Biomedical Ethics

Edited by L. Syd M Johnson (SUNY Upstate Medical University)
Assistant editor: Tyler John (Longview Philanthropy)
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History/traditions: Biomedical Ethics

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  1. Gift, Not Product: A Lonerganian Reflection on Stephanie Gray Connors’ On IVF Authors. [REVIEW]Steven Umbrello - 2025 - Journal of Ethics and Emerging Technologies 35 (1):1-4.
    This review critically appropriates Stephanie Gray Connors’ On IVF through a Lonerganian method of inquiry: beginning from attentive experience, moving through intelligent understanding, reasonable judgment, and culminating in responsible evaluation. Connors’ work is praised for its empathetic attention to the existential pain of infertility, its clear articulation of the moral structure distinguishing ends from means, and its systematic unfolding of the layers of harm intrinsic to in vitro fertilization. Ascending from the immediate drama of suffering to the broader metaphysical horizon, (...)
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  2. Purely performative resuscitation: Treating the patient as an object.Aleksy Tarasenko-Struc - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):343-349.
    Despite its prevalence today, the practice of purely performative resuscitation (PPR)—paradigmatically, the “slow code”—has attracted more critics in bioethics than defenders. The most common criticism of the slow code is that it's fundamentally deceptive or harmful, while the most common justification offered is that it may benefit the patient's loved ones, by symbolically honoring the patient or the care team's relationship with the family. I argue that critics and defenders of the slow code each have a point. Advocates of the (...)
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  3. Citizens’ Perceptions of Ethical Issues in COVID-19 Containment: A Quantitative Cross-Country and Cross-Cultural Study.Kevin De Sabbata, Rosanna Irene Comoretto, Marco Clari, Alessio Conti, Welcome Wami, Rachel Brenner, Balistreri Maurizio, Pim Klaassen, Dick Willems, Annisa Ika Putri, Regitta Indira Agusni, Valerio Dimonte & Steven Umbrello - 2025 - Journal of Ethics and Emerging Technologies 35 (1):1-27.
    COVID-19 has forced policy-makers to impose measures affecting citizens' fundamental rights without public consultation. This study examines citizens’ perceptions of such measures in four countries, focusing on how moral foundations and socio-demographic factors shape differing views. A survey was conducted in April-October 2021 in The Netherlands (NL), Italy (IT), Indonesia (ID) and Kenya (KE), with questions on citizens’ agreement with containment measures, plus the Moral Foundation Theory questionnaire. Univariable and multivariable multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to examine associations between (...)
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  4. Contemporary Bioethics: Themes and Dilemmas.Željko Kaluđerović - 2025 - Athens: NKUA Applied Philosophy Research Lab Press.
    Contemporary Bioethics: Themes and Dilemmas by Željko Kaluđerović is a thought-provoking exploration of the ethical challenges posed by modern science and technology. ​ From genetic modifications and human cloning to the rights of non-human living beings and the impact of globalization, the book tackles pressing issues that shape our future. With a blend of philosophical insight and practical analysis, Kaluđerović invites readers to reflect on the moral complexities of scientific advancements and their implications for humanity, society, and the environment. ​ (...)
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  5. The occasional human sacrifice: Medical experimentation and the price of saying no By CarlElliott, New York, NY, USA: W.W. Norton & Company. 2024. pp. 368. USA $29.99/CAN. $39.99, ISBN 978‐1‐324‐06550‐0. [REVIEW]Larisa Svirsky - forthcoming - Bioethics.
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  6. Selling Ethics.Asad I. Beck, Andrew I. Brown, Nicolai Wohns, Natalie J. Dorfman, Sara Goering & Timothy E. Brown - 2025 - American Journal of Bioethics 25 (4):127-129.
    Barnes et al. (2025) emphasize the need for current biobanking consent models to more deeply engage participants who want to determine how their data are used. We appreciate their desire to provide par- ticipants with real-time updates on the status of their data and make the process more accessible. We addi- tionally agree with the goal of making biobanking data more private and secure. However, despite agreeing with the authors on these broader aims, we identify deep moral difficulties with their (...)
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  7. (1 other version)Queering the genome: ethical challenges of epigenome editing in same-sex reproduction.Adrian Villalba - 2025 - Journal of Medical Ethics 26 (4):257-262.
    In this article, I explore the ethical dimensions of same-sex reproduction achieved through epigenome editing—an innovative and transformative technique. For the first time, I analyse the potential normativity of this disruptive approach for reproductive purposes, focusing on its implications for lesbian couples seeking genetically related offspring. Epigenome editing offers a compelling solution to the complex ethical challenges posed by traditional gene editing, as it sidesteps genome modifications and potential long-term genetic consequences. The focus of this article is to systematically analyse (...)
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  8. Unjust organ markets and why it is irrelevant that selling a kidney is the best option.Andreas Albertsen - 2025 - Journal of Medical Ethics 51 (4):263-267.
    An important argument against prohibiting organ sales is that it removes the best option available to individuals in dire circumstances. However, this line of reasoning fails to recognise that selling a kidney on a regulated market is only the best option in a very narrow comparison, where a regulated organ market is compared with banning organ sales. Once we acknowledge this narrowness, selling a kidney is not the best option. This paves the way for a distributive justice-based critique of the (...)
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  9. (1 other version)Queering the genome: ethical challenges of epigenome editing in same-sex reproduction.Adrian Villalba - 2025 - Journal of Medical Ethics 51 (4):257-262.
    In this article, I explore the ethical dimensions of same-sex reproduction achieved through epigenome editing—an innovative and transformative technique. For the first time, I analyse the potential normativity of this disruptive approach for reproductive purposes, focusing on its implications for lesbian couples seeking genetically related offspring. Epigenome editing offers a compelling solution to the complex ethical challenges posed by traditional gene editing, as it sidesteps genome modifications and potential long-term genetic consequences. The focus of this article is to systematically analyse (...)
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  10. Non-viable embryos created with synthetic DNA.Adrian Villalba, Anna Smajdor, Iain Brassington & Daniela Cutas - 2025 - Trends in Biotechnology.
    It is plausible that in the future synthetic DNA (synDNA) technology could enable the creation of non-viable embryos for research, potentially bypassing ethical objections to embryo experimentation. This article explores how the technology might work, the ethical concerns it might mitigate, and the challenges that remain.
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  11. Medicine and Moral Innocence.Kurt Blankschaen - forthcoming - Journal of Medicine & Philosophy.
    Abstract: In 1990, Congress established the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (RWHP). The program has since expanded to cover numerous treatments and support services. It’s hard to overstate how transformative RWHP has been, but hundreds of thousands of other people had died from the same condition White had, so why did politicians wait to enact serious AIDS healthcare? Bluntly, White’s AIDS education activism was sympathetic because he embodied a “moral innocence,” a quality the public did not usually extend to gay men, (...)
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  12. The Medicalization of Grief.Michael Cholbi - 2024 - In Thomas Schramme & Mary Walker, Handbook of the Philosophy of Medicine. Springer.
    Medicalization occurs when a phenomenon comes to be subject to medical study, diagnosis, treatment, or prevention. Whether a phenomenon ought to be medicalized should be decided on a case-by-case basis. Recent moves to remove “bereavement exclusions” from psychiatric diagnostic manuals and to introduce grief-specific medical disorders have elicited criticisms from skeptics about grief’s medicalization, but these criticisms can largely be blunted. This article first clarifies the nature of disputes about medicalization, highlighting how these disputes do not concern whether a condition (...)
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  13. NICE’s Cost-Effectiveness Threshold.Gabriele Badano, Stephen John & Trenholme Junghans - 2017 - In Leah McClimans, Measurement in Medicine: Philosophical Essays on Assessment and Evaluation. Rowman & Littlefield International.
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  14. Are Numbers Really as Bad as They Seem? A Political-Philosophy Perspective.Gabriele Badano - 2022 - In Anna Alexandrova, Stephen John & Chris Newfield, Limits of the Numerical: The Abuses and Uses of Quantification. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    This chapter aims to make analytical political philosophy part of existing discussions about the role of numbers in the workings of political institutions that already cut across many other disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. To do that, it will first explore the prominent ‘capability approach’ to justice, which is characterised by scepticism towards excessive precision in law- and policy-making. Given the close link between precision and quantification, the loudest voice from political philosophy will therefore turn out to be (...)
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  15. Who decides who goes first? Taking democracy seriously in micro-allocative healthcare decisions.Davide Battisti & Chiara Mannelli - 2025 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy:1-11.
    The structural scarcity of healthcare resources has deeply challenged their fair distribution, prompting the need for allocation criteria. Long under the spotlight of the bioethical debate with an extraordinary peak during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, micro-allocation of healthcare has been extensively discussed in the literature with regard to issues of substantive and formal justice. This paper addresses a relatively underdiscussed question within the field of formal justice: who should define micro-allocation criteria in healthcare? To explore this issue, we first establish (...)
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  16. Il ruolo del medico nell’allocazione delle risorse sanitarie.Davide Battisti - 2023 - Responsabilità Medica 1:59-70.
    The structural scarcity of healthcare resources raises im- portant bioethical issues regarding their allocation, such as who should make such decisions. This paper evaluates whether or not physicians should be responsible for deciding how to allocate healthcare resources in the micro-allocation context. Addressing this issue is essential for determining the moral or legal responsibility of physicians when allocating scarce healthcare resources in both ordinary and emer- gency conditions. The paper is structured as follows: First, I discuss the perspective of the (...)
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  17. Tackling Racial Bias in AI Systems: Applying the Bioethical Principle of Justice and Insights from Joy Buolamwini’s “Coded Bias” and the “Algorithmic Justice League”.Etaoghene Paul Polo & Donatus Osatofoh Ailodion - 2025 - Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 16 (1):8-14.
    This paper explores the issue of racial bias in artificial intelligence (AI) through the lens of the bioethical principle of justice, with a focus on Joy Buolamwini’s “Coded Bias” and the work of the “Algorithmic Justice League.” AI technologies, particularly facial recognition systems, have been shown to disproportionately misidentify individuals from marginalised racial groups, raising profound ethical concerns about fairness and equity. The bioethical principle of justice stresses the importance of equal treatment and the protection of vulnerable populations. Through qualitative (...)
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  18. L’expertise bioetica come competenza metodologica.Davide Battisti - 2024 - In Oreste Tolone & Mariafilomena Anzalone, Etiche applicate e nuovi soggetti morali. Napoli-Salerno: Orthotes Editrice. pp. 269-275.
    Questo contributo propone una riflessione sul tema dell’expertise bioetica. In primo luogo, si definirà questo tipo di expertise come una competenza metodologica. Questa scelta è motivata dalla necessità di rispondere alla critica secondo cui non potrebbe esistere l’expertise in ambito bioetico. In secondo luogo, si sosterrà che definire tale exper- tise in termini metodologici non basta per esaurire la riflessione sul tema; verranno dunque accennate alcune questioni da affrontare per una definizione completa in questo ambito.
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  19. Sequenziamento genomico neonatale: quali interessi considerare nella definizione del pannello di geni?Davide Battisti - 2024 - Notizie di Politeia 40 (154):66-86..
    Newborn screening is a publicly funded test aimed at identifying genetic diseases in healthy infants where early diagnosis can lead to timely and effective clinical intervention. Recently, there has been growing interest in applying genomic sequencing, in particular Whole Genome Sequencing and Whole Exome Sequencing, to this screening, significantly increasing the number of identifiable conditions. Considering the promises of this approach and the specificity of genomic data, some have suggested that newborn sequencing could serve the interests of not only screened (...)
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  20. Why not coercive pronatalism?Joona Räsänen & Anna Smajdor - forthcoming - Journal of Medical Ethics.
    Lee argues that pronatalist policies in countries suffering from declining birth rates, such as South Korea, are ethically flawed.1 The ‘soft’ pronatalist policies Lee describes aim at persuading citizens to reproduce. For Lee, coercive pronatalist policies are so obviously unacceptable as not to merit consideration. However, we suggest that this is an issue that requires further analysis. When ethicists regard certain possibilities as not worth debating, we miss opportunities to examine the basis for our convictions. In short, it behoves us (...)
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  21. A Rebuttal on Externalism.Hane Htut Maung - 2025 - Journal of Medical Ethics 51 (3):199-200.
    In a recent paper, I argued that an externalist understanding of mental disorder from the philosophy of psychiatry presents an ethical challenge to the practice of medical assistance in dying (MAiD) for psychiatric illness, because it highlights the ways in which the suffering associated with psychiatric illness is sustained by features of the external environment wherein the person is embedded, including social barriers and injustices. In a response to my paper, Harry Hudson argues that addressing social inequality lacks relevance to (...)
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  22. Ethical considerations for non‐procreative uterus transplantation.Ji-Young Lee - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (3):267-275.
    The growing demand for uterus transplantation (UTx) invites continued philosophical evaluation of the function of UTx (and what constitutes its ‘success’), as well as the recipient eligibility for UTx. Currently, UTx caters to partnered, cisgender women of childbearing age looking to get pregnant and give birth to a biogenetically related child. The medical justification for this—the treatment of uterine infertility—explains the primacy of this practice. However, this dominant conceptualization of UTx does not necessarily capture the diverse needs for which both (...)
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  23. Putting the Agency in Agent-Regret.Jake Wojtowicz - 2025 - American Journal of Bioethics 25 (2):21-22.
    In “Voluntary Acts and Responsible Agents,” Bernard Williams sketches what it means to be a mature agent. This mature agent tries to make sense of their own life, which is a life that is shared wit...
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  24. Sci-Fi Parenthood and the End of Love.Daniela Cutas - 2025 - Journal of Social Philosophy.
    In this article, I explore concerns that have been raised regarding the relation between love and uptake of reproductive technologies, embryo selection and enhancement. Objections to (certain) uses of these technologies in terms of fractures in love, either parental or between partners, come from a variety of directions, from the conservative to the liberal. I examine two claims: (1) that the separation of procreation from sex and intimacy is a threat to love, and (2) that intervention on the traits of (...)
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  25. Best Interests and Decisions to Withdraw Life-Sustaining Treatment from a Conscious, Incapacitated Patient.L. Syd M. Johnson & Kathy L. Cerminara - 2025 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics:1-17.
    Conscious but incapacitated patients need protection from both undertreatment and overtreatment, for they are exceptionally vulnerable, and dependent on others to act in their interests. In the United States, the law prioritizes autonomy over best interests in decision making. Yet U.S. courts, using both substituted judgment and best interests decision making standards, frequently prohibit the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment from conscious but incapacitated patients, such as those in the minimally conscious state, even when ostensibly seeking to determine what patients would (...)
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  26. Journal of Medical Ethics at 50: a data-driven history.Vilius Dranseika, Piotr Bystranowski & Tomasz Żuradzki - forthcoming - Journal of Medical Ethics.
    In this paper, we take a data-driven approach to analyse intellectual trends over the first five decades of theJournal of Medical Ethics(JME). Our data set, comprising all texts published in theJMEsince 1975, reveals not only the most distinctive topics of theJMEin comparison to other key journals with similar profiles but also diachronic fluctuations in the prominence of certain topics. Overall, the distribution of topics shifted gradually, with each editorial period at theJMEshowing continuity with its immediate predecessor. However, a significant drift (...)
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  27. Bioethicists Tomorrow: Identity, Inclusiveness, and Future Directions.Govind Persad, Emily A. Largent, Sophie Gibert, Leila Orszag & Leah Pierson - 2025 - American Journal of Bioethics 25 (1).
    This correspondence piece responds to commentaries on the authors' survey of U.S. bioethicists. The authors address two key questions: the definition of a bioethicist and how bioethics should evolve. They identify four distinct roles bioethicists occupy: researchers, pedagogues, consultants, and advocates/activists. The article examines various aspects of inclusiveness in bioethics - demographic, viewpoint, methodological, and topical - while acknowledging inherent tensions and trade-offs between them. For example, including religiously or geographically diverse voices may conflict with other inclusivity goals. The authors (...)
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  28. Not Between Models, But Above.Rachel Levit Ades - 2025 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 16 (1):36-38.
    Julia Knopes’s (2025) article aims to explain how models of disability apply in the lives and experiences of people with lived mental health conditions who serve as peer support providers. However,...
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  29. Narrative hermeneutics and bioethics: Understanding the psychedelic value changes.Juuso Kähönen, Joel Janhonen & Joona Räsänen - 2025 - American Journal of Bioethics 25 (1):125-128.
    The use of psychedelics has recently gained increased interest among bioethicists, as the articles published in this journal attest. Some of the recent scholarship suggests that psychedelic experie...
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  30. Queering healthcare with technology?—Potentials of queer-feminist perspectives on self-tracking-technologies for diversity-sensitive healthcare.Niklas Ellerich-Groppe, Tabea Ott, Anna Puzio, Stefanie Weigold & Regina Müller - 2024 - Zeitschrift Für Ethik Und Moralphilosophie.
    Self-tracking-technologies can serve as a prominent example of how digital technologies put to test established practices, institutions, and structures of medicine and healthcare. While proponents emphasize the potentials, e.g., for individualized healthcare and new research data, opponents stress the risk that these technologies will reinforce gender-related inequalities. -/- While this has been made clear from—often intersectional—feminist perspectives since the introduction of such technologies, we aim to provide a queer-feminist perspective on self-tracking applications in healthcare by analyzing three concrete cases. In (...)
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  31. On the Differences between Morality and Ethics in the New Normal: Gilles Deleuze's Spinozist Ethics in the Context of COVID-19.Kyle Novak - 2023 - In Saswat Samay Das & Ananya Roy Pratihar, Deleuze, Guattari and the Schizoanalysis of the Global Pandemic. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 139-154.
    In the following paper I develop an account of Gilles Deleuze’s ethics through his work on Spinoza, which he contrasts with morality, to argue that an ethical response to the COVID-19 pandemic should resist the moralizing of the New Normal and instead have an immanent focus on what is happening to us. In the first part of the paper I detail the novel approach to ethics as ethology that Deleuze works out most explicitly in Spinoza: Practical Philosophy. In the second (...)
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  32. What Is It That You Want Me To Do? Guidance for Ethics Consultants in Complex Discharge Cases.Adam Omelianchuk, Aziz A. Ansari & Kayhan Parsi - 2024 - HEC Forum 36 (4):513-526.
    Some of the most difficult consultations for an ethics consultant to resolve are those in which the patient is ready to leave the acute-care setting, but the patient or family refuses the plan, or the plan is impeded by deficiencies in the healthcare system. Either way, the patient is “stuck” in the hospital and the ethics consultant is called to help get the patient “unstuck.” These encounters, which we call “complex discharges,” are beset with tensions between the interests of the (...)
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  33. Toward a Feminist Model for Women's Healthcare: The Problem of False Consciousness and the Moral Status of Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery.Shadi Heidarifar - 2024 - International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 17 (2):28-54.
    This article is concerned with "all-or-nothing" approaches to female genital cosmetic surgeries, those that overemphasize either women's autonomy to defend total accessibility or the oppressive social context affecting women to defend the total banning of the procedures. By contrast, the author takes both phenomena into consideration. The author argues identifying patterns of false consciousness and weighing those against harm done to a patient provides a moral basis for a doctor to possibly deny their consent at face value. This also requires (...)
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  34. Distributive justice, best options and organ markets: a reply to Semrau.Andreas Albertsen - forthcoming - Journal of Medical Ethics.
    How important is it, morally speaking, that banning the sale of organs removes the best option available to would-be organ sellers? According to a widespread argument called the best option argument, this is very important. In a recent article I criticised such reasoning, drawing on considerations of distributive justice. Luke Semrau has argued that I have misunderstood the best option argument. In this article, I respond to Semrau’s criticism and elaborate on my original argument.
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  35. The End of Ethical Universalism? Bioethics in the Age of Globalization and the Case of China.Heiner Roetz - 2009 - In Sitter-Liver Beat, Universality: From Theory to Practice: An intercultural and interdisciplinary debate about facts, possibilities, lies and myths. Fribourg: Academic Press Fribourg. pp. 177-190.
    This article discusses the role and validity of arguments of culture in biomedical ethics. It is often maintained that any fundamental bioethical consensus is ruled out by the existence of incommensurable value axioms rooted in the different traditions, above all with regard to diverging conceptions of the human being. For example, it is argued that the <Christian>Western culture leads to more restrictive and the <Confucian> Chinese culture to more permissive stances with regard to consumptive embryo research. However, what a <culture> (...)
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  36. Personhood, Dementia, and Bioethics.Steve Matthews - forthcoming - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics.
    Jennifer Blumenthal-Barby (2024) has called for bioethics to end talk about personhood, asserting that such talk has the tendency to confuse and offend. It will be argued that this has only limited application for (largely) private settings. However, in other settings, theorizing about personhood leaves a gap in which there is the risk that the offending concept will get uptake elsewhere, and so the problem Blumenthal-Barby nominates may not be completely avoided. In response to this risk, an argument is presented (...)
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  37. Synthetic Health Data: Real Ethical Promise and Peril.Daniel Susser, Daniel S. Schiff, Sara Gerke, Laura Y. Cabrera, I. Glenn Cohen, Megan Doerr, Jordan Harrod, Kristin Kostick-Quenet, Jasmine McNealy, Michelle N. Meyer, W. Nicholson Price & Jennifer K. Wagner - 2024 - Hastings Center Report 54 (5):8-13.
    Researchers and practitioners are increasingly using machine‐generated synthetic data as a tool for advancing health science and practice, by expanding access to health data while—potentially—mitigating privacy and related ethical concerns around data sharing. While using synthetic data in this way holds promise, we argue that it also raises significant ethical, legal, and policy concerns, including persistent privacy and security problems, accuracy and reliability issues, worries about fairness and bias, and new regulatory challenges. The virtue of synthetic data is often understood (...)
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  38. Disability Bioethics.Joel Michael Reynolds & Christine Wieseler - 2022 - In Joel Michael Reynolds & Christine Wieseler, The Disability Bioethics Reader. Oxford; New York: Routledge. pp. 1-7.
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  39. Selected Abstracts from the 2024 International Neuroethics Society Annual Meeting.Hunter Bissette, Dario Cecchini, Ryan Sterner, Elizabeth Eskander & Veljko Dubljevic - 2024 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 15 (4):W1-W14.
    The following abstracts were selected by AJOB-Neuroscience judges as the best submitted to the International Neuroethics Society 2024 Annual Meeting based on merit, novelty, relevance, and contribution to the field of neuroethics. The scores were tallied and the top abstracts appear in alphabetical order by first author surname.
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  40. COVID-19 and the vaccine tax: an egalitarian, market-based approach to the global vaccine inequality.Andreas Albertsen - 2024 - Journal of Medical Ethics 50 (11):772-773.
    The global inequality in the distribution of vaccines is unjust. As countries scrambled to ensure enough vaccines, the world’s poorest were left to fend for themselves, and the generosity meant to mitigate this through COVAX was not sufficiently forthcoming. In light of this, I proposed a vaccine tax, which obligates those willing and able to pay to protect their own population to contribute to protecting those residing in the world’s low-income countries. Petrovic has offered an important critique of this proposal, (...)
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  41. Opt‐out vaccination in school and daycare: Reconciling parental authority and obligations.Didde Boisen Andersen & Viki Møller Lyngby Pedersen - 2024 - Bioethics 38 (9):816-822.
    An increasing vaccine hesitancy among parents, which has resulted in insufficient rates of immunization, provides reason to reconsider childhood vaccination practices. Studies suggest that parents' decision-making process concerning whether to vaccinate their child is highly influenced by cognitive biases. These biases can be utilized to increase vaccination uptake via changes in the choice context. This article considers childhood vaccination programmes, which involve children being vaccinated in school or daycare unless their parents actively ‘opt out’. We suggest that such programmes reconcile (...)
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  42. Multimodal Artificial Intelligence in Medicine.Joshua August Skorburg - forthcoming - Kidney360.
    Traditional medical Artificial Intelligence models, approved for clinical use, restrict themselves to single-modal data e.g. images only, limiting their applicability in the complex, multimodal environment of medical diagnosis and treatment. Multimodal Transformer Models in healthcare can effectively process and interpret diverse data forms such as text, images, and structured data. They have demonstrated impressive performance on standard benchmarks like USLME question banks and continue to improve with scale. However, the adoption of these advanced AI models is not without challenges. While (...)
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  43. Mental Health Pluralism.Craig French - 2025 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 28 (1):65-81.
    In addressing the question of what mental health is we might proceed as if there is a single phenomenon – mental health – denoted by a single overarching concept. The task, then, is to provide an informative analysis of this concept which applies to all and only instances of mental health, and which illuminates what it is to be mentally healthy. In contrast, mental health pluralism is the idea that there are multiple mental health phenomena denoted by multiple concepts of (...)
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  44. The sufficiency theory of justice and the allocation of health resources.Dick Timmer - 2024 - Bioethics 38 (9):796-802.
    According to the sufficiency theory of justice in health, justice requires that people have equal access to adequate health. In this article, I lay out the structure of this view and I assess its distributive implications for setting priority (i) between health needs across persons and (ii) between health care spending and other societal goods. I argue, first, that according to the sufficiency theory, deficiency in health cannot be completely offset by providing other societal goods. And, second, that it can (...)
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  45. How Do We Justify Research into Enhanced Warfighters?Blake Hereth, Nicholas G. Evans, Jonathan D. Moreno & Michael Gross - 2024 - Journal of Law and the Biosciences 11 (2):1-13.
    State militaries have strong interests in developing enhanced warfighters: taking otherwise healthy service personnel (soldiers, marines, pilots, etc.) and pushing their biological, physiological, and cognitive capacities beyond their individual statistical or baseline norm. However, the ethical and regulatory challenges of justifying research into these kinds of interventions to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of enhancements in the military has not been well explored. In this paper, we offer, in the context of the US Common Rule and Institutional Review Board framework, (...)
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  46. Defending the disease view of pregnancy: a reply to our critics.Joona Räsänen & Anna Smajdor - 2025 - Journal of Medical Ethics 51 (1):54–56.
    We recently suggested that there are both pragmatic and normative reasons to classify pregnancy as a disease. Several scholars argued against our claims. In this response, we defend the disease view of pregnancy against their criticism. We claim that the dysfunctional account of disease that some of our critics rely on has some counterintuitive results. Furthermore, we claim that our critics assume what needs to be argued that the primary function of our sexual organs is to reproduce. Since only a (...)
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  47. Algorithms Advise, Humans Decide: the Evidential Role of the Patient Preference Predictor.Nicholas Makins - forthcoming - Journal of Medical Ethics.
    An AI-based “patient preference predictor” (PPP) is a proposed method for guiding healthcare decisions for patients who lack decision-making capacity. The proposal is to use correlations between sociodemographic data and known healthcare preferences to construct a model that predicts the unknown preferences of a particular patient. In this paper, I highlight a distinction that has been largely overlooked so far in debates about the PPP–that between algorithmic prediction and decision-making–and argue that much of the recent philosophical disagreement stems from this (...)
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  48. Challenging Anti-Fatness Amid the Climate Crisis.Kayla Mehl & Paul Tubig - forthcoming - International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics.
    This paper critically interrogates the anti-fat beliefs that are employed in environmental bioethics, particularly in response to climate change. Fat bodies have been associated with climate change because they are presumed to consume more resources and produce more greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we argue that such interpretations employ mistaken assumptions to justify placing disproportionate blame on already oppressed individuals, reinforcing weight stigma, which increases the vulnerability of fat people to a range of harms and disproportionately affects communities of (...)
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  49. Reconceptualizing and Defining Exposomics within Environmental Health: Expanding the Scope of Health Research.Caspar Safarlou, Karin R. Jongsma & Roel Vermeulen - 2024 - Environmental Health Perspectives 132 (9):095001.
    Background: Exposomics, the study of the exposome, is flourishing, but the field is not well defined. The term “exposome” refers to all environmental influences and associated biological responses throughout the lifespan. However, this definition is very similar to that of the term “environment”—the external elements and conditions that surround and affect the life and development of an organism. Consequently, the exposome seems to be nothing more than a synonym for the environment, and exposomics a synonym for environmental research. As a (...)
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  50. Fifty years of killing and letting die: On the limits of philosophical bioethics.Joona Räsänen & Matti Häyry - forthcoming - Bioethics.
    In 1975, The New England Journal of Medicine published James Rachels' article 'Active and Passive Euthanasia'. The argumentative method that Rachels introduced, the Bare Difference Argument (also known as the Contrast Strategy), became one of the most widely used tools in ethical reasoning. The argument, however, fails to show active euthanasia being morally permissible. It fails because Rachels takes the intuitions from the case where letting die is morally impermissible and applies the intuitions to cases where letting die is morally (...)
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