser injetado plasma de égua prenha em outra espécie animal de laboratório. 4 RESUMO E PRIMEIRAS CONCLUSÕES A fecundação pressupõe a fusão do gameta masculino e feminino numa zona específica do aparelho reprodutor da fêmea: a ampola tubária. Tal acontecimento é possível quando o óvulo e o esperma conseguem alcançar essa zona, se sua capacidade fecundante é ótima no momento do encontro, se produz a capacitação espermática e se, finalmente, o espermatozoide consegue penetrar o interior do óvulo. A fusão gamética representa o início da fase mais delicada na vida de uma reprodutora: a gestação. Regida hormonalmente pela progesterona, o período gestante compreende uma fase embrionária em que ocorre a organogênese e uma etapa fetal de desenvolvimento e crescimento do mesmo. A gestação, de duração variável segundo a espécie, termina com o parto ou expulsão da cria ou crias para fora do corpo materno. Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva – Departamento de Zootecnia da UFRPE. Recife, 2020. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS -/- BRACKELL, B. G.; JR SEIDEL, G. E.; SEIDEL, S. Avances en zootecnia nuevas técnicas de reproducción animal. Zaragoza: Acribia, 1988. COLE, H. H.; CUPPS, P. T. Reproduction in domestic animals. 1ª ed. Londres: Academic Press, 1977. CUNNINGHAM, James G. Fisiología veterinaria. São Paulo: Elsevier, 2003. DERIVAUX, Jules; ECTORS, F. Fisiopatología de la gestación y obstetricia veterinaria. Zaragoza: Acribia, 1984. DERIVAUX, Jules; BARNABÉ, Renato Campanarut. Reprodução dos animais domésticos. Zaragoza: Acribia, 1980. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. Definição de Conceitos Básicos na Reprodução Animal: Fertilidade, Fecundidade e Prolificidade-Suínos. Philarchive. Disponível em: ----. Acesso em: Fevereiro de 2020. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. Características Gerais dos Bovinos/General Characteristics of Cattle Bovine. Philarchive. Disponível em: ----. Acesso em: Fevereiro de 2020. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. Fisiologia da Reprodução Animal: Ovulação, Controle e Sincronização do Cio. Disponível em: ----. Acesso em: Fevereiro de 2020. FERNÁNDEZ ABELLA, Daniel Héctor. Principios de fisiología reproductiva ovina. Montevidéu: Hemisferio Sur1993. GONZÁLEZ, Félix HD. Introdução a endocrinologia reprodutiva veterinária. Porto Alegre: UFRGS, v. 83, 2002. GRUNERT, E.; BOVE, S.; STOPIGLIA, A. Fisiología de la gestación. Guía de Obstetricia Veterinari - fisiología de la gestación. Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires, p. 1-12, 1971. HAFEZ, E. S. E.; HAFEZ, B. Reprodução animal. São Paulo: Manole, 2004. HUNTER, R. H. F. Reproducción de los animales de granja. Zaragoza: Acribia, 1987. HUNTER, Ronald Henry Fraser et al. Physiology and technology of reproduction in female domestic animals. Londres: Academic Press, 1980. ILLERA, M. Endocrinología Veterinaria y Fisiología de la Reproducción. Zaragoza: Fareso, 1994. JAINUDEEN, M. R.; HAFEZ, E. S. E. Gestação, fisiologia pré-natal e parto. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução animal, v. 7, p. 141-142, 2004. PÉREZ PÉREZ, F.; PÉREZ GUTIÉRREZ, F. Reproducción animal, inseminación animal y transplante de embriones. Barcelona: Cientifico-medica, 1985. ROBERTS, Stephen J. Obstetricia veterinaria y patología de la reproducción. Montevidéu: Hemiferio Sur, 1979. SALISBURY, G. W.; VANDERMARK, N. L. Phisiology of the reproduction and artificial insemination of cattle. San Francisco : Freeman e Company, 1961, 630 p. SHILLE, V. M. Fisiologia reprodutiva e endocrinologia da fêmea e do macho. Tratado de medicina interna veterinária. São Paulo: Manole, p. 1857-68, 1992. RUTTER, Bruno; RUSSO, Angel F. Fundamentos de la fisiología de la gestación y el parto de los animales domésticos. Buenos Aires: Eudeba, 2002. UNGERFELD, Rodolfo. Reproducción en los animales domésticos. Montevidéu: Melibea, 2002. (shrink)

The following essay reconsiders the ontological and logical issues around Frege’s Basic Law (V). If focuses less on Russell’s Paradox, as most treatments of Frege’s Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (GGA)1 do, but rather on the relation between Frege’s Basic Law (V) and Cantor’s Theorem (CT). So for the most part the inconsistency of Naïve Comprehension (in the context of standard Second Order Logic) will not concern us, but rather the ontological issues central to the conflict between (BLV) and (CT). These ontological (...) issues are interesting in their own right. And if and only if in case ontological considerations make a strong case for something like (BLV) we have to trouble us with inconsistency and paraconsistency. These ontological issues also lead to a renewed methodological reflection what to assume or recognize as an axiom. (shrink)

Since the beginning of the 20th Century to the present day, it has rarely been doubted that whenever formal aesthetic methods meet their iconological counterparts, the two approaches appear to be mutually exclusive. In reality, though, an ahistorical concept is challenging a historical analysis of art. It is especially Susanne K. Langer´s long-overlooked system of analogies between perceptions of the world and of artistic creations that are dependent on feelings which today allows a rapprochement of these positions. Krois’s insistence on (...) a similar point supports this analysis. - I - Unbestritten bis heute gilt, formwissenschaftliche und ikonologische Methoden scheinen sich grundsätzlich auszuschließen, da die ersteren auf ahistorischen und die letzteren auf historischen Grundlagen aufbauen. Dem entgegen soll mit diesem Beitrag gezeigt werden, wie insbesondere die Forschungen Susanne K. Langers und ergänzend diejenigen von John M. Krois eine Annäherung beider Positionen ermöglichen. (shrink)

This article is part of a For-Discussion-Section of Methods of Information in Medicine about the paper "Biomedical Informatics: We Are What We Publish", written by Peter L. Elkin, Steven H. Brown, and Graham Wright. It is introduced by an editorial. This article contains the combined commentaries invited to independently comment on the Elkin et al. paper. In subsequent issues the discussion can continue through letters to the editor.

Attitudes towards elder people in society depend on the pace of its technological and economical development. Fast changes not only encourage discrimination on the ground of age but also blur the perception of both individual and collective benefits from the extension of life length. This article emphasizes the necessity of finding new ideas of elders’ active social participation. Furthermore it points out the conceptions of creating city areas that favor development and integration of all age groups. It underlines the significance (...) of older generations in process of sustaining cultural continuity in information and knowledge societies by contrasting those ideas with the wisdom society project. ** Ocena obecności ludzi starych w społeczeństwie zależy od tempa rozwoju technologicznego i gospodarczego. Szybkie zmiany sprzyjaj¸a} dyskryminacji ze wzglȩdu na wiek oraz przyczyniaj¸a} siȩ do niedostrzegania jednostkowych i zbiorowych korzyści płyn¸a}cych ze wzrostu długości życia ludzkiego. Artykuł zwraca uwagȩ na niezbȩdność poszukiwania pomysłów aktywnego uczestnictwa seniorów w życiu społecznym, jak też przybliża koncepcjȩ kreowania przestrzeni miejskich sprzyjaj¸a}cych rozwojowi i integracji wszystkich grup wiekowych. Praca podkreśla znaczenie starszego pokolenia w procesie utrzymania ci¸agłości kulturowej w społeczeństwach informacyjnych i społeczeństwach wiedzy poprzez przeciwstawienie tych idei projektowi społeczeństwa m¸adrości. (shrink)

This is the outline: Introduction — La question de la cybernétique et de l'information — Une « pensée du milieu » — Cybernétique et homologie — Une théorie de l'apprentissage — L'information vue de l'autre côté — Champ et domaine unitaire — La thèse des « autres-je » — Le passage par l'axiologie — La rétroaction vraie — L'ontologie de Ruyer — Le bruissement de l'être même.

Ethics of Richard M. Hare is widely considered as a classical example of the strong internalistic theory of motivation: he is thought to believe that having a moral motive is a sufficient condition to act accordingly. However, strong internalism has difficulties with explaining the phenomenon of acrasia and amoralism. For this reason some critics charge him with developing a false theory of moral motivation. In the article I present Hare's answer to these questions by dividing the discussion about motivation into (...) three levels: semantical, epistemological, and ontological. I also explain his concept of internal motivation and argue that his theory, contrary to what his critics assume, may be called a weak motivational internalism. (shrink)

Evidence for a Parmenidean influence on Plato’s Republic typically focuses on content from Bks. V-VI, and the development of Plato’s Theory of Forms. This essay aims to suggest that Plato’s censorship of poetic content in Bks. II-III—particularly the rules for portraying divine nature (376e-383c)—also draw heavily upon the Eleatic tradition, particularly Parmenides’s. Identifying this further Eleatic influence will be enhanced by my own reading of Parmenides. This reading advocates understanding Parmenides in a more Xenophanean-vein—i.e. by taking What-Is to be an (...) explication of the essential qualities of divine nature, and the overall poem as rejecting traditional, mythopoetic accounts of divinity. Recognizing this Eleatic influence on the censorship of poetic content, a tension arises. For Plato infamously censors poetic styles next, concluding that mimetic dialogue may only be rarely employed, and only then in imitation of virtuous persons and actions (392c-398b). This would entail banning all poetic works relying exclusively on mimetic dialogue. Yet, not only do Plato’s own dialogues entirely consist of mimetic dialogue, so does Parmenides’s proto-dialogue. Furthermore, by so closely imitating Parmenides’s thought and language in Republic, has not Plato himself engaged in a type of intellectual and compositional mίμησις? Just as it would be strange to ban the very dialogue (Republic) which outlines and justifies Kallipolis in the first place, it would also be troubling to ban a philosophical work (i.e. Parmenides’s poem) which Republic is so heavily indebted to. Such a ban would also seem strongly at odds with Plato’s general reverence for Parmenides. In an attempt to address these tensions, I suggest that in Republic II-III, Plato’s lack of concern for banning philosophical works along with mimetic poetry should further suggest that he intends the ban to be far narrower than it first appears: as a rejection of performative, rather than compositional, mίμησις. (shrink)

This is a review (in French) of the French translation and edition of D.M. Armstrong's Universals: An Opiniated Introduction.

The Common Anatomy Reference Ontology (CARO) is being developed to facilitate interoperability between existing anatomy ontologies for different species, and will provide a template for building new anatomy ontologies. CARO has a structural axis of classification based on the top-level nodes of the Foundational Model of Anatomy. CARO will complement the developmental process sub-ontology of the GO Biological Process ontology, using it to ensure the coherent treatment of developmental stages, and to provide a common framework for the model organism communities (...) to classify developmental structures. Definitions for the types and relationships are being generated by a consortium of investigators from diverse backgrounds to ensure applicability to all organisms. CARO will support the coordination of cross-species ontologies at all levels of anatomical granularity by cross-referencing types within the cell type ontology (CL) and the Gene Ontology (GO) Cellular Component ontology. A complete cross-species CARO could be utilized in other ontologies for cross-product generation. (shrink)

Purpose of the present work is to attempt to give a glance at the problem of existential and anthropological risk caused by the contemporary man-made civilization from the perspective of comparison and confrontation of aesthetics, the substrate of which is emotional and metaphorical interpretation of individual subjective values and politics feeding by objectively rational interests of social groups. In both cases there is some semantic gap present between the represented social reality and its representation in perception of works of art (...) and in the political doctrines as well. Methodology of the research is evolutionary anthropologicalcomparativistics. Originality of the conducted analysis comes to the following: As the antithesis to biological and social reductionism in interpretation of the phenomenon of bio-power it is proposed a co-evolutionary semantic model in accordance with which the described semantic gap is of the substantial nature related to the complex module organization of a consistent and adaptive human strategy consisting of three associated but independently functional modules. Evolutionary trajectory of all anthropogenesis components including civilization cultural and social-political evolution is identified by the proportion between two macro variables – evolutionary effectiveness and evolutionary stability, i.e. preservation in the context of consequential transformations of some invariants of Homo sapiens species specificity organization. It should be noted that inasmuch as in respect to human, some modules of the evolutionary strategy assume self-reflection attributes, it would be more correctly to state about evolutionary correctness, i.e. correspondence to some perfection. As a result, the future of human nature depends not only on the rationalist principles of ethics of Homo species, but also on the holistic and emotionally aesthetic image of «Self». In conclusion it should be noted that there is a causal link between the development of High Hume technologies and the totality of the trend in the anthropological phenomenon of bio-power that permeates all the available human existence in modern civilization. As a result, there is a transformation of a contemporary social risk in the evolutionary civilization risk. (shrink)

We develop a conceptually clear, intuitive, and feasible decision procedure for testing satisfiability in the full multi\-agent epistemic logic \CMAELCD\ with operators for common and distributed knowledge for all coalitions of agents mentioned in the language. To that end, we introduce Hintikka structures for \CMAELCD\ and prove that satisfiability in such structures is equivalent to satisfiability in standard models. Using that result, we design an incremental tableau-building procedure that eventually constructs a satisfying Hintikka structure for every satisfiable input set of (...) formulae of \CMAELCD\ and closes for every unsatisfiable input set of formulae. (shrink)

contents -/- i. the day they shot the sacrifice ii. Yay or Nay, on Animal Testing iii. an ought is an is, an is is an ought iv. Behaviorism is for zombies v. a finding from the neuro-lab, on empathy vi. i’ve never had discernible abs vii. a cowardice i'm assenting to perpetually .

Can new technology enhance purpose-driven, democratic dialogue in groups, governments, and societies? Online Deliberation: Design, Research, and Practice is the first book that attempts to sample the full range of work on online deliberation, forging new connections between academic research, technology designers, and practitioners. Since some of the most exciting innovations have occurred outside of traditional institutions, and those involved have often worked in relative isolation from each other, work in this growing field has often failed to reflect the full (...) set of perspectives on online deliberation. This volume is aimed at those working at the crossroads of information/communication technology and social science, and documents early findings in, and perspectives on, this new field by many of its pioneers. -/- CONTENTS: -/- Introduction: The Blossoming Field of Online Deliberation (Todd Davies, pp. 1-19) -/- Part I - Prospects for Online Civic Engagement -/- Chapter 1: Virtual Public Consultation: Prospects for Internet Deliberative Democracy (James S. Fishkin, pp. 23-35) -/- Chapter 2: Citizens Deliberating Online: Theory and Some Evidence (Vincent Price, pp. 37-58) -/- Chapter 3: Can Online Deliberation Improve Politics? Scientific Foundations for Success (Arthur Lupia, pp. 59-69) -/- Chapter 4: Deliberative Democracy, Online Discussion, and Project PICOLA (Public Informed Citizen Online Assembly) (Robert Cavalier with Miso Kim and Zachary Sam Zaiss, pp. 71-79) -/- Part II - Online Dialogue in the Wild -/- Chapter 5: Friends, Foes, and Fringe: Norms and Structure in Political Discussion Networks (John Kelly, Danyel Fisher, and Marc Smith, pp. 83-93) -/- Chapter 6: Searching the Net for Differences of Opinion (Warren Sack, John Kelly, and Michael Dale, pp. 95-104) -/- Chapter 7: Happy Accidents: Deliberation and Online Exposure to Opposing Views (Azi Lev-On and Bernard Manin, pp. 105-122) -/- Chapter 8: Rethinking Local Conversations on the Web (Sameer Ahuja, Manuel Pérez-Quiñones, and Andrea Kavanaugh, pp. 123-129) -/- Part III - Online Public Consultation -/- Chapter 9: Deliberation in E-Rulemaking? The Problem of Mass Participation (David Schlosberg, Steve Zavestoski, and Stuart Shulman, pp. 133-148) -/- Chapter 10: Turning GOLD into EPG: Lessons from Low-Tech Democratic Experimentalism for Electronic Rulemaking and Other Ventures in Cyberdemocracy (Peter M. Shane, pp. 149-162) -/- Chapter 11: Baudrillard and the Virtual Cow: Simulation Games and Citizen Participation (Hélène Michel and Dominique Kreziak, pp. 163-166) -/- Chapter 12: Using Web-Based Group Support Systems to Enhance Procedural Fairness in Administrative Decision Making in South Africa (Hossana Twinomurinzi and Jackie Phahlamohlaka, pp. 167-169) -/- Chapter 13: Citizen Participation Is Critical: An Example from Sweden (Tomas Ohlin, pp. 171-173) -/- Part IV - Online Deliberation in Organizations -/- Chapter 14: Online Deliberation in the Government of Canada: Organizing the Back Office (Elisabeth Richard, pp. 177-191) -/- Chapter 15: Political Action and Organization Building: An Internet-Based Engagement Model (Mark Cooper, pp. 193-202) -/- Chapter 16: Wiki Collaboration Within Political Parties: Benefits and Challenges (Kate Raynes-Goldie and David Fono, pp. 203-205) -/- Chapter 17: Debian’s Democracy (Gunnar Ristroph, pp. 207-211) -/- Chapter 18: Software Support for Face-to-Face Parliamentary Procedure (Dana Dahlstrom and Bayle Shanks, pp. 213-220) -/- Part V - Online Facilitation -/- Chapter 19: Deliberation on the Net: Lessons from a Field Experiment (June Woong Rhee and Eun-mee Kim, pp. 223-232) -/- Chapter 20: The Role of the Moderator: Problems and Possibilities for Government-Run Online Discussion Forums (Scott Wright, pp. 233-242) -/- Chapter 21: Silencing the Clatter: Removing Anonymity from a Corporate Online Community (Gilly Leshed, pp. 243-251) -/- Chapter 22: Facilitation and Inclusive Deliberation (Matthias Trénel, pp. 253-257) -/- Chapter 23: Rethinking the ‘Informed’ Participant: Precautions and Recommendations for the Design of Online Deliberation (Kevin S. Ramsey and Matthew W. Wilson, pp. 259-267) -/- Chapter 24: PerlNomic: Rule Making and Enforcement in Digital Shared Spaces (Mark E. Phair and Adam Bliss, pp. 269-271) -/- Part VI - Design of Deliberation Tools -/- Chapter 25: An Online Environment for Democratic Deliberation: Motivations, Principles, and Design (Todd Davies, Brendan O’Connor, Alex Cochran, Jonathan J. Effrat, Andrew Parker, Benjamin Newman, and Aaron Tam, pp. 275-292) -/- Chapter 26: Online Civic Deliberation with E-Liberate (Douglas Schuler, pp. 293-302) -/- Chapter 27: Parliament: A Module for Parliamentary Procedure Software (Bayle Shanks and Dana Dahlstrom, pp. 303-307) -/- Chapter 28: Decision Structure: A New Approach to Three Problems in Deliberation (Raymond J. Pingree, pp. 309-316) -/- Chapter 29: Design Requirements of Argument Mapping Software for Teaching Deliberation (Matthew W. Easterday, Jordan S. Kanarek, and Maralee Harrell, pp. 317-323) -/- Chapter 30: Email-Embedded Voting with eVote/Clerk (Marilyn Davis, pp. 325-327) -/- Epilogue: Understanding Diversity in the Field of Online Deliberation (Seeta Peña Gangadharan, pp. 329-358). -/- For individual chapter downloads, go to odbook.stanford.edu. (shrink)

In the paper, I try to cast some doubt on traditional attempts to define, or explicate, moral responsibility in terms of deserved praise and blame. Desert-based accounts of moral responsibility, though no doubt more faithful to our ordinary notion of moral responsibility, tend to run into trouble in the face of challenges posed by a deterministic picture of the world on the one hand and the impact of moral luck on human action on the other. Besides, grounding responsibility in desert (...) seems to support ascriptions of pathological blame to agents trapped in moral dilemmas as well as of excess blame in cases of joint action. Desert is also notoriously difficult, if not impossible, to determine (at least with sufficient precision). And, finally, though not least important, recent empirical research on people’s responsibility judgments reveals our common-sense notion of responsibility to be hopelessly confused and easily manipulated. So it may be time to rethink our inherited theory and practice of moral responsibility. Our theoretical and practical needs may be better served by a less intractable, more forward-looking notion of responsibility. The aim of the paper is to contrast the predominant, desert-based accounts of moral responsibility with their rather unpopular rival, the consequence- based accounts, and then show that the latter deserve more consideration than usually granted by their opponents. In the course of doing so, I assess, and ultimately reject, a number of objections that have been raised against consequentialist accounts of moral responsibility: that it (i) doesn’t do justice to our common-sense theory and practice of responsibility; (ii) ties responsibility too closely to influenceability, thereby exposing itself to the charge of counter-intuitivity; (iii) assigns undeserved responsibility (praise, blame) to agents; (iv) confuses ‘being responsible’ with ‘holding responsible’‚ and (v) provides the wrong-kind-of-reason for praise and blame. My negative and positive case may not add up to a knockdown argument in favor of revising our ordinary notion of responsibility. As long as the considerations adduced succeed in presenting the consequentialist alternative as a serious contender to a pre-arranged marriage between moral responsibility and desert, however, I’m happy to rest my case. (shrink)

A brief account of epistemological models that try to unfold the intertheoretic context of theory change is proposed. It is stated that all of them has a host of drawbacks, the most salient one being the lack of adequate description of the research traditions interaction process. The epistemological model of mature theory change, eliminating the drawback, is contemplated and illustrated.